The district was formed by separating from the Southern Federal District by Decree of the President of Russia dated January 19, 2010. The district includes seven constituent entities of the Federation, including one region - Stavropol and six republics: the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic Republic of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Chechen Republic (Table 5.9).
Table 5.9
Composition of the North Caucasus Federal District
|
Population thousand people |
Largest cities |
||
|
The Republic of Dagestan |
Makhachkala, Khasavyort, Derbent, Kaspiysk |
||
|
The Republic of Ingushetia |
Magas, Nazran, Malgobek, Kara-bulakh |
||
|
Kabardino-Balkarian Republic |
Nalchik, Prokhladny, Baksan |
||
|
Karachay-Cherkess Republic |
Cherkessk, Ust-Dzheguta, Kara-chaevsk |
||
|
Republic of North Ossetia - Alania |
Vladikavkaz, Mozdok, Beslan |
||
|
Chechen Republic |
Grozny, Urus-Martan, Shali |
||
|
Stavropol |
Stavropol, Pyatigorsk, Nevin-nomyssk, Kislovodsk |
The North Caucasian Federal District is the only federal district in which there is not a single region, and the only one in which ethnic Russians do not have an absolute majority of the district's population. It is considered the most multinational region of the Russian Federation. The administrative center of the district - the city of Pyatigorsk -V is neither the administrative center of the subject included in the district nor the largest city of the district, but is part of the large Caucasus-Minera-Lovodsk agglomeration.
Geographical location, borders and natural resources of the North Caucasus Federal District.
The district is located in the southern part of European Russia, on the territory of the central and eastern part of the North Caucasus. From the south it is protected by the Main Caucasus Range, in the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea.
The North Caucasus Federal District borders with countries such as Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and South Ossetia, Kazakhstan, as well as with such constituent entities of the Russian Federation as the Republic of Kalmykia, the Rostov region and the Krasnodar Territory. The administrative center of the district is the city of Pyatigorsk.
The region has large reserves of natural mineral resources - oil, gas, coal, copper, non-ferrous metals, polymetals, iron ores and building materials.
In addition, it has a unique complex of balneological resources, which includes mineral drinking waters, thermal waters and healing mud. Approximately 1/3 of all Russian mineral water resources and more than 70% of the country's thermal water reserves are concentrated here.
Economic indicators of the development of regions of the North Caucasus Federal District. Since the end of the 20th century. the bulk of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, now part of the North Caucasus Federal District, found themselves in the groups of regions most susceptible to the economic crisis. By the beginning of the 21st century. industrial production volumes in this district decreased to 17-24% (compared to 1990), while the average in Russia was 48%! . In the 2000s. There has been economic growth in some regions of the North Caucasian Federal District, but improvement in their socio-economic situation is being achieved very slowly. At the same time, the main contribution to the creation of VRI is made by such areas as wholesale and retail trade - 21.1%, agriculture - 13.1%, construction - 12.2%, public administration - 11.6%. The share of manufacturing in GRP is 9.1%.
The unemployment rate in the North Caucasus Federal District is characterized as high. In the district as a whole, its value is 13%, and in some republics it reaches 44%. There is hidden unemployment and a significant share of the population working in low-paid sectors of the economy.
In the main part of the economic sectors of the North Caucasus Federal District, labor productivity is below the national average. These circumstances are combined with the low standard of living of the population.
The budgets of the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, and the Chechen Republic are characterized as highly subsidized. The share of federal budget funds transferred to provide assistance to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus Federal District reaches 70-80% in some regional budgets.
Administrative-territorial composition of the North Caucasus Federal District: Republics of Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetia - Alania, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Chechen; Stavropol region.
The administrative center is Pyatigorsk.
Territory – 170.4 thousand km 2. Population – approximately 9.49 million people.
In Fig. 9.4 presents the administrative-territorial composition of the North Caucasus Federal District.
The North Caucasus Federal District is a district of the Russian Federation, created on January 19, 2010 by a special Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (see paragraph 4.1).
Rice. 9.4.
In fact, the North Caucasus District was separated from the Southern Federal District. Its creation should contribute to the accelerated development of the southern territories of Russia and the solution of economic and ethnopolitical problems.
The share of the main economic indicators of the North Caucasus Federal District in the all-Russian ones is presented in Table. 9.7, and the calculation of the localization coefficient of industrial production is in table. 9.8.
The types of economic activities that determine the specialization of the district according to the localization coefficient can be considered the following (see Table 9.8): manufacturing industries, including the production of food products, including drinks, and tobacco; textile and clothing production; production of leather, leather goods and footwear; chemical production; production of rubber and plastic products; production of other non-metallic mineral products; production of coke and petroleum products; production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment; production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.
