The impact of waste disposal on the environment. Environmental problems of industrial and household waste in the city. Solid household waste and methods of its disposal. Modern methods of processing industrial and household waste. Russia's "garbage" problem

Along with the growth of the world's population, the level of consumption inevitably increases. Every day new products and technologies appear and production facilities open. All this leads to an increase in the mass of waste produced by civilization: so much of it is generated that the problem of garbage, in particular its disposal, has become one of the most important for the world community.

The concept of recycling includes the entire list of actions necessary for the most environmentally friendly disposal of waste from human life and the industrial sector:

• collection, sorting and removal from places of residence and work of a person;
• storage in landfills or burial in quarries, special landfills, as well as in insulators and underground storage facilities;
• physical destruction using modern technologies;
• recycling of waste materials in order to obtain new products and goods useful to humans.

Popular methods of waste disposal are conventional combustion under different thermal conditions and pyrolysis technology, when the decomposition of a mass of raw materials occurs under the influence of very high temperatures in an oxygen-free environment.

Of course, the optimal solution for humanity is the recycling of waste materials, but, unfortunately, today only a small part of it is subjected to it.

Types of waste and disposal problems

Garbage to be disposed of is divided into household waste (MSW) and industrial waste.

Containers for collecting solid waste are located in the courtyard of each residential building. Their main subgroups:

• paper;
• glass products;
• leftover food and products;
• plastic and all kinds of plastic.

Industrial waste is divided into:

1. Biological. This, for example, includes the remains of tissues, organs of people and animals: animal corpses, waste from the production of meat products, as well as biomaterials from the work of hospital departments, microbiological laboratories and veterinary institutions.
2. . These are objects, liquids or gases containing radioactive substances in quantities above those established by safety standards.
3. Construction. They appear as a result of the construction of houses and other structures, repairs and decoration, as well as during the production of building materials.
4. . All kinds of waste from medical institutions.
5. Waste from the transport complex. They arise as a result of the work of motor transport enterprises, as well as places of repair, maintenance and long-term parking of vehicles.

Of course, only the main types of waste from economic and industrial activities are listed, but their full classification is much more extensive.

The main problem of recycling is the need for significant primary financing to organize the destruction or processing of waste materials that meets modern environmental requirements.

For example, routine burning of many types of waste releases highly toxic substances into the atmosphere and is therefore prohibited. Due to a lack of funds and qualified personnel, there are not enough processing (disposal) enterprises or resources to create industries that independently recycle the waste materials produced.

What danger does waste pose to the Earth?

Ecologists around the world have been sounding the alarm for a long time: our planet is dying from the toxic garbage that has filled it and the release of harmful substances into the biological environment.

Note! As a natural part of the ecosystem, humans are already experiencing the negative consequences of poisoning the planet with waste. The list of allergic, endocrine, viral and infectious diseases is growing every year.

Waste disposal in Russia

Unfortunately, the problem of environmentally friendly and legal recycling in our country still remains acute, as violations of the current legislation by enterprises and irresponsible attitude to this problem on the part of ordinary citizens are flourishing.
For example, a system of separate waste collection from the population is now being implemented. For this purpose, areas near residential buildings are equipped with special containers with appropriate marks: “glass”, “plastic”, “paper”, etc. For violations of the principles of such sorting, in Europe, for example, the culprit will have to pay an impressive fine. In our country, there are often cases when residents ignore these rules with impunity, or the contents of all containers are unloaded by the same machine, and all the efforts of citizens are reduced to zero.

Official statistics read:

1. Every year in Russia up to four billion tons of waste are generated, of which: more than two and a half billion are the remains of industrial activities, seven hundred million are manure, droppings from poultry farming and livestock complexes, up to forty million are solid waste, about thirty million are wastewater and three million tons of waste from medical institutions.
2. The country has accumulated more than eighty billion tons of waste (of which at least one and a half billion are considered especially dangerous, as they are toxic).

Today, huge areas are allocated for landfills and waste disposal. And at the same time, hundreds of unauthorized landfills and “burial grounds” are operating in Russia, illegal emissions of harmful substances are made into the air and water, soils are polluted, as a result of which flora and fauna die.

Experience in waste disposal abroad

In the modern world community there are many examples of a decent level of waste management, including recycling, which can and should be emulated.

In the European Union countries, separate collection of waste from the population has been introduced (paper, glass, plastic, etc. are separated); violation of the rules when throwing garbage into sorting containers will result in an impressive fine.

In European stores selling household goods, there are collection points where you can return old and outdated household appliances (from batteries to a large refrigerator), while receiving an impressive discount on the purchase of new ones.

For example, in Sweden up to 80% of household waste is recycled, about 18% is disposed of in environmentally friendly ways. And only a small remainder is exported for burial outside the country.

All Swedish recycling plants are required by law to be equipped with special alarm sensors that monitor the concentration of harmful substances. If the permissible norm is violated, the signal goes directly to the regulatory authorities, and the violator faces a fine and administrative sanctions.

Journalists from Swedish television talk about unprecedented waste recycling in Sweden in the following video.

Among Eastern countries, Japan demonstrates a good example of waste management. According to statistics, almost half of all waste generated here is sent for recycling, more than thirty-five percent is recycled, and only a fifth ends up in landfills and landfills. And the authorities are constantly concerned about how to reduce this part to a minimum, because the country’s territory is too small to fill it with landfills.

Back at the end of the 20th century, Japan passed a law requiring mandatory recycling of all types of packaging and cans for drinks and food, which is respectfully observed by both businesses and ordinary citizens. As a result, Japan is rightfully considered a highly cultural and very “clean” country.

Of course, the situation is not so optimistic everywhere. Unfortunately, there are many more countries in the world with increased levels of environmental pollution, and, accordingly, levels of disease and mortality, than there are “islands of civilization.” Today, among the dirtiest places on the planet are India, China, Egypt, Iraq, etc.

Of course, the movement to preserve the purity of natural resources does not stand still. State and regional waste recycling programs are being developed and implemented in Russia and the world. New production facilities for processing waste materials are opening, as well as points for receiving them from the population.

However, solving the problem of waste management is only possible through the joint efforts of government control authorities, and every individual citizen of the country and the world community.

Back forward

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Introduction

Relevance of the research topic.

“We are all passengers of one ship called Earth,”
This means there is simply nowhere to transfer from it.”
Antoine de Saint-Exupery

(Presentation, slide 2)

The snow has melted and the streets of our city are “screaming” about this problem. Our present consists of huge garbage dumps around cities, poor environmental conditions, and polluted areas. City-wide landfills and landfills are overflowing with mixed garbage, up to 80% of which could become high-quality recyclables if collected separately.

Waste that accumulates in huge quantities in our homes and trash cans belongs to the category of solid household waste. We take a direct part in their education. They affect the quality of the environment and are a source of environmental hazard: they spread odors and provide a medium for the decomposition of pathogenic bacteria and rodents that carry infectious diseases. Therefore, they are a serious danger to public health.

The problem of waste has existed for a long time. Even ancient people who lived in caves set up garbage dumps outside their homes. Such waste was easily destroyed as a result of natural processes. The development of civilization has given rise to an avalanche-like increase in the amount of waste. The better we live, the more we consume various goods, which means we produce more waste. The number of waste processing plants in Russia today is small. The amount of solid household waste is increasing every year.

Goal of the work: trace the path of household waste in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, understand the causes of environmental pollution. (Presentation, slide 3)

Job objectives:

1) Study the literature on the problem of household waste in Russia, in particular in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region;
2) Identify points for collection and processing of secondary raw materials in the Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg;
3) Research and describe the garbage accumulated in the trash can by one family in one week;
4) Study of aspects of the formation of a conscious attitude in adolescents towards the disposal of household waste. Questioning of students, study of activities carried out in the environmental direction at the State Budget Educational Institution Gymnasium No. 196 of the Krasnogvardeysky District.
5) Consider options for reducing household waste.

Object of study: ecology.

Subject of study: household waste, problems of waste disposal, possibility of reuse and recycling.

Research hypothesis: The problem of waste has become one of the most important environmental problems facing humanity today. After the advent of artificial materials, our waste will remain in landfills for tens and hundreds of years, poisoning the earth, water and air. The issue of separate waste collection and recycling is relevant.

Working methods, used in the study: comparative analysis, systematization and generalization of the obtained material, logical presentation of the material, questioning.

Chapter 1. Current state of the problem

In ancient civilizations (Egyptian, Greek and Roman empires), waste disposal was organized very carefully. In Ancient Greece, there was a law that garbage must be transported outside the city limits, the distance must be at least 1 km. As a result, after the publication of this decree, the sanitary condition of cities improved and the incidence of various infectious diseases decreased.

