What is an Iskander missile? Iskander operational-tactical missile system. Cluster warheads for hitting area targets

High-precision missile system of the ground forces "Iskander" Designed for covert preparation and delivery of effective missile strikes against particularly important small-sized and area targets.

It was created as a result of the joint work of a group of research institutes, design bureaus and factories under the leadership of the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau (KBM), known as the company that created the Tochka and Oka missile systems.

Under the conditions of the 1987 INF Treaty and the cessation of the use of nuclear weapons in theaters of operations, a number of fundamentally new requirements are imposed on modern tactical systems:

the use of only non-nuclear weapons;
ensuring precision shooting accuracy;
control along the entire flight path;
a wide range of effective combat equipment;
the presence in the complex of a combat control automation system and an information support system, including the preparation of reference information for correction and final guidance systems;
possibility of integration with global satellite navigation systems (GSSN - GLONASS, NAVSTAR);
the ability to hit heavily protected targets;
increased fire performance;
the ability to effectively overcome the effects of air defense and missile defense systems;
the ability to hit moving targets.

To meet the above requirements, the missile system was created “ Iskander", which has absorbed the best scientific, technical and design achievements in the field of operational-tactical missile systems and, in terms of the totality of implemented technical solutions, high combat effectiveness, is a weapon of a completely new generation, superior in its tactical and technical characteristics to the existing Scud-B missile systems, “Tochka-U”, “Lance”, “ATASMS”, “Pluton”, etc.

Iskander is designed to destroy:

enemy fire weapons (air defense missile systems, missile defense batteries);
airplanes and helicopters at airfield parking lots;
air defense and missile defense facilities;
command posts and communication centers;
critical civil infrastructure facilities.

Thanks to the implementation of terminal control and guidance methods, control along the entire flight path, a wide range of powerful combat units and the integration of onboard control systems with various correction and homing systems, as well as the high probability of completing a combat mission in conditions of active enemy counteraction, typical targets are hit by launching just 1– 2 Iskander missiles, which is equivalent in effectiveness to the use of nuclear weapons.

For the first time in the world, a missile system with a firing range not exceeding 300 km is capable of solving all combat missions using non-nuclear warheads and has two missiles on the launcher, which significantly increases the fire performance of missile formations.

Main features of the Iskander rocket launcher:

highly accurate and effective destruction of various types of targets;
the possibility of covert training, combat duty and effective missile strikes;
automatic calculation and input of missile flight missions using launcher means;
high probability of completing a combat mission in the face of active enemy opposition;
high probability of trouble-free functioning of the rocket during preparation for launch, as well as in flight;
high tactical maneuverability due to the high maneuverability of combat vehicles mounted on all-wheel drive chassis,
strategic mobility due to the transportability of vehicles by all modes of transport, including transport aviation;
automation of combat control of missile units,
prompt processing and communication of intelligence information to the appropriate management levels;
long service life and ease of use.

The Iskander, in its tactical and technical characteristics, fully complies with the provisions of the Missile Technology Non-Proliferation Control Regime. This is a “weapon of deterrence” in local conflicts, and for countries with limited living space - a strategic weapon.

According to NATO classification, the complex received the designation SS-26.

The complex includes:

rocket;
self-propelled launcher;
transport-charging machine;
command and control vehicle;
mobile information preparation station;
mobile units of technical and household support, as well as sets of arsenal and training equipment.

The Iskander can be equipped with cluster (with 54 combat elements), penetrating, high-explosive fragmentation, and in the future other warheads.

The rocket itself is single-stage, has a solid-fuel engine with one nozzle, and is controlled along the entire flight path using aerodynamic and gas-dynamic rudders. The designers included in the Iskander the potential to overcome missile defense, comparable today only to the Topol-M. Calculated data show that the promising American Patriot air defense system PAC-3 Iskander will be too tough for itself.

The flight path of the Iskander is not ballistic, but controlled. The missile constantly changes its trajectory plane, which dictates the need for air defense system developers to invent new interception methods. She maneuvers especially actively during her acceleration and approach to the target - with an overload of 20 to 30 g. In order to intercept an Iskander, the anti-missile missile must move along a trajectory with an overload two to three times higher, and this is practically impossible. In addition, the rocket is made using the technology " stealth"and has a minimal reflective surface.

The missile is launched directly at the target using an inertial control system, and then captured by an autonomous optical homing head. A similar homing principle is implemented in the most modern American cruise missiles. Tomahawk" And CALCM, capable of identifying the terrain in the target area based on previously entered photographic data. The effectiveness of such guidance systems was confirmed during US military operations in Iraq and Yugoslavia.

Similar equipment for the Iskander was created by the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics, the leading domestic developer of guidance and control systems for tactical and operational-tactical missiles. Moreover, the homing head created at TsNIIAG can also be used on ballistic and cruise missiles of various classes and types. The head has already passed flight tests and showed accuracy no worse than that achieved by the Americans on their Tomahawks.

The operating principle of the Iskander homing system is that optical equipment forms an image of the terrain in the target area, which is compared by the on-board computer with a standard entered during the preparation of the missile for launch. All existing active electronic warfare systems are powerless against the optical head. It is so sensitive that it allows successful missile launches even on moonless nights, when there is no additional natural target illumination, hitting a moving target with an error of plus or minus two meters. No other tactical system in the world can solve such a problem, except for the Iskander.

In addition, optical systems do not require signals from space radio navigation systems, such as the American NAVSTAR, which in crisis situations can be turned off by its owners or disabled by radio interference. At the same time, the integration of inertial control with satellite navigation equipment and an optical seeker makes it possible to create a missile that can hit a given target in almost any imaginable conditions.

The practice of wars of recent decades shows that no matter how effective a weapon is, it cannot make a significant contribution to victory if it is not integrated with intelligence and control systems. "Iskander" was created taking into account this pattern. Information about the target is transmitted from a satellite, reconnaissance aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicle to the information preparation point (IPP). It calculates the flight mission for the missile, which is then transmitted via radio channels to the command and staff vehicles (CSVs) of the division and battery commanders, and from there to the launchers. Commands to launch missiles can be generated either in the command post or from the control centers of senior artillery commanders. The PPI and KShM equipment is built on local networks of Russian computers, and the functionality of the control set depends only on the software and can be easily upgraded to control various fire weapons.

The most important feature of the launcher was the placement of more than one on it (as in “ Point" And " Oke"), but two missiles. One minute after the first one is launched, the second one can start. The fire crew does not leave the cabin. The launcher itself was developed by the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" and, in addition to missiles, carries a full set of equipment for preparation and launch.

The long firing range, which allows the complex to be used from deep within the location of friendly troops, and the short time spent at the starting position make the complex virtually invulnerable to conventional weapons.

Research conducted by specialists from leading Russian military research centers has shown that, according to the “effectiveness-cost” criterion, the Iskander missile system is 5–8 times superior to the best foreign analogues.

The structure of the complex, its control systems, automated combat control and information support make it possible to quickly respond to new requirements without significant modification of its combat assets and, as a result, guarantee it a long life cycle.

DATA FOR 2017 (standard update, v.2)

9K715 Iskander complex, 9M723 missile - SS-X-26 STONE

Complex 9K720 "Iskander-M", missile 9M723-1 - SS-26 STONE-A
Complex 9K720E "Iskander-E", missile 9M723E - SS-26 STONE-B
Complex 9K720 "Iskander-M", missile 9M728 / R-500 ("Iskander-K") - SS-26 STONE-S

Operational-tactical missile system / multi-purpose modular missile system of the ground forces. The development of the complex was carried out using developments in the complexes " ", " ", " " and " ". It is also likely that the complex was created taking into account the research work " " on the study of the concept of a modular-type multifunctional missile system for the ground forces. The origins of the development of the complex date back to the Iskander research work, carried out since 1978. On the topic of research, the possibility of placing two OTR class OTR 9M79 " " on the SPU of a similar SPU of the 9K714 "Oka" complex was studied. The main goal is to create an OTR with a range of up to 400 km to replace the complex with the 8K14 missile with increased combat performance, as well as to ensure guaranteed destruction of particularly important targets with two missiles. According to unconfirmed reports, the Iskander research project was stopped in the first half of the 1980s at the stage of testing the targeting system and missile control systems.

The development of the Iskander complex in its original form began at the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau (Kolomna, hereinafter - KBM) on an initiative basis by order of the chief designer S.P. Nepobedimy and under his leadership in 1987. KBM's competitor in the development of the new generation OTR was Tula The Instrument Design Bureau under the leadership of A.G. Shipunov proposed its own. The resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers on financing the design work of the complex was issued in 1988. When creating the complex, the task was set to ensure interaction within the RUK "Equality" with the M-55 target designation aircraft (developed by RUK - NIIEMI). The original project may have planned to use the SPU 9P76 with one missile. The KShM of the RUK "Equality" was designed on the MAZ-543 chassis (the KShM is similar to the KShM "Polyana").

Self-propelled launcher 9P78-1 of the 9K720 Iskander-M missile system with a 9M723 missile during exercises of the missile brigade in Primorye, November 14-18, 2016 (http://smitsmitty.livejournal.com/).