Table 9.7
The share of the main economic indicators of the North Caucasus Federal District in the all-Russian
|
Economic indicators |
Specific gravity, % |
|
The area of the land |
|
|
Population |
|
|
Average annual number of people employed in the economy |
|
|
Gross regional product |
|
|
Fixed assets in economics |
|
|
Mining |
|
|
Manufacturing industries |
|
|
Electricity production and distribution, |
|
|
gas and water |
|
|
Agricultural products |
|
|
Construction |
|
|
Commissioning of residential buildings |
|
|
Retail trade turnover |
|
|
Receipt of tax payments and fees into the Russian budget system |
|
|
Investments in fixed assets |
|
Table 9.8
Structure of industrial production in the North Caucasus Federal District by type of economic activity
|
Types of economic activities |
Share of economic activity in industrial production, % |
Localization coefficient |
||
|
Mining, including: |
||||
|
extraction of fuel and energy minerals |
||||
|
mining of minerals, except fuel and energy |
||||
|
Manufacturing industries, including: |
||||
|
production of food products, including beverages, and tobacco |
||||
|
textile and clothing production |
||||
|
production of leather, leather goods and footwear production |
||||
|
wood processing and production of wood products |
||||
|
pulp and paper production; publishing and printing activities |
||||
|
production of coke and petroleum products |
||||
|
chemical production |
||||
|
production of rubber and plastic products |
||||
|
production of other non-metallic mineral products |
||||
|
metallurgical production and production of finished metal products |
||||
|
production of machinery and equipment |
||||
|
production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment |
||||
|
production of vehicles and equipment |
||||
|
other production |
||||
|
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water |
||||
The North Caucasus Federal District (NCFD) has land borders with Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and South Ossetia and only water borders with Kazakhstan. The district borders Kalmykia, Rostov region and Krasnodar region. In the east, the federal district is limited by the Caspian Sea, in the south by the Main Caucasus Range and the borders with Georgia and Azerbaijan. The importance of a district is largely determined by its geographical location. The main transport directions “north-south” and “west-east” historically pass through the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District. Ice-free ports have become strategic points for transshipment of significant volumes of cargo.
The sectors of market specialization of the North Caucasian Federal District are the oil and gas industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, agriculture and food industry. A large resort and recreational complex has been formed in the district.
Natural resource potential. The resource base of the North Caucasian Federal District is one of the richest in the country. Fuel and energy resources are represented by oil, natural gas, and coal. According to international experts, in terms of hydrocarbon reserves, the Caspian Basin region may soon become third in the world in energy production after the Middle East and Siberia. An important role is played by such deposits as Severo-Stavropolskoye and Dagestanskiye Ogni. Oil reserves are concentrated in the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic.
The North Caucasus has significant reserves of non-ferrous and rare metal ores. Nonmetallic mineral resources are represented by mining chemical raw materials (there are large reserves of barite, rock salt, sulfur) and resources for the production of building materials (cement marls, high-quality marble in the Teberda region, quartz sandstones, clays for the production of bricks and ceramics, chalk, granites, etc. .).
Deposits of non-ferrous, rare metals, tungsten-molybdenum ores are concentrated in Kabardino-Balkaria (Tyrnyauz deposit), Karachay-Cherkessia (Ktiteberdinskoe deposit), lead-zinc ores - in North Ossetia (Sadonskoye deposit), copper - in Karachay-Cherkessia and Dagestan (Kizil deposit -Dere), mercury – in North Ossetia.
Population and labor resources. This is the only federal district of Russia in which ethnic Russians do not have an absolute majority of the district's population. Representatives of about 100 nations, nationalities and ethnic groups live in the district. The North Caucasus District is the most multinational region of Russia. Dagestan alone is home to 30 nationalities: Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks and many others.
Location and development of the main sectors of the economy. The basis of the district's economy is made up of basic industries, which are based on the use of local raw materials and energy resources. The most important industry is productive agriculture, which specializes in the cultivation of grain and industrial crops, sheep breeding and dairy farming.
The leading place in the complex for the production of non-food consumer goods is occupied by industries focused on the processing of livestock raw materials: the leather and footwear industry (Nalchik, Vladikavkaz), the production of washed wool and woolen fabrics, carpet weaving (Makhachkala).
In the foothills of the Stavropol region there is the famous group of resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Zheleziovodsk). Dombay and Teberda (Karachay-Cherkessia), Baksan Gorge (Kabardino-Balkaria) and other places with unique natural landscapes are deservedly popular among tourists, climbers, and skiers.
Of the 150 climatic, balneological, balneological and mud resorts in the country, the majority are located in the North Caucasus Federal District. The abundance of healing mineral springs, mud (Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk) and warm sea waters provides excellent conditions for improving health and relaxation. The mountainous landscape of the districts attracts Russian and foreign travelers and athletes. The resort and tourism business in the North Caucasus District is one of the most effective areas of the region’s economy, the development of which will be facilitated by the improvement of existing centers of all-Russian significance, the redistribution of flows of vacationers across the territory, and the creation of new conditions for winter recreation.
Transport and economic relations. Transport is one of the leading sectors of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District, accounting for about 10% of the gross regional product. The North Caucasian Federal District is located next to major Russian and foreign markets, as well as at the intersection of major cargo flows.
The main routes of the North Caucasian Railway, a branch of the open joint-stock company "Russian Railways", pass through the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District, including such busy sections as Rostov-on-Don - Mineralnye Vody, Makhachkala - Samur, Makhachkala - Oleynikovo. The total length of railway lines in the North Caucasian Federal District is about 3 thousand km.
The main road junctions in the North Caucasus Federal District are Stavropol, Mineralnye Vody, Nalchik, Grozny and Makhachkala.
The Makhachkala sea trade port is one of the main links in the transport communication system on the Caspian Sea with the prospect of joining cooperation within the international transport corridor "North-South".
At the same time, in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, there is a lack of appropriate infrastructure and services in the field of transport and logistics, which constrains the planned economic growth, population mobility, as well as the implementation of the transit potential of the North Caucasus Federal District.
Intradistrict differences. In the Stavropol Territory, among the industries that stand out are chemical (production of plastics, synthetic resins, varnishes, paints, nitrogen fertilizers, etc.) and mechanical engineering (electrical products, refrigeration equipment, truck cranes and trailers).
