Population distribution - it is the result of the spatial distribution of a population over a period of time. The most important characteristic of placement is population density - the degree of population of a particular territory, the number of permanent population per unit area (usually 1 km 2). With the world average population density of about 45 people/km 2, in some countries it exceeds 500 (Table 4.11).
Table 4.11
Countries in the world with the highest average population density as of 2015
Examples of such countries are Monaco, Singapore, Bahrain, Mauritius, etc. The figures are especially high in small and microstates: in Monaco - more than 18,000, in Singapore - more than 7,000, in Malta - over 1,200.
On the other hand, Antarctica has no permanent population at all, and in Greenland there is 1 person per 35 km 2. The largest countries in the world by area - Russia and Canada - have a population density of only 8.5 and 3.4 people/km 2, respectively. This uneven distribution of the Earth's population is due to the fact that humanity has long been concentrated in areas with the most favorable conditions for economic activity (Table 4.12).
Table 4.12
Countries in the world with the lowest population densities as of 2015
Currently, the most densely populated areas with a population density of over 300 people/km 2 make up only 7% of the land area, but more than 70% of all humanity lives in them. About 15% of the land area - deserts, impenetrable forests, highlands - is practically uninhabited.
Population settlement is the process of distribution and redistribution of the population over a certain territory, as a result of which a network of settlements appears. The most important pattern of population settlement is the correspondence of settlement forms to the level of economic development. Primitive society was characterized by slow economic development of the territory. Therefore, the settlement of the primitive era was dispersed, often taking a nomadic form. During the transition to the agrarian era, a sedentary form of settlement was consolidated, and networks of settlements were created - rural and urban. However, the vast majority of the population in this era lived in rural settlements. An industrial society is characterized by a concentration of population in cities, and in a post-industrial society, the differences between city and village in the social and economic sense are erased, as the urban lifestyle extends to the countryside. This phenomenon is called urbanization.
Currently, there are two main forms of population settlement in the world: rural and urban. About 47% of the world's population lives in cities, and the proportion of urban dwellers in the world is growing. The historical process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society, the widespread dissemination of urban lifestyle and urban culture is called urbanization(from lat. urbanus - urban). In a narrow sense, urbanization refers to the growth of cities, especially large ones, and an increase in the proportion of city residents in any territory. The main indicators of urbanization are its pace, level and forms.
The rate of urbanization shows the speed of spread of this process in the world as a whole and in its individual parts, and the level shows the proportion of the population living in cities. For most of human history, urban growth has occurred at a very slow pace. Back in the middle of the 19th century. Only about 4% of the world's population lived in cities. The turning point occurred only in the 20th century. and was associated with the industrialization of the world economy. Over the last century, the share of city dwellers in the world has increased almost 4 times - from 13 to 47% of the planet's population. And the urban population increased 13 times over the same period. At the beginning of the 21st century. More than 3 billion people lived in cities. The rapid growth of urbanization, which peaked in the second half of the 20th century, when the rate of urbanization reached 2.6% per year, was called the “urban explosion”. It coincided in time with the demographic explosion. At the beginning of the 21st century. The urban population is growing approximately three times faster than the rural population, although natural population growth in cities is two times lower than in rural areas. This means that cities are growing largely due to the massive migration of rural populations into them. Currently, the global average rate of urbanization is about 2% per year, but it varies widely among countries around the world. For developed countries of the world that have entered the post-industrial stage of economic development, they amount to less than 0.3% per year. In these countries, the level of urbanization is high (more than 70%), and the growth of the urban population has practically stopped.
In developing countries, the rate of urbanization is much higher - about 4% per year. They are especially high in the countries of West Africa and South Asia (8-13% per year), i.e. where the level of urbanization is still low (less than 1/3 with an average level for developing countries of 4/5), and the rate of natural population growth is high. The agricultural sector of these countries is unable to feed the rapidly increasing rural population, which is forced to seek work in cities.
In general, the highest level of urbanization is typical for developed countries, microstates, as well as for countries in which farming is difficult due to natural conditions (Table 4.13).
Table 4.13
Countries in the world with the highest share of urban population by state
for 2015
The least developed countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Oceania, whose economies are at the agricultural stage of development, have the lowest rates of urbanization (Table 4.14). A phenomenon in this group is Liechtenstein, a developed European microstate with a low share of urban population.
