Primary energy consumption and fuel consumption structure in the world. World energy consumption. Energy audit Economics of environmental management textbook. allowance

The development of human society has always been associated with the expansion of the use of energy resources. Over the previous century, global energy consumption has increased more than 5 times and reached 12 billion tons of fuel equivalent per year. Increase in global energy consumption over the ten-year period from 1963 to 1972. amounted to 2.6 billion tce. t., and over the next ten-year period - only 1.7 billion t. t., or one and a half times less. The growth rate of energy consumption has decreased especially sharply in industrialized countries. The average annual growth in consumption in the world was 1.7% per year, in the USA - 0.4%, in Western Europe - 0.25%.

Many countries have already passed the period of wasteful use of energy resources and have embarked on the path of energy conservation and at the same time improving the quality of energy use (Table 1).

Rice. 1.

The turning point in the change in consumption growth rates was 1970, when there was a sharp change in world oil prices, and industrialized countries began implementing energy-saving programs.

Table 1

World consumption of energy resources 1950-2020

Expert assessment of world consumption of commercial energy resources for the period 1860-1990. presented in table. 2. Electricity as a primary energy resource (Table 2) is produced at hydraulic, nuclear and geothermal power plants. The structure of the world balance of energy resources can be clearly presented if annual consumption is expressed as a percentage of total fuel consumption. Then long-term trends become noticeable (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2.

The balance shows the radical, profound shifts taking place in the energy sector of the twentieth century. For a long time, the increase in the use of petroleum products, caused by the intensive “motorization” of human society in road, sea, air transport and other types of non-stationary energy, seemed unstoppable, but the trend of the last decade indicates the intensive use of gas and coal at the expense of the share of oil.

energy resource audit

table 2

World energy consumption

Electric energy,

million kWh

Along with changes in the structure of the energy balance in the world, there is an increase in the unevenness of production and consumption of energy resources by different regions. Countries such as the USA, Japan, Western European countries, occupying less than 10% of the territory, with a population of less than 20%, produce more than 50% of the world's industrial product, almost 65% of electricity and consume more than 55% of natural energy resources.

The main source of energy for humanity is fossil fuels, and this situation is unlikely to change in the near future. The achieved fuel consumption value is 14-15 billion tons of fuel equivalent. cannot be provided by other non-traditional energy sources. Thus, the reserve of all hydro resources in the world is 7.2 billion tons of equivalent fuel, and its use is associated with huge capital costs for the construction of hydroelectric power stations. The use of solar energy is limited by low conversion efficiency, high cost of converters and sharp daily unevenness of solar radiation, which requires the creation of powerful energy storage devices. The solar power plant created in Crimea occupies an area of 40 hectares and has an electrical capacity of only 5 MW. The use of all wind energy on the planet is equivalent to only 2.8 billion tce, and the use of geothermal energy is equivalent to 1 billion tce. T.

The energy potential of the USSR was largely due to the inexhaustible resources of the Russian Federation, which occupied the entire territory of the former Soviet Union, where about 53% of the country's population lived in 1990.

Currently and for many years to come, Russia is provided with its own energy resources:

37% of the world's proven reserves of natural gas, 13% of oil, 19% of coal, 14% of uranium are concentrated on its territory;

in terms of technically realizable potential of hydropower resources (about 1,700 billion kWh) it is second only to China;

powerful pipeline systems - a unified gas supply and a unified oil supply system mainly cover the territory of Russia;

a significant part of the Russian potential of natural energy reserves is located in Siberia: more than 80% of natural gas and about 75% of oil (Table 3).

In the global production of fuel and energy resources, the Russian Federation in 1990 ranked first in the world in natural gas production (30% of world production) and oil - 17%, second in electricity generation - 9% and fourth in coal production - 8% .

The actual supply of energy resources to the Russian Federation is: for oil - 15-20 years, for gas - 55-60 years, for coal - 300-500 years.

The main producer of electricity in Russia is RAO UES of Russia, which over the past decade has shaped its fuel policy, providing for an increase in the share of natural gas in domestic consumption.

Table 3

Production of energy resources in the Russian Federation

Energy resources

Total, million tons of fuel equivalent

including:

Natural gas,

million tce

Oil and petroleum products,

million tce

Coal, million tons of fuel equivalent

Other types of fuel, million tons of fuel equivalent

Electricity, billion kWh

including:

Hydropower

Atomic Energy

However, in recent years the situation has changed dramatically, especially in the gas industry. It revealed negative trends associated with a drop in gas production at existing fields in Western Siberia, a lag in the development of new gas areas in Yamal, the Tyumen region and on the Barents Sea shelf.

