Root as an organ of mineral nutrition

One of the main functions of the root is to provide mineral nutrition to the plant. Mineral nutrition is the process of absorption and assimilation from the soil of chemical elements necessary for the vital activity of a plant organism. The internal structure of the root is well adapted to this function. The root hairs of the skin absorb water and dissolved minerals. From root hairs, inorganic nutrients move through the cells of the cortex through their cytoplasmic bridges. The primary cortex consists of a multi-layered main tissue, which provides the movement of water and salts from the root hairs to the vessels of the central cylinder. Central cylinder occupies the middle part of the root. Outwardly, a layer of cells of the forming tissue is isolated in it, which gives rise to lateral roots. Inside the central cylinder, there is a leading bundle of cells of conductive tissues: phloem and xylem. Water and minerals through the vessels of the xylem rise up to the leaves to form organic matter. This movement is carried out under the action of root pressure, called lower end motor. Through the vessels of the root, the water rises to the vessels of the stem and moves upward already under the action of the evaporation of water through the stomata, which is called upper end motor. There are ideas about passive and active mechanisms absorption of substances by the root. Passive intake is associated with the phenomena of diffusion and adsorption and passes along the concentration gradient. This process does not depend on the metabolism of a living cell (non-metabolic mechanism), but is largely determined by environmental conditions. Active transport of substances is carried out against the concentration gradient with significant energy consumption and is closely related to cell respiration (metabolic mechanism). So, the structure of the root is adapted for the implementation of mineral nutrition and the transport of substances to the above-ground organs.

Soil, its importance for plant life

Priming - the top fertile layer of the earth, which is an active nutrient medium for plants and consists of mineral and organic components. The soil contains: a) a mineral base (about 50-60%) - clay, silt, sand, pebbles, gravel, stones, etc. ; b) organic matter - humus (about 10%); c) air (15-25%); d) water (25-35%), etc. The main properties of the soil are: 1) fertility- the ability to supply plants with water and nutrients; 2) acidity(according to this property, soils are divided into acidic, neutral and alkaline) 3) structure- the ability to form lumps of various shapes and sizes; absorption capacity - the ability to hold or bind chemical compounds.

The basis of soil fertility is humus, which improves the mineral nutrition of plants, retains water, sticks together soil particles, etc. Humus, or humus, is a dark-colored substance formed as a result of the decomposition of plant and animal residues with the help of microorganisms (bacteria, small fungi).

The soil is formed as a result of the interaction of many factors, of which the most important are climate (causes physical and chemical weathering of rocks) , parent rock, relief, living organisms, etc. There are different types of soils, determined by soil particle size and organic matter content

(for example, chernozems, clayey, sandy, sod-podzolic, meadow, peat-boggy, etc.). The most fertile are humus-rich chernozems. Careless management, destruction of forests, construction of reservoirs, improper farming, cattle grazing reduce the area of ​​arable land and reduce their fertility. Therefore, the importance of soils is to provide mineral nutrition (due to its fertility) and vertical arrangement (due to its structure) plants.

fertilizers

For the normal development of plants, water and mineral compounds are needed, or inorganic nutrients. Today, 16 elements are identified that are necessary for the normal development of most plants. they are divided into two groups: macronutrients (C, 0, Η, N, K, Ca, P, Mg, S) and trace elements (Fe, Cl, Cu, Μn, Zn, Mo, B). The lack of nutrients in the soil is compensated by the introduction of fertilizers.

The features of mineral fertilizers are:

■ phosphorus fertilizers are poorly soluble in water, increase cold resistance and drought resistance of plants, accelerate the ripening of fruits, increase the content of sugar, oil, and the like;

■ nitrogen fertilizers dissolve well in water, promote the development of land mass;

■ potash fertilizers dissolve well in water, enhance the development of the root system, bulbs, tubers, and increase the cold resistance of plants.

The reserves of elements of mineral nutrition of plants in the soil are replenished due to microorganisms, precipitation, groundwater, as well as due to human economic activity. So that the amount of nutrients in the soil does not decrease when growing cultivated plants, fertilizers are introduced into it, that is, inorganic and organic substances. When applying fertilizers to the soil, it is necessary to take into account:

The effect of fertilizers on the growth and development of plants (for example, phosphorus fertilizers accelerate the ripening of fruits, nitrogen fertilizers promote the development of the aboveground mass, potash fertilizers enhance the development of roots)

The rates and time of application (organic fertilizers, as a rule, are applied to the soil in the fall, so that they decompose by the spring)

Fertilizer solubility (phosphorus fertilizers are applied in the fall through their slow solubility)

Soil type (on ordinary chernozems, phosphorus fertilizers give a high effect).