In the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the main industries are the production of tungsten-molybdenum industrial products, artificial diamonds and abrasive materials, cable products, and artificial leather. In the territorial division of labor, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania is distinguished by the production of lead and zinc, electric welding equipment, automotive equipment, and starch products. In the industrial structure of the Republic of Dagestan, the leading position is occupied by mechanical engineering, food and light industry.
The Karachay-Cherkess Republic is distinguished by its mining industry; mechanical engineering, chemical, light and food industries are also developed.
Main problems and development prospects. One of the directions is the development of tourism and sanatorium-resort facilities.
TR SEZ "Grand Spa Yutsa" on the territory of the Stavropol Territory on Mount Yutsa and its surroundings is being created in order to develop a modern balneological resort, improve service, achieve greater flexibility in health programs, create a wide range of entertainment opportunities for vacationers and provide related types of tourism.
The socio-economic development of the North Caucasus is complicated by political conflicts. The cessation of hostilities in the region, the establishment of peace and stability are the main problem of the further economic and social development of the North Caucasus Federal District.
The main directions, ways and means of achieving the strategic goals of sustainable development and ensuring national security are determined by the Strategy for the socio-economic development of the North Caucasus Federal District until 2025.
State educational institution
higher professional education
Samara State University
Department of International Relations
North Caucasus Federal District (NCFD)
1st year students, gr. 24102
Faculty of History
Bagryantseva M.V.
Scientific adviser:
Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Associate Professor Tyurin V.A.
SAMARA 2011
Introduction……………………………………………………………..……..P.3
Chapter I. Administrative-territorial structure of the North Caucasus Federal District……..P.5
Chapter II. Population and demographic situation…………………….P.8
Chapter III. Features of the district industry………………..…..P.11
1.1. Agro-industrial complex………………………………….P.12
1.2. Extractive industry………………………………..S. 15
Chapter IV. Economic indicators………………………………….P.18
Chapter V. Culture and recreational complex………………..………P.20
Chapter VI. Problems of the North Caucasian Federal District and ways to solve them………………………..P.23
Conclusion……………………………………………………………..………………P.28
List of sources and literature…………………………………………P.29
Applications……………………………………………………………………………….P.30
INTRODUCTION
The North Caucasus Federal District is a federal district of the Russian Federation, separated from the Southern Federal District by decree of Russian President D. A. Medvedev dated January 19, 2010. Located in the south of the European part of Russia, in the central and eastern part of the North Caucasus.
The relevance of the topic is that the district is a young public entity, it has not yet been fully studied. In addition, the district has a number of problems that need to be identified and noted. It is important that the North Caucasus is an economically depressed region, and therefore has a poorly developed industry. In the North Caucasian Federal District there are no such industries as mechanical engineering, metalworking, production of consumer goods, etc.
Having studied the manual for students by A. I. Chistobaev “Regional Studies,” I learned about the natural features and resources of the SFKO and was able to analyze the recreational complex of the district.
In the book “Federal districts of Russia. Regional Economics”, ed. Glushkova V.G. and Simagina Yu.A. I studied the industry of the district, its level of development and potential.
Using the website, the official website of the plenipotentiary representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasian Federal District http://skfo.gov.ru/, I learned about the population, composition of the population and the demographic situation of the district.
The decision to separate the new district from the Southern Federal District caused a wide response in the media and in the expert community. This is not surprising, since the emergence of a new district is in itself an extraordinary event. But it was not only the change in the number of districts that attracted the attention of political scientists. It is no secret that for many years now gloomy news has been coming from the Caucasus about terrorist attacks and clashes with militants. The state of the economy of the North Caucasus also cannot be called problem-free.
Experts also pay attention to the geopolitical component of the importance of the Caucasus region, on the territory of which the interests of superpowers have clashed for centuries. In this sense, the 21st century is no exception. This means that geopolitics may also be in the field of view of the presidential envoy.
Chapter II. Population and demographic situation
The population of the federal district, according to the results of the 2010 census, according to Rosstat, was 9,496,800 people:
Russians - 2,938,070 people. (32.9%)
Chechens - 1,237,506 people. (13.9%)
Avars - 771,043 people. (8.6%)
Kabardians - 509,539 people. (5.7%)
Dargins - 467,670 people. (5.2%)
Ossetians - 467,493 people. (5.2%)
Kumyks - 394,183 people. (4.4%)
Ingush - 388,845 people. (4.4%)
Lezgins - 345,651 people. (3.9%)
Karachais - 185,764 people. (2.1%)
Armenians - 181,125 people. (2.0%)
Laktsy - 145,422 people. (1.6%)
Azerbaijanis - 132,808 people. (1.5%)
Tabasarany - 116,189 people. (1.3%)
Balkars - 106,440 people. (1.2%)
Nogais - 77,897 people. (0.87%)
Ukrainians - 65,900 people. (0.74%)
Circassians - 52,582 people. (0.59%)
Greeks - 38,280 people. (0.43%)
Abazins - 36,208 people. (0.41%)
Tatars - 26,912 people. (0.30%)
Rutulians - 25,297 people. (0.28%)
Agul - 24,904 people. (0.28%)
Gypsies - 23,956 people. (0.27%)
Georgians - 23,261 people. (0.26%)
Turks - 22,518 people. (0.25%)
Persons of other nationalities - 128,426 people. (1.4%)
The district accounts for 6.5% of the country's population. At the same time, the share of the urban population in the total population of the North Caucasian Federal District is 48.2%, the rural population – 51.8%. The demographic situation in the district is almost one and a half times better than in the country as a whole. The number of births exceeds the number of deaths by 17 thousand people; The rate of natural population growth according to data for 5 months of 2010 was 7.4%. The migration outflow of the population amounted to 1.6 thousand people.