The development of prototypes of self-propelled guns was carried out by the Titan Central Design Bureau. The prototype of the two-missile SPU Br-1555-1 was developed by the Titan Design Bureau on the basis of the BAZ-69501 chassis by 1991. At site 4C ("4-old") of the Strategic Missile Forces Kapustin Yar training ground (4th GCMP) in the summer of 1991 from installation Several throw-in launches were carried out (including two-missile salvo launches). In most sources, the Br-1555-1 SPU appears as a “mock-up test site sample” of the launcher. The development of SPU on the BAZ-69501 chassis has not been completed. Also, in some sources the index “9P81” has been replicated, but whether it has a real relation to the Iskander / Iskander-M complexes or is a fiction (error) has not been established.

In 1990-1992 CDB "Titan" developed and manufactured the first prototype of the SPU 9P76 on the BAZ-6954 chassis. Presumably, the development of a new type of SPU on the new BAZ chassis was carried out earlier in parallel with the development of the Br-1555-1 SPU. The first launch from the new SPU was carried out in the summer of 1992. Further, in 1992, tests were continued with a second launch. During 1993, 5 launches were carried out from SPU 9P76 No. 1. In 1994-1997 prototypes of the 9M723 missile, presumably with a cassette warhead, were tested from the SPU. In total, more than 10 launches were made.

Site No. 231 of the Kapustin Yar test site where the Iskander missile system was tested (https://www.bing.com, 2016).

Testing of Iskander missiles with SPU 9P76, Kapustin Yar test site (TV program "Strike Force").

For testing, 2 single-missile SPU 9P76 (samples No. 1 and No. 2) were manufactured on the BAZ-6954 chassis and 2 transport vehicles 9T246, probably on the same chassis. The tests were carried out at the same site 4C of the 4th State Medical Center Kapustin Yar. The second copy of the SPU 9P76 was used to test the rocket launcher and was used for launches at the Kapustin Yar test site a limited number of times. Thus, tests of the first versions of the Iskander complex were carried out from 1991 to 1997. Moreover, already on October 25, 1995, the completion of tests of the Iskander missile system was announced at Krasnaya Zvezda.

KBM specialists and testers are working at the landing site of the Iskander missile. Second from left is Deputy Head of the Scientific and Technical Department of KBM I.N. Kotkov. Kapustin Yar training ground, 1990s - early 2000s (processed).

After the first launches of Iskander OTR prototypes, a decision was made to change the approach to the concept of using the complex towards a “multi-purpose modular missile system of the ground forces” with different types of missiles. In 1993, the technical specifications for the Iskander-M complex were approved. Work on the complex was continued by a team of KBM specialists under the leadership of the chief designer of the department Oleg Mamalyga. In 1995, the first experimental two-missile SPU 9P78 was manufactured on the MZKT-7930 chassis (9P78 version 1, see figure below). Tests of the complex with the experimental SPU 9P78 version 1 have been carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site since 1995:
- since 1995, throwing and autonomous range tests have been carried out, an experiment was conducted with the suspension of a cruise missile;
- field testing of the complex began in 1997;
- in 1999, at the 71st RV site of the Kapustin Yar test site, State tests of the Iskander-M complex began, which were completed with 9M723 ballistic missiles with a new version of the cluster warhead in August 2004 (probably 9M723K5 or its prototype).

In total, during tests with SPU 9P78, 9P78-1 No. 1 and No. 2, 13 launches of 9M723 missiles were carried out. As of April 2004, 10 launches were carried out as part of state tests, and later 3 more launches were made. State tests were successfully completed in 2004 ().

Development of the 9M728 cruise missile As one of the types of combat equipment for the missile system, the Novator Design Bureau (Ekaterinburg) was carried out under the general leadership of P.I. Kamnev. In 2007 Based on the results of successful launches of 9M728 cruise missiles (Iskander R&D), a decision was made to move in 2008 to the final stage of testing the Iskander-M complex in the final expanded composition of fire weapons ().

Serial production and adoption. Production of the MZKT-7930 chassis was started by the MZKT plant (Minsk) in 1998. State tests of the basic version of the Iskander complex were supposed to be completed in 2000, but began at the 71st site of the RV NE of the Kapustin Yar training ground in 2001. and were completed only in August 2004 (as of April 2004, 10 launches were carried out as part of state tests, later at least 5-6 more).

The 9K720 Iskander-M complex was put into service in a truncated composition in 2004 and in 2005 the complex began to enter combat units (630th ORDN of the 60th Combat Use Center, Kapustin Yar). In 2006, the 9K720 Iskander-M complex (Previously it was believed that this name was purely a media invention, but in the second half of 2009 we established the reliability of the name based on documents on open government contracts)fully adopted by the Russian Armed Forces with ballistic missiles of the 9M723 type(source - plate to SPU 9P76 of the complex in the open part of the museum of the Kapustin Yar test site) . Planned (2008) start of mass production - 2010. Completion of the deployment of the army group according to the plan (2008-2009) - 2015. Missiles are produced at the Votkinsk plant, self-propelled launchers and heavy equipment - PO "Barricades" (g .Volgograd, in series since 2006, production capabilities for 2008 - 12 complexes per year), chassis - Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant (Minsk, Belarus). "Iskander-E" is an export version of the complex with a reduced range and conventional warheads. It is likely that the original design of the Iskander missile system envisaged the use of several types of ballistic missiles. The formation of the first military missile brigade was completed in 2010 ().

According to plans announced at the beginning of 2011, during the implementation of the state armaments program for 2011-2020. (adopted on December 31, 2010) it is planned to supply 10 missile brigades of Iskander-M complexes to the armed forces. On August 1, 2011, Deputy Minister of Defense of Russia D. Bulgakov stated that it is planned to adopt a total of 120 Iskander complexes (i.e. 12 SPU per brigade) into service with the Russian Armed Forces. In 2011, a contract was concluded between the Russian Ministry of Defense and NPK KBM for the supply of 10 brigade sets of Iskander-M complexes with ballistic and cruise missiles - each set includes 12 launchers, 12 transport-loading vehicles, 11 command-and-control vehicles. staff vehicles, 14 life support vehicles, one information preparation point, one routine maintenance vehicle, a set of training aids, a set of portable automated workstations, a set of arsenal equipment and a military supply of two types of missiles (). The delivery of the first such set was carried out in June 2013. The delivery of the second set is planned for the fall of 2013. Until 2018, the 2011 program can be completed at this rate. When handing over the first set on June 28, 2013, it was stated that the missile brigades are not ready to provide storage of the received complexes - there are no properly equipped heated and air-conditioned boxes. Storing equipment outside ensures equipment wear and tear of 50% per season. There and at the same time, information was made public that the combat use control and target designation system of the Iskander-M complexes had not been developed and not accepted for service ().

On February 10, 2014, the media reported that a new type of missile was being created for the Iskander-M missile system ().

Hypothetical 2009-2010 - In our opinion, the Iskander complex went through three stages in the process of creation:

1) Research and development project "Iskander"- the first version of the 9M723 missile and complex - was studied in the OTR configuration of the ground forces as part of preliminary research based on the ideas contained in the Uran, Oka and Tochka projects, which were carried out in the mid-1980s or even earlier. There is evidence that the development of some components of the missile control system and complex within the framework of the Iskander project was carried out until 1986 at SKB-626 (now NPO Automation named after Academician N.A. Semikhatov, Miass). The complex was supposedly intended to replace the 9K72 SCUD-B complexes in the USSR Armed Forces according to the principle - 1 Iskander SPU with 2 missiles instead of a battery of 9K72 complexes, and taking into account high accuracy - instead of a 9K72 division. Perhaps it was intended to use a two-missile non-floating SPU similar in design to the SPU of the Oka-U complex on a BAZ chassis. The missile and complex were supposed to implement the following technological solutions: implementation of topographical reference at any point along the route, receiving target designation from external sources of information in real time, retargeting the missile after launch, using correlation seekers at the final stage of the trajectory, minimal radar signature of the missile and a set of measures for overcoming a potential missile defense system, entering data into the missile control system inside the SPU before transferring the missile to the launch position (first implemented by 1972 on the Temp-2S ICBM), controlling the missile throughout the entire flight path.

2) 9K715 "Iskander" / OKR "Tender"- second version of the rocket 9M723 and complex - was created starting in 1987 as a replacement for OTR Oka and 9K72 SCUD-B. Tests began in 1991 at the Kapustin Yar test site, the weight of the warhead was reduced. Tests were carried out using test site PU, SPU 9P81 and 9P78. On the basis of this version of the rocket, the initial version of the Iskander-E complex was created and is being marketed, tests of which were carried out approximately in 1995-2001. (as part of missile testing 9M723 ). According to fragmentary data and an interview with chief designer O.I. Mamalyga (2004), Iskander-E carries 1 missile on the SPU.