Countries in the world with the smallest share of urban population by state
for 2015
|
Share of urban population, % |
|||
|
Papua New Guinea |
Australia and Oceania |
||
|
Trinidad and Tobago |
Latin America |
||
|
Liechtenstein |
|||
|
Sri Lanka |
|||
|
Saint Lucia |
Latin America |
||
Currently, in Europe, the USA, Canada, Japan, Latin America, Australia and European CIS countries, the level of urbanization is 3/4 of the population; in Asia and Africa - about 1/3. However, about 70% of the planet’s city dwellers live in developing countries (primarily in Foreign Asia, where their total number is 1.5 times higher than their total number in developed countries), which reflects the general global trend in changing the share of regions in the world population.
The main form of urbanization is the city itself or an urban settlement. A city is considered a populated area with a certain population that performs specific, predominantly non-agrarian (industrial, transport, cultural, administrative-political and other) functions. The population size (population) of a populated place, after which it is already considered a city, varies in different countries. For example, in Russia it is 12 thousand people, in the USA - 2.5 thousand, in the Netherlands - 20 thousand, in Japan - 50 thousand, and in Iceland - only 200 people.
One of the features of modern urbanization is the concentration of the population in the largest cities with a population of more than 1 million people, or hyperurbanization. The largest number of millionaire cities are in China, the USA, India, Brazil and Russia. These same countries also lead in terms of the absolute number of urban residents. In addition, there are 16 “super cities” in the world with a population of more than 10 million people. each (Table 4.15).
The largest cities in the world with a population of more than 10 million people. as of 2015
|
(agglomeration) |
Number of inhabitants, million people. |
|||
|
Pakistan |
||||
|
Guangzhou |
||||
|
Europe Asia |
||||
|
Bangladesh |
||||
|
Sao Paulo |
Brazil |
Latin |
||
|
Pakistan |
||||
|
Shenzhen |
||||
|
Republic |
Most of them are in developing countries. However, modern urbanization is not only characterized by urban growth. Suburban areas are also growing. This process is called suburbanization. The city is no longer a point. It is gradually growing, including neighboring settlements and satellite cities. Suburbanization leads to education urban agglomerations- systems of urban settlements connected to each other by intensive production, labor, cultural, social, and recreational connections. Further development of urban agglomerations may lead to their fusion and formation megalopolises(from Greek megas - huge and polis - city) - the highest form of concentration of the urban population. The megalopolis is not a zone of continuous urban development: approximately 90% of its area is occupied by open spaces: cottages, fields, forests, transport routes, reservoirs, vacant land. However, there are close socio-economic ties and constant population movements between the agglomerations that form it. The number of megalopolises in the world is still small. In the United States, there are five megalopolises, which are home to about 50% of the country's population. This is the Atlantic, stretching from Boston to Washington, or “Boswash” (60 million people); Priozerny - 40 million people. (Chicago - Detroit - Pittsburgh, or "Chipits"); Californian - 22 million people. (San Francisco - San Diego, or "Sansan"), East Florida (Miami) and Mexican (Houston - New Orleans) megalopolises are still at the stage of formation, and their population is about 10 million people. In Japan there is the megalopolis Tokaido (Tokyo - Nagoya - Osaka) with a population of more than 55 million people, where more than 40% of the country's inhabitants live. But the record holder for population among megalopolises, of course, is European - about 100 million people, or almost 1/4 of the population of Foreign Europe (without SNE)! The European megalopolis is a gigantic cluster of cities located in many countries. It extends from Manchester and London in northwestern Europe through the Dutch Ranstadt (Amsterdam - The Hague - Rotterdam) and further through the Ruhr region and Frankfurt am Main in Germany, Paris in France along the Rhine, covering Switzerland (Basel) and Italy, and ends in Milan. Due to its shape, curved from northwest to southwest, this megalopolis was called the “European banana”.
Despite the "urban explosion", about half of the world's inhabitants still live in rural areas. The share of the rural population is especially high in Foreign Asia - 65% and Africa - 70%. In China and India, the share of rural residents is 70 and 73%, respectively. But the leaders in the share of rural population are the countries of Tropical Africa (Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda) and South Asia (Bhutan and Nepal). Depending on the natural conditions, as well as on the historical traditions of a particular country, rural settlement can be divided into two forms: group (village, village) and dispersed (farm, farm).
In unfavorable climatic conditions, there is often no permanent population at all. Here, especially in arid climates (Northern and Western Africa, Southwestern and Central Asia), a nomadic form of settlement is found to this day. The number of nomads in the world is about 25-30 million people.