In these conditions, OJSC Gazprom proposes to reduce the supply of natural gas to the Russian electric power industry, which means a radical restructuring of the industry’s fuel balance and a return to the fuel policy of the post-war years.

In 1999, OAO Gazprom produced 545.6 billion m3 of natural gas, which is 7.4% below the 1990 level. The drop in demand for gas from Russian consumers during this period amounted to 16.3%, or 66 billion m3. Last year, 134.9 billion m3 were supplied to electric power enterprises, 75 billion m3 to the public utility sector, including 38 billion m3 to the population, 126.8 billion m3 for export to non-CIS countries, 77.7 billion m3 to the CIS and Baltic states. billion m3.

Currently, Gazprom is clearly and unambiguously making it clear that in the medium and long term it will not be able to provide gas supplies to power plants even at the current level. This is due to the depletion of three unique operating fields Medvezhye, Urengoyskoye and Yamburgskoye, which recently provided the maximum total gas production of 535 billion m3 per year. Currently, these fields are being developed and have entered a period of declining production. In 1999, 419.3 billion m3 of them were produced; in 2005, gas production from them will decrease to 273 billion m3, and by 2020 to 83 billion m3. There is only one Zapolyarnoye field left with similar geological and production characteristics, but the annual production from this field will not exceed 100 billion m3 and the period of maintaining this level of production will not exceed 8-10 years.

In the considered perspective, real sources of oil and gas are moving to hard-to-reach areas, to the northern seas. This causes a multiple increase in costs and the need to use new expensive technologies. Increasing unit costs for the production and transportation of gas from new fields, including gas fields of the Yamal Peninsula, are becoming comparable to the costs of developing coal mining, and in some cases exceed them. There is no domestic experience in the design, construction and operation of fields in the offshore conditions of the Barents Sea and the Yamal Peninsula at great depths, in ice conditions. There is no necessary equipment and floating facilities for the development of such deposits.

Huge capital investments are constantly required to maintain the achieved level of gas production and transportation.

In connection with a possible reduction in natural gas resources for power plants, the following directions for restructuring the fuel balance of the electric power industry are being considered:

modernization of power plants originally designed to burn coal (which previously burned this fuel, but currently use mainly gas), in order to return these power plants to their design fuel mode;

use of new energy-efficient gas combustion technologies (GTU and CCGT);

use of new energy-efficient solid fuel combustion technologies (CCG units with coal gasification and CFB);

additional development of coal-fired thermal power plants;

possibilities of using associated gas;

possibilities for additional use of hydroelectric power stations;

possibilities for additional use of nuclear power plants;

possibilities of using non-traditional energy sources.

Coal remains the main type of fuel not only for the regions of traditional use - Siberia, the Urals and the Far East. The area of its significant consumption at thermal power plants also extends to the European part of the country.

It is expected that the bulk of the newly commissioned capacities at pulverized-coal thermal power plants will operate on Kuznetsk and Kansk-Achinsk coal. The use of other types of solid fuel will be local.

Replacing natural gas at power plants with solid fuel can be economically justified if the price ratio is correct. World energy prices at the end of 1999 were: gas 80-120 $/m3, fuel oil -110 $/t, coal - 25-35 $/t (with Q=6000-7000 kcal/kg) without transport costs. World practice shows that generating electricity from coal can be quite competitive with electricity generated from gas equipment. However, this will require technical re-equipment and reconstruction of the coal industry in order not only to increase the volume of coal production, but also to process and enrich it in order to reduce energy production costs, including the costs of delivering solid fuel.

There are no gas and oil reserves in the Sverdlovsk region (Table 4). OJSC “Vakhrushevugol” mines theological brown coal by open pit method (Karpinsk) and hard gas coal by mine method (Bulanash village). Mining Bulanash coal using the mine method is very expensive, and its cost is significantly higher than that of imported coal. The coal deposit in the area of Karpinsk is practically depleted, and it is planned to close the open-pit mines in the next 10 years. In the region there are reserves of lean coals and anthracites of the Elovsko-Troshkovskoye deposit; their development is planned in the near future. The main producer of thermal and electrical energy in the Sverdlovsk region is Sverdlovenergo OJSC (Fig. 3).