In the form of granules or solutions, organic and mineral fertilizers can be applied and

during plant growth, that is, to feed. To obtain high yields of agricultural plants, fertilizers alone are not enough. It is necessary to create favorable conditions for the roots, the cells of which are alive. For this purpose, loosening of the soil is carried out for better respiration of the roots and preservation of moisture for them. Watering is also carried out, which ensures the dissolution of the nutrients needed by the plant. Therefore, fertilizers are applied to the soil to replenish the nutrients that are used by the plants.

We cherish the shoots of the bushes,

To restore the beauty of the rose with them.

Date: 15.10.2016

Class: 6 "A", 6 "B"

Thing: Biology

Lesson topic: The root is the organ of mineral nutrition. Modifications of the root.

Laboratory work No. 7 Modification of roots.

Lesson objectives:

Educational: Give an idea about the mineral nutrition of plants, about root crops, roots-suckers, roots-supports, aerial roots, tuberous roots;

Developing:

Educational:

Equipment: Magnetic board, table.

During the classes:

Organizing time.

Homework check.

Supporting roots: Accessory roots, found in rainforest trees. The adventitious roots increase in number and thicken, reaching the soil. Relying on such roots, trees grow with a thin trunk and a long skeleton.
Aerial roots:
They perform respiratory functions in plants growing on anoxic loamy and marshy soils. They develop from stems. In plants without leaves, aerial roots carry out photosynthesis. Mangrove, ivy, monstera, cypress, orchid and others.
Root tubers:
Plants store nutrients in the roots (both the main root and lateral roots), which thicken and develop into succulent tuberous roots. Tuberous roots are used for overwintering, as well as for asexual, vegetative propagation.Dahlia, sweet potato, eremurus.
4. Fastening:

Test:
1. How do you know if your plants lack nitrogen?
a) Leaves do not develop
b) Small tubers
c) Fruits do not ripen for a long time
d) Leaves are discolored
e) Stems become weak
2. What trace element must be added if the growing point of indoor plants dries up?
a) Boron
b) Nitrogen
c) Potassium
d) Phosphorus
e) Calcium
3. What element is missing in the soil if plant growth slows down and the stem weakens.
a) Nitrogen
b) Potassium
c) Phosphorus
d) Copper
e) Calcium
4. Modification of the dahlia root is called:
a) Root crops
b) Sucker roots
c) Supporting roots
d) Aerial roots
e) Root tubers
5. Modification of the carrot root is called:
a) Root crops
b) Sucker roots
c) Supporting roots
d) Aerial roots
e) Root tubers (slide 13-14)
Answers: 1 - d, 2 - e, 3 - b, 4 - e, 5 - a.

5. Homework : §14 answer the questions on page 49

Date: 15.10.2016

Class: 7 "A", 7 "B"

Thing: Biology

Lesson objectives:

Developing: Continue the formation of knowledge and be able to highlight the main thing, analyze, compare, draw conclusions.

Educational: To foster a respectful attitude towards nature, native land. Instill deep respect for the work of rural workers.

Equipment: Magnetic board, table.

During the classes:

Organizing time. Greet students, check for book and notebook, mark students, focus class.

Homework check.

Tapeworms, like other Flatworms, havemusculocutaneous sac , and the space between the internal organs is filledparenchyma ... Similar to flukes and structureexcretory system ... Tapeworms, like the Flukes,do not use oxygen for breathing .

Tapewormscompletely lost the digestive system , and nutrients are absorbed by the entire surface of the body.

Tapewormshermaphrodites ... Each segment contains male and female genital organs. Fertilization is cross, but there is also self-fertilization. After fertilization, the male reproductive system gradually disappears, and the entire segment is filled with eggs. The segments at the posterior end of the body are completely filled with mature eggs. These segments break off and are excreted from the host's body with feces. A single worm can produce a huge number of eggs - up to hundreds of millions per year. At the same time, tapeworms live for several years.