The movement of people across the borders of certain territories with a change of place of residence forever or for a more or less long time is called mechanical movement of the population or migration(from lat. migration - relocation). A person who migrates is called a migrant. Migrations have been around as long as the human race itself. At the dawn of human history, the process of settling the continents took place, then there was the Great Migration of Peoples in the 4th-7th centuries. and the Great Geographical Discoveries of the 16th century, the settlement of America and Australia in the 17th-19th centuries. However, it can be said that in general, in the traditional economy, people led a sedentary lifestyle. They could only be forced to migrate by some extraordinary events, such as famine and hardship caused by an enemy invasion or an unexpected natural disaster (flood, volcanic eruption, climate change). But gradually, as industrial and then post-industrial society is established, there is a transition from a sedentary way of life to an increase in territorial movements of the population. This process, called the migration transition, is associated with progress in the field of transport and communications, the formation of first national and then global labor and capital markets.
The whole variety of migration processes can be reduced to several types. One of the main features of identifying types of migration is the purpose of migrants crossing state borders. On this basis, external migration is divided into emigration (leaving the country), immigration (entering the country) and internal migration. A foreigner who comes legally to the country for the purpose of permanent residence and work is called an immigrant, and a person who leaves the country for the purpose of changing his place of residence is called an emigrant. Another type of external migration is re-emigration, or the return of a migrant to his homeland.
Internal migration refers to the movement of population within one country. Its main direction, especially in developing countries, is from villages to cities. Such migrations increase the level of urbanization in the country. In accordance with the time criterion, permanent (irreturnable) and temporary migration (returnable) are distinguished. Temporary migration includes seasonal. It is associated either with seasonal agricultural work, such as driving livestock to another pasture, harvesting, etc., or with socio-cultural activities: traveling to study, on vacation, for treatment, etc. Pendulum migrations - Regular movements of the population from one locality to another to work or study and back are also classified as temporary migrations. Such migrations developed under conditions of suburbanization. Classifications of migrations by reasons (motives) and methods of implementation are important for revealing the essence of migration processes. Among the motives for migration, it is necessary to highlight socio-economic (labor migration), political, military, religious, national, and environmental. The consequence of the increased influence of the latter has been a significant increase in the number of refugees in the world. A special type of labor migration is “brain drain” - the departure of qualified specialists from developing and post-socialist countries to industrialized countries, where they can work in better conditions and for more money. According to the method of implementation, migration can be voluntary, forced (refugees) and forced (deportation). According to statistics, at the beginning of the 21st century. There were more than 25 million refugees in the world, with 3/4 of them in developing countries in Asia and Africa. Military operations in Afghanistan led to the flight of more than 6 million people from the country, the interethnic conflict in Rwanda and Burundi drove about 3 million people from their homes, and the civil wars in Somalia and Liberia - more than 1 million people. each. Recently, refugee flows have increased in relatively prosperous and calm Europe. For example, the collapse of Yugoslavia, the subsequent military conflict in this region and the associated practice of “ethnic cleansing” (forced transfer of populations to create ethnically homogeneous territories) and deportations of the population led to a flow of refugees, the number of which exceeded 3 million people. The emergence of refugees is also facilitated by the life-threatening deterioration of the environmental situation in areas of residence, caused by man-made disasters (for example, refugees from areas adjacent to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant) or natural disasters (an example of the latter case is the volcanic eruption on the island of Montserrat in the Caribbean Sea in 1997. , forcing most of its population to leave the island).
At the beginning of the 21st century. the volume of international migrations exceeded 150 million people, and the average annual growth rate of the number of migrants was 2.5%. In the modern world, three main areas of attraction for migrants can be distinguished (Table 4.16).
Countries in the world leading in the number of migrants as of 2015
|
Number of immigrants, million people. |
Share of immigrants in the country's population, % |
|||
|
Northern |
||||
|
Germany |
||||
|
Europe Asia |
||||
|
Saudi |
||||
|
Great Britain |
||||
|
Northern |
||||
|
Australia |
Australia and Oceania |
|||
These are primarily North America and the EU - over 25 million migrants in each region, then the Gulf countries - 10-15 million. Other countries attracting migrants include Australia, South Africa, Israel, Brazil and the NIS of Asia. Russia has also recently experienced a migration increase in population. For the period from 1989 to 2002. 5.4 million people left the country, and almost 11 million arrived. Thus, the migration increase in Russia over 13 years amounted to more than 5.5 million people. About 45% of the population of Israel and 20% of Australia also came to these countries from abroad, i.e. almost 2.5 and 5 million people. However, in these cases, statistics do not take into account these people as immigrants, since they receive citizenship of the countries of arrival (naturalize) and are therefore no longer foreigners. The main suppliers of migrants are the countries of South (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh), South-East (Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam) and South-West Asia (Turkey, Iran and Yemen), North (Egypt, Algeria and Morocco) and Tropical
(Congo) Africa, Southern Europe (Portugal, Greece and Spain) and Latin America (especially Mexico).