3) 9K720 "Iskander-M"- the third option is a modular multifunctional complex created using the results of the Volna research project. Fire weapons:
- basic model - "Iskander-M" with 9M723 missile (" 9M723 third option") - the characteristics of the rocket have been noticeably changed - a more modern mixed fuel and a control system for both the rocket and the complex, built on a new elemental base, are used.
- export version of the Iskander-E with the 9M723 missile.
- development - "Iskander-K" with a cruise missile in the TPK. The SPU 9P78-1 is used with the SPU 1 TPK mounted on one boom. testing started in May 2007
This system is intended only for the Russian Armed Forces. Tests were carried out in 2001-2005. Based on the universal two-missile SPU 9P78-1.

P.S. Based on the concept of a modular multifunctional complex, the launch units of the Iskander-M complex can use different fire weapons - cruise missiles (Iskander-K), including simultaneously (one arrow is a ballistic missile, the other is a cruise missile), operational-tactical missiles increased range, etc. A chassis based on the MZKT-7930 "Astrologer" made according to this concept by replacing modules can be quickly rebuilt for SPU of other types of fire weapons.

Launcher:

- experimental wheeled SPU Br-1555-1 /polygon prototype launcher(1991) - the development of prototypes of self-propelled units was carried out by the Titan Central Design Bureau. The prototype of the two-missile SPU Br-1555-1 was developed by the Titan Design Bureau on the basis of the BAZ-69501 chassis by 1991. At site 4C ("4-old") of the Strategic Missile Forces Kapustin Yar training ground (4th GCMP) in the summer of 1991 from installation Several throw-in launches were carried out (including two-missile salvo launches). In most sources, the Br-1555-1 SPU appears as a “mock-up test site sample” of the launcher. The development of the SPU on the BAZ-69501 chassis was not completed. Until 2011, we believed that there was a separate test site mock-up launcher, but, as it turned out, this was not true.

Experimental two-missile self-propelled launcher Br-1555-1 of the Iskander complex. Probably, the SPU is equipped with a missile version for throw-out launches. Kapustin Yar training ground, 1991 (photo from the archive of the user "Random", published on June 30, 2011).

The prototype of the SPU 9P76 chassis is the BAZ-69501 chassis (Vasiliev V. To the 40th anniversary of the Bryansk Automobile Plant. // Equipment and weapons. No. 2 / 1999).

During the first stage of testing at the Kapustin Yar test site, the launch of the complex’s missiles and the operation of launch systems were tested from this launcher. The peculiarity of the launch of the Iskander missile is the use of a lifting boom of the launcher and detachable missile mounting bands. After the lower ring of the bandage is released from the boom locks and the main plug connector is uncoupled, a command is issued to activate the squibs holding the bandages (two squibs for each bandage). The bandages are shot off, the holes for the mounting pins in the rocket body are closed with spring-loaded covers - in order to reduce the EPR of the rocket.

In the photograph of the launch of the Iskander missile, a cloud is clearly visible that arose as a result of the shooting of the upper yoke clip (Missile and artillery weapons. Catalog "Weapons of Russia". M., Military Parade, 2004).

Shooting the upper yoke clip during the launch of a 9M723K5 rocket, Kapustin Yar test site, 08/22/2011 (photo by Vadim Savitsky, http://twower.livejournal.com).

- SPU 9P81- the index “9P81” has been replicated in some sources, but whether it has a real relation to the Iskander / Iskander-M complexes or is a fiction (error) has not been established.

- experimental wheeled SPU 9P76 on the BAZ-6954 chassis - The SPU was designed by the Titan Design Bureau (design bureau of the Barrikady plant), the first prototype 9P76 was manufactured in 1992. Presumably, the development of a new type of SPU on the new BAZ chassis was previously carried out in parallel with the development of the Br-1555-1 SPU. The SPU chassis was developed within the framework of the research project "Facet" of the Bryansk Automobile Plant Design Bureau on the basis of the BAZ-69501 chassis in 1990-1992, the head of the design bureau is V.B. Vyushkin, the chief designer of the chassis is V.P. Trusov (since 1997 - Yu.A. Shpak). The SPU is not floating, it carries one missile; in the front part of the body with the rocket there is a gas turbine electric generator that provides power to the SPU.

The first launch from the new SPU was carried out in the summer of 1992. Further, in 1992, tests were continued with a second launch. During 1993, 5 launches were carried out from SPU 9P76 No. 1. In 1994-1997 prototypes of the 9M723 missile, presumably with a cassette warhead, were tested from the SPU. In total, more than 10 launches were made. For testing, a total of 2 single-missile SPU 9P76 (samples No. 1 and No. 2) were manufactured on the BAZ-6954 chassis and 2 transport vehicles 9T246, probably on the same chassis. The tests were carried out at site 4C of the 4th State Medical Center Kapustin Yar. The second copy of the SPU 9P76 was used to test the rocket launcher and was used for launches at the Kapustin Yar test site a limited number of times.

TTX SPU 9P76:
Engines - 2 x diesel KamAZ-740 with a power of 210 hp each, each engine runs on its own side

Wheel formula - 8 x 8

Length - 11.3 m

Width - 3.08 m

Height - 3.05 m

Ground clearance - 470 mm

Total weight - 36000 kg

Curb weight - 18500 kg

Load capacity - 17100 kg

Highway speed - 60 km/h

Fuel range - 682 km

Calculation - 4 people

Experimental self-propelled launcher 9P76 of the Iskander complex, Kapustin Yar training ground, 1992-1996. (photo from the archive of the user "Random", published on June 30, 2011).

Experimental SPU 9P76 on the BAZ-6954 chassis at the Kapustin Yar training ground (TV show “Serving Russia!”, TV channel “Zvezda”, 12/17/2006)

Drawing of an experimental SPU 9P76 on a BAZ-6954 chassis, a lifting boom from the Oka complex is mistakenly drawn (probably the drawing was made on the basis of TV material from the Zvezda TV channel, http://www.military.cz).

Experimental self-propelled launcher 9P76 of the Iskander complex on the BAZ-6954 chassis, open museum of equipment at the Kapustin Yar training ground, summer 2016 (photo from the archive of the user "Sluchany", published 10/21/2016).

- wheeled SPU 9P78- after changing the concept of the Iskander complex, starting from 1993, work has been underway to redesign the SPU on the MZKT-7930 chassis for two launching booms with different types of combat load (OTR, KR). In 1995, a new SPU 9P78 was manufactured. Launches from it began in the same 1995. Later, SPU 9P78 was converted into SPU 9P78-1 - the body was modernized. Probably the reason for the modernization was the refusal to place some types of combat load on the complex.

- wheeled SPU 9P78-1(apparently not earlier than 1994) - MZKT-79301 chassis (two missiles on SPU with separate lifting booms). In our opinion, this is a prototype or the first series of the Iskander SPU on the MZKT chassis, the visible differences from the 9P78-1 are insignificant. It is possible that the SPU 9P78 can only launch 9M723 ballistic missiles. The installation was designed by the Titan Central Design Bureau (design bureau of the Barrikady plant). The MZKT-7930 "Astrologer" chassis was developed by SKB-1 of the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant in 1990 (prototype). Serial production of the chassis began in 1998. Chassis tests were carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site, test tracks of the NIIIAT RF Ministry of Defense and public roads. After a 30,000-mile run, the tractor was tested in a climate chamber at a temperature of -50°C, then in a wind tunnel, where resistance to shock waves was assessed.

SPU 9P78-1 version 1 with a 9M723 missile, in the pre-launch position the left of the two missiles, late 1990s - early 2000s (http://milparade.com, according to RIA Novosti, photo taken 11/07/2008 , which is not true).

- universal wheeled SPU 9P78-1 / 9P78-1E(serial modification, appearance - 2001-2005) on the MZKT-7930 chassis (apparently the MZKT-79305 model) "Astrologer" (two missiles on the SPU with separate lifting booms - ballistic or winged or a combination of ballistic and winged). The TZM 9T250 on the MZKT-79305 chassis carries two missiles and is equipped with a jib crane. The unit was designed by the Central Design Bureau "Titan" (design bureau of the "Barricades" plant) and produced by the "Barricades" Production Association (Volgograd) on the chassis of the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant (Minsk, Belarus). Serial production of SPU and TZM began in 2006, the production capabilities of the Barrikady PA, according to data for 2008, are 12 complexes per year. As of 2014 - 2 brigade sets per year.

The complex's vehicles are air transportable by An-124 class aircraft. In the front part of the body with missiles there is a gas turbine electric generator, which is part of the power and air conditioning unit (controlled from the driver's remote control). Presumably, a laser sighting optical system is placed in the body for placing the GPS missile in the launch plane and entering flight mission numbers into the on-board computer before launching in a horizontal position. Perhaps the SPU 9P78-1 differs from the 9P78 in that it can use both old and new types of missiles (see the stages of development of the complex above), and also, probably, the SPU 9P78-1 is universal and is used as part of the Iskander complexes -M" and "Iskander-K".

Engine - diesel YaMZ-846 with a power of 500 hp, manual gearbox YaMZ-202.04 (9/2) with clutch YaMZ-151-10, MZKT-79306 - diesel Deutz BF8M105C with a power of 544 hp. with 5-speed hydromechanical transmission Allison HD4560P.