Table 4

Fuel balance of the Sverdlovsk region

The main problem of fuel supply for Sverdlovenergo OJSC is the historical focus on Kazakh coals, which are much more expensive than Kuznetsk and Borodino coals. Currently, issues of the technical feasibility of converting stations of the Sverdlovenergo OJSC system to Russian coal are being considered.

Rice. 3.

An energy audit is a technical and economic inspection of an enterprise’s energy generation and energy consumption systems in order to determine opportunities to save costs on consumed fuel and energy resources (FER), and develop measures to help the enterprise achieve real savings in money and energy resources. Savings are achieved by identifying and eliminating unacceptable energy losses, implementing more cost-effective designs and processes that adapt to changing operating conditions, and using a continuous flow metering system and energy analysis.

Energy audit task:

identify sources of irrational energy costs and unjustified energy losses;

develop, based on a technical and economic analysis, recommendations for their elimination, propose a program for saving energy resources and rational energy use.

Enterprises with a total energy consumption of more than 6,000 tce are subject to mandatory inspection once every five years. and financed or having subsidies for energy resources from the State Budget. According to MPEI and VTI, on average in the Russian Federation, 351 tons of fuel equivalent are spent on generating one kWh of electrical energy.

The right to conduct energy surveys of fuel and energy resources consumers is granted to:

regional (territorial) bodies of Glavgosenergonadzor of Russia.

organizations licensed to conduct energy inspections of enterprises.

The energy auditor in his actions must be guided by the Laws of the Russian Federation, acts of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, rules for the use of thermal electric, thermal energy, gas, rules for accounting for electrical, thermal energy, gas, temporary guidelines for organizing work in the field of energy saving in the departments of state energy supervision in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, PTE and PTB in electrical installations.

The energy auditor must meet the following requirements:

have the rights of a legal entity;

have the necessary instrumental, instrumental and methodological equipment;

have qualified and certified personnel;

have experience in the relevant field of activity;

be accredited by the regional body of Glavgosenergonadzor of Russia.

According to the rules, there are five types of energy surveys (energy audits):

pre-launch and pre-operational (an energy audit of the energy-saving technical solutions included in the project is carried out, their compliance with modern requirements of GOSTs and SNiPs);

primary (an express analysis of energy saving reserves is carried out in order to assess the need for an in-depth energy survey, determine the planned amount of expenses and the cost of an energy audit, and prepare an agreement for an energy survey);

full (repeated) energy audit (carrying out an in-depth energy survey of the enterprise in order to determine the efficiency of using the consumed energy resources of electricity, heat, gas, water;

extraordinary energy audit (in the case when, based on a number of indirect signs, there are assumptions about a sharp decrease in the efficiency of using fuel and energy resources);

local (a survey is conducted of the efficiency of using certain types of fuel and energy resources or the modes of the most energy-consuming installations and units).

Organization and conduct of work on the energy audit of the organization being examined is usually carried out in four stages.

Preliminary contact with the manager.

Familiarization with the main consumers, production processes and lines, and the general structure of the energy supply system. An initial familiarization with the system of generation, distribution and energy consumption at the enterprise is carried out, places of irrational energy consumption are identified, the potential for energy saving is assessed, the composition of the energy audit team is outlined and the amount of expected work is estimated.

Based on the developed list of questions, information on energy consumption over past periods of time is collected. Based on the materials of the primary energy audit, it is possible to adjust the planned scope of work and the concluded contract for the work.

Stage 2 (primary, express energy audit)

The organization's total energy consumption of various energy resources (as a rule, reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise, in the section of payment for energy resources) is broken down by individual buildings, groups of technological processes, individual main processes and installations, types of products (as components in the cost price). This stage of work is called creating an energy map. In this case, stationary accounting means of the enterprise are used, additional measurements are taken at key points of the enterprise using portable instruments, and calculation methods are used.

An experienced energy auditor, who is usually an energy supply specialist, can quickly identify areas of possible energy savings:

by elevated temperatures of flue gases and heated surfaces, indicating the presence of poor thermal insulation;

low cos value of the asynchronous electric drive, indicating its underload and uneconomical operating mode of the system;

efficiency of the chemical water treatment scheme for feed water and its degassing;

non-return of condensate and lack of condensate drains;

unrealized possible energy recovery;

compliance of the actual operating modes of pumping, compressor, ventilation equipment and other equipment with the optimal operating modes, etc.

All identified energy saving opportunities should be included in the list of recommendations indicating the priority for implementation, determined by the technical and economic calculation.

The scope of a full energy audit also includes the assessment of specific energy consumption per unit of output, used in comparison with the indicators of similar leading enterprises, and the preparation of a fuel and energy balance.