Labor migration leads to serious economic consequences for both the countries importing the population and its exporters. Countries receiving foreign labor use it as a factor in the development of their productive forces. Immigrants allow those sectors of the economy of labor-importing countries that are experiencing a shortage of personnel to function normally. Therefore, immigrants work mainly in those industries that are not in demand among the local population due to their labor intensity, low pay and lack of prestige. For example, currently foreign workers make up more than 35% of those employed in the automotive industry in France, 40% of all construction workers in Switzerland, and almost 100% of those employed in oil production in Kuwait. Migrants are also attracted to those areas of economic activity where the countries receiving them lack specialists in the required profile. In this case, the governments of these countries save a lot of money on training. For example, as a result of the “brain drain”, the United States saved in the field of education and scientific activity over the period from 1965 to 1990. more than $15 billion. In terms of the share of immigrant workers employed in the country's economy, the Persian Gulf states lead the world - 65% on average for the region. In Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia their share was 70-80%, and in the UAE - over 90% of the country's total workforce.
Labor migration brings a positive economic effect to labor-exporting countries, as it helps normalize the situation in their labor markets and reduces unemployment. Thus, in Pakistan in the second half of the 1990s. Migration abroad has reduced unemployment by one third. A similar situation is developing in neighboring India and Bangladesh. Moreover, research shows that labor migration raises the average wages and incomes of the poorest people in donor countries. Labor emigration contributes to the growth of qualifications of workers traveling abroad. Abroad, migrants are introduced to more modern technologies, higher standards of discipline and production organization, which increases the quality of the labor resources of their countries when immigrants return to their homeland. The influx of foreign currency that migrant workers transfer to their relatives is important for the economies of labor-exporting countries.
- 6. 7.
- 2) USA;
- 3) Great Britain;
What types of migrations can you name? Give examples.
What causes international labor migration from developing to developed countries?
Which countries have seen the largest outflow of refugees in recent decades?
What are the main immigration centers in the world that you know?
Test tasks
The world average population density is:
- 1) from 5 to 10 people/km 2 ;
- 2) from 20 to 25 people/km 2 ;
- 3) about 100 people/km 2 ;
- 4) from 40 to 50 people/km 2 .
Select two countries that have the highest population density:
- 1) Canada; 4) Monaco;
- 2) Bangladesh; 5) Russia;
- 3) Australia; 6) Kazakhstan.
Highlight the capitals of the countries with the lowest population density:
- 1) Seoul; 4) Washington;
- 2) Tokyo; 5) Brussels;
- 3) Canberra; 6) Shanghai.
The world average for the share of urban population is:
- 1) less than 20%;
- 2) from 20 to 30%;
- 3) from 30 to 40%;
- 4) from 40 to 50%;
- 5) more than 50%.
Highlight the European states with the highest percentage of urban population:
- 1) Argentina; 5) Israel;
- 2) Great Britain; 6) Albania;
- 3) Belgium; 7) Germany;
- 4) Russia; 8) The Netherlands.
Select the region with the lowest urbanization rate:
- 1) Africa; 4) Australia and Oceania;
- 2) North America; 5) Europe;
- 3) Asia; 6) Latin America.
Select the country whose capital is the largest city in the world:
- 1) China; 4) Japan;
- 5) India;
- 6) Brazil.
Explain the features of urbanization in North African countries. Record your findings.
Detailed solution to paragraph § 12 on geography for 7th grade students, authors Korinskaya V.A., Dushina I.V., Shchenev V.A. 2017
1. What are the external signs of people of different races?
Equatorial (or Australo-Negroid) race - includes the Negroid and Australo-Veddoid races in the broadest sense. It is united on the basis of dark pigmentation, dolichocephaly, prognathism, wide eye shape, wide nose, thick lips, narrow physique. However, judging by the non-selection characteristics of teeth and dermatoglyphics, it is clearly divided into two trunks - western (African groups) and eastern (Asian, Australian and Pacific groups). The Caucasian race, the Eurasian race, is one of the great races of humanity. Distributed in Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, Northern India, as well as in areas of European colonization (America, Australia, South Africa). It is characterized by light or dark skin, soft straight or wavy hair, strong development of tertiary hair, a narrow, strongly protruding nose with a high bridge, thin lips, orthognathism. Pigmentation of eyes and hair within E. r. varies greatly. The Mongoloid race is a race of indigenous inhabitants of eastern and northern Asia, as well as the far north. Distinguished by black, coarse, straight, rarely wavy hair; dark eyes; dark, often yellowish skin color; weak development of tertiary hairline; strong protrusion of cheekbones; flattened face; mostly low nose; the presence of an epicanthus and a highly developed fold of the upper eyelid.