In the North Caucasus Federal District, the population increased by 1.68 million people from the end of 1990 to the end of 2009. At the end of 2009, the natural increase in the population of the North Caucasus Federal District amounted to 75.6 thousand people. In addition, the population structure has a high proportion of people under working age.
In terms of fertility indicators, the North Caucasus Federal District ranks 1st in the country. As for the dynamics, in recent years the trajectory of changes in the value of the birth rate indicator in the North Caucasus Federal District coincides with the trajectory of changes in the value of this indicator in the country as a whole, but at a higher level (before 2000 - a decline, after - a steady increase).
In 2009, high birth rates in the North Caucasus Federal District were formed mainly due to the indicators of the Chechen Republic (more than 29 newborns per 1,000 population), the Republic of Ingushetia and the Republic of Dagestan (more than 18 newborns per 1,000 population). In other constituent entities of the Russian Federation included in this federal district, the values of fertility indicators differ insignificantly from the average indicators for the Russian Federation.
The mortality rate in the North Caucasus Federal District is the lowest in the Russian Federation - 8.7 people per 1000 population in 2010 (the average for the Russian Federation is 14.6 people per 1000 population).
ChapterIII. Features of the district industry
The North Caucasus Federal District has a number of advantages - a convenient geographical location in relation to large markets, the presence of natural resources (oil, ores, construction raw materials) and unloaded capacities (production sites on the basis of which it is possible to increase production), a relatively developed transport network (railway roads and highways) and the growing demand for industrial products both in the regions of the Russian Federation and in neighboring countries.
The industrial sector is predominantly represented by the production of petroleum products (29% in the structure of revenue of the manufacturing and mining industries), food industry (23%), chemistry (14%), mechanical engineering (12%), metallurgy (5%) and production of building materials (6%). Mining accounts for 6% of the revenue structure of the manufacturing and mining industries. The district's agro-industrial complex makes a significant contribution to the food security of the entire country. For example, the district accounts for 45% of the country's grape harvest, more than 10% of grain, fruits, berries and vegetables, as well as more than 5% of sugar beets. The district's farms contain 11% of the cattle population and 40.8% of the sheep and goat population in Russia. The district accounts for 7% of milk and 44.2% of wool produced in the country, as well as more than 27.9% of the volume of sales of sheep and goats in live weight. The district's share in the total agricultural production of all agricultural producers in Russia was 5.4%.
The basis of the economy of the North Caucasus is the electric power industry. Thermal and hydraulic power plants have been built in many regions of the North Caucasus. The largest thermal power plants have been created in Grozny, Novocherkassk, Nevinnomyssk, and among the hydroelectric power stations the following stand out: Gizeldonskaya and Baksanskaya - on the tributaries of the Terek, Belorechenskaya on the river. Belaya, Chiryurtovskaya - on the river. Sulak. A cascade of hydroelectric power stations was built on the river. Sulak, including the large Chirkey hydroelectric power station, as well as a cascade of hydroelectric power stations on the Kuban-Kalaussky canal. The Irganai hydroelectric power station was also built on the river. Avar Koisu is a tributary of the Sulak in Dagestan. The energy system of the region is connected to the Donbass and Volga region.
1.1. Agro-industrial complex
The agro-industrial complex, including agriculture and the food industry, is the most important sector of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District. The sector's contribution to the gross regional product of the specified federal district in 2008 was 18%, of which 1% came from agriculture and 3% from the food industry. In the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the contribution of the agro-industrial complex to the gross regional product of the federal district reaches 26%. The agro-industrial complex provides jobs for 24% of the population employed in the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District. In some constituent entities of the Russian Federation included in the specified federal district, tax deductions from the agro-industrial complex form the basis of tax revenues to budgets. According to data for the first half of 2010, the share of the agro-industrial complex in tax revenues of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic is 37.4%; in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Stavropol Territory, products of the agro-industrial complex form more than one-third of revenues from foreign trade.
The agro-industrial complex of the North Caucasus Federal District provides a significant contribution to the food security of the entire country - 45% of the grape harvest harvested in the Russian Federation, more than 10% of grain, fruits, berries and vegetables, as well as more than 5% of sugar beets.
The farms of the North Caucasus Federal District contain 11% of the cattle population and 40.8% of the sheep and goats contained in the farms of the Russian Federation. The specified federal district accounts for 7% of milk and 44.2% of wool produced in the Russian Federation.
In terms of production volumes of food products, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District lag significantly behind other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which indicates an insufficient level of development of the processing industry. The food industry of the North Caucasus Federal District is represented by the production of alcoholic beverages and mineral water. The Republic of Dagestan takes 1st place in the production of cognac and 4th place in the production of champagne in the Russian Federation, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic - 4th place in the production of vodka and alcoholic beverages and 3rd place in the production of wines, the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania is the 3rd place in the production of champagne, and the Stavropol Territory is the 2nd place in the production of cognac and wines.
Labor productivity in the North Caucasus Federal District in individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation is 13% of the Russian average in agriculture and 7% in the food industry.
A distinctive feature of the agricultural sector of the North Caucasus Federal District is the predominance of the share of private farms.
The balance of import-export of products is dominated by the export of low-processed agricultural products and the import of highly processed food products, which confirms the low level of development of the food processing industry.
At the same time, in the North Caucasus Federal District there are 189 breeding farms, including 62 breeding plants, 117 breeding reproducers and 10 gene pool farms. The North Caucasus Federal District is also developing pig breeding, goat breeding, fur farming, poultry farming, beekeeping, sericulture and yak breeding, represented by 9 breeding plants, 20 breeding reproducers and 2 gene pool farms.