With the advent of the Middle Ages, garbage was no longer transported outside the city. No one was interested in or dealt with this issue. In France, residents of Paris and other large cities threw their household waste out of the window directly onto the street. Very rarely, in some European cities, cesspools or ditches were organized to collect and dispose of garbage; often, food waste and even toilet waste were strewn right in the squares in front of houses.

In the old days in Russia, issues with garbage collection were not left to chance. Depending on the area, this garbage was called differently. But not only the garbage, but also the people involved in cleaning - the dirtiest work. All kinds of rubbish were called SWATTER (emphasis on the second letter o). Therefore, earlier in Russia they paid attention to garbage and collected it, unlike in Medieval Europe. (Presentation, slide 4)

The Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy published the results of a global study of countries around the world on the level of environmental performance in 2016 (The Environmental Performance Index 2016).
The Environmental Performance Study measures a country's achievements in terms of environmental performance and natural resource management based on 22 indicators in 10 categories that reflect various aspects of the environment and the vitality of its ecological systems, biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, public health, and practices. economic activity and the degree of its impact on the environment, as well as the effectiveness of state policy in the field of ecology. In 2016, the study and its accompanying ranking cover 180 countries.
This year, Finland became the world leader in terms of environmental efficiency. The top ten leaders also included: Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Slovenia, Spain, Portugal, Estonia, Malta and France. Russia ranks 32nd place out of 180. The worst countries in terms of environmental efficiency are Madagascar, Eritrea and Somalia.

1.1. Impact of household waste on the environment

There are five degrees of exposure to solid waste:

• 5th degree of danger. Recyclable solid waste. The environmental impact is very low. Garbage can be recycled without significant impact on the environment. Examples include fragments of ceramic tiles and dishes, brick fragments, food debris, and wood shavings.
• 4th degree of danger. Medium hazardous solid waste. This group includes all waste with a natural decay period of up to 3 years. Despite the fact that their presence disrupts the ecological balance in nature, the degree of danger of such solid waste is determined to be low. Examples are wood, waste paper, car tires, plastic.
• 3rd degree of danger. Hazardous waste. The impact on nature is strong, leading to disruption of the ecological system. The recovery period for nature after the impact of such solid waste is about 10 years, and the period is counted after the elimination of the source of impact. Examples are types of cement mortar, paint, acetone, metal objects.
• 2nd degree of danger. High danger. After environmental impact, complete restoration of the balance is possible in no less than 30 years. Examples are batteries with electrolytes and machine oils.
• 1st degree of danger. Extremely high danger. The impact of such solid waste entails the complete destruction of nature without the possibility of its restoration. Examples are thermometers, batteries, fluorescent lamps. (Presentation, slide 5)

1.2. Waste recycling methods

Currently, the following types of recycling are in effect:

• Natural decomposition in the natural environment.
• Burial at landfills.
• Isolation of useful components and secondary processing (recycling). (Presentation, slide 6)

Natural decomposition in the natural environment.

With this method, decomposition times can vary from several days to several decades. Here are some examples:

1. Food waste - decomposition period 30 days

2. Newsprint - decomposition period 1-4 months

3. Leaves, seeds, twigs - decomposition period 3-4 months

4. Office paper - decomposition period 2 years

5. Iron cans - decomposition period 10 years

6. Old shoes - decomposition period is 10 years

7. Fragments of brick and concrete - decomposition period is 100 years

8. Foil - decomposition period more than 100 years

9. Electric batteries - decomposition period 110 years

10. Rubber tires - decomposition period 120-140 years

11. Plastic bottles - decomposition period 180-200 years

12. Aluminum cans - decomposition period is 500 years (almost the most dangerous garbage) (Presentation, slide 7)

Burial at landfills.

Burial is the most common method. It is only suitable for waste that is not susceptible to spontaneous combustion. Nowadays, conventional landfills are giving way to landfills equipped with a system of engineering structures that prevent contamination of ground and underground waters and atmospheric air. In developed countries, gas traps formed during the decomposition process are installed at landfills. It is used to generate electricity, space heating and water heating. (Presentation, slide 8)

Recycling.

The term "recycling" ("recycling" - from English) is the bringing of waste raw materials and reagents into working condition. This is the reuse or return into circulation of industrial waste or garbage. (Presentation, slide 9)

In Russia, in general, and in St. Petersburg in particular, recycling is still a new concept, although the situation has begun to change - the state has paid attention to the economic profit that the return of valuable waste components to circulation can provide.

Recycling classes:

• Mechanical recycling
• Incineration
• Recycling by pyrolysis
• Chemical recycling

Mechanical.

This class combines the operations of slicing and grinding waste, followed by their use as fillers for new materials. There are technologies that allow us to obtain high-quality and cheap raw materials.
However, it is not without its drawbacks. The main one is the possibility of spontaneous combustion of materials during grinding.

Incineration.

The simplest class of recycling is burning waste to produce energy. Its main advantage is the reduction of waste volumes intended for disposal in landfills and landfills.
The main disadvantage of incineration is the release of toxic gases and carcinogens into the atmosphere. In our region Incineration is carried out in waste incineration plants.

Pyrolysis.

The waste heating process occurs in an inert atmosphere (oxygen-free combustion). The raw materials do not burn, but gradually disintegrate into simple elements releasing a large amount of energy. Pyrolysis products are superior in calorific value to traditional fuels such as gasoline and fuel oil.

Chemical.

Its essence lies in the fact that homogeneous types of waste are treated with chemical reagents, resulting in raw materials that are used for the production of windings for cables, paints and varnishes, and road surfaces.

Chapter 2. The problem of waste disposal using the example of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region

Garbage accumulating every year is a serious problem in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The power of the latest technologies is only enough to process 5% of regional and 15% of city waste. (Presentation, slide 10) Life in the Leningrad region annually produces 4.3 million m3 of waste, 95% of which is burned and buried. Many landfills are in an unsanitary condition, which causes discomfort to residents in the surrounding areas. An example is the largest landfill in the Leningrad region in the Lomonosov district - the Yuzhny landfill.

Thanks to the “New World” and “Krasny Bor” test sites, the Leningrad region took 83rd place out of 85 possible in the ranking of environmentalists throughout Russia.

The public organization "Green Way" has published another environmental rating. In it, the Leningrad region took 83rd place out of 85 regions. Only the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions turned out to be worse than the 47th region, and the cleanest region was the Tambov region, overtaking the Altai Republic.

Let us note that 2017 has been declared by the authorities of the Leningrad region as the Year of Ecology.

In St. Petersburg, everything is not bad with the environment: the city was included in the top ten environmentally friendly regions and took 9th place.
“This place for the Leningrad region in terms of environmental conditions is quite natural, given that the waste management policy in the region has completely failed. This is confirmed by the countless number of unauthorized landfills and the nature-threatening scale of pirate landfills, such as the landfill identified by the ONF on the Volkhonskoye Highway, the Yanino reclamation site and much more. another, turning the suburban areas of the Leningrad region into zones of environmental disaster,” ecologist Sergei Gribalev told 47news.
According to the expert, many licensed testing grounds are already on the verge of overflowing, and the desire to increase them leads to popular outrage and, as in the case of the Gatchina testing ground "New World", the height of which will soon reach 72 meters.

2.1. Landfills as a method of disposal

Pros:

Garbage rotting occurs under the influence of bacteria. This produces Landfill Gas - biogas resulting from the anaerobic decomposition of organic municipal waste.
Landfill gas is collected, preventing air pollution, and used as fuel to produce electricity, heat or steam.

Minuses:

Being in open areas, under the influence of atmospheric air, sun and precipitation, harmful substances are washed away and penetrate into the ground, into the soil and underground water basins, groundwater.
Waste in landfills burns slowly but constantly - smoldering. As is known, smoldering is the combustion phase characterized by the greatest formation of persistent organic pollutants.
Food waste causes virtually no damage to nature. Used to feed various organisms.
Harm to humans: rotting food waste is a breeding ground for microbes.
Decomposition routes: used as food by various microorganisms.
The map of the region and the city shows landfills and landfills (Annex 1)
The dirtiest place on the map is the area of ​​the village of Sertolovo.
(Presentation, slide 11-12-13)

2.2. Burning garbage

This disposal method is considered effective provided that the plant is equipped with high-tech equipment. Metals, batteries, and plastic are first removed from the waste.
(Presentation, slide14 )

Advantages of waste incineration:

• less unpleasant odors;
• the number of harmful bacteria and emissions is reduced;
• the resulting mass does not attract rodents and birds;
• It is possible to obtain energy (thermal and electrical) during combustion.