2. How do you understand the statement: “Man is part of the biosphere”?
Man is part of the biosphere because the biosphere is that part of the earth where all living beings, including humans, live.
3. Show on the map the settlement routes of ancient man on Earth.
Page 69 of the textbook.
4. From history lessons, remember where the first agricultural states arose?
Mesopotamia, or Mesopotamia, is a very favorable region for agriculture, a mild, warm climate, excellent location and the presence of two large rivers of Western Asia - the Tigris and Euphrates - provided the necessary amount of water for the development of the irrigation system and irrigation method of land use. The people inhabiting these lands were less dependent on the vagaries of the weather than others, so they could receive stable and rich harvests. Approximately the same situation developed in the valley of Africa’s largest river, the Nile. But in order to build watering and irrigation complexes, it was necessary to organize the collective work of a large number of people, otherwise it was simply impossible to create effective agriculture. This is how the first prototypes of state formations originated, and this is where the first states appeared, but these, strictly speaking, were not yet quite state formations. These were their embryos, from which the most ancient countries of the world were subsequently formed.
PRACTICUM
1. Why is the population density different in different places on Earth?
People are unequally distributed across the planet's hemispheres. They mainly live in the Northern (90%) and Eastern (85%) hemispheres of the planet. Also, population density depends on the continents and their parts. Much more noticeable are the differences in the distribution of people across the world. There are also more minor factors that influence the placement of people: distance from the sea, absolute height of the land, relief, how long ago the territory was developed, climate. For a long time, humanity settled throughout the territory of the Earth, gradually accumulating in places most favorable for living (for example, the valleys of the Nile, Indus, Ganges, the interfluve of the Tigris and Euphrates, where the so-called “river civilizations” were formed). The further development of society showed that, despite the desire of the state to equalize the population density throughout the country, people themselves strive to live where the climate is more comfortable for human habitation.
2. How to calculate the average population density of a territory? Study the population density map and identify the most sparsely populated areas on each continent.
Divide the population by the area of the territory. Eurasia - mountainous regions (Himalayas and Tibet), north-eastern Russia, North America - northern Canada, South America - mountainous regions in southern Chile and Argentina, inland Amazonia, Africa - interior of the Sahara, Australia - desert regions in the central part . Mongolia is one of the most sparsely populated countries (average density of 1 person per 1 km2). State in the north-east of Central Asia. Area – 1566 thousand km2; population – 2 million people. Greenland. Its population is 56,000 people who live on an area of 2,175,600 km2. The population density of Greenland is 1 person per 39 km2. Botswana is larger than Ukraine, but only one and a half million people live there; Namibia is slightly larger both in population and territory. The most sparsely populated countries in the world are San Marino, Monaco, Liechtenstein (no more than 30,000 people in each country).
3. Identify and compare differences in the population of individual continents and countries of the world.
The Earth's population is distributed extremely unevenly. 70% of the population lives on just 7% of the land area. 80% of the total population is concentrated in the Eastern Hemisphere, 0.9% in the Northern Hemisphere. At the same time, the bulk of people live within the temperate, subtropical and subequatorial climatic zones. 15% of the land area is completely undeveloped by people - these are areas with extreme natural conditions. The main indicator characterizing the distribution of the population is population density. The average population density of the Earth is 40 people/km2. However, the uneven distribution of population in different regions and countries of the world is enormous. The population density indicator ranges from tenths to 2000 people/km2. The population density of Foreign Europe and Asia is more than 100 people/km2, in North and South America – about 20 people/km2, and in Australia and Oceania – no more than 4 people/km2. A comparison of the population density of individual countries allows us to distinguish three groups of countries: countries with a very high population density - more than 200 people/km2 (Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Israel, Lebanon, Bangladesh, the Republic of Korea, El Salvador); countries with population density close to the world average - approximately 40 people/km2 (Ireland, Iraq, Malaysia, Morocco, Tunisia, Mexico, Ecuador); countries with low population density - less than 2 people/km2 (Mongolia, Libya , Namibia, Australia, Greenland).