For organizations with total energy consumption of more than 6 thousand tce. tons per year, an energy passport is drawn up (in accordance with the Regulations of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of 1998 on conducting energy inspections of organizations). The energy audit report contains balances for consumed fuel and energy resources and proposals for energy saving.

Drawing up an energy passport provides practically no new information, but its preparation consumes about 35% of the labor costs for performing an energy audit. It is advisable to issue an energy passport for enterprises subsidized from the state budget.

The results of the energy audit are agreed upon with energy supervision authorities in cases where this is required by law. The introduction of incentive tax and other benefits for enterprises engaged in energy conservation will make it possible to interest them in conducting energy audits, while issues will be resolved in other conditions.

For state and utility organizations whose energy supply is financed from state subsidies, the task of drawing up an energy passport is associated with identifying reserves for saving public funds and limiting energy consumption and allocated financial resources. For these cases, drawing up an energy passport is justified and advisable.

Stage 3 (full energy audit)

Assess energy savings and economic benefits from implementing various proposed measures.

Selection of a specific energy saving program, highlighting the priority, most effective and fastest-paying measures.

Drawing up an energy passport (mandatory for organizations financed from the state budget).

Drawing up and submitting a report (and energy passport) to the management of the enterprise based on the results of the energy audit. Coordinating them with the State Energy Supervision authorities, if necessary.

The decision by the management of the organization to implement an energy saving program drawn up based on the results of a full energy audit.

Stage 4 (Monitoring)

Organization of an energy management system at the enterprise, a system of permanent accounting and analysis of the efficiency of energy consumption.

Continuation of activities, additional examination, addition of the program for implementing energy saving measures, study of the achieved results.

The energy auditor must meet the following requirements:

It is mandatory to have a license and accreditation from the State Energy Supervision Authority, which confirms qualifications to carry out this type of work.

Have good theoretical training in electricity and heat supply (at the engineer level), practical experience in the field of energy supply and energy saving.

It should be noted that thermal engineering tasks in the total scope of work account for 75%, electrical engineering tasks - 25%. Very often, the possibility of saving electrical energy is identified when analyzing the operating conditions of heating equipment (pumps, compressors, fans, etc.). This is reflected in the selection of a team of energy auditors.

The energy auditor must be a generalist, including having financial auditing skills related to fuel and energy resources (or have such a specialist in his team).

The energy auditor must have the ability to work as a project manager.

Angolan oil exports fell by over 10% in 2019

According to the Angolan Ministry of Mineral Resources and Oil, Angola’s oil exports fell by 11% in 2019. In 2019, China accounted for 72% of Angola’s oil exports, followed by Spain (6%) and India (5%). Sonangol was responsible for 39% of oil exports. The weighted average price of Angolan oil decreased by 7% to US$65/bbl and oil revenues reached US$31bn in 2019.

28
Jan

French gas consumption increased by around 2% in 2019

According to GRTgaz, French gas consumption increased by 2% in 2019, driven by the demand from the power sector (+39%), in a year of lower nuclear and hydropower generation. Consumption of public distribution remained flat (-1%, with climatic corrections), and industrial demand for gas declined by 2%, owing to the technical shutdowns of some large consumers scheduled for the fourth quarter of 2019. To follow the higher gas demand, LNG imports rose by 87% to their highest level in the last 10 years. Gas transit to neighboring countries nearly doubled and gas outflows to Spain and Switzerland rose by 72% in 2019. The price of gas on the wholesale market decreased from €23.2/MWh in 2018 to €13.6/MWh in 2019 (-41%).

27
Jan

Spain added 6.5 GW of new renewable power capacity in 2019

According to the Spanish power transmission system operator Red Eléctrica de España (REE), Spain added nearly 6.5 GW of new renewable power capacity in 2019 (6,456 MW), corresponding to a 13% increase in the renewable capacity. During 2019, 93 new solar PV power plants added 3,975 MW, while 86 new wind projects added 2,319 MW and 10 other renewable projects added 162 MW. Most of the new renewable capacity came from auctions held in 2017 (5,689 MW). This strong growth in the renewable capacity contributed to increase Spain's installed capacity by 5.6% at the end of 2019.