Flaws:

• expensive construction and operation of waste incineration plants;
• construction takes at least 5 years;
• When burning waste, harmful substances are released into the atmosphere;
• Incineration ash is toxic and cannot be stored in conventional landfills.

This requires special storage facilities. Due to a lack of city budgets, inconsistency with waste processing companies and other reasons, the production of waste incineration plants has not yet been established in Russia and St. Petersburg in particular.
There are four factories in the city that emit dioxins. These plants burn sludge from wastewater, the first of them is located on White Island, the second in Olgino, the third near Strelna on the territory of the South-Western wastewater treatment plant. Also, in 2014, in Krasny Bor, a toxic waste incineration plant was launched.

Combustion is a complex physical and chemical process in which new chemical compounds are formed. Despite the fact that technologies for the destruction of dioxins are not used, when gaseous emissions are cooled, they are restored. Sources of dioxins can be food and polyvinyl chloride packaging, as well as other items found in garbage. Incinerators are also characterized by metal emissions. Their content is noted in non-combustible waste, which can be sorted before burning, and in combustible waste (such as mercury or copper), which cannot be separated from other waste.

2.3. Waste disposal and recycling
Currently, in St. Petersburg and the region there is a huge amount (most) of waste, including household waste, which is disposed of by disposal.
Waste disposal is an environmental term that implies the burial and storage of waste for further disposal.

St. Petersburg State Unitary Enterprise "Plant MPBO-2" - processing plant in Yanino.

The waste processing plant is located in Yanino, but its capacity compared to the total volume of exported solid waste is very small. In the future, it is planned to build processing plants for solid waste, where household waste will be recycled
The company provides services for the placement and disposal of waste, as well as waste disposal at the “Plant for Mechanized Recycling of Household Waste”

Carried out:

• Waste removal.
• Recycling and disposal of waste.
• Environmental design.

Pilot plant for mechanized processing of household waste (Volkhonskoe highway 116, Krasnoselsky district of St. Petersburg) - the largest licensed environmental protection enterprise in the North-West region of Russia. Since November 2010, the plant has been carrying out waste removal; for these purposes, modern automotive equipment (garbage trucks) and a container fleet have been purchased. for garbage removal, construction waste removal, waste recycling.

The main goal of the activity is to ensure the environmental safety of the residents of St. Petersburg.

Main goals:

• Uninterrupted disposal and disposal of public waste.
• Environmentally friendly waste recycling as an alternative to landfill disposal.
• Extraction of secondary raw materials from incoming waste and conservation of natural resources. garbage removal, construction waste removal.

List of solid waste landfills in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region ( Appendix 2).

(Presentation, slide 15)

Recycling of waste- the most resource-saving way, but not always profitable both economically and environmentally. There are a number of problems here.

The first problem is that before garbage can be used, it must be sorted. Paper, pieces of iron, broken glass should be kept separately. Obviously, it is almost impossible to sort waste that has already been sent to a landfill - there are no such machines, and people work very slowly, and this is harmful to their health. Therefore, waste must be sorted the moment it is thrown away. This means that each person should have separate buckets for food waste, paper, plastic, etc. This approach takes root in villages, but in cities such ideas are difficult to implement. Although in some foreign countries separate containers for different types of garbage have already appeared on the streets.
(Presentation, slide 16)

The second problem is the delivery of waste to the recycling site. If there is a lot of waste and consumers of its processed products, then many factories capable of processing waste of this type can be built. Then, for example, broken glass collected from surrounding landfills will be processed at numerous glass factories. What about electric light bulbs? Each light bulb contains several tens of milligrams of molybdenum and tungsten - rare and valuable metals. Recycling these metals requires high temperatures. To maintain high temperatures, a large-volume reactor is required. Therefore, in every city a plant producing light bulbs, and, accordingly, processing molybdenum and tungsten, cannot be built - packaging will occur. Thus, in order to recycle molybdenum and tungsten, you need to go around all the garbage dumps, collect several discarded light bulbs from each and take them far away. All this requires gasoline - also an expensive and non-renewable raw material that releases toxic substances during combustion. So it turns out that recycling light bulbs, for all its apparent attractiveness, is a costly task. For the same reason, it is not worth organizing centralized waste collection for recycling in villages and villages.

The most common are secondary, tertiary, etc. recycling on one scale or another of materials such as glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, fabrics and various types of plastic.

The meaning of recycling.

Firstly, the resources of many materials on Earth are limited and cannot be replenished in a time frame comparable to the existence of human civilization.

Secondly Once released into the environment, materials usually become pollutants.

Third, waste and products that have completed their life cycle are often a cheaper source of many substances and materials than natural sources.

Conclusions:

• For recycling, all waste must be sorted.
• To do this, it is necessary to create conditions that can arouse citizens’ interest in waste sorting.
• The use of recycled materials as a new resource base is one of the most dynamically developing areas of materials processing in the world. For Russia it is relatively new.

Separate waste collection in the Krasnogvardeisky district.

In Krasnogvardeisky district:

1) At the address: st. M. Tukhachevsky, 31, a regular campaign “Separate Collection” is held among the population to collect waste for recycling. As well as familiarizing the population with separate waste collection.

The action is carried out by representatives of the Environmental Movement “Separate Collection”.

2) Reception points in the Krasnogvardeysky district, addresses (Appendix 3).

List of acceptance of recyclable materials from the population. The price for waste paper is from 1.00 rubles per kg to 2.00 rubles per kg. Cullet, from 10 kopecks per piece - to 20 kopecks per piece.

Glass containers, depending on the name - from 50 kopecks - to 1.20 rubles per piece.

Opening hours of waste paper collection points: From 9:00 to 18:00.

During the study of the surroundings of the Krasnogvardeisky district of special waste bins for separate waste collection were not found in the yards.

For each type of raw material there is a corresponding processing technology.

Types of secondary raw materials:

Waste paper, glass, scrap metal, chemicals, petroleum products, electronics, plastics, rubber, biological, wood, construction.

(Presentation, slide 17-18)

2.4. Disposal of used batteries and energy-saving lamps

Why can't you just throw batteries in the trash? What to do with used batteries?
(Presentation, slide 19 - 20)

Batteries are dangerous due to their chemical composition. If the question arises of how to store batteries, the answer is clear - pack it tightly and take the used product to a collection point as soon as possible.

To complete the picture, we should describe in detail the two main ways of poisoning nature that affect humans:

Over time, the capacity of the element decomposes, which leads to the release of toxic substances into the environment, that is, into the soil and air. And through it, harmful components enter groundwater, and then into reservoirs, from where the liquid flows into our homes.

Yes, in landfills, batteries are burned, but the smoke containing dioxins does not disappear anywhere; it ends up in the air. The entire plant and animal world absorbs this smoke, and through them the poison enters the human body.

Energy-saving lamps - what to do with them after use?

Energy-saving lamps (fluorescent compact lamps) are an undoubted breakthrough and improvement in lighting technology. In general, this is true, but there are certain nuances.

They contain free mercury, the vapors of which enter the atmosphere when the lamp is damaged. Therefore, even the most modern designs of lamps with low mercury content after the end of their service life cannot be disposed of along with other household waste. Like batteries, energy-saving lamps require special disposal. Installed in St. Petersburg “ecoboxes”, where you can dispose of hazardous waste - used batteries, mercury thermometers, energy-saving light bulbs.

In Krasnogvardeisky district:

Sredneokhtinsky pr., 50 Real estate department of Krasnogvardeisky district

Malookhtinsky pr., 64 A Bank St. Petersburg

Etc. Energetikov, 59 Autopark No. 6 Spetstrans

Stakhanovtsev Ave., 17 RGGMU, dormitory No. 1

Malookhtinsky pr., 98 RSHMU, educational building

Etc. Metallistov, 3 RGGMU

Etc. Kosygina, 17, bldg. 1 residential building

Chapter 3.Practical part of the research work

People do not care at all about the impact of waste on the health of not only adults, but also directly contribute to the harmful effects on the health of their own children. Appendix No. 4 contains a photograph demonstrating this; garbage (mostly plastic bags, cans) is scattered around the playground.
(Presentation, slide 21-22)

Poll on the topic“Do you think about the consequences before throwing garbage onto the city streets?” 8 out of 10 answered that they do not think about it. This suggests that only about 20% of humanity cares about the ecological state of the planet.
To another question, “Would you change anything in the ecology of your city?” about 90% answered yes. People expect the environmental situation to change, but they themselves do nothing about it.

Sociological research in the family.

Table 2.The amount of waste used by one family in 7 days.

Conclusion: It’s better not to collect all the garbage in one pile; if possible, sort it by type, and, if possible, put plastic in special containers.

Ways to solve the problem: separate collection and processing of plastic waste to obtain secondary polymer materials.