Wheel formula - 8 x 8 (the first two axles are rotary)

Length - approx. 13070 mm
Width - 3070 mm
Height - approx. 3290 mm
Ground clearance - 400 mm
Tires - R25 with adjustable pressure

Gross weight - 40000-43200 kg (up to 45000 kg on the chassis)

Chassis curb weight - 21000 kg

Load capacity:

MZKT-79301 - 22200 kg

MZKT-79305 - 25000 kg
- MZKT-79306 - 24000 kg
Permissible axial mass (MZKT-79306):
- front axles - 21800 kg
- rear axles - 23200 kg

Highway speed - 70 km/h
Speed on dirt road - 40 km/h
Cross-country speed - 20 km/h
Fording depth - 1.4 m

Fuel range - 1000 km

Calculation - 3 people (2 people TZM)
Missile launch sector - 180 degrees.

Chassis MZKT-79306 is a close analogue of MZKT-79305 (Technique that knows no barriers. Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant. Booklet, 2009).

SPU 9P78-1 version 2 of the 9K720 Iskander-M complex, rehearsal of the Victory Parade in Moscow, 04/26/2011. The last two photos are 05/03/2011 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net).

SPU of the operational-tactical complex "Iskander-M" / "Iskander-K" at the 231st site of the 4th GCM training ground of the Russian Ministry of Defense, 2010 (4 interspecific: the 21st century begins. 4 GCM of the Russian Ministry of Defense, 2011.

SPU 9P78-1 board No. 811, probably the 630th ORDN after the missile launch, Kapustin Yar test site, 08/22/2011 (photo by Vadim Savitsky, http://twower.livejournal.com).

Serial military SPU 9P78-1 of the Iskander-M complex. 26th Neman Red Banner Missile Brigade. 10.20.2011 (photo - Alexey Danichev, http://sputniknews.com).

SPU 9P78-1 with cruise missiles of the 9K720 Iskander-M missile system of the first production brigade set on the day of transfer of equipment to the 107th RBR. Kapustin Yar, 06/28/2013 (http://i-korotchenko.livejournal.com).

SPU 9P78-1 version 2 and TZM 9T250 of the 9K720 Iskander-M complex, rehearsal of the Victory Parade in Moscow, 05/03/2011 (photo - Andrey Kryuchenko, http://a-andreich.livejournal.com).

New SPU BAZ- in February 2007, at an off-site meeting of the military-industrial commission on the basis of NPO Almaz, the management of PA BAZ announced that on the basis of the Voshchina-1 chassis and/or on the basis of the developing promising Voshchina-2 chassis, a SPU would be created for complex "Iskander". No other information available.

Complex missiles.
Ballistic missile 9M723(the 9M728 cruise missile is described in a separate article - " " ):
Design single-stage missiles with an inseparable warhead. Much attention is paid to reducing the RCS - there are no protruding parts, holes and noticeable joints, the cable garrot is minimized as much as possible on the first versions of the rockets and is made in the form of a thin train on the surface of the rocket body on more modern series, the aerodynamic control surfaces are replaced with swept ones instead of lattice ones. A special heat-protective coating of the body is used, which can probably serve as a coating that reduces the ESR.

The 9M723-1 missile of the Iskander-M complex. Kubinka, Army 2015 forum, 06/17/2015 (photo - Sergey Karpukhin, Reuters).

The 9M723-1 missile of the Iskander-M complex. Kubinka, forum "Army 2016" (September 2016).

Projections of 9M723 missiles of the 9K720 Iskander-M complex (, 11/06/2016).

According to the scheme previously adopted for OTR complexes, the missile of the complex (for example, 9M723K5) includes a missile part (for example, 9M723) and a warhead (for example, 9N722K5).

According to information available in 2011, missile units 9M723 and 9M723-1 are mentioned.

A mock-up of the Iskander-E missile with the 9M723 missile part at the exhibition "Technologies in Mechanical Engineering - 2010", Moscow, 30.06 - 04.07.2010 (http://maks.sukhoi.ru).

Cable gargrot on the old model of the missile complex (on the left, probably 9M723) and on the new one (on the right, probably 9M723-1). Stills from the films "Strike Force".

Fragments of the design of the 9M723K5 rocket (probably). Stills from a report on the receipt of 9K720 Iskander-M systems by the 26th Missile Brigade in Luga, 10/21/2011 (NTV channel).

Training missile 9M723 during reloading from the TZM 9T250 of the 9K720 Iskander-M complex to the SPU 9P87-1. Publication no later than 2015 (photo - Dmitry Rogulin,).

Presumably, during group launches of 9K720 Iskander-M complexes during the Center-2011 exercises, missiles with a 9M723-1 missile unit were used, Kapustin Yar training ground, 09/22/2011 (http://www.mil.ru).

Ballistic missile 9M723 of the 9K720 Iskander-M missile system in a transport container. The photo was taken at the ceremony of handing over the first serial brigade set of equipment of the 107th RBR. Kapustin Yar, 06/28/2013 (http://i-korotchenko.livejournal.com).

The same moment - a frame from the TV channel "Zvezda" (http://www.mil.ru).

Containers 9YA293-E with missiles for the Iskander-E complexes of the Armenian armed forces (09/22/2016, footage from an Armenian television report).

Control and guidance system - The rocket's control system is autonomous inertial (developed by TsNIIAG, Moscow), the rocket is controlled by the control system throughout the entire flight. The control system is built on the basis of a gyro-stabilized platform (GSP) and a digital computer (analogue of DAVU OTR "Tochka"). When using missiles with a seeker, the on-board computer of the missile's inertial control system adjusts the trajectory according to the seeker data. Control is carried out using aerodynamic and gas-jet rudders and, probably, on the 9M723-1 rocket part gas-dynamically using shunting reusable solid propellant rocket engines or using a gas generator. The warhead is inseparable.

Deep modernization and experimental testing of the previously developed command gyroscopic device (a set of gyroscopic devices) for the Iskander / Iskander-M missiles was carried out by NPO Electromechanics (Miass). State tests were successfully completed in 2004. Serial production of gyroscopic devices is carried out there ( see - Annual report of JSC "NPO Electromechanics...", ).

Autocollimator (left) and automatic gyrocompass of the first SPU of the Iskander complex developed by the Arsenal Design Bureau (Kiev), footage from Ukrainian television.

The topographic reference system of the complex's launch unit can interact with space navigation systems such as NAVSTAR and GLONASS. Input of targeting data into missiles (alignment of the GPS in the launch plane and entry of flight mission numbers into the on-board computer) occurs automatically when the missiles are in a horizontal position inside the SPU, probably using an improved optical system for aligning the missile's GPS using a laser optical device (since on the SPU there are no light guides typical for light systems - see "Tochka" and "Oka"). Entering goal data takes little time and before the start, goal data can be adjusted based on information from an external source. With an interval of 1 minute, the complex can strike two missiles at two different targets. The flight trajectory is flat ("quasi-ballistic"), possibly with the ability to maneuver in some missile variants.

Automatic gyrocompass (AGC) supports in the central part of the SPU 9P78-1 ().

Probably wind sensors on SPU 9P78-1 board No. 811, apparently from the 630th ORDN. Kapustin Yar training ground, August 22, 2011 (photo by Vadim Savitsky, http://twower.livejournal.com).

The GLONASS system equipment on the SPU type 9P78-1 is represented by a portable receiver-indicator 14Ts821 "Grot-V" ("portable"). The receiver indicator antenna is located on the roof of the SPU cabin. The product has been developed and mass-produced by the Research Institute of KP since 2001.

Probably the on-board digital computer (DAVU) of the Iskander missiles ( http://youtube.com)

Command-gyroscopic device (gyro-stabilized platform), automation unit and on-board computer (DAVU) on 9M723 missiles of the Iskander complex. Photo from the area of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict (August 2008) and a still from the films of the “Strike Force” series ( http://youtube.com)

Porthole of the optical aiming system of the gyroscopic devices of the 9M723 missile (http://militaryphotos.net).

Probably the optical aiming system of the missile's gyroscopic devices on the SPU 9P78 (frame from the promotional film of the Central Design Bureau "Titan", http://youtube.com)

For comparison, systems similar in purpose are installed on the control systems of the Oka (left) and Tochka-U (right) complexes.

Internal structure of the Iskander-M complex equipped with the R-500 SPU 9P78-1 cruise missile, Kapustin Yar, 10/30/2015 (video footage from the Russian Ministry of Defense, http://mil.ru).

Presumably a standard theodolite for maintenance of the SPU targeting system at a firing range position. Sighting is carried out on the base reflector of the automatic gyrocompass and then, through a second portable theodolite, in several steps the reference point is snapped and the azimuth of the base launch direction is checked. The photo shows the SPU of the 9K720 Iskander-M complex during launches to test a new type of combat equipment, Kapustin Yar training ground, 10/11/2011 (Zvezda TV channel).