The development potential of the agro-industrial complex in the North Caucasus Federal District is also characterized by the presence of a large interregional market. The high share of imports in the structure of consumption of meat, vegetables, milk and their processed products in the Russian Federation creates the opportunity to replace import supplies of food products in the Russian Federation through the development of production of these products in the North Caucasus Federal District.
Among the problems, it is also worth noting the weak influence of the development of the breeding base on the productivity of commercial farms.
The reclamation complex of the North Caucasus Federal District needs reconstruction. The physical area of irrigation systems requiring reconstruction ranges from 31 to 83%.
The development of the agro-industrial complex is a priority for all subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District. According to the results of the analysis, a promising direction for development in the North Caucasus Federal District is the production of the following types of products:
Lamb, beef and their processed products;
Poultry and products of its processing;
Milk and fermented milk products, including cheeses, cottage cheese, yoghurts, etc.;
Vegetable and animal oils;
Grain and flour and cereal products;
Grapes, wines and cognac products;
Fruits and berries (fresh, as well as in the form of juices and purees);
Vegetables in fresh and canned forms;
Mineral water;
1.2. Mining industry
The North Caucasus Federal District has a unique combination of balneological resources - mineral drinking waters, thermal waters and healing mud. About 30% of all Russian mineral water resources are concentrated here, which is comparable in volume to the resources of the central regions of the European part of the Russian Federation. Also, more than 70% of the thermal water reserves of the Russian Federation are located on the territory.
The water resource potential of the North Caucasus Federal District fully meets the needs of the population and economic sectors for water resources. A wide variety of water resources are located here - the Caspian Sea, the Kuban Reservoir, Lake Dovsun in the Stavropol Territory, Blue Lakes and Chegem Waterfalls in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, as well as the rivers Kuban, Terek, Baksan, Zelenchuk, Sulak, Bolshaya Laba, Ardon, Fiagdon, Sunzha and others. The presence of various types of surface water, including mountain rivers, with large slopes makes it possible to develop not only various types of tourism (health, recreational, sports, environmental, fishing, beach), but also hydropower.
In the North Caucasus Federal District there are more than 300 reservoirs, mainly of seasonal or daily regulation. The regulated flow is used mainly for irrigation of agricultural land and fish farming.
The regulation of flow in the territory of the Republic of Dagestan is also small - the total useful volume of 11 reservoirs is 1.44 cubic meters. meters, and a significant share of it falls on the reservoir of the Chirkey hydroelectric power station, located on the river. Sulak. The remaining reservoirs are used for energy, water supply or irrigation purposes and are mainly also located in the river basin. Sulak.
Taking into account the limited reserves of mineral resources, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District do not have a high potential for increasing the contribution of the mining industry to the economy, however, the development of a number of hydrocarbon deposits, as well as ore minerals, is significant for the development of the economy of some of these subjects.
The share of the North Caucasus Federal District in the structure of proven mineral reserves of the Russian Federation is 41% for tungsten, 11% for molybdenum, up to 2% for copper, lead, zinc and titanium, and 4.8% for oil. and for gas – 2.1%.
The Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic are leaders in tungsten ore reserves, and the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in molybdenum ore reserves. The largest copper deposit in the North Caucasus Federal District is Kizil-Dere in the Republic of Dagestan, its share in the reserves of the Russian Federation is 1.4%.
The largest zinc deposits are located in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (Dzhimidonskoye, Kadat-Khampaldonskoye, Kakadur-Kanikomskoye), in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Urupskoye, Bykovskoye) and in the Republic of Dagestan (Kizil-Dere). In terms of the amount of residual reserves, most deposits are classified as small, since most of them have now been developed.
All lead deposits of the North Caucasus Federal District are concentrated in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. Most of the resources are localized in the Dzhimidon ore field.
Despite the developed infrastructure, the North Caucasus Federal District makes an insignificant contribution to the volume of hydrocarbon production in the Russian Federation. Significant obstacles to the development of hydrocarbon production are the depletion of a significant share of deposits and the reduction of proven reserves of fuel and energy resources.
The main oil reserves of the North Caucasus Federal District are concentrated in the Chechen Republic. Significant oil fields for the district are Starogroznenskoye, Goryacheistochninskoye (Yastrebinoye), Goyt-Kortovskoye, North Bragunskoye (Chechen Republic), Velichaevsko-Koldeznoye, Zhuravskoye, Zimne-Stavkinskoye - Pravoberezhnoe (Stavropol Territory), Malgobek - Voznesenskoye - Alkhazovo (Republic of Ingushetia) .
ChapterIV. Economic indicators
Most of the subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, in socio-economic terms, since the beginning of the 1990s, due to a number of objective reasons, have been among the subjects of the Russian Federation most susceptible to the crisis. The volume of industrial production in the North Caucasus Federal District by the end of the 1990s decreased to 17–24% (compared to the 1990 level), with a nationwide reduction in the value of this indicator to an average of 48%.
The rate of economic growth in 2005–2009 indicates that executive authorities in a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District were able to correctly determine economic priorities (among the leaders are the Republic of Dagestan, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and the Republic North Ossetia Alania). However, the process of positive change is extremely slow.
Currently, the real sector of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District is poorly developed:
· the share of the agricultural sector in the gross regional product reaches 22% (in the Russian Federation – 5%);
· the share of manufacturing products does not exceed 15% (in the Russian Federation – 19%).