4. What economic activities are engaged in by people in areas with high and low population densities?
In places with the highest population densities, often large cities or coastlines, the bulk of the population is employed in industrial or service sectors. There are large economic centers here that require a large amount of labor resources. In places with low population density, most of the residents are employed in agriculture, cattle breeding or other areas of the agricultural sector. This is because huge areas are used for growing and processing food, which does not require a high number of workers.
5. Collect information about birth rates, deaths and population growth in your area (city, village, small house, one entrance of an apartment building) and draw up graphs and diagrams based on the collected data.
6. What professions do specialists study the Earth’s population?
Geographers, demographers, philologists, ecologists, anthropologists.
POPULATION PLACEMENT
POPULATION PLACEMENT
The world's population is distributed extremely unevenly. Strong influence on R. n. are influenced by the natural conditions of the territory, employment in the village. households, attraction to transport and trade routes. Map of R. n. indicates a huge unevenness in the population of the Earth's territory. To the east hemisphere contains more population (about 86%) than in the western hemisphere, and in the northern. hemisphere is larger compared to the south, where 10% of the population lives. The bulk of people live in temperate, subtropical and subequatorial climate zones at altitudes up to 500 m above sea level. Completely undeveloped areas occupy 15% of the land area.
Concise geographical dictionary. EdwART. 2008.
See what “POPULATION PLACEMENT” is in other dictionaries:
POPULATION PLACEMENT- POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, the result of the process of spatial distribution of us. and the formation of a network of settlements for a certain period of time; included in the concept of population settlement. R.n. and dept. its characteristics are displayed on geographical... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
English settlement; German Bevolkerungsverteilung, territoriale. The result of the process of spatial distribution of population in a network of settlements for a certain period of time. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology
POPULATION PLACEMENT- English settlement; German Bevolkerungsverteilung, territoriale. The result of the process of spatial distribution of population in a network of settlements for a certain period of time. ... Explanatory dictionary of sociology
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Placement of public deposits in various banks, companies, funds, financial organizations, joint-stock companies in order to obtain a profit on the invested capital. See also: Deposit operations Deposits Financial Dictionary Finam ... Financial Dictionary
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Analysis of population distribution is an important task in population geography. Most often it is determined by the number of inhabitants per 1 square kilometer.
Topic: Man on planet Earth
Lesson: Population Distribution on Planet Earth
How people are located on the earth's surface.
What reasons influence the distribution of people on the planet? .
People are distributed extremely unevenly on the planet (see Fig. 1). About 1/10 of the land is still uninhabited (Antarctica, almost all of Greenland, and so on).
The main indicator characterizing the distribution of the population is population density. The average population density of the Earth is 40 people/km 2 . However, the uneven distribution of population in different regions and countries of the world is enormous. The population density indicator ranges from tenths to 2000 people/km 2 .
Population density is the number of inhabitants per 1 km² of territory.
The population density of Foreign Europe and Asia is more than 100 people/km2, in North and South America - about 20 people/km2, and in Australia and Oceania - no more than 4 people/km2.
According to other estimates, about half of the land has a density of less than 1 person per square kilometer; for 1/4 the density ranges from 1 to 10 people per 1 square kilometer. km, and only the rest of the land has a density of more than 10 people per 1 square kilometer. On the populated part of the Earth (ecumene), the average population density is 32 people per square meter. km.
80% live in the eastern hemisphere, 90% live in the northern hemisphere, and 60% of the total population of the Earth lives in Asia.
Rice. 1. Countries that hold the record for population density
Obviously, there is a group of countries with a very high population density - over 200 people per square kilometer. It includes countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Israel, Lebanon, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the Republic of Korea, Rwanda, El Salvador, etc.
In a number of countries, the density indicator is close to the world average - in Ireland, Iraq, Colombia, Malaysia, Morocco, Tunisia, Mexico, etc.
Some countries have lower density rates than the world average - in them it is no more than 2 people per 1 km 2. This group includes Mongolia, Libya, Mauritania, Namibia, Guiana, Australia, Greenland, etc.
People are unevenly distributed across the planet's hemispheres. Most of them live in the northern (90%) and eastern (85%) hemispheres. The distribution of the population varies among individual continents, their parts, and especially among countries of the world.
The uneven distribution of population on the planet is explained by a number of factors.
Warmth and moisture, topography and soil fertility, and sufficient air are of great importance for human life. Therefore, cold and dry areas, as well as high mountains, are sparsely populated.
Rice. 2. City on the plain
Firstly, it is the natural environment. For example, it is known that 1/2 of the world's population is concentrated in lowlands (see Fig. 3).