In addition to missiles with an inertial control system, missiles with seekers of two types can also be used, which are activated at the final stage of flight (according to our assessment, they are not in service as of 2009, they are probably being tested starting in 2004 or later). The seeker at the final section of the trajectory corrects the operation of the inertial control system of the rocket (estimated, cannot be used on the Iskander-E):

- radar correlation seeker- developed by TsNIIAG (Moscow) in the late 1980s on the topic “Volga”, the missile is aimed by comparing a digital map of the area in the target area and radar seeker data;

- optical correlation seeker 9E436 - developed by TsNIIAG (Moscow), the missile is aimed at a reference image of the target, similar to the seeker of the 8K14-1F missile. The GOS was presented for the first time at the Eurosatory-2004 exhibition.
GOS mass - 20 kg
Flight task entry time - no more than 5 minutes
KVO - up to 20 m

Optical seeker 9E436 for OTR "Iskander" at the TsNIIAG stand at the MVSV-2004 exhibition

- radar active seeker 9B918 - developed and produced by NPP "Radar MMS" as of 2009. In 2009, serial production of 22 primary information processing units for the seeker 9B918 of 9M723-1F missiles is planned in 2010-2011.

Option 1 (possibly 9N722K1 or another) - cassette warhead - R&D - Design Bureau of the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant. Weight 480 kg, 54 combat elements, warhead deployment height - 900-1400 m, combat element activation height - 6-10 m, the use of this type of warhead with an optical or radar correlation seeker is assessed by us as unlikely.
Types of combat elements:

1. fragmentation non-contact

2. cumulative fragmentation

3. self-aiming

4. volumetric detonating

Option 2 (possibly 9N722K1 or another) - cassette warhead with 45 9N730 combat elements developed and produced by GosNIIMash (Dzerzhinsk) with a central explosive charge (CRZ) 9N731. As of 2008, it is in serial production in the experimental workshop 4510 of GosNIIMash (production of 16 sets of equipment per year). In 2009, the labor intensity of manufacturing the 9N730 combat element was 16.23 standard hours, the CRZ - 30 standard hours. Proximity fuses 9E156 "Umbrella" for combat elements of cassette warheads were developed by the Research Institute of Electronic Devices (Novosibirsk,).

- Rocket 9M723-1F / 9M723-1FE- a missile with a radar seeker 9B918 developed and produced by NPP Radar MMS. Developed as of 2009

- Complex 9K720E "Iskander-E", missile 9M720E / 9M723E- export modification of the complex with SPU 9P78-1E,

- Complex "Iskander-MKR"- During the IMDS-2005 exhibition, it was announced that a sea-based missile would be created on the basis of the Iskander OTR.

- Rocket 9M723, version 2016- in September-October 2016, a rocket was launched at the Kaputsin Yar test site, the footage of which was posted on Youtube in October 2016. The rocket in appearance differs from the previously known versions of the 9M723 rocket.

Missile type 9M723 version 2016 (video footage from Youtube).

Tactical and operational-tactical missile systems.

The strategy for waging armed conflicts shows that one of their significant tendencies is the desire of the opposing sides to limit the struggle to the maximum extent possible at the front line, in direct contact of troops in order to preserve manpower for delivering a decisive blow and transfer the main volume of operations to the second echelons, which can be achieved by using aviation or missile systems for various purposes.

However, taking into account that aviation operations are not all-weather and are also associated with human losses, missile systems remain the most effective means of destroying various types of objects at any time of the day, year, in any climatic conditions.

The socio-political situation that prevailed during the initial period of development of the TRC and OTRK predetermined the creation of complexes, the use of which included only nuclear combat equipment (8K14, Luna, Temp-S), while the missiles had low accuracy and a low probability of overcoming enemy missile defenses and other shortcomings determined by the level of scientific and technological development for the period of creation of these complexes.

The subsequent change in the military-political situation and the transition to conventional (non-nuclear) equipment of the TRC and OTRK required a fundamental change in the ideology of constructing these complexes, the main directions of which at the present stage are:

high efficiency of using conventional warheads due to precision shooting accuracy;
a wide range of combat units;
autonomy, mobility, maneuverability and high maneuverability of combat vehicles;
secrecy in preparing and launching a missile strike;
speed of SPU deployment and minimal preparation time for a missile launch;
the possibility of using starting positions that are unprepared in engineering and geodetic terms;
high reliability and ease of use;
high degree of automation of the preparation and launch process;
wide temperature range for combat use;
long service life;
high probability of overcoming enemy missile defense.

The first missile system of this class, created by KBM together with other leading enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the USSR, was the Tochka tactical missile system, adopted for service in 1975.

The Tochka complex, possessing high shooting accuracy, was the first model of missile weapons of the Ground Forces, capable of effectively solving the problem of hitting targets in the tactical depth of enemy defense with conventional combat units, and has significant advantages over previously created RK (including foreign ones) in maneuverability, the ability to prepare and launch a covert missile strike, etc.

The complex is still in service with the Russian Army and the armies of a number of foreign countries and has proven itself to be one of the most effective and reliable weapons.

Subsequently, in order to expand combat capabilities, on the basis of the Tochka complex, the modernized Tochka-U tactical missile system was developed and put into service (in 1989) with a firing range of up to 120 km and maintaining high firing accuracy. At the same time, the Tochka-U complex has the ability to operate and combat use missiles of the Tochka complex.

The "Tochka" and "Tochka-U" complexes, in addition to combat equipment, also include a full set of their service and training equipment. KBM services organized warranty service for the complexes and extended the period of their technical suitability.

Simultaneously with the work on tactical missile systems, KBM, together with co-executors, developed and put into service (in 1979) the Oka operational-tactical missile system with a firing range of up to 400 km.

9P71 with the 9K714 Oka missile in Slovakia (2000, a month before they were destroyed with American money).

The Oka complex was the only one in this class of missile systems, both domestic and foreign, in which for the first time the problem of overcoming the enemy’s missile defense with a probability close to one was solved.

The combat and technical characteristics of the complex significantly exceeded those of similar complexes, providing it with significant prospects.

However, the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty concluded in 1987 between the USSR and the USA led to the elimination of not only the Temp-S complex with a range of up to 900 km, which was covered by the Treaty, but also the Oka complex.

The scientific and technical groundwork and operating experience of these complexes accumulated by KBM during the development of fuel dispensers and otrkas made it possible to use them in the creation of modern weapons, incl. in the development of the Iskander-E operational-tactical missile system, which meets the requirements of the regulations on the non-proliferation control regime for missile technologies, with technical characteristics that ensure the fulfillment of not only modern, but also future requirements for weapons of this class.

The complex is designed for covert preparation and delivery of effective missile strikes against particularly important small-sized and area targets. It is built on the latest scientific, technical and design achievements in the field of operational-tactical missile systems and, based on the totality of implemented technical solutions and high combat effectiveness, is a weapon of a new generation. This is a “weapon of deterrence” in local conflicts, and for countries with limited living space - a strategic weapon.

The long firing range, allowing it to be used from deep within the location of friendly troops, and the short time spent at the starting position make the complex practically invulnerable. According to the conclusion of leading military-technical centers, the Iskander-E complex is 5-8 times superior to the best foreign analogues in terms of efficiency-cost criteria.

The structure of the complex, its control system, automated combat control and information support make it possible to quickly respond to new requirements without significant modification of combat assets and, as a result, provide it with a long life cycle.

The complex ensures the adaptation of its elements to the automotive and radio-electronic database of potential customers, as well as the possibility of constant (or periodic) maintenance of its elements by highly qualified specialists from Russian companies.

In terms of the level of combat capabilities achieved, the Iskander-E missile system has no analogues in the world, which makes it a promising weapon for the coming decades of the 21st century.

High-precision tactical missile system "Tochka-U".

Purpose: designed to effectively destroy critical targets in the tactical depth of enemy troops.

Composition of the complex:

single-stage missile, controlled throughout its entire trajectory, with an integral warhead; control system - inertial;
automated control and testing machine;
maintenance machine;

teaching aids.

Main tactical and technical characteristics:

Firing range, km
minimum	15
maximum	120
Firing accuracy	high
Starting weight, kg	2010
Time.:
preparation for launch, min: from readiness No. 1	2
from the march	16
Launcher mass (with rocket and crew), kg	18145
Maximum speed of movement of the launcher, km/h:
along the highway	60
afloat	8
Fuel range of combat vehicles (fully loaded), km	650
Technical resource of combat vehicles, km	15000
Crew, people	3
Operating temperature range, degrees C	from -40 to +50
Service life, years	at least 10, of which 3 years in the field
Missile warheads:
type	Cassette, high-explosive fragmentation
weight, kg	482

Operational-tactical missile system "Iskander-E".

The Iskander-E mobile missile system is designed to engage the following ground targets within the operational firing range with high-precision missiles:

command posts and communication centers;
large groups of troops;
fire weapons;
air defense and missile defense facilities;
airplanes and helicopters in parking lots;
the most important about industrial and energy facilities.