The main contribution to the gross regional product is made by the public administration sector and the sphere of social (including utilities) services, the share of which in the gross regional product is up to 55% (in the Russian Federation - 16%).
Unemployment in the North Caucasus Federal District remains extremely high - its official level varies from 8 to 55%, which is 1.5 to 9 times higher than the Russian average. There is hidden unemployment and a high percentage of employment in low-paid sectors of the economy.
In most sectors of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District, the values of labor productivity indicators are below the average values of these indicators for the Russian Federation.
All subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District have low indicators of the quality of life of the population. The budgets of the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Chechen Republic are highly subsidized. Over the past 10 years, the volume of federal budget funds annually allocated by the Government of the Russian Federation to provide financial support to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District has increased significantly.
Transport is one of the leading sectors of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District, accounting for about 10% of the gross regional product. The North Caucasus Federal District is located next to large Russian and foreign markets, as well as at the intersection of large cargo flows.
The length of public roads in the North Caucasus Federal District is 24,788 kilometers, including federal - 2,577 kilometers, regional - 22,211 kilometers. The main road junctions in the North Caucasus Federal District are Stavropol, Mineralnye Vody, Nalchik, Grozny and Makhachkala.
ChapterV. Culture and recreational complex
The traditional culture of the North Caucasus was formed and developed in the conditions of everyday life and was associated, first of all, with the creation of certain material wealth. As a result, the peoples of the North Caucasus realized their aesthetic sense and desire for a harmonious expression of their worldview not in fine arts, but in “conventional” arts. The formation of the culture and art of the peoples of the North Caucasus was carried out against the backdrop of endless wars and a constant struggle with nature for survival. As a result, the main specific qualities of traditional North Caucasian decorative and applied art were developed: it is harsh and monumental (like a local landscape), optimistic and cheerful (like the “taste” of another victory). But in any case, it does not know regularity, since it does not exist either in the local landscape or in the work activities of people living in these conditions.
The uniqueness and diversity of natural and climatic resources of the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District create favorable conditions both for permanent residence and for the development of the tourist and recreational complex.
In terms of temperature conditions, the North Caucasus Federal District is one of the most attractive regions of Russia both in summer and winter. The average January temperature is 3.2°C (in the mountains – up to -10°C), July – from +20.4°C (in the mountains – up to +14°C).
About 50 percent of the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District is occupied by the Greater Caucasus mountain system. There are mountain peaks here, including those with the highest elevation of 5642 meters (Elbrus), which makes the North Caucasus Federal District a particularly promising platform for the development of high-mountain tourism.
On the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District there are 6 state reserves - Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkarian, Caucasian, North Ossetian, Teberdinsky, Erzi, 2 national parks (Alania, Elbrus region), as well as 7 state reserves - Agrakhansky, Samursky and Tlyaratinsky (Republic Dagestan), Dautsky (Karachay-Cherkess Republic), Ingush (Republic of Ingushetia), Sovetsky (Chechen Republic), Tseysky (Republic of North Ossetia - Alania), ensuring the preservation of the rich biological diversity of the regions.
On the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District in the Republic of Dagestan, the coast of the Caspian Sea stretches for 490 kilometers, which contributes to the development of beach tourism.
In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, medical and recreational, skiing, sports (extreme), business, environmental, cultural and educational, pilgrimage, rural, specialized (archaeological, equestrian, speleological, ethnographic) are currently being developed ) tourism, hunting and fishing tours are organized.
The specially protected ecological resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters, for which medical and health tourism is a specialized area, includes the cities. Georgievsk, Mineralnye Vody, Zheleznovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Lermontov, as well as Mineralovodsky, Georgievsky and Predgorny districts of the Stavropol Territory, Zolsky district of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Malokarachaevsky and Prikubansky districts of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.
On the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District there are large ski resorts: in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic - Dombay, in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic - Elbrus, in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania - Tsey.
The Republic of Dagestan, which has a long coastline of the Caspian Sea, is the center of beach tourism.
Despite the presence of significant competitive advantages for the development of the tourism industry, including tourist centers, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District are characterized by a weak level of development of the tourism industry. The share of the North Caucasus Federal District in the tourism industry of the Russian Federation is about 6%, and the share of tourism in the gross regional product of the North Caucasus Federal District does not exceed 2%.
The small contribution of the tourism industry to the economy of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District is associated with the insufficient volume of tourist flows and the high share of the private (shadow) sector. The largest share of unorganized tourist flow and the minimum length of stay of tourists, and, consequently, low tourist expenses are typical for ski, sports and extreme tourism centers. The share of foreign tourists in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District is below the Russian average.
At the resorts of the North Caucasus Federal District there are no modern specialized facilities for the recreation and entertainment industry (sports clubs, rental offices for vehicles and sports equipment, shops, cultural and entertainment complexes, etc.).
One of the strategic objectives of tourism development is to stimulate the development of new tourist centers in the North Caucasus Federal District in addition to existing resorts. The formation of new investment sites will speed up the process of updating the industry's fixed assets, increase competition and the quality of services provided, and will also increase the diversity of the tourist offer, the density of recreational areas and the level of infrastructural development.
ChapterVI. Problems of the North Caucasian Federal District and ways to solve them
One of the important problems in the North Caucasus Federal District is migration, including forced migration. Hot spots, military conflicts in neighboring countries, complex interethnic relations, on the one hand, and favorable climatic conditions, on the other hand, have made this territory a crossroads of migration flows.