Chapter 4. Research results, conclusions and suggestions

During the study, we encountered the following problem: environmental issues concern everyone, the state of life of a modern person depends on their solution, but few people think that the person himself is most often the culprit of all these problems.
In order not to aggravate this problem today, not only the efforts of the authorities are needed. A garbage truck will not come to a forest or meadow to pick up an empty plastic bottle or chocolate packaging after you. First of all, each person must maintain cleanliness himself, and then expect this from others. The implementation of the project will help to attract schoolchildren and the adult population to the raised problem, contributes to the education of environmentally literate young people, will create a basis for the formation of an active life position of children and adolescents, involving students in socially significant activities, developing children’s creative abilities and interest in scientific activities.
(Presentation, slide 23)

4.1. How can an ordinary person reduce the amount of waste?

By planning your waste disposal, you can save money and reduce your negative impact on the environment.

Method number 1.Reducing waste

Try not to use or minimize the use of disposable items: plastic bags, aluminum, glass and plastic jars and bottles, packaging, containers, as well as utensils, lighters and the like.

• Use cloth bags instead of plastic bags.
• Buy foods that are less packaged.
• Instead of disposable containers, it is optimal to use reusable ones,
• Don't buy bottled drinks unless necessary.
• Reduce your paper use.
• Consider switching to more eco-friendly home care products.

Many containers used to store cleaning products cannot be recycled. Replace them with natural products and you will create a chemical-free environment for your family.

Method number 2.

Reuse and recycling

Even disposable items can most often be used more than once.

• Donate items to charities.
• Reuse the packaging multiple times.
• Separate waste collection. Visit your city's website for recycling details.
• Dispose of trash and hazardous waste properly. Batteries, paints, TVs, computers and other electronics, lighting lamps.

Method number 3.

Compost

• Don't throw away scraps or cuttings. These items are great for creating compost, turning them into a rich, nutritious base to feed your garden.
• There are countless alternative solutions. This will become obvious as soon as you start looking, and you will be rewarded by seeing your waste reduced significantly.

4.2. Administrative violations related tounauthorized waste disposal

The main measures to combat unauthorized waste disposal are the imposition of a fine. Authorized persons can draw up protocols and impose a fine on violators of environmental safety.

Table 3 shows the main articles of the “Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences. Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management”, imposing liability for improper waste management.

Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management"

Table 3. Main articles of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences.

Article	Fine for citizens	Fine for officials	Fine for legal entities
8.2. Failure to comply with environmental and sanitary-epidemiological requirements when handling production and consumption waste or other hazardous substances	from 1 thousand to 2 thousand rubles	from 10 thousand to 30 thousand rubles	from 30 thousand to 50 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 20 days
8.6. Damage to lands. 2. Destruction of fertile soil layer, as well as damage to land as a result of violation of the rules for handling pesticides and agrochemicals or other substances and production and consumption waste hazardous to human health and the environment	from 1.5 thousand to 2 thousand rubles	from 3 thousand to 4 thousand rubles	from 3 thousand to 4 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days
8.8. Use of land plots other than for their intended purpose, failure to fulfill obligations to bring land to a condition suitable for use for its intended purpose	from 2 thousand to 2.5 thousand rubles	from 4 thousand to 5 thousand rubles	from 70 thousand to 100 thousand rubles
8.31. Violation of sanitary safety rules in forests. 2. Pollution of forests with wastewater, chemical, radioactive and other harmful substances, production and consumption waste and (or) other negative impact on forests	from 1 thousand to 2.5 thousand rubles	from 2 thousand to 5 thousand rubles	from 20 thousand to 100 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days.
8.41. Failure to pay fees for negative environmental impact on time		from 3 thousand to 6 thousand rubles	from 15 thousand to 100 thousand rubles

The table shows that the fine imposed on legal entities is almost ten times higher than the fine imposed on citizens, and 2 times higher than the fine for officials. This indicates that the state has taken some measures to protect the environment from waste pollution. (Presentation, slide 24)

4.3. Environmental education and upbringing of students of gymnasium No. 196 of the Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg

Solving environmental problems requires the unification of all countries, all of humanity. And above all, everyone needs to participate.
School is our second home. Younger schoolchildren borrow behavioral motivation from older schoolchildren. The upbringing of the younger generation cannot do without active promotion of social values. An effective solution to problems related to education is impossible without the wide participation of school students themselves. In this regard, the gymnasium has developed projects aimed at environmental education and upbringing of students, and at increasing students’ interest in joint creativity. That is why all of the above reasons contributed to the development of a project of cooperation between the senior and junior levels of the school.

Within the framework of environmental education in the 2016-2017 academic year, the following events were carried out:

1. Monthly waste paper collection. Action "Save a tree" - collection of waste paper.
2. Events dedicated to energy saving issues. The "Earth Hour" campaign, "Water Guardians" - an all-Russian eco-lesson about water.
3. Regional review - competition “Ecological Postcard” of Children's Youth and Youth Theater “On Lenskaya”.
4. Separate collection of solid waste. Action "Save the Hedgehog", collection of used batteries. Competition of crafts made from plastic utensils "Unusual in the ordinary." All-Russian eco-lesson "Share with us" for schoolchildren of grades 7-11. Competition www.beregivodu.rf - "Water of Russia".
5. From the Year of Cinema to the Year of Ecology Open city film competition “In the Lens – the Environment”.
6. Cleaning the territory of the gymnasium and forest park as part of a citywide cleanup.
7. Photo exhibition "My favorite pet."
8. Planned event - from April 21 - April 26, 2017, the project "Mobile technologies for the environment" within the framework of the "Green Schools" program of the All-Russian ECA movement.

(Presentation, slide 25 - 29)

Conclusion

While working on the topic of the project, we became convinced that production and consumption waste pose a serious environmental hazard, as on a national scale.

Conclusion: our country, and in particular the city of St. Petersburg, is so far poorly coping with the global garbage problem.
This is primarily due to the fact that people do not realize the scale of the problem. No one thinks about the fact that we use a plastic bag for 20 minutes, but it takes 200 years to rot.

Unfortunately, our state does not conduct active propaganda on this issue and does not support waste recycling organizations and does not promote separate waste collection in yards. No one will go with a garbage bag to the next block to throw garbage into a special container.

Currently, household waste has found application not only as recyclable materials for the production of new products. They are also used for aesthetic purposes. Various exhibitions are periodically opened all over the world, and competitions are held to make all kinds of objects, sculptures, and interior items from household waste. People started using trash (cans, bottles, old videotapes, pipes and much more) to make them. Such events are aimed at attracting the attention of the whole world to the problem of disposal and recycling of all types of waste.
(Presentation, slide 30)

Bibliography

1.Voskonyan V.G. Ways to reduce environmental pollution with solid waste // Advances in modern science. – 2006. – No. 9 – P. 30-34 Scientific journal.
2. All about solid waste. Technologies of municipal solid waste. Current reviews. Solid waste magazine! pp. 42-45.
3. Rating of countries in the world by level of environmental efficiency in 2016. [Electronic resource] // Center for Humanitarian Technologies. - 01/29/2016. 12:55. URL: http://gtmarket.ru/news/2016/01/29/7292
4. Electronic resource - Greenpeace Russia - URL: http://www.greenpeace.org
Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences. Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management."
6. Chizhevsky A.E. I explore the world. Ecology. Encyclopedia Astrel - 2005
7. Federal information portal "Water of Russia", URL: http://voda.org.ru.
8. All-Russian eco-lesson “Share with us”, organized by ERA, URL: http://www.sharewithus.rf.

Introduction
1. Characteristics of household waste
2. Classification of the main types of household waste
3. Methods for recycling solid waste
Conclusion
List of sources used

Introduction

The problem of household waste disposal is one of the most pressing problems in the world today. As the world's population increases, the amount of waste generated also increases. Uncontrolled accumulation of waste can lead us to a global catastrophe. Now in Russia alone there are several tens of thousands of overflowing landfills. Only the introduction of a recycling and waste management program can solve this pressing problem. The problem of complete destruction or partial recycling of household waste is relevant, first of all, from the point of view of negative impact on the environment.

In some countries, awareness of the dangers of pollution has come quite a long time ago, but in some countries the situation remains at the same level. The environmental problem of waste has received a strong boost due to technological progress. Undoubtedly, he gave innumerable amounts to humanity, but the situation with waste materials in the world has worsened. New types of materials (for example, plastic) have been developed that take hundreds of years to decompose or do not decompose at all. As a result, they rot in landfills, releasing a whole bunch of toxins.

For any city or town, the problem of removing or neutralizing household waste is always primarily an environmental problem. It is very important that the processes of recycling household waste do not violate the environmental safety of the city, the normal functioning of the city economy from the point of view of public sanitation and hygiene, as well as the living conditions of the population as a whole.