Main features of the missile system:

effective destruction of various types of targets in conditions of the enemy’s use of countermeasures;
possibility of covert training, combat duty and effective delivery of missile strikes;
automatic calculation and input of missile flight missions using launcher means;
high probability of trouble-free functioning of the rocket during preparation for launch and in flight;
high tactical maneuverability due to the high maneuverability of combat vehicles mounted on all-wheel drive chassis;
strategic mobility due to the transportability of the complex’s vehicles by all modes of transport, including transport aviation;
automation of combat control of missile units, operational processing and delivery of intelligence information to the appropriate control levels;
long service life and ease of use.

Composition of the complex:

the missile of the Iskander-E complex is solid-fuel, single-stage, controllable along the entire flight path, with a warhead that cannot be separated in flight;
self-propelled launcher;
transport-charging machine;
routine maintenance machine;
command and control vehicle;
information preparation point;
a set of arsenal equipment;

educational and training facilities.

Main characteristics

Firing range, km
minimum	50
maximum	280
Weight, kg:
launch rocket	3800
payload	480
missile launcher	42300
Warhead type	cassette, high-explosive fragmentation, penetrating
Rocket engine	Solid propellant rocket engine
Control system type	autonomous, inertial, integrated with optical seeker
Chassis type	wheeled, all-terrain
Number of missiles, pcs.:
on the launcher	2
on a transport-charging machine	2
Combat crew of a self-propelled launcher, people:	3
Temperature range of application, degrees. WITH	±50
Service life, years	10, of which 3 years in the field

Replicas from http://www.kbm.ru/ru/product/otrk, http://www.kbm.ru/ru/product/otrk/tochka-u, http://www.kbm.ru/ru/ product/otrk/iskander-e

Chronicle on OTRK "Iskander".

State tests of the Iskander-E operational-tactical complex, the supply of which to the Russian Armed Forces are provided for by the state defense order, are being completed. As part of the state tests of the Iskander-E OTRK, more than 10 launches were carried out - more than half. The main problem is the delay in prepayment by subcontractors for the manufacture of material for the next stages of testing. With proper funding, they will be completed within a few months. (as of April 2004)

Tests of the new Iskander tactical missile system have been successfully completed in Russia. As Krasnaya Zvezda reports, the Chief of the General Staff, Colonel General Yuri Baluevsky, said that there are plans to purchase a new Iskander tactical missile system and create a brigade equipped with this latest weapon. (30.08.2004. Business News Agency). In 2005, the Ground Forces will have the first missile brigade equipped with new weapons: each of its three missile divisions has 3 batteries, each of them has 3 mobile launchers of the Iskander-E complex, each with 2 missiles. In total - 27 launchers and (taking into account the reserve on the "loading" machines) 100 missiles. (as of August-September 2004)

The first division of Iskander operational-tactical missile systems (OTRK) has been formed in the Russian Armed Forces. It will operate in one of the permanent readiness units in the south of the country, said Colonel General Vladimir Zaritsky, head of the missile forces and artillery of the Russian Armed Forces. Subsequently, in accordance with the Armament Program and the Development Concept, we will begin the rearmament, apparently, of the missile brigades of the Far East and the Siberian Military District,” the general said. (03/25/2005 ARMS-TASS News Agency)

In 2005, plans were reported for the supply of Iskander complexes to Syria. This caused a negative reaction from Israel and the United States. During a visit to Israel, Russian President V.V. Putin announced a ban on such supplies to prevent an imbalance of power in the region.

According to information received during the IMDS-2005 exhibition, the Iskander tactical missile system is also being developed in a sea-based version (for the Navy). This variant is designated "Iskander-MKR". While there are no details on this topic, it is only known that the TT charge of the propulsion system is created at the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Perm Plant named after S.M. Kirov", and the TT rocket engine is created at the Iskra Research and Production Association OJSC (Perm). >>>

On 05/30/2007, tests of the R-500 cruise missile for the Iskander-K complex, which is expected to be put into service in 2009, were completed at the Kapustin Yar test site. The R-500 high-precision subsonic cruise missile has an increased firing range compared to the Iskander-M and develops a cruise speed of 230-260 m/s. The combat load is 500 kg, the firing range is 500 km. The R-500 is equipped with a compact, low-thrust, low-thrust, low-thrust, dual-circuit turbojet engine. (http://www.kapyar.ru/index.php?pg=218)\

According to the Dutch Foreign Ministry, an Iskander missile with a cluster warhead was used on August 12, 2008 during the shelling of the city of Gori during the August war against Georgia. The Russian side considers the evidence provided in the application to be insufficient.

In August 2008, during a visit to Moscow, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad expressed his readiness to deploy complexes in Syria.

On November 5, 2008, Russian President Medvedev, speaking to the Federal Assembly, said that the response to the American missile defense system in Poland would be the deployment of Iskander missile systems in the Kaliningrad region.

The export of high-precision operational-tactical missile systems "Iskander-E" will be suspended until the Russian army is equipped with these weapons in sufficient quantities, said Nikolai DIMIDIUK, director for special assignments of Rosoboronexport. He previously stated that Syria, the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, and India are showing interest in the Iskanders. True, the head of one of the defense plants recently admitted that foreign orders for Iskanders are several times higher than Russian ones. Moreover, the defense industry could not accept orders from the Russian army, because all production facilities are occupied by the production of Iskanders for export. We may need about 50 such complexes. And industrial capacity allows us to produce only 12 Iskanders per year. Therefore, it will take four years... (KP, 11/13/2008)

Optical seeker of the Iskander TRK, shown by TsNIIAG at MVSV-2006.

- This seeker for Iskander was shown at the TsNIIAG stand at MVSV-2004. Apparently this is an optical-electronic correlation-extreme guidance system 9E436 (-E) for the Iskander missile system (-E).

- Iskander-E mock-up at MAKS-2005. A KBM representative said that the name “Iskander-M” was an invention of journalists...

- Layout at St. Petersburg MAKS-2003.

Questions about products on the KBM website.
Section: OTRK.

What can you say about the possibility of the Iskander-E missile penetrating the enemy’s missile defense system?

For the first time, the question of overcoming missile defense was raised during the development of the Oka complex. The technical solutions adopted at that time made it possible to overcome the existing missile defense system quite effectively. It is quite natural that missile defense has not stood still and missile developers attach great importance to solving the problem of overcoming missile defense built on the basis of modern anti-missile systems. The Iskander-E complex, of course, implements technical solutions that make it possible to overcome the most modern missile defense with a high probability.

But doesn’t the need to prepare two missiles lead to an increase in the time the Iskander-E complex launcher spends at the launch position, which in turn will lead to an increase in the likelihood of it being hit by an enemy retaliatory strike?

No. In the Iskander-E complex, as well as in the Tochka, Tochka-U and Oka complexes, the time the launcher remains at the launch position is minimal and is up to 20 minutes, while the interval between the 1st and 2nd launches missiles for no more than one minute. In addition, it should be noted that missile launches do not require launch positions specially prepared in engineering and geodetic terms, which can lead to their discovery by the enemy. Launches can be carried out from the so-called “ready from the march”, i.e. the launcher drives onto any site (except for swampy areas and shifting sands) and its calculations in an automated cycle, without leaving the cabin, prepare and launch the rocket. After which the launcher moves to the reloading point and, after loading the missiles, is ready to launch a second missile strike from any launch position.

What warheads can the Iskander-E missile carry?

The missile can be equipped with: a cluster warhead with non-contact fragmentation warheads; cluster warhead with cumulative fragmentation warheads; cluster warhead with self-aiming combat elements; cluster warhead with volumetric detonating action; high-explosive fragmentation warhead (HFW); high-explosive incendiary warhead; penetrating warhead (PBC). I would like to note that, in contrast to previously developed similar systems, the missiles of which used a cluster warhead with contact detonation combat elements, the Iskander-E missile complex uses a cluster warhead with non-contact detonation combat elements triggered at an altitude of » 10 m above the surface.

Why, unlike the systems you previously developed, the launcher of the Iskander-E complex carries two missiles, and not one. After all, this complicates the launcher and increases its cost.

Yes, of course, the launcher becomes more complicated and more expensive, but not twice as expensive. If we estimate the cost of carrying out a combat mission to hit a certain number of targets, then it is obvious that in the case of Iskander-E it will be significantly lower than when using the same missile from a hypothetical launcher per missile, because the number of launchers used to hit all intended targets in the latter case is required to be twice as large. You can, of course, reload the launchers after the first missile strike, but this takes time, which, given the enemy’s countermeasures, may not be enough. In addition, when using a launcher for two missiles in a complex, the cost of operation is reduced and the number of personnel in the missile unit is reduced.

KBM is known as the developer of such effective tactical and operational-tactical missile systems as “Tochka”, “Tochka-U”, “Oka”. Currently, information about the latest development has appeared in the media.