Managing migration processes in the North Caucasus Federal District requires the active participation of the federal center in terms of the development and implementation of an extensive program that provides for a set of administrative, social, economic and cultural measures for the quantitative and spatial regulation of migration flows, as well as for ensuring the process of mutual adaptation of migrants and hosts their territories. To solve the problem of excess labor resources in the North Caucasus Federal District, the annual size of labor migration should be 30–40 thousand people. Dozens of regions of the Russian Federation need to be involved in receiving migrants.
More than one third of the total population of the North Caucasus Federal District is youth (approximately 2.8 million people). Therefore, in the North Caucasus Federal District as a whole and in each constituent entity of the Russian Federation that is part of it, in particular, a competent and effective youth policy must be pursued. To implement these areas of activity, it is necessary to organize monitoring of the main aspects of the life of local youth and develop a youth policy strategy in the North Caucasus Federal District.
A serious problem in the North Caucasus Federal District is the low level of development of the healthcare system. In all subjects of the North Caucasus Federal District, there is a shortage of hospitals and clinics, as well as doctors and paramedical personnel. The most popular types of medical care are oncology, cardiovascular surgery, traumatology and orthopedics, neurosurgery and ophthalmology. The need for high-tech medical care for these types is fully consistent with the structure of morbidity and the volume of medical care provided in the Russian Federation as a whole.
In 2009, the North Caucasus Multidisciplinary Medical Center of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation began operating, which is a modern, well-equipped medical institution. It should be noted that the center has not yet fully reached its planned design capacity. Increasing activity in referring patients to the center in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District can significantly increase the availability of multidisciplinary specialized and high-tech medical care to residents of this district.
The supply of doctors in the North Caucasus Federal District is lower than the average for the Russian Federation. In 2009, the value of this indicator was 38 people per 10 thousand population (in the Russian Federation - 44.1 people per 10 thousand population). The provision of paramedical personnel in this federal district is also lower than the Russian average. In 2009, the value of this indicator was 81.6 people per 10 thousand population (in the Russian Federation - 94.1 people per 10 thousand population). The problem of increasing the level of professional training of teachers and educators in preschool institutions deserves special attention. Among the most pressing problems of secondary schools, there is an acute shortage of teaching staff and an outdated material and technical base. The number of students in daytime educational institutions in the North Caucasus Federal District, as well as in the Russian Federation as a whole, is declining.
An important task is also the high-quality training of specialists necessary to ensure potential economic growth. Problems with personnel qualifications exist in almost all sectors of the economy (tourism, health resort sector, public administration, food industry, agriculture, construction, healthcare, etc.), which requires the system not only to improve training programs, but also to retrain personnel with taking into account the requirements of a developing economy and modern standards.
The main social problem inherent in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation equally included in the North Caucasus Federal District is the low level of housing provision. Despite the low values of the housing supply indicator, the share of dilapidated and dilapidated housing in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District is generally lower than the average for the Russian Federation. Only in the Republic of Dagestan and the Republic of Ingushetia is the share of dilapidated and dilapidated housing extremely high - 20.6% and 20.4%, respectively. No less acute is the problem of staffing. Only 30% of specialists working in cultural institutions have higher professional education. At the same time, achieving high development indicators for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District is impossible without due attention to the cultural component, both in terms of creating the appropriate infrastructure and in terms of staffing. The situation on the labor market in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District is extremely unfavorable.
As of May 1, 2010, the total number of unemployed citizens in the North Caucasus Federal District is 766.6 thousand people or 18 percent of the economically active population (the average for the Russian Federation is 8.2%). The highest unemployment rate is observed in the Republic of Ingushetia – 53%, the Chechen Republic – 42% and the Republic of Dagestan – 17.2%.
Many monuments and objects of cultural and historical heritage are in need of restoration. Among them are the State Museum-Reserve of M.Yu. Lermontov and the archaeological and natural museum-reserve "Tatar Settlement" in the Stavropol Territory, the historical and architectural complex Dargavs in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, tower complexes of the 9th - 18th centuries in the Republic of Ingushetia, a museum -Naryn-Kala Nature Reserve in the Republic of Dagestan and many others.
Key areas of activities in the field of labor market development include:
· stimulating the creation of new jobs, including in the field of small and medium-sized businesses;
· creation of conditions conducive to improving the quality of the workforce (educational programs for professional training and retraining of personnel and unemployed citizens, support for employment and provision of internships for youth);
· creating conditions for the development of territorial mobility of citizens (employment of residents of the North Caucasus Federal District in other regions of the Russian Federation);
· increasing the efficiency of the functioning of special institutions in the labor market (development of employment centers and resource centers in the North Caucasus Federal District, improving coordination with employment centers in other regions of the Russian Federation).
In order to maximize the needs of the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District for personnel, it is necessary to develop short-, medium- and long-term forecasts of the labor market needs for professional personnel (jobs), as well as take the necessary measures to use the potential and experience of specialized leading higher education institutions and educational institutions secondary vocational education of the Russian Federation in the priority sectors for the specified federal district - tourism and services, construction and agriculture.
CONCLUSION
In terms of the level of social development, the North Caucasus Federal District ranks last, with only 47% of the per capita GDP production of the Russian average. The standard of living of the population is low, all sectors of the social sphere are in decline. The difficult socio-economic situation is delaying economic reform, although it should push it to accelerate.
In terms of the level of development of market infrastructure, the region is considered to be prosperous. Almost 1/8 of Russian commercial banks are located here. There are also good conditions for highly profitable state entrepreneurship.