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Economics of environmental management textbook. allowance

The training material covers the main problems of studying the course. The manual is intended for students of specialty 280201.65 Environmental protection and rational use of natural resources, areas of training 280200.62 Environmental protection.

energy resources; environmental and production indicators; land use information; permission information<...>In the section of the eco-passport "Consumption" energy resources"characterize fuel and energy resources<...>The consumption of these goods by one person does not reduce the consumption of them by others and does not exclude them from this<...>consumption (air, sunlight, etc.).<...>These include, in particular, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, mining energy resources and mineral

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ECONOMICALLY USEFUL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHERNB-TLECTPBRO, TAGIL CATTLE AND THEIR CROSSES WITH DUTCH AND HOLSTIN BREEDS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

The purpose of this work is to select a breed (Dutch or Holstein) to improve the economically useful traits of black-and-white and Tagil cattle

Actual nutritional value of feed consumed by experimental animals. mi, calculated based on chemical<...>obtained feed digestibility coefficients, calculated the content of feed units actually consumed<...>energy-nutritional content of the digested diet of cows, in the v stall; And. farming periods and "consumption"<...>Energy nutritional value; digestible diet of first-calf heifers and;, consumption of digestible

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STUDYING THE INFLUENCE OF BIOTIC DOSES OF COBALT ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN HUMAN AND ANIMALS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

ODESSA AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE

The purpose of this study was to study the introduction of biotic doses of cobalt on oxygen consumption and the degree of coupling of oxidation with phosphorylation in the body of animals and humans, depending on the initial level of this process

Consumption of sour. " " type^ in humans was determined using a spirograph. ST-1Y."<...>Influence ziztoyavevvogo “vodvkiya vobvlma. / 0 , 0 5 mg/kg/ for oxygen consumption..;...:.-.<...>Effect of administration of vautrivain^,2,4-DIF A ir/vg/ on oxygen consumption in rabbits.<...>l reduction in oxygen consumption.<...>Biotic doses of cobalt reduce the intensity of "-consumption."

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BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF FEED PROTEINS STABILIZED BY ACETIC ACID ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

ALL-UNION RESEARCH INSTITUTE ANIMAL

The literature sufficiently fully reflects the physiology of digestion in ruminants consuming food with reduced protein destruction in the rumen

Consumption ;. cattle; cattle E diet composition, bedkovo;. additive;;, processed, acetic acid<...>Thus, “consumption of diets that included proteins stabilized from breakdown in the rumen by acetic<...>preferential breakdown of protein from the rumen into the underlying parts of the gastrointestinal tract upon consumption<...>Consumption of beams stabilized with acetic acid as part of the diet leads to intensification<...>Nitrogen gain in cattle when consuming proteins of different types of breakdown / / £approx.

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ACTIVITY OF SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION AND SEED PRODUCTIVITY OF VETCH DEPENDING ON THE SUPPLY OF MINERAL NUTRITION ELEMENTS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

The purpose of the research was to determine the conditions of mineral nutrition under which the potential activity of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and seed productivity of vetch are realized.

It has been shown that data on the extent of nitrogen fixation in field conditions are contradictory; the question of the dynamics of consumption<...>precipitation at the end of the growing season created unfavorable conditions for seed ripening. , In the sixth chapter "Consumption<...>Total nitrogen consumption increases "by 15-42^, potassium by 13-19?." 4.<...>*i" 12-14% more than in the KSh o option, with maximum consumption and removal of batteries

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FORMATION OF SOYBEAN AND WHEAT YIELD IN THE Crop Rotation DEPENDING ON THE NITROGEN REGIME OF LONG-TERM SEASONALLY FROST SOILS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

The purpose of the research is to determine the criteria and parameters of the effectiveness of mineral nitrogen for soybeans and wheat in the main fertilizer and in top dressing on two types of long-term seasonally frozen soils in the Middle Amur region

different rates of nitrogen fertilizers on the dynamics of mineral nitrogen. soil;; lesson formation and consumption<...>Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" 5th chapter "Battery consumption

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No. 46 [Posev, 1949]

Social and political magazine. Published since November 11, 1945, published by the publishing house of the same name. The motto of the magazine is “God is not in power, but in truth” (Alexander Nevsky). The frequency of the magazine has changed. Initially published as a weekly publication, for some time it was published twice a week, and from the beginning of 1968 (number 1128) the magazine became monthly.