1. Characteristics of household waste

Waste can be classified both by origin: household, industrial, agricultural, etc., and by properties. The most well-known division by properties, adopted in the legislation of most countries, is the division into “hazardous” (i.e. toxic, caustic, flammable, etc.) and “non-hazardous” waste.

The composition and volume of household waste is extremely varied and depends not only on the country and area, but also on the time of year and many other factors. Paper and cardboard constitute the most significant part of solid waste (up to 40% in developed countries). The second largest category in Russia is the so-called organic, incl. food waste; metal, glass and plastic each account for 7-9% of the total waste. About 4% each comes from wood, textiles, rubber, etc. The amount of municipal waste in Russia is increasing, and its composition, especially in large cities, is approaching the composition of solid waste in Western countries with a relatively large share of paper waste and plastic.

In cities and other populated areas, the most intensive accumulation of household waste occurs, which, if not properly and untimely removed and neutralized, can pollute the environment.

Seasonal changes in the composition of solid waste are characterized by an increase in the content of food waste from 20–25% in the spring to 40–55% in the fall, which is associated with a high consumption of vegetables and fruits in the diet (especially in the cities of the southern zone). In winter and autumn, the content of fine screenings (street waste) is reduced from 20 to 1% in the cities of the southern zone and from 11 to 5% in the middle zone.

2. Classification of the main types of household waste

Food waste

Damage to nature: practically no damage. Used to feed various organisms.

Harm to humans: rotting food waste is a breeding ground for microbes.

The final product of decomposition: the bodies of organisms, carbon dioxide and water.

Decomposition time: 1 – 2 weeks.

Waste paper

Material: paper, sometimes impregnated with wax and coated with various colors.

Damage to nature: the paper itself does not cause damage. However, the ink on the paper can release toxic gases.

Harm to humans: paint may release toxic substances when decomposed.

Decomposition routes: used as food by various microorganisms.

The final product of decomposition: humus, bodies of various organisms, carbon dioxide and water.

Decomposition time: 2 – 3 years.

Recycling method: recycling into wrapping paper.

The least dangerous method of disposal: composting.

Products formed during neutralization: carbon dioxide, water, ash.

Fabric products

Fabrics can be synthetic and natural. Everything written below applies to natural fabrics.

Damage to nature: do not cause.

Decomposition routes: used as food by some microorganisms.

The final product of decomposition: humus, bodies of organisms, carbon dioxide and water.

Decomposition time: 2 – 3 years.

Recycling method: composting.

The least dangerous method of neutralization: burning under conditions that ensure complete combustion.

Products formed during neutralization: carbon dioxide, water and ash.

Cans

Material: galvanized or tin plated iron.

Damage to nature: compounds of zinc, tin and iron are poisonous to many organisms. The sharp edges of the cans injure animals.

Harm to a person: they are injured when walking barefoot. Water accumulates in the jars, in which the larvae of blood-sucking insects develop.

Decomposition paths: under the influence of oxygen, iron slowly oxidizes.

End product of decomposition: small pieces of rust or soluble iron salts.

Decomposition time: on land - several decades, in fresh water - about 10 years, in salt water - 1-2 years.

Recycling method: melting together with metal.

The least dangerous method of neutralization: burial after preliminary burning.

Products formed during neutralization: oxides or soluble salts of iron, zinc and tin.

Scrap metal

Material: iron or cast iron.

Damage to nature: iron compounds are poisonous to many organisms. Pieces of metal injure animals.

Harm to humans: cause various injuries.

Decomposition paths: under the influence of oxygen dissolved in water or in the air, it slowly oxidizes to iron oxide.

End product of decomposition: rust powder or soluble iron salts.

Decomposition rate: on land - 1 mm deep in 10 - 20 years, in fresh water - 1 mm deep in 3 - 5 years, in salt water - 1 mm deep in 1 - 2 years.

Products formed during neutralization: oxides or soluble iron salts.

Foil

Material: aluminum.

Damage to nature: practically does not cause.

Decomposition time: on land - several decades, in fresh water - several years, in salt water - 1-2 years.

Recycling method: melting down.

Cans of beer and other drinks

Material: aluminum and its alloys.

Damage to nature: sharp edges of cans cause injury to animals.

Harm to humans: water accumulates in jars, in which larvae of blood-sucking insects develop.

Decomposition paths: under the influence of oxygen, slowly oxidizes to aluminum oxide.

Final decomposition product: aluminum oxide or salts.

Decomposition time: on land - hundreds of years, in fresh water - several decades, in salt water - several years.

Recycling method: melting down.

The least dangerous method of neutralization: burial.

Products formed during neutralization: aluminum oxide.

Glass containers

Material: glass.

Damage to nature: Broken glass containers can cause injury to animals.

Harm to humans: Broken glass containers can cause injury. Water accumulates in the jars, in which the larvae of blood-sucking insects develop.

Decomposition paths: slowly cracks and crumbles due to temperature changes; The glass gradually crystallizes and crumbles.

The final product of decomposition: fine glass chips, indistinguishable from sand in appearance.

Decomposition time: on land - several hundred years, in calm water - about 100 years.

Recycling method: use for its intended purpose or remelting.

The least dangerous method of disposal: disposal to a landfill or burial.

Products formed during neutralization: glass chips.

Plastic products

Damage to nature: interferes with gas exchange in soils and water bodies. Can be swallowed by animals, which will lead to the death of the latter.

Harm to humans: Plastics can release toxic substances when decomposed.

End product of decomposition: carbon dioxide and water.

Decomposition time: about 100 years, maybe more.

Recycling method: melting down.

Products formed during neutralization: carbon dioxide and water.

Food packaging

Material: paper and various types of plastics.

Damage to nature: May be ingested by animals.

Decomposition paths: slowly oxidized by atmospheric oxygen. Slowly deteriorates when exposed to sunlight.

Decomposition time: tens of years, maybe more.

Recycling method: none.

The least dangerous method of neutralization: burial.

Products formed during neutralization: carbon dioxide and water, hydrogen chloride, toxic compounds.

Batteries

Very poisonous garbage!

Material: zinc, coal, manganese oxide.

Damage to nature: poisonous to many organisms.

Harm to humans: poisonous to humans.

Decomposition paths: oxidizes under the influence of oxygen.

Final decomposition product: zinc and manganese salts.

Decomposition time: on land - about 10 years, in calm water - several years, in salt water - about a year.

Recycling method: zinc can be used in the school laboratory to produce hydrogen, manganese oxide can be used to produce chlorine.

The least dangerous method of disposal: disposal to a landfill.

Some waste (for example, medical, toxic chemicals, residues of paints, varnishes, adhesives, cosmetics, anti-corrosion agents, household chemicals) pose a danger to the environment if they fall through sewage into water bodies or as soon as they are washed out of a landfill and end up in ground or surface water. water. Batteries and mercury-containing devices will be safe until the case is damaged: glass cases of devices break easily on the way to a landfill, and corrosion will corrode the battery case over time. Then mercury, alkali, lead, zinc will become elements of secondary pollution of atmospheric air, ground and surface waters.

Household waste is characterized by multicomponent and heterogeneous composition, low density and instability (ability to rot).

Approximate composition of solid waste in the Russian Federation

According to the latest data, solid waste production fluctuates between 0.5 and 1.2 kilograms per person per day. These indicators tend to constantly increase, which is caused by the economic growth of countries. There are also periods when solid waste production increases significantly. In this regard, we assume that the MSW production rate per person per day is 1 kg.

Currently, the most common method of solid waste disposal is landfills. However, this simple method comes with the following problems:

– Excessively rapid overflow of existing landfills due to the large volume and low density of disposed waste. Without pre-compaction, the average density of solid waste is 200-220 kg/m3, which reaches only 450-500 kg/m3 after compaction using garbage trucks.

– Negative factors for the environment: contamination of groundwater with leachable products, the release of an unpleasant odor, waste scattering by wind, spontaneous combustion of landfills, uncontrolled methane formation and unaesthetic appearance are only part of the problems that concern environmentalists and cause serious objections from local authorities.

– Lack of areas suitable for placing landfills at a convenient distance from large cities. The expansion of cities is pushing landfills to ever greater distances. This factor, combined with rising land prices, increases the cost of transporting solid waste.