Since ancient times, humanity has gravitated towards the sea (see Fig. 2). The proximity to it made it possible to obtain food and conduct economic activities related to marine fishing. Sea routes opened up the possibility of communication with other regions of the Earth. Although they make up less than 30% of the landmass; 1/3 of the people live at a distance of no more than 50 kilometers from the sea (the area of this strip is 12% of the land), - the population seems to be shifted towards the sea. This factor has probably been the leading one throughout human history, but its influence weakens with socio-economic development. And although vast areas with extreme and unfavorable natural conditions (deserts, tundras, highlands, tropical forests, etc.) are still poorly populated, natural factors alone cannot explain the expansion of ecumene areas and those huge shifts in the distribution of people who have occurred over the last century.
Rice. 3. City by the ocean
Secondly, the historical factor has a fairly strong influence. This is due to the duration of the process of human settlement on Earth (about 30-40 thousand years).
Thirdly, the distribution of the population is affected by the current demographic situation. Thus, in some countries the population is growing very quickly due to high natural growth.
In addition, within any country or region, no matter how small, the population density is different and varies greatly depending on the level of development of the productive forces. It follows that average population density indicators provide only an approximate idea of the population and economic potential of the country.
Homework
Read § 12. Answer the questions:
Why is the average population density of the Earth constantly increasing?
What reasons influence the placement of people?
Bibliography
MainI
1. Geography. Land and people. 7th grade: Textbook for general education. uch. / A.P. Kuznetsov, L.E. Savelyeva, V.P. Dronov, series “Spheres”. - M.: Education, 2011.
2. Geography. Land and people. 7th grade: atlas, “Spheres” series.
Additional
1. N.A. Maksimov. Behind the pages of a geography textbook. - M.: Enlightenment.
Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam
1. Tests. Geography. 6-10 grades: Educational and methodological manual / A. A. Letyagin. - M.: LLC "Agency "KRPA "Olympus": Astrel, AST, 2007. - 284 p.
2. Textbook on geography. Tests and practical assignments in geography / I. A. Rodionova. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996. - 48 p.
3. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral examination, theory and practice / V. P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 160 p.
4. Thematic tests to prepare for the final certification and the Unified State Exam. Geography. - M.: Balass, ed. House of RAO, 2011. - 160 p.
2. Russian Geographical Society ().
4. Textbook on geography ().
5. Gazetteer ().
The world's population has already exceeded 6.6 billion people. All these people live in 15–20 million different settlements - cities, towns, villages, hamlets, hamlets, etc. But these settlements are distributed extremely unevenly across the earth's landmass. Thus, according to available estimates, half of all humanity lives on 1/20 of the inhabited land area.
The uneven distribution of population on the globe is explained by four main reasons.
The first reason is the influence of natural factors. It is clear that vast areas with extreme natural conditions (deserts, ice expanses, tundra, highlands, tropical forests) do not create favorable conditions for human life. This can be demonstrated by the example of table 60, which clearly shows both general patterns and differences between individual regions.
The main general pattern is that 80% of all people live in lowlands and hills up to 500 m high, which occupy only 28% of the earth's land, including in Europe, Australia and Oceania, more than 90% of the total population live in such areas, in Asia and North America - 80% or so. But, on the other hand, in Africa and South America, 43–44% of people live in areas exceeding 500 m in altitude. Such unevenness is also typical for individual countries: the most “low-lying” include, for example, the Netherlands, Poland, France, Japan , India, China, USA, and the most “exalted” are Bolivia, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Mexico, Iran, Peru. At the same time, most of the population is concentrated in the subequatorial and subtropical climate zones of the Earth.
The second reason is the impact of historical features of the settlement of the earth's land. After all, the distribution of population across the Earth’s territory has evolved throughout human history. The process of formation of modern humans, which began 40–30 thousand years ago, took place in South-West Asia, North-East Africa and Southern Europe. From here people then spread throughout the Old World. Between the thirtieth and tenth millennia BC, they settled North and South America, and at the end of this period, Australia. Naturally, the time of settlement to some extent could not but affect the population size.
The third reason is differences in the current demographic situation. It is clear that the number and density of population is increasing most rapidly in those countries and regions where its natural growth is highest.
Table 60
Bangladesh can serve as a striking example of this kind. This country with a small territory and very high natural population growth already has a population density of 970 people per 1 km2. If the current level of birth rate and growth here continues, then, according to calculations, in 2025 the country's population density will exceed 2000 people per 1 km2!