There is only one answer - due to the consumption of the village itself.<...>The village's own consumption should be 1.5-2.0 times lower than the figures we have given.<...>Annual meat consumption is planned to be 3 times lower than in England in 1937, 2.5 times lower than<...>in Germany and Switzerland, 2.2 times lower than Dutch and 1.5 times lower than French consumption.<...>Planned consumption of dairy products is 10-15 times less than current American consumption

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No. 2 [Energy security in documents and facts, 2008]

The peculiarity of the publication is that it is informative, scientifically sound, and innovative. Only reliable materials that have scientific and practical value are published. The pages of the magazine cover issues of safety and efficiency of energy in all industries, energy saving, labor protection, personnel training, the latest developments of leading industrial and scientific organizations, trends in the development of alternative energy, regulations and documents.

energy is regarded by her as essential); = estimate of expected energy consumption during the next<...>Optimization of payments for consumed resources. Commercial and technical metering of electricity.<...>functioning of fuel and energy sectors and preparation of proposals for rationalization of tax and pricing policies in markets energy resources <...>functioning of fuel and energy sectors and preparation of proposals for the rationalization of tax and pricing policies in the markets energy resources <...>functioning of fuel and energy sectors and preparation of proposals for rationalizing tax and pricing policies in the markets energy resources

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AGROBIOLOGICAL RATIONALE FOR THE APPLICATION OF MULCHING, HERBICIDES AND BLACK STEAM IN THE CONTROL OF WEEDS OF ONIONS AND CARROTS ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTORS OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

The goal of the work was to ensure an increase in the yield of onion sets, onions, turnips and carrots with high quality products and reduced costs from the use of herbicides, mulching and other methods of weed control. The objectives of the research included the following questions: 1. Identifying the infestation of vegetable fields and some biological characteristics of weeds. 2. Development of methods for controlling weeds of onions and carrots by mulching, using herbicides, and sowing in black fallow. 3. Study of the biological characteristics of carrots and onions in connection with the developed methods of weed control. 4. Determination of changes in phytocenoses of onion and carrot crops in connection with the applied weed control method, weather, climatic and soil conditions. 5. Calculation of economic indicators (product cost and labor costs) based on taking into account yields and determining product quality when using developed methods of weed control.

Nutritional standards scientifically substantiated by the Institute of Nutrition of the USSR Academy of Sciences provide for the consumption of ""<...>carotene production; (N.* I..Zakharevich, 1947)> / : 5. _>; “In recent years, consumption has increased significantly

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No. 6 [Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex, 2019]

Capital Economics experts, the Russian capital market and industry are increasingly dependent on energy prices<...>We urge them not to complete the gas pipeline, we urge them to diversify supplies energy resources" <...>Russian organizations of the fuel and energy complex and power engineering in the international arena, support for the export of Russian energy resources <...>The volume of gas consumption in 2017 was 141.8 billion m3, with its own production being 225.0 billion m3.<...>Gas balance Unit. change 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Consumption billion m3 85.6 102.5 129.6 161.4 183.3

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of economic growth on the consumption of primary energy resources in China as the main factor that has the greatest influence on the pattern of energy consumption in China. The article puts forward a hypothesis about the uneven influence of economic growth on energy consumption in China. Based on a comparative analysis, the article identifies two conditional periods that have significant differences in the ratio of the rates of production of economic goods and consumption of hydrocarbons. Together with the presented statistical data, the author predicts a further increase in the energy efficiency of the Chinese economy and makes an important conclusion about the potential reduction in the influence of world oil prices on the Chinese economy.

Gubkin") The article is devoted to the analysis of the impact of economic growth on the consumption of primary energy resources <...> energy resources V<...> energy resources. <...> energy resources <...> energy resources

To assess the influence of factors on the volume of hydrocarbon consumption, the multiple regression method can be used. An important feature of solving the problem under consideration is the statement about the nonlinearity of the influence of factors. The methodology of multiple linear regression is widely used both in the scientific and practical activities of economists and managers in various sectors of oil and gas production. Wide experience in using the method has allowed it to become one of the most common econometric methods not only for predicting indicators, but also for determining changes in the impact of factors on the value under study. The main analytical functions of the multiple linear regression method are: – confirmation or refutation of the presence of a relationship between the studied quantities; – construction of models of the influence of factor criteria; – determination of the statistical significance of factors; – assessment of the influence of qualitative factors by comparing the results of regression analysis for the full and reduced samples (after eliminating observations that have a certain classification criterion); – extrapolation of the values of the dependent variable depending on the known values of the variables (influencing) factors.

energy resources <...>In Fig. 1 shows a diagram of the influence of the considered factors on the gross consumption of primary energy resources <...> energy resources there is a factor<...> energy resources <...> energy resources

The article is devoted to the analysis of the consumption of primary energy resources in the domestic market of the People's Republic of China in the context of the characteristics of the national economy. As the largest importer of energy resources, China directly influences the medium- and long-term development of global oil production. Studying the characteristics of domestic energy demand in China is a sought-after task from both practical and scientific points of view. The article examines the dynamics of consumption of hydrocarbon raw materials both in absolute values and in the context of the industry structure of consumption. It is noted that the rate of economic growth in China is many times higher than the rate of growth in consumption of fossil fuels. This conclusion allows us to speak about the rapid evolution of the economic model of the PRC.