Bovine tapeworm life cycle

Finna grows to the size of a large pea. Her body is a liquid-filled bubble. The rudiment of the head of the tapeworm protrudes into the Finns.

The life cycle of the broad tapeworm

Echinococcus life cycle

Echinococcus is a small worm (up to 6 mm long) that lives in an adult state in the intestines of dogs, wolves, jackals, cats (final owners ).

The vesicular stage of echinococcus (a kind of Finns), which develops in the liver, lungs, muscles, bonesintermediate hosts (sheep, cows, pigs, humans), reaches the size of a child's head. A large number of secondary and even tertiary bubbles with heads inside develop in the bladder.

Habitats, structure and activity of flukes. Flukes live in the internal organs of the body of animals and humans. They have no eyelash.

The hepatic fluke lives in the liver ducts of cows, sheep and goats. This worm has a leaf-shaped body, about 3 cm long. Inside the liver ducts, it is held by the abdominal and perioral suction cups. The fluke feeds on the blood and liver cells of the final host. The hepatic fluke, like most other flukes, has a mouth, pharynx, bifurcated intestine, and other organ systems that are also characteristic of ciliary worms.

Development of the hepatic fluke

Anchoring: frontal conversation.

Why are they dangerous?

What type are they?

The development of the bovine tapeworm.

Development of the hepatic fluke.

Homework: 14 retelling, fill in the table page 61

Zone name Structural features Function Root cap Cells adhere tightly to each other, quickly die off and are replaced by new ones Protective division zone Small living cells divide rapidly Gives rise to all other root zones and tissues Growth zone Cells grow, increase in size Provides root growth Absorption zone Outer layer represented by cells with root hairs Absorbs water with dissolved substances and substances Conduction area Well-developed conductive tissues Transport

The root cap is a protective formation against mechanical damage to the growing root tip. root This is a small cone-shaped cap that covers the delicate cells of the apex of the root and part of its growing zone. The root cap differentiates at the earliest stages of root development from the apical meristem of the root. Consists of a complex of living parenchymal cells. (TSB) cells are differentiated by the apical meristem of parenchymal cells Root growth point, does not apply to root zones. The upper part of the root, forms a cone of growth

Provides the conduction of substances to all parts of the plant There are many lateral roots, ascending (wood) and descending (bast) paths for carrying substances are formed 1 - the main tissue of the bark; 2 - endoderm; 3 - corneous layer; 4 - cambium; 5 - bast; 6 - primary wood

Type of tissue Location of tissue at the root Functions Performed Covering Root cap Growth zone Suction zone Conduction zone Protective educational division Zone Growth zone Suction zone Conduction zone Gives the beginning to all other zones and tissues of the root. Provides root growth Conductive Growth zone Suction zone Conduction zone Transport

Mineral nutrition is the absorption of essential elements from the soil by the roots of plants, their movement and assimilation by plants. Most of the nutrients are delivered to plant shoots in the form of mineral solutions. The root conduction system carries nutrients to all tissues.

Provides the formation of a cell membrane, promotes the accumulation of carbohydrates in fruits and oil in seeds. Accelerates the development of plants, stimulates flowering and fruiting, favors the growth of the root system. With a lack of phosphorus, inhibited growth is observed, short and thin shoots, small prematurely falling leaves

1. Root zones. The root is the organ of mineral nutrition for plants. Fedorova I.A.Teacher of biology at the secondary school named after T. Amanova 2. Internet JOURNAL "ORCHID PLANET" 3.900igr.net 4. Biology old textbooks on botany, zoology, anatomy, general biology Biology 5. site Multiring.site 6. Site Amazing world of plants Amazing world of plants

Plant nutrition from the soil. It is known that one of the main functions of the root is to provide mineral nutrition to the plant.

Mineral nutrition is the intake and assimilation of inorganic and some organic substances (for example, urea) dissolved in water from the soil. From the soil, plants receive compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, iron, magnesium and others, as well as water. Plants use mineral substances absorbed from the soil to form complex organic compounds: proteins, chlorophyll, other pigments, etc.

Nitrogen plays a special role in plant nutrition. It is part of the compounds vital for plants - proteins and nucleic acids. And although the Earth's atmosphere contains a huge supply of nitrogen (about 78% of its volume), plants cannot assimilate this nitrogen.