At one time, these complexes fully met the requirements and level of technology development of that period. But the Tochka and Tochka-U complexes have a range of up to 70 - 120 km, respectively, and Oka, unfortunately, was unfairly classified as a “shorter-range” missile and eliminated in 1989 in accordance with the INF Treaty. The Iskander-E complex is a modern model of weapons, which implements the latest achievements of science and design ideas. Its main features include: - high firepower of a missile strike due to the placement of two missiles on one mobile launcher; - effective destruction of a wide range of targets with conventional warheads by one or two missiles due to the use of modern warheads, high accuracy and reliability of the missile, as well as the ability to overcome enemy missile defenses; - high efficiency of missile strikes and operational control by bringing automation of combat control to the launcher; - wide possibilities for modernizing the complex, including increasing combat equipment, increasing the accuracy of missile fire and in other areas. Thanks to its characteristics, the complex is a “weapon of deterrence” in local conflicts, and for countries with limited living space it becomes a strategic weapon.

“Iskander” (9K720) family of operational-tactical missile systems (OTRK) of the ground forces: Iskander, Iskander-E, Iskander-K, Iskander-M. Designed for covert preparation and delivery of effective missile strikes against particularly important small-sized and area targets deep in the operational formation of enemy troops.

The Iskander OTRK (9K720) was created as a result of the joint work of a group of research institutes, design bureaus and factories under the leadership of the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau (KBM Kolomna), known as the company that created the Tochka and Oka missile systems. The launcher was developed by the Titan Central Design Bureau (Volgograd), the homing system was developed by the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics (Moscow).

- use only non-nuclear weapons;
— ensuring precision shooting accuracy;
— control along the entire flight path;
— a wide range of effective combat equipment;
— the presence in the complex of a combat control automation system and an information — — — — support system, including the preparation of reference information for correction and final guidance systems;
— the ability to integrate with global satellite navigation systems (GSSN - GLONASS, NAVSTAR);
— the ability to hit heavily protected targets;
— increased fire performance;
— the ability to effectively overcome the effects of air defense and missile defense systems;
- the ability to hit moving targets.

To meet the above requirements, an export version of the OTRK 9K720 was created, designated “Iskander-E.” “Iskander-E” incorporates the best scientific, technical and design achievements in the field of operational-tactical missile systems and, in terms of the totality of implemented technical solutions, high combat effectiveness is a weapon of a completely new generation, superior in its tactical and technical characteristics to the existing RK 9K72 “Elbrus”, “Tochka-U”, “Lance”, “ATASMS”, “Pluton”, etc.

Main features of the RK 9K720 Iskander:

highly accurate and effective destruction of various types of targets;
the possibility of covert training, combat duty and effective missile strikes;
automatic calculation and input of missile flight missions using launcher means;
high probability of completing a combat mission in the face of active enemy opposition;
high probability of trouble-free functioning of the rocket during preparation for launch, as well as in flight;
high tactical maneuverability due to the high maneuverability of combat vehicles mounted on all-wheel drive chassis,
strategic mobility due to the transportability of vehicles by all modes of transport, including transport aviation;
automation of combat control of missile units,
prompt processing and communication of intelligence information to the appropriate management levels;
long service life and ease of use.

In terms of its tactical and technical characteristics, Iskander-E fully complies with the provisions of the Missile Technology Non-Proliferation Control Regime. This is a “weapon of deterrence” in local conflicts, and for countries with limited living space - a strategic weapon. The structure of the complex, its control systems, automated combat control and information support make it possible to quickly respond to new requirements without significant modification of its combat assets and, as a result, guarantee it a long life cycle.

For arming the Russian army, a version of the Iskander-M missile system with an increased flight range (more than 450 km) has been developed, as well as the Iskander-K, equipped with the R-500 high-precision cruise missile (range up to 2600 km) of the Caliber system developed by Yekaterinburg OJSC OKB Novator. The complex was successfully tested in 2007. at the Kapustin Yar training ground.
In 2007, the training division in Kapustin Yar, which took part in the war with Georgia in August 2008, was equipped with Iskander-M complexes (four combat vehicles).

In the west, the complex received the designation SS-26.

The Iskander complex includes:

9M723 rocket;
self-propelled launcher 9P78 (SPU);
transport-loading machine 9T250 (TZM);
command and staff vehicle 9S552 (KShM);
mobile information preparation station 9S920 (PPI);
regulation and maintenance machine (MRTO);
life support machine;
sets of arsenal and training equipment.

9M723 missile of the Iskander complex

Solid propellant, single-stage with a warhead that cannot be separated in flight. The rocket is controlled throughout its flight path using aerodynamic and gas-dynamic rudders. The flight path of the 9M723 is not ballistic, but controlled. The rocket constantly changes its trajectory plane. She maneuvers especially actively during her acceleration and approach to the target - with an overload of 20 to 30g. In order to intercept a 9M723 missile, the antimissile must move along a trajectory with an overload two to three times higher, and this is practically impossible. Most of the flight path of a missile made using Stealth technology and having a small reflective surface passes at an altitude of 50 km, which also significantly reduces the likelihood of it being hit by the enemy. The 'invisibility' effect is achieved through a combination of design features and the treatment of the rocket with special coatings.

No other tactical system in the world can solve such a problem, except for the Iskander. In addition, optical systems do not require signals from space radio navigation systems, which in crisis situations can be turned off or disabled by radio interference. Integrating inertial control with satellite navigation equipment and an optical seeker makes it possible to create a missile that can hit a given target in almost any imaginable conditions. The homing head can also be used on ballistic and cruise missiles of various classes and types.

The missile can be equipped with various warheads (10 types in total), including:

a cluster warhead with fragmentation warheads for non-contact detonation;
cluster warhead with cumulative fragmentation warheads;
cluster warhead with self-aiming combat elements;
cluster warhead with volumetric detonating action;
high-explosive fragmentation warhead (HFW);
high-explosive incendiary warhead;
penetrating warhead (PBC).

The cluster warhead ensures deployment at an altitude of 0.9-1.4 km with further separation and stabilization of the combat elements. The combat elements are equipped with radio sensors; the combat elements are detonated at a height of 6-10 m above the target.

Thanks to the implementation of terminal control and guidance methods, control along the entire flight path, a wide range of powerful combat units and the integration of onboard control systems with various correction and homing systems, as well as the high probability of completing a combat mission in conditions of active enemy counteraction, typical targets are hit by the launch of only 1- 2 Iskander-E missiles, which is equivalent in effectiveness to the use of nuclear weapons.

Self-propelled launcher 9P78-1 (SPU) RK 9K720 "Iskander-M"

The time the launcher spends at the launch position is minimal and is up to 20 minutes, while the interval between the launches of the 1st and 2nd missiles is no more than one minute. Missile launches do not require launch positions that are specially prepared in terms of engineering and geodesy, which can lead to their discovery by the enemy. Launches can be carried out from the so-called “ready from the march”, i.e. the launcher drives onto any site (except for swampy areas and shifting sands) and its crew prepares and launches the rocket in an automated cycle, without leaving the cabin. After which the launcher moves to the reloading point and, after loading the missiles, is ready to launch a second missile strike from any launch position.

Transport-loading vehicle 9T250-1 (TZM) RK 9K720 “Iskander-M”

The TZM is also located on the MZKT-7930 chassis and is equipped with a jib crane. The total combat weight is 40,000 kg, the TZM crew is 2 people.

Command and staff vehicle 9S552 (KShM) of the Iskander missile system

The automated control system is built on the basis of a command and staff vehicle, unified for all levels of management, built on a KAMAZ family chassis. Setting to a certain management level (brigade, division, starting battery) is carried out programmatically during operation. To ensure information exchange, the launcher houses combat control and communications equipment. Information exchange can be carried out both through open and closed communication channels.

Iskander is integrated with various reconnaissance and control systems. Information about the target is transmitted from a satellite, reconnaissance aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicle (type "Flight-D") to the information preparation point (PPI). It calculates the flight mission for the missile and prepares reference information for missiles with OGSN. This information is then transmitted via radio channels to the command post vehicles (CSVs) of the division and battery commanders, and from there to the launchers. Commands to launch missiles can be generated either in the command post or from the control centers of senior artillery commanders.

It is placed on the chassis of the Kamaz family and is intended for routine checks of on-board equipment of missiles placed on TZM (as well as in containers), checks of instruments included in group sets of spare parts for complex elements and routine repair of missiles by the MTO crew. Vehicle weight - 13500 kg, deployment time - 20 minutes, automated cycle time for routine check of on-board rocket equipment - 18 minutes, crew - 2 people.

Life support vehicle for the Iskander missile system

Designed to accommodate combat crews (up to 8 people) for rest and food.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the Iskander complex (9K720)

Circular probable deviation……….5-7 m (“Iskander-M” using a missile with a correlation seeker), up to 2 meters.
Launch mass of the rocket………………..3 800 kg
Weight of warhead………………..480 kg
Length………………..7.2 m
Diameter………………..920 mm
Rocket speed after the initial part of the trajectory………..2 100 m/s
Maximum trajectory altitude………………..50 km.
Minimum target engagement range………..50 km
Maximum target engagement range………500 km Iskander-K (2000 km with the R-500 cruise missile); 280 km Iskander-E (export)
Time before launch of the first rocket………………..4-16 minutes
Interval between launches…………1 minute (for 9P78 launcher with two missiles)

Photo of the Iskander missile system

Transfer of a brigade set of Iskander-M missile systems to the 112th Missile Brigade.
July 8, 2014 - at the Kaspustin Yar training ground

This is interesting

The high-precision operational-tactical missile system of the ground forces 9K720 "Iskander" is designed for covert preparation and delivery of effective missile strikes against particularly important small-sized and area targets deep in the operational formation of enemy troops: fire weapons (missile systems, MLRS, long-range artillery), airplanes and helicopters at airfields, command posts and communication centers, the most important civil infrastructure facilities.