3. Methods for recycling solid waste

Table 1. Waste storage

Advantages	Flaws
Does not require constant and large capital investments.	The costs of combating the consequences of the harmful effects of landfills, i.e. for environmental protection and healthcare are many times higher than the costs of building solid waste processing plants.
2. Waste storage sites may not be updated for decades	2. New vast territories are being used for ever-expanding landfills. The number of landfills is constantly increasing.
3. Allows you to simultaneously get rid of a large amount of solid waste or industrial waste	3. Solid waste and industrial waste decomposing in landfills penetrate the soil, thereby contaminating it. Toxic fumes pollute the air. Solid waste residues entering water bodies have a detrimental effect on the condition of the water and harm the flora and fauna of these water bodies. All these consequences negatively affect human health and disrupt metabolic processes in nature.
4. The results of the destructive impact of landfills on nature are not immediately visible.	4. The consequences of the destructive impact of landfills on nature may be irreversible in the future.

Table 2.Waste disposal

Advantages	Flaws
Allows you to forget about the problem of waste disposal. It appears that if you bury solid waste, it will disappear.	1. Waste in the soil poisons it, entering water bodies through groundwater and posing a huge danger to humans and animals.
2. New huge territories are not required.	2. Underground landfills are not noticeable at first glance, but on the surface of the earth above them the soil is poisoned and loosened, it is not suitable for construction, agriculture, or grazing. Moreover, caustic toxic substances often evaporate from the soil surface above landfills.
3. Does not require constant and large capital investments.	3. Costs of combating the consequences of the harmful effects of waste disposal, i.e. for environmental protection and healthcare are many times higher than the costs of building solid waste processing plants.

Table 3. Discharge of waste into water bodies

Advantages	Flaws
1. Does not require large one-time capital investments	1. Costs for water purification and filtration; damage to the fishing industry and water transport will be many times greater than the costs of building plants for the processing and disposal of solid waste.
2. Drained waste quickly spreads over the surface of the water, quickly settles to the bottom, dissolves, creating the appearance of cleanliness.	2. On the surface of the water, along the bottom of reservoirs, waste decomposition products spread over vast distances, poisoning the water area, making it unsuitable for fish life and for industrial use. Caustic and sometimes toxic waste dissolved in water is extremely dangerous for animals and humans.
3. When waste discharge points are blocked, toxic substances do not spread immediately and noticeably.	3. Blocking waste disposal sites instills peace in people, dulls vigilance, this leads to the fact that no one prevents the spread of toxic substances,

Table 4. Waste incineration

Recycling

Quite a few components of solid waste can be processed into useful products

Glass usually processed by crushing and remelting (preferably the original glass is the same color). Low-quality broken glass, after crushing, is used as a filler for building materials (for example, the so-called “glassphalt”). In many Russian cities there are enterprises for laundering and reusing glassware. The same, of course, positive practice exists, for example, in Denmark.

Steel and aluminum cans melted down to obtain the corresponding metal. However, smelting aluminum from soft drink cans requires only 5% of the energy required to make the same amount of aluminum from ore, and is one of the most profitable types of recycling.

Paper waste Various types have been used for many decades along with conventional cellulose to make pulp - the raw material for paper. Mixed or low-quality paper waste can be used to make toilet paper, wrapping paper and cardboard. Unfortunately, in Russia only on a small scale there is a technology for producing high-quality paper from high-quality waste (printing house scraps, used paper for copiers and laser printers, etc.). Paper waste can also be used in construction for the production of thermal insulation materials and in agriculture - instead of straw on farms.

Plastic– plastic recycling in general is a more expensive and complex process. Some types of plastic (for example, PET - two- and three-liter transparent bottles for soft drinks) can be used to produce high-quality plastic with the same properties, others (for example, PVC) after processing can only be used as construction materials. In Russia, plastic is not recycled.

The chart shows typical recycling costs

Conclusion

In Russia, the processing industry has been forgotten, a system for collecting secondary resources is not organized, places for collecting secondary resources (metal) are not equipped in populated areas, a system for removing generated waste is not established everywhere, and there is weak control over its formation. This entails deterioration of the environment and a negative impact on human health.

It is obvious that no technology by itself will solve the problem of solid waste. Both incinerators and landfills are sources of emissions of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and other hazardous substances. The effectiveness of technologies can only be considered in the general chain of the life cycle of consumer goods - waste. MSZ projects, which public environmental organizations have spent a lot of effort fighting, may remain projects for a long time in the current economic situation.

Landfills will remain the main method of disposal (processing) of solid waste in Russia for a long time. The main task is to develop existing landfills, extend their life, and reduce their harmful effects. Only in large and major cities is it effective to build incineration plants (or waste processing plants with pre-sorting of solid waste). It is realistic to operate small incinerators for burning specific waste, hospital waste, for example. Different parts of the city can and should use their own methods of solid waste disposal. This is due to the type of development, income level of the population, and other socio-economic factors.

List of sources used

1. Bobovich B.B. and Devyatkin V.V., “Processing of production and consumption waste”, M2000.
2. “Solid waste disposal”, ed. A.P. Tsygankova. – M.: Stroyizdat, 1982.
3. Gorbatovsky V.V., Rybalsky N.G. Environmental safety in the city. M., REFIA, 1996.
4. http://tenzor.math.rsu.ru/3_11.htm – Waste management of an industrial city
5. http://www.asdg.ru/asdghtml/Ssov/2006/06_11_11/05/cities/chita/p4.html – Investment project for the construction of a waste processing plant and a landfill for solid waste disposal.
6. http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/ru/press/releases/976385 – Household waste is something that is always with you!
7. http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/ru/643172/1108634 – How to properly manage household waste.
8. http://zhurnal.lib.ru/l/lapin_i_p/musor.shtml - The main factor in nature pollution.
9. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B – Article “Waste” from the free encyclopedia Wikipedia.

Abstract on the topic “Environmental problems. Household waste" updated: November 27, 2017 by: Scientific Articles.Ru

The environmental problem of garbage today is a global challenge for ecologists around the world. With the beginning of technological progress, new materials have appeared that require special conditions for disposal and processing. Consumption volumes increase annually, which causes an increase in the amount of waste. Proper waste disposal will help avoid polluting the planet.

The harm that garbage causes to the environment

Industrial waste, which includes industrial and agricultural waste, contains toxic and chemical substances. They negatively affect the environment - for example, an area contaminated with toxic substances completely kills all living things on its surface, the soil becomes unsuitable for further use, the air deteriorates and other problems appear.

Toxic components make up a quarter of all waste, of which 30% are recycled. The rest of the waste remains on the ground or ends up in the water. Garbage decomposition products kill living microorganisms, poison the soil and can cause serious illnesses among the population.

Plastic is also dangerous. These materials take a long time to decompose, the decay period reaches up to 300 years or more. If you don't recycle plastic, it can quickly cover most of the earth's surface. To avoid this, scientists have developed technologies that make it possible to process plastic waste into diesel fuel without harming the environment.

Various household wastes are less hazardous than chemical wastes, but their volumes are enormous. If they are not disposed of, landfills and landfills will be filled, and as a result of their accumulation, environmental pollution will occur.

Ways to deal with garbage

Every year, each resident of the metropolis produces up to several hundred kilograms of garbage. This causes enormous damage to the environment. Such large volumes of waste can be used as recyclable materials and help produce important products - fuel, construction resources. This will not only reduce the waste problem, but also save financial and environmental resources.

Recycling

Examples of waste recycling:

• Methane– it is released during the decomposition process and can be used for gasification of enterprises and populated areas.
• Plastic, paper– allow you to obtain high-quality materials for new use.
• From food waste food for livestock and fertilizer for plants are produced.
• Scrap metal– after processing it is used in any industry.
• Rubber– usually crushed into crumbs and then used in industry. Recycled car tires are used to make tires and rubber shoes.
• Electronics– chemical elements, including precious metals, are extracted from electronic goods, which can be recycled and used in new devices.

In the case of polymers, their reuse is quite difficult due to the high degree of contamination, but in some cases it becomes advantageous. For example, polymers can be used to produce concrete products, wood-polymer boards, and building materials when the degree of purification of the material is not particularly important.

The development of technologies for creating recyclable materials is still developing and requires large financial investments, but in the coming years it will pay off and will normalize the environmental situation in the world, reduce the emission of toxic substances and reduce the risk of disease.

Garbage sorting

Environmental problems of waste must be resolved at the initial stage - at sorting. Many European countries actively use containers divided into several types: glass, plastic, waste paper, aluminum, food waste and others. In Russia, at the moment, they have not yet come to the practice of separating waste; there are garbage containers in the courtyards into which citizens throw all the waste accumulated at home. This approach has a negative impact on subsequent disposal and recycling.

Solving the garbage problem in other countries

Every country must decide how to deal with garbage; this problem cannot be left aside. Most European countries are involved in waste management at the legislative level. For this purpose, there are municipal programs to combat hazardous waste. The main points of the programs are:

• Waste processing and incineration plants. They are built both in megacities and in small settlements. They make a significant contribution to the problem of waste recycling.
• Financial incentives for voluntary fundraising– is especially common in Europe, where people receive a pay rise.
• Fines– the state imposes penalties on those who throw out garbage in the wrong places.