For the growth and normal development of plants, it is not gaseous nitrogen that is important, but its compounds in the soil. This can be easily verified by a simple experiment. If you grow two plants (for example, a sunflower), one on a nutrient medium with all the necessary mineral elements, and the other without nitrogen-containing compounds, then a small (dwarf) plant grows in a soil devoid of nitrogen.

Fertilizers. In nature, the source of mineral nutrition for plants is the remains of organisms that enter the soil and rot in it. When growing cultivated plants, a person takes most of the nutrients with a harvest, which gradually depletes the soil. So that the content of nutrients in the soil does not decrease, fertilizers are applied to it. Fertilizers are organic and mineral substances containing plant nutrients. Organic fertilizers - waste products or residues of organisms: manure, peat, straw, bird droppings, various composts.

The chemical industry produces mineral fertilizers: nitrogen, phosphorus, potash. Of nitrogen fertilizers, the most common are potassium and ammonium nitrate, of potassium - potassium chloride, of phosphoric - superphosphate and others. Fertilizers that are released in the form of small balls (granules) are called granular.

Bacterial fertilizers are also used. These are preparations containing spores of beneficial microorganisms - natural inhabitants of the soil. For example, azotobacterin contains nodule bacteria that live in the roots of peas, clover, lupine, and some other plants. Nodule bacteria ensure the assimilation of nitrogen from the air.

Mineral and organic fertilizers significantly affect the growth and development of plants. For example, fertilizers containing nitrogen enhance the growth of aboveground parts of the plant, and potassium - underground. Compounds of potassium, copper and phosphorus increase cold resistance, ensuring a better winter experience. Iron and magnesium compounds are essential for the synthesis of chlorophyll. With a lack of these compounds, the formation of chlorophyll is disrupted, the leaves become pale green or colorless, incapable of photosynthesis.

Remember! There are certain rules for applying fertilizers to the soil. First of all, it is necessary to determine the required amount, since an excess of certain substances in the soil can also negatively affect the vital activity of plants, as well as their lack. Organic fertilizers are usually applied to the soil in the fall. This is due to the fact that under the action of soil organisms, until spring, they must decompose to water-soluble mineral compounds that can be absorbed by plants. Phosphate fertilizers are also applied to the soil in autumn, because they are poorly soluble in water, while nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, which are highly soluble in water, are applied in spring.

Fertilizers are also applied during plant growth. This process is called feeding. Top dressing is dry when fertilizers are used in the form of powder or granules, and wet - in the form of solutions.

The entry of water and minerals into the root. Water enters the root through the root hairs and passes through the living cells of the root cortex to the vessels of the central cylinder. Through the vessels of the root and stem, water flows to all other plant organs. The nutrients dissolved in it move along with the water. Water rises through the vessels due to the suction force of the leaves, which we will consider below.

"Plant root" - Synthesis of biologically active substances. Modifications of the roots. I. Krylov. "A pig under an oak tree". Respiratory roots. One of the functions of the root is to absorb water from the soil. What plant can walk on walls? Will the oak grow and develop? In which plants does the root appear on the leaves? Absorption, conduction of water and minerals.

"Modifications of roots" - Fungus root or mycorrhiza. Crocuses. Modified lateral roots in which bacteria settle. Formed in plants growing in the intertidal zone. Modifications associated with the implementation of additional functions. Answers: 1-b; 2- b; 3-in; 4-b; 5-a; B. Lianas, ivy. Respiratory roots. Clinging.

"Root system" - Developed by: Lebedev S. N., biology teacher of the highest category. Hilling. GOU boarding school V-VI type, Kostroma region. Location in the soil. Roots and root systems. Nourishing. Core root system. Root growth. Root system. Thank you for your attention. Root types. Modifications of the roots. Supporting.

"Seed fruit" - Juicy and dry fruits. Types of fruits. The number of seeds depends on the number of ovules inside the ovary. Thus, it is possible to divide the fruit into single-seeded multi-seeded. Fruits are also distinguished by the structure of the pericarp. Municipal educational institution "Spasskaya basic secondary school". Single-seeded and multi-seeded fruits.

"Root system of plants" - The main root grows poorly and stops growing early. Types of roots. By origin, the roots are divided into main, lateral and adventitious. The main root is the root that develops from the embryonic root. Accessory roots - roots that develop from stems, leaves. What is the root system? List the functions that the root performs.