The fourth reason is the impact of the socio-economic living conditions of people, their economic activities, and the level of production development. One of its manifestations may be the “attraction” of the population to the coasts of the seas and oceans, or more precisely, to the land-ocean contact zone.
The zone located at a distance of up to 50 km from the sea can be called the zone of immediate coastal settlement. It is home to 29% of all people, including 40% of all urban residents of the world. This share is especially high in Australia and Oceania (about 80%). This is followed by North America, South America and Europe (30–35%), Asia (27) and Africa (22%). The zone, located 50-200 km from the sea, can be considered as indirectly connected with the coast: although the settlement itself here is no longer coastal, in economic terms it feels the daily and significant influence of the proximity of the sea. Approximately 24% of the total population of the Earth is concentrated in this zone. The literature also notes that the share of the population living at a distance of up to 200 km from the sea is gradually increasing: in 1850 it was 48.9%, in 1950 – 50.3, and now reaches 53%.
The thesis about the uneven distribution of population across the globe can be concretized using many examples. One can compare in this regard the Eastern and Western Hemispheres (80 and 20% of the population, respectively), and the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (90 and 10%). It is possible to distinguish the least and most populated areas of the Earth. The first of these include almost all the highlands, most of the giant deserts of Central and South-West Asia and North Africa, and to some extent tropical forests, not to mention Antarctica and Greenland. The second group includes the historically established main population clusters in East, South and Southeast Asia, Western Europe, and the Northeast of the United States.
To characterize the distribution of the population, different indicators are used. The main one - the population density indicator - allows us to more or less clearly judge the degree of population of the territory. It determines the number of permanent residents per 1 km2.
Let's start with the average population density for all inhabited land on Earth. As one might expect, during the twentieth century. – especially as a result of the population explosion – it began to increase especially rapidly. In 1900, this figure was 12 people per 1 km2, in 1950 - 18, in 1980 - 33, in 1990 - 40, and in 2000 already about 45, and in 2005 - 48 people per 1 km2.
It is also interesting to consider the differences in average population density that exist between parts of the world. Populous Asia has the highest density (120 people per 1 km2), Europe has a very high density (110), while in other large parts of the Earth the population density is lower than the world average: in Africa about 30, in America - 20, and in Australia and Oceania - only 4 people per 1 km2.
The next level is a comparison of the population density of individual countries, which allows for Figure 47. It also provides the basis for a three-member grouping of countries in the world according to this indicator. A very high population density for a single country can obviously be considered to be over 200 people per 1 km2. Examples of countries with such population density are Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Germany, Japan, India, Israel, Lebanon, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the Republic of Korea, Rwanda, and El Salvador. The average density can be considered an indicator close to the world average (48 people per 1 km2). As examples of this kind, let us name Belarus, Tajikistan, Senegal, Cote d'Ivoire, Ecuador. Finally, the lowest density indicators include 2–3 people per 1 km2 or less. The group of countries with such a population density includes Mongolia, Mauritania , Namibia, Australia, not to mention Greenland (0.02 people per 1 km2).
When analyzing Figure 47, it is necessary to take into account that very small, mostly island, countries could not be reflected in it, and it is precisely they that are distinguished by particularly high population densities. Examples include Singapore (6450 people per 1 km2), Bermuda (1200), Malta (1280), Bahrain (1020), Barbados (630), Mauritius (610), Martinique (350 people per 1 km2), not not to mention Monaco (16,900).
In educational geography, consideration of contrasts in population density within individual countries is quite widely used. The most striking examples of this kind include Egypt, China, Australia, Canada, Brazil, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan. At the same time, we should not forget about the archipelagic countries. For example, in Indonesia, the population density on the island. Java often exceeds 2000 people per 1 km2, and in the interior of other islands it drops to 3 people per 1 km2. It should be noted in passing that, if appropriate data are available, it is better to analyze such contrasts on the basis of comparing the density of the rural population.
Russia is an example of a country with a low average population density of 8 people per 1 km2. Moreover, this average hides very large internal differences. They exist between the Western and Eastern zones of the country (4/5 and 1/5 of the total population, respectively). They also exist between individual regions (population density in the Moscow region is approximately 350 people per 1 km2, and in many regions of Siberia and the Far East - less than 1 person per 1 km2). That is why geographers usually distinguish in Russia the Main Zone of Settlement, stretching in a gradually narrowing area through the European and Asian parts of the country. About 2/3 of all residents of the country are concentrated within this band. At the same time, Russia has vast uninhabited or very sparsely populated territories. They occupy, according to some estimates, approximately 45% of the country's total area.
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