They also create special collection points - in Germany, the cost of the drink includes the cost of its container, so you can return used cans and bottles to any store and get this deposit back (about 10-20 cents). In Russia, waste paper collection is common, especially in various educational institutions. For turning in paper, notebooks and newspapers, schoolchildren get the chance to go on an excursion.

City cleaning groups are also being organized - the authorities are resorting to encouraging citizens to cleanse their localities of litter. Often teenagers who collect waste and hand it over to special points receive financial rewards. In the Netherlands, for the collection you receive a coupon that gives benefits on utility bills. This helps reduce urban pollution.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Environmental problems of industrial and household waste in the city. Solid household waste and methods of its disposal. Modern methods of processing industrial and household waste.

2 slide

Slide description:

Industrial and household waste is a global environmental problem of our time, which poses a threat to human health and also pollutes the environment. Rotting waste particles are a source of proliferation of microbes that cause infections and diseases. Previously, the presence of human waste was not an acute problem, since garbage and various substances were processed naturally in natural conditions. But now humanity has invented materials that have a long decomposition period and can be naturally recycled for several hundred years. But it's not only that. The amount of waste has become incredibly enormous over the past decades. The average resident of a metropolis produces from 500 to 1000 kilograms of garbage and waste per year.

3 slide

Slide description:

household – human waste; or municipal - a huge variety of liquid and solid waste emitted by humans, as well as those generated as a result of human activity. This could be spoiled or expired food, medicines, household items and other garbage. Waste can be liquid or solid. Depending on their origin, they have different levels of environmental hazard. Today, humanity produces the following types of waste:

4 slide

Slide description:

construction – remains of building materials, garbage; appear as a result of the production of construction and finishing materials (paint and varnish, thermal insulation, etc.), during the construction of buildings and structures, as well as during installation, finishing, cladding and repair work. Construction waste (both solid and liquid) can be expired, unsuitable for use, defective, surplus, broken and defective goods and materials: metal profiles, metal and nylon pipes, plasterboard, gypsum fiber, cement-bonded and other sheets. In addition, various construction chemicals (varnishes, paints, adhesives, solvents, antifreeze, antifungal and protective additives and agents).

5 slide

Slide description:

industrial - remains of raw materials and harmful substances that were formed as a result of the production of any product, production work and have lost their properties completely or partially. Industrial waste can be liquid or solid. Solid industrial waste: metals and alloys, wood, plastics, dust, polyurethane foam, polystyrene foam, polyethylene and other waste. Liquid industrial waste: wastewater of varying degrees of contamination and its sediments.

6 slide

Slide description:

agricultural – fertilizers, feed, spoiled food; – any waste generated as a result of agricultural activities: manure, rotten or unusable straw, hay, remains of silage pits, spoiled or unusable feed and liquid feed.

7 slide

Slide description:

8 slide

Slide description:

To reduce the amount of waste, you can recycle waste and produce recyclable materials suitable for subsequent use in industry. There is a whole industry of waste processing and incineration plants that process and dispose of garbage and waste from the urban population. People from different countries are inventing all sorts of uses for recycled materials. For example, from 10 kilograms of plastic waste you can get 5 liters of fuel. It is very effective to collect used paper products and recycle waste paper. This will reduce the number of trees cut down. A successful use of recycled paper is the production of thermal insulation material, which is used as insulation in a home. Proper collection and transportation of waste will significantly improve the environment. Industrial waste must be recycled and disposed of in special places by the enterprises themselves. Household waste is collected in chambers and boxes, and then transported by garbage trucks outside populated areas to specially designated waste areas. Only an effective strategy for solving waste problems, controlled by the state, will help preserve the environment. Solving the waste problem

Slide 9

Slide description:

If you think that a momentarily discarded piece of paper, a plastic bag or a plastic cup will not cause any harm to our planet, you are deeply mistaken. In order not to bore you with arguments, we will simply present the numbers - the decomposition time of specific materials: newsprint and cardboard - 3 months; document paper – 3 years; wooden boards, shoes and tin cans – 10 years; iron parts – 20 years; chewing gum - 30 years; car batteries – 100 years; polyethylene bags – 100-200 years; batteries – 110 years; car tires - 140 years; plastic bottles – 200 years; disposable diapers for children – 300-500 years; aluminum cans – 500 years; glass products – more than 1000 years old. Plastics are dangerous in their own way. They are not subject to destruction over a long period of time. Plastics can lie in the ground for tens, and some types, hundreds of years. More than a million tons of polyethylene are spent on disposable packaging. Every year in Europe, millions of tons of plastic waste end up in the trash. Deadlines for decomposition of garbage and waste

10 slide

Slide description:

The above figures give us a lot to think about. For example, that by using innovative technologies, it is possible to use recyclable materials both in production and in everyday life. Not all enterprises send waste for recycling due to the fact that equipment is needed to transport it, and this is an additional expense. However, this problem cannot be left open. Experts believe that businesses should be subject to high taxes and heavy fines for improper disposal or willful release of garbage and waste. Recycling of materials

11 slide

Slide description:

paper; glass; plastic; metal. Both in the city and in production, you need to sort waste:

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Municipal solid waste (MSW) in the Russian Federation is a rough mechanical mixture of a wide variety of materials and rotting products, differing in physical, chemical and mechanical properties and sizes. Before processing, collected solid waste must be subjected to separation into groups, if this makes sense, and after separation, each group of solid waste must be processed. MSW can be divided into several compositions: Based on its qualitative composition, MSW is divided into: paper (cardboard); food waste; tree; black metal; non-ferrous metal; textile; bones; glass; leather and rubber; stones; polymer materials; other components; screening (small fragments passing through a 1.5-centimeter mesh); Hazardous solid waste includes: waste batteries and accumulators, electrical appliances, varnishes, paints and cosmetics, fertilizers and pesticides, household chemicals, medical waste, mercury-containing thermometers, barometers, tonometers, lamps. Some waste (for example, medical, toxic chemicals, residues of paints, varnishes, adhesives, cosmetics, anti-corrosion agents, household chemicals) pose a danger to the environment if they fall through sewage into water bodies or as soon as they are washed out of a landfill and end up in ground or surface water. water. Batteries and mercury-containing devices will be safe until the case is damaged: glass cases of devices break easily on the way to a landfill, and corrosion will corrode the battery case over time. Then mercury, alkali, lead, zinc will become elements of secondary pollution of atmospheric air, ground and surface waters. Household waste is characterized by multicomponent and heterogeneous composition, low density and instability (ability to rot). Classification of solid waste

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Industrial waste consisting of inert materials, the disposal of which is currently not economically justified; - recyclable materials (recycled raw materials); - waste of hazard class 3; - waste of hazard class 2; - waste of hazard class 1. Of the total amount of waste generated annually by enterprises in the city, most of it is inert solid waste, and a small part is industrial toxic solid waste. According to the nature and degree of impact on the natural environment, they are divided into:

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Waste collection is often the most expensive component of the entire solid waste disposal and disposal process. Therefore, proper organization of waste collection can save significant money. The existing solid waste collection system in Russia should remain standardized from the point of view of efficiency. Sometimes a remedy for these new problems can be found by introducing differentiated charges for waste collection. In densely populated areas it is often necessary to transport waste over long distances. The solution in this case may be a temporary waste storage station, from which waste can be removed by large vehicles or by rail. It should be noted that intermediate storage stations are objects of increased environmental hazard and, if improperly located and operated, can cause no less criticism from local residents and public organizations than landfills and incinerators. In many cities, unitary municipal enterprises for the collection and storage of solid waste have been created on the basis of solid waste landfills and special vehicle fleets. In a number of cases, landfills are placed under the direct control of environmental organizations, and their activities are partially financed from environmental funds (Voronezh, Kirov, etc.). The independence of the landfill, as well as transport, created conditions for many abuses, in which solid waste ended up in suburban forests, and coupons were sold at the landfill to everyone. At the same time, a clear division of powers between city organizations in the field of solid waste has not yet occurred. Such organizations include the housing and communal services department, the city sanitary and epidemiological inspection center, the city nature committee, foresters and water workers. Theoretically, they are responsible for residential and industrial zones, suburban forests, water protection and sanitary protection zones. In several cities of Russia (Arzamas, Vladimir, Kirovo-Chepetsk, Krasnogorsk, Pushchino, Moscow, etc.) attempts are being made to establish selective waste collection. An alternative to landfills and waste disposal facilities is to gradually create a system of primary waste sorting, starting with the collection of particularly hazardous components (mercury lamps, batteries, etc.) and ending with the abandonment of the operation of garbage chutes - the main source of unsorted waste. Collection and temporary storage of waste