The main directions and problems of the long-term development of the North Caucasus are:
Preferential development of sectors of the consumer market - agro-industrial and resort and recreational complexes;
Restoration, reconstruction and growth of mechanical engineering and chemical industries of chemical importance;
- rise of the oil and oil refining industry and infrastructure;
- intensive deployment of a particularly effective agro-industrial complex;
-expansion and strengthening of the infrastructure of a unique resort and recreational complex;
- reconstruction and development of the transport complex as Russia’s “southern gateway” to the West;
- strengthening the fuel and energy sector.
LIST OF SOURCES AND REFERENCES
I. Sources
1. Strategy for the socio-economic development of the North Caucasus Federal District until 2025 (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 6, 2010 N 1485-r).
2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 19, 2010 No. 82 "On introducing amendments to the list of federal districts approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 No. 849, and to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2008 No. 724" Issues of the system and structure of federal executive authorities"
II. Special literature
1. Glushkova V.G., Simagin Yu.A.. Federal districts of Russia. Regional economy. - M.: KNORUS, 2009. – 352 p.
2. Regional studies: Textbook. for universities / Gladkiy Yu. N., Chistobaev A. I. –
M.: Gardariki, 2002. – 385 p.
3. Regional studies: Textbook. A manual for university students studying in specialties 350300 “Regional Studies”, 350200 “International Relations” / Dergachev V.A., Vardomsky L.B. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2004. - 463 p.
III. Web sites
1. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/ (Results of the All-Russian Population Census)
2. http://skfo.gov.ru/
3. http://www.adm-kmv.ru/ (Administration of Caucasian Mineral Waters)
4. http://www.garant.ru (Information and business portal)
5. http://www.skfo.ru/ (Official website of the North Caucasian Federal District)
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the entire population |
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rural population |
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urban population |
rural population |
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The Republic of Dagestan |
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The Republic of Ingushetia |
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Kabardino-Balkarian Republic |
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Karachay-Cherkess Republic |
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Republic of North Ossetia-Alania |
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Chechen Republic |
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Stavropol region |
Annex 1
Urban and rural population in the North Caucasus Federal District e
Appendix 2
Map of North Caucasus Federal District
Regional studies: Textbook for universities / GladkyYu. N., ChistobaevaA. I.. - M.: Gardariki, 2002.S. 385.
Glushkova V.G., Simagin Yu.A.. Federal districts of Russia. Regional economy. - M.: KNORUS, 2009. P. 352.
(Information and business portal)
http://skfo.gov.ru/ (Official website of the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus Federal District)
North Caucasus Federal District– administrative formation in the south of Russia, in the central and eastern parts of the North Caucasus, consists of 7 subjects. The North Caucasus Federal District was separated from the Southern Federal District in January 2010.
The administrative center is the city of Pyatigorsk.
The district borders: the Southern Federal District, as well as Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and South Ossetia.
The area of the district is approximately 1% of the total territory of the Russian Federation (about 172 thousand 360 square kilometers) - the smallest federal district of Russia.
Large cities that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, with a population of over 100 thousand people: Makhachkala, Stavropol, Vladikavkaz, Nalchik, Grozny, Pyatigorsk, Nazran, Kislovodsk, Nevinnomyssk, Khasavyurt, Cherkessk, Derbent.
The North Caucasus Federal District includes:
Stavropol Territory and 6 republics: Kabardino-Balkarian, Chechen, Karachay-Cherkess, Dagestan, Ingushetia and North Ossetia-Alania.
The North Caucasus Federal District is the youngest federal district of the Russian Federation.
In general, the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District is dominated by agriculture and livestock raising; in some areas the mining industry, winemaking, and fishing are developed. The greatest contribution to the economy of the district is made by: Stavropol Territory, Karachay-Cherkess Republic and Kabardino-Balkaria.
In the economy of the Stavropol Territory, a significant role is played by: mining, oil and gas refining industries, mechanical engineering, electric power, chemical, food and light industries, and agriculture. In addition, the Stavropol Territory is home to the world-famous medical resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters.
Kabardino-Balkaria has a fairly rich resource base: rare and non-ferrous ores, oil and natural gas, mineral and fresh waters. Agriculture, logging, and the production of industrial equipment are well developed in the republic.
In the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, mechanical engineering, light, chemical, mining and wood processing industries, agriculture, and sheep breeding predominate. Tourism, mountaineering and resort activities are also of great importance for the region.
The North Caucasus District has been experiencing an unstable political situation for many years, with armed conflicts occurring frequently. This has an extremely negative impact on the development of the region’s economy. Industrial production figures have dropped significantly compared to Soviet times. In addition, the situation is aggravated by the small amount of investment flowing into the region.
With the separation of the territories of the North Caucasus into an independent federal district, more attention was paid to the development of the region. It is expected that thanks to this, the difficult political and economic situation will be overcome, and the district will be able to compete in economic development with other federal districts of Russia.
There are 6 nature reserves located in the district:
Dagestan- The Republic of Dagestan
Kabardino-Balkarian
Caucasian- Republics of Karachay-Cherkessia, Adygea, Krasnodar Territory
North Ossetian- Republic of North Ossetia (Alania)
Teberdinsky
Erzi- The Republic of Ingushetia
2 National Parks:
Alanya
Elbrus region- Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Federal reserves:
Agrakhansky- The Republic of Dagestan
Dautsky- Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
Ingush- The Republic of Ingushetia
Karachay-Cherkess GOKH- Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
Nalchik GOOH- Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Samursky- The Republic of Dagestan
North Ossetian GOOH- Republic of North. Ossetia (Alania)
Soviet- Chechen district
Tlyaratinsky- The Republic of Dagestan
Tseysky- Republic of North. Ossetia (Alania)
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