OTRK 9K720 was created as a result of the joint work of a group of research institutes, design bureaus and factories under the leadership of the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau (KBM Kolomna), known as the company that created the Tochka and Oka missile systems. The launcher was developed by the Titan Design Bureau (Volgograd), the homing system was developed by the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics (Moscow).

the use of only non-nuclear weapons;

ensuring precision shooting accuracy;

control along the entire flight path;

a wide range of effective combat equipment;

the presence in the complex of a combat control automation system and an information support system, including the preparation of reference information for correction and final guidance systems;

possibility of integration with global satellite navigation systems (GSSN - "GLONASS", "NAVSTAR");

the ability to hit heavily protected targets;

increased fire performance;

the ability to effectively overcome the effects of air defense and missile defense systems;

the ability to hit moving targets.

To meet the above requirements, an export version of the OTRK 9K720 was created, which received the designation "Iskander-E." "Iskander-E" absorbed the best scientific, technical and design achievements in the field of operational-tactical missile systems and, in terms of the totality of implemented technical solutions, high combat effectiveness is a weapon of a completely new generation, superior in its tactical and technical characteristics to the existing RK 9K72 "Elbrus", "Tochka-U", "Lance", "ATASMS", "Pluton", etc.

Main features of the RK 9K720 Iskander:

highly accurate and effective destruction of various types of targets;

the possibility of covert training, combat duty and effective missile strikes;

automatic calculation and input of missile flight missions using launcher means;

high probability of completing a combat mission in the face of active enemy opposition;

high probability of trouble-free functioning of the rocket during preparation for launch, as well as in flight;

high tactical maneuverability due to the high maneuverability of combat vehicles mounted on all-wheel drive chassis,

strategic mobility due to the transportability of vehicles by all modes of transport, including transport aviation;

automation of combat control of missile units,

prompt processing and communication of intelligence information to the appropriate management levels;

long service life and ease of use.

For arming the Russian army, a version of the Iskander-M missile system with an increased flight range (more than 450 km) has been developed, as well as the Iskander-K, equipped with the R-500 high-precision cruise missile (range up to 2600 km) of the Caliber system developed by the Yekaterinburg JSC "OKB "Novator". The complex was successfully tested in 2007 at the Kapustin Yar training ground.

In 2007, the training division in Kapustin Yar, which took part in the war with Georgia in August 2008, was equipped with Iskander-M complexes (four combat vehicles).

In the west the complex received the designation SS-26.

Compound

The complex includes:

9M723 rocket;

self-propelled launcher 9P78 (SPU);

transport-loading machine 9T250 (TZM);

command and staff vehicle 9S552 (KShM);

mobile information preparation station 9S920 (PPI);

regulation and maintenance machine (MRTO);

life support machine;

sets of arsenal and training equipment.

The 9M723 rocket is a solid-fuel, single-stage missile with a warhead that cannot be separated in flight. The rocket is controlled throughout its flight path using aerodynamic and gas-dynamic rudders. The flight path of the 9M723 is not ballistic, but controlled. The rocket constantly changes its trajectory plane. It maneuvers especially actively during its acceleration and approach to the target - with an overload of 20 to 30 g. In order to intercept a 9M723 missile, the antimissile must move along a trajectory with an overload two to three times higher, and this is practically impossible. Most of the flight path of a missile made using Stealth technology and having a small reflective surface passes at an altitude of 50 km, which also significantly reduces the likelihood of it being hit by the enemy. The “invisibility” effect is achieved through a combination of design features and the treatment of the rocket with special coatings.

The missile is launched directly at the target using an inertial control system, and then captured by an autonomous correlation-extreme optical homing head (see photo). The principle of operation of the OTR 9M723 homing system is that optical equipment forms an image of the terrain in the target area, which is compared by the on-board computer with the standard entered during the preparation of the missile for launch. The optical head has increased resistance to existing electronic warfare systems and allows successful missile launches even on moonless nights, when there is no additional natural target illumination, hitting the target with an error of plus or minus two meters. No other tactical system in the world can solve such a problem, except for the Iskander. In addition, optical systems do not require signals from space radio navigation systems, which in crisis situations can be turned off or disabled by radio interference. Integrating inertial control with satellite navigation equipment and an optical seeker makes it possible to create a missile that can hit a given target in almost any imaginable conditions. The homing head can also be used on ballistic and cruise missiles of various classes and types.

The missile can be equipped with various warheads (10 types in total), including:

a cluster warhead with fragmentation warheads for non-contact detonation;

cluster warhead with cumulative fragmentation warheads;

cluster warhead with self-aiming combat elements;

cluster warhead with volumetric detonating action;

high-explosive fragmentation warhead (HFW);

high-explosive incendiary warhead;

penetrating warhead (PBC).

Thanks to the implementation of terminal control and guidance methods, control along the entire flight path, a wide range of powerful combat units and the integration of onboard control systems with various correction and homing systems, as well as the high probability of completing a combat mission in conditions of active enemy counteraction, typical targets are hit by the launch of only 1- 2 Iskander-E missiles, which is equivalent in effectiveness to the use of nuclear weapons.

The fully autonomous SPU is placed on an 8x8 all-terrain wheeled chassis (MZKT-7930) and is designed for storing and transporting missiles, preparing for launch and launching within the firing sector ±90° relative to the direction of entry of the SPU. The SPU provides: automatic determination of its coordinates, data exchange with all control levels, combat duty and preparation for launch with the missile in a horizontal position, single and salvo missile launches, storage and testing of missiles. The most important feature of the launcher was the placement on it not of one (as in Tochka and Oka), but of two missiles. The time the launcher spends at the launch position is minimal and is up to 20 minutes, while the interval between the launches of the 1st and 2nd missiles is no more than one minute. Missile launches do not require launch positions that are specially prepared in terms of engineering and geodesy, which can lead to their discovery by the enemy. Launches can be carried out from the so-called “ready from the march”, i.e. the launcher drives onto any site (except for swampy areas and shifting sands) and its crew prepares and launches the rocket in an automated cycle, without leaving the cabin. After which the launcher moves to the reloading point and, after loading the missiles, is ready to launch a second missile strike from any launch position.

The TZM is also located on the MZKT-7930 chassis and is equipped with a jib crane. Full combat weight - 40,000 kg, TZM crew - 2 people.

Iskander-E is integrated with various reconnaissance and control systems. Information about the target is transmitted from a satellite, reconnaissance aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicle (type "Flight-D") to the information preparation point (PPI). It calculates the flight mission for the missile and prepares reference information for missiles with OGSN. This information is then transmitted via radio channels to the command post vehicles (CSVs) of the division and battery commanders, and from there to the launchers. Commands to launch missiles can be generated either in the command post or from the control centers of senior artillery commanders.

The regulation and maintenance vehicle (MRTO) is located on the chassis of the Kamaz family and is intended for routine checks of on-board equipment of missiles placed on TZM (as well as in containers), checks of instruments included in group sets of spare parts for complex elements and routine repair of missiles by forces MRT calculation. Vehicle weight - 13500 kg, deployment time - 20 minutes, time of the automated cycle of routine check of the rocket's on-board equipment - 18 minutes, crew - 2 people.

The life support vehicle is designed to accommodate combat crews (up to 8 people) for rest and food.

Performance characteristics

Firing range, km: - minimum - maximum	50 280 (400)
Firing accuracy (CAO), m: - without homing system - with homing system	30-70 5-7
Number of missiles: - at SPU - on TZM	2 2
First rocket launch time, min: - from the highest readiness - from the march	no more than 4 no more than 16
Interval between starts, min	up to 1
Designated service life, years	10 (of which 3 years in the field)
Temperature range of application, °C	up to ± 50
Altitude above sea level, m	up to 3000
Rocket
Rocket launch weight, kg	3800
Weight of warhead, kg	480
Length, mm	7200
Maximum diameter, mm: - on yoke clips - by engine	950 920
SPU
Gross weight, t	42
Placed load mass, t	19
Maximum speed, km/h: - along the highway - on a dirt road	70 40
Cruising range based on control fuel consumption, km	1000
Calculation, persons	3
KShM
	4
Maximum radio communication range, km - in the parking lot - on the march	350 50
Combat mission calculation time, s	to 10
Maximum command transmission time, s	15
Number of communication channels	up to 16
Data transmission (reception) speed, kbit/s	16
Deployment/collapse time (with antenna deployment/collapse), min	up to 30
	48
PPI
Number of automated workstations, pcs.	2
Time to determine target point coordinates, min	from 0.5 to 2
Time to bring target designation to SPU, min	1
Continuous operation time, h	16

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