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In recent years, in global and domestic practice, there has been a tendency to replace direct removal of solid waste with a two-stage one using waste transfer stations. This technology is being especially actively implemented in large cities, where solid waste landfills are located at a considerable distance from the city. Two-stage removal of solid waste using large-capacity transport garbage trucks and removable press containers is being further developed. The two-stage system includes the following technological processes: collection of solid waste at accumulation sites; their removal by collecting garbage trucks to a waste transfer station (MTS); reloading into heavy vehicles; transportation of solid waste to places of burial or disposal; unloading of solid waste. A number of railway stations use a system for extracting waste elements from solid waste. The use of MPS allows you to: reduce the cost of transporting solid waste to disposal sites; reduce the number of garbage collection trucks; reduce total emissions into the atmosphere from waste transport; improve the technological process of storing solid waste. From the point of view of environmental protection, the use of MPS reduces the number of landfills for storing solid waste, reduces the intensity of traffic on transport highways, etc. The advantages that the use of MPS provides depend on the solution of a number of technical and organizational issues. These include the choice of the type of MPS and the equipment used on it, including heavy-duty garbage trucks, the location of the MPS, its productivity and determining the number of such stations for the city. Waste transfer stations and solid waste removal

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Quite a few components of solid waste can be processed into useful products. Glass is usually recycled by crushing and melting (preferably the original glass is the same color). Low-quality broken glass, after crushing, is used as a filler for building materials (for example, the so-called “glassphalt”). In many Russian cities there are enterprises for laundering and reusing glassware. The same, of course, positive practice exists, for example, in Denmark. Steel and aluminum cans are melted down to obtain the corresponding metal. However, smelting aluminum from soft drink cans requires only 5% of the energy required to make the same amount of aluminum from ore, and is one of the most profitable types of recycling. Paper waste of various types has been used for many decades along with conventional cellulose to make pulp - the raw material for paper. Mixed or low-quality paper waste can be used to make toilet paper, wrapping paper and cardboard. Unfortunately, in Russia only on a small scale there is a technology for producing high-quality paper from high-quality waste (printing house scraps, used paper for copiers and laser printers, etc.). Paper waste can also be used in construction for the production of thermal insulation materials and in agriculture - instead of straw on farms. Plastic - Recycling plastic in general is a more expensive and complex process. Some types of plastic can be used to produce high-quality plastic with the same properties, while others (for example, PVC) after processing can only be used as building materials. In Russia, plastic is not recycled. Recycling:

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Composting is a waste processing technology based on its natural biodegradation. Composting is most widely used to process waste of organic – primarily plant – origin, such as leaves, branches and grass clippings. There are technologies for composting food waste, as well as an unseparated stream of solid waste. In Russia, composting using compost pits is often used by the population in individual homes or in garden plots. At the same time, the composting process can be centralized and carried out at special sites. There are several composting technologies, varying in cost and complexity. Simpler and cheaper technologies require more space and the composting process takes longer, as follows from the classification of composting technologies provided. The end product of composting is compost, which can have various applications in urban and agricultural applications. Composting, used in Russia on the so-called. mechanized waste processing plants, for example, in St. Petersburg, is a process of fermentation in bioreactors of the entire volume of solid waste, and not just its organic component. Although the characteristics of the final product can be significantly improved by recovering metal, plastic, etc. from waste, it is still a fairly dangerous product and has very limited applications. Methods for recycling solid waste

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Minimum technology: Compost heaps – 4 meters high and 6 meters wide. Turn over once a year. The composting process takes one to three years depending on the climate. A relatively large sanitary area is required. Low-level technology: Compost heaps are 2 meters high and 3-4 meters wide. The heaps turn over for the first time after a month. The next turning over and the formation of a new heap is after 10-11 months. Composting takes 16-18 months. Intermediate technology: Heaps are turned over daily. Compost is ready in 4-6 months. Capital and operating costs are higher. High-level technology Special aeration of compost heaps is required. Compost is ready in 2-10 weeks. Composting technologies:

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Incineration is the most complex and “high-tech” waste management option. Combustion requires pre-treatment of solid waste (to produce so-called fuel extracted from waste). When separating from solid waste, they try to remove large objects and metals and further crush it. In order to reduce harmful emissions from waste, batteries and accumulators, plastic, and leaves are also removed. Incineration of an unseparated waste stream is now considered extremely dangerous. Thus, incineration can only be one component of a comprehensive recycling program. Incineration makes it possible to reduce the weight of waste by approximately 3 times, eliminate some unpleasant properties: odor, release of toxic liquids, bacteria, attractiveness to birds and rodents, and also obtain additional energy that can be used to generate electricity or heating.

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Disposal of solid waste: unfortunately, it still remains the main method of its disposal. Due to the fact that many enterprises were built decades ago and use outdated technology, waste accumulates in the city, in quantity and harmfulness, posing a significant danger to the population, both nearby areas and the city as a whole. The accumulation of waste in large quantities and the impossibility of removing it for burial or use leads to the fact that enterprises often resort to unauthorized disposal. It is very important that before solid waste is immersed in the ground, at specially constructed landfills, it must be pressed. This not only reduces the volume of material, but also removes water for some time, stabilizing the state of the waste, because The moisture contained in the compressed material is not enough for the active activity of microorganisms. The access of oxygen into a dense mass is also difficult, and if conditions are created to prevent moisture from entering from the outside, the stabilization of the landfill can be significantly extended. Naturally, hazardous waste must be sorted and buried in a special toxic waste site. Landfills and landfills are the same enterprises that are subject to environmental legislation. In relation to them, maximum permissible emissions values ​​and other production and economic standards must be developed, fees for environmental pollution must be charged, sanctions must be applied for non-compliance with environmental requirements, up to and including the cessation of environmentally harmful activities. And the public can control whether this is actually being done. And make a claim if something is not followed. Such an impact is exerted by social and environmental control bodies, especially if they intensively interact with state regulatory authorities, and will undoubtedly serve as an incentive to bring waste disposal sites into proper shape or build waste recycling plants. Solid waste disposal

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Briquetting of solid waste is a relatively new method in solving the problem of their removal. Briquettes, widely used for many years in industry and agriculture, represent one of the simplest and most economical forms of packaging. The compaction inherent in this process helps to reduce the occupied volume, and as a result, leads to savings in storage and transportation. Primarily in industry and agriculture, briquetting is used for pressing and packaging homogeneous materials, for example: cotton, hay, paper raw materials and rags. When working with such materials, the technology is quite standard and simple, since these materials are uniform in composition, size and shape. Complications rarely arise when working with them. Their potential incinerability is known with sufficient accuracy. A significant advantage of the briquetting method is the method of reducing the amount of waste to be briquetted by preliminary (up to 50%) sorting of solid household waste. Useful fractions and secondary raw materials (paper, cardboard, textiles, cullet, ferrous and non-ferrous metals) are sorted. Thus, additional resources enter the national economy. The main difficulties arise in the process of briquetting municipal waste due to the fact that this waste is not homogeneous and its composition cannot be predicted. The average characteristics and properties of this waste may be different not only in different regions of the country, but also in different parts of the same city. The composition of waste also varies depending on the season of the year. Additional complications in the operation of solid waste compaction mechanisms include: the high abrasiveness of the constituent components (sand, stone, glass), as well as the high aggressiveness of the environment due to the presence of organics, acids, solvents, varnishes, etc. Briquetting of solid waste

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In Russia, the processing industry has been forgotten, a system for collecting secondary resources is not organized, places for collecting secondary resources (metal) are not equipped in populated areas, a system for removing generated waste is not established everywhere, and there is weak control over its formation. This entails deterioration of the environment and a negative impact on human health. It is obvious that no technology by itself will solve the problem of solid waste. Both incinerators and landfills are sources of emissions of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and other hazardous substances. The effectiveness of technologies can only be considered in the general chain of the life cycle of consumer goods - waste. MSZ projects, which public environmental organizations have spent a lot of effort fighting, may remain projects for a long time in the current economic situation. Landfills will remain the main method of disposal (processing) of solid waste in Russia for a long time. The main task is to develop existing landfills, extend their life, and reduce their harmful effects. Only in large and major cities is it effective to build incineration plants (or waste processing plants with pre-sorting of solid waste). It is realistic to operate small incinerators for burning specific waste, hospital waste, for example. This involves diversifying both waste processing technologies and their collection and transportation. Different parts of the city can and should use their own methods of solid waste disposal. This is due to the type of development, income level of the population, and other socio-economic factors

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