Gubkin") The article is devoted to the analysis of consumption of primary energy resources in the domestic market of China in the context<...>in the world (23% of global consumption energy resources ). <...> energy resources: 1 – oil, million tons; 2 – coal, million toe; 3 – gas, million<...>57% consumption of primary energy resources. <...> energy resources only 2 times.

An intelligent system and electronic components for its operation are presented, which make it possible to implement an innovative method for measuring individual heat energy consumption. To implement the intelligent system, original design, technological, circuit and hardware-software solutions for its electronic components have been developed. Methods and mathematical models for calculating individual heat energy consumption are defined and justified.

Flow control energy resources is currently one of the most important tasks of science and technology.<...>The introduction of energy-saving technologies is impossible without objective accounting of consumption energy resources. <...>Analyzing methods and means of flow measurement energy resources, it should be noted that the most difficult<...>energy resources. <...>Results of measurements of consumed energy resources in legalized units are stored in the CSS database

We continue to introduce our readers to the most important and fundamental, in our opinion, materials in the field of energy published abroad at the level of government or international bodies. British Petroleum Company June 14, 2006 released the annual BP Statistical Review of World Energy for 2005. compared to 2004 The following are the most important points and conclusions contained in this review:

Total global primary consumption energy resources in 2005 increased by 2.7% compared to 4.4<...>In 2005, the highest consumption growth rates energy resources(5.8%) were typical for the Asia-Pacific<...>If in the USA the total consumption of primary energy resources decreased slightly, then the share of China<...>in 2005 accounted for more than half of all global consumption growth energy resources. <...>Primary consumption data energy resources by region, country and overall worldwide in 2005.

<...>World consumption energy resources <...> <...> <...>

The article is devoted to the analysis of the structure of consumption of primary energy carriers in the PRC. It is examined how the degree of influence of economic growth on the consumption of primary energy carriers differs in certain periods of economic development of the PRC. In order to solve the set problems, the characteristics of the mutual relationship between economic growth and energy consumption within the boundaries of the periods from 1960–1990 are studied. and from 1990 to the present. The impact of changes in the structure of the national economy on the national oil and gas industry and consumption patterns, including in the context of inter-fuel competition, is analyzed.

energy resources <...>Dynamics of consumption of primary energy resources Source: Compiled by the author based on BP data.<...>Dynamics of consumption of primary energy resources Source: compiled by the author based on World Bank data<...>Consumption structure of primary energy resources has undergone visible changes over the past decades<...>57% consumption of primary energy resources.

The problems of energy consumption in the period from 1965 to 2005 are considered. in the world as a whole and in various countries, grouped according to the principle of similarity of trends in their economic development and energy consumption dynamics. A direct correlation has been identified between the characteristic features of time periods or cycles of increase/decline in the relative annual volumes of global consumption of total energy, as well as coal, the state of the world economy and the periods of onset, duration and depth of ongoing global financial and economic crises. It is substantiated that, based on an analysis of the dynamics of total energy consumption, it is possible to predict in advance (2-3 years in advance) the most likely timing of the onset of global crises, as well as estimate their scale and duration

the financial and economic crisis led to a sharp decline in demand for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy products, as well as for energy resources<...>energy resources in the period from 1965 to 2005. in the world as a whole and in various countries grouped by<...>energy resources, as well as explore the features of energy consumption in relation to groups of countries with<...>world into another financial and economic crisis, accompanied by a decline in production of the main types of energy resources <...>energy resources became increasingly expensive, and the production of highly processed products

The article analyzes the current state of the global energy market and highlights the main factors influencing the development of this market: economic growth and increased energy efficiency, the shale revolution, the development of the LNG market, conflicts in the Arab world, the development of nuclear and renewable energy

Other factors include growth in energy consumption in developing countries,<...>World consumption energy resources is gradually increasing, although the growth rate is slowing down.<...>According to BP, China in 2011 ranked 1st in the world in coal consumption, 2nd in coal consumption<...>oil and ranks 4th in natural gas consumption.<...>India and South Africa in 2011 occupied the 3rd and 5th places in the world in terms of coal consumption, respectively.

Energy audit studies. manual (course of lectures)

publishing house NCFU

The manual represents a course of lectures and complies with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Education and the work program of the discipline, contains the main provisions on energy saving and the implementation mechanism - energy audit, it includes lecture preparation, examples of calculations and questions for self-control.

energy resources<...>Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency 73 Table 7. 2 Payments for consumed energy resources<...>General information about the consumer TOTAL CONSUMPTION ENERGY Name of energy carrier Unit of measurement<...>Quantity consumed per year Characteristics energy resources Note 1 2 3 4 5 Boiler and furnace fuel<...>General information about the consumer CONSUMPTION ACCOUNTING ENERGY Name energy resources Commercial accounting

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Air supply system for an industrial enterprise. allowance

The study guide presents topics and assignment options for the course project. The general requirements for the scope and content of the project, for the design of the calculation and explanatory note and the graphic part are outlined. An approximate sequence of completing the course project and some reference material necessary for the work are given.

energy carrier.<...>Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are the leaders in terms of compressed air consumption, where large<...>(energy consumption up to 140 m3/s per installation).<...>The energy carrier transportation system is calculated.<...>The basic requirements for energy carrier parameters at the production facility in question are indicated.

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The high energy dependence of the Ukrainian economy on gas imported from Russia is explained primarily by the fact that Ukraine, given the high energy intensity of Ukrainian industry, has no alternative to Russian fuel supplies in the medium term. Leading Ukrainian industries (MMC and Khimprom) are too dependent on Russian gas

Share of natural gas in total consumption energy resources in Ukraine is relatively large<...>Currently the consumption structure energy resources in Ukraine has a contradictory character: on the one hand<...>In terms of natural gas consumption, Ukraine is among the top ten countries in the world.<...>Consumption: by population – 17.553 billion m3; budgetary organizations - 0.704 billion m3; fuel and energy enterprises<...>Today, the production technology of iron and steel in Ukraine is configured for excess consumption

No. 12 [Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex, 2016]

Economic problems of all areas of activity of the oil and gas complex, issues of corporate governance, analysis of the state and development trends of the oil market.

in China as the main factor that has the greatest influence on the consumption pattern energy resources V<...>At the same time, the growth of industrial production leads to an increase in consumption energy resources. <...>Mutual dependence of consumption energy resources and economic development is complex<...>Throughout its history, economic growth has been accompanied by an increase in the consumption of primary energy resources <...>energy resources in China as the main factor that has the greatest influence on the consumption pattern energy resources

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the transformation of the economic model of the PRC. In the economic development of the PRC, several periods are distinguished, characterized by different modes of reproduction. The first period (1950–1970) was characterized by a policy of industrialization based on central planning, the second period (1980–1990) – by the development of industrialization based on market relations and the transformation of methods of regulation and production activities of the state. In the article, the author examines the degree of influence of economic growth on consumption of primary energy resources, which differs in established periods of economic development of the PRC. In order to solve these problems, it is planned to study the characteristics of the mutual relationship between economic growth and energy consumption within the periods of 1960–1990. and from 1990 to the present. The impact of changes in the structure of the national economy on the national oil and gas industry and the characteristics of oil and gas consumption, including in the context of inter-fuel competition, are also analyzed.

In the article, the authors consider the degree of influence of economic growth on the consumption of primary energy resources <...>energy resources within the boundaries of the periods 1960–1990. and from 1990 to the present.<...>The above analysis suggests that the extent to which economic growth influences consumption<...>primary energy resources will differ in the established periods of economic development of the PRC.<...>energy resources within the boundaries of the periods 1960–1990. and 1990 to present.

No. 7 [Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex, 2017]

Economic problems of all areas of activity of the oil and gas complex, issues of corporate governance, analysis of the state and development trends of the oil market.

The indicator of gross consumption was chosen as a dependent, i.e., modeled value energy resources <...>In first place in terms of influence on final consumption of primary energy resources there is a factor<...>Table 5 Consumption forecast energy resources in China for the period 2017–2030.<...>It should be noted that during the periods 2020 and 2025. obtained estimates of future consumption energy resources <...>UDC 622.32+658.5 ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH FACTORS ON THE CONSUMPTION OF PRIMARY ENERGY

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Administration of income from energy exports based on their forecasting monograph

M.: Publishing house of the Russian Customs Academy

Administration by customs authorities of the movement of goods across the customs border of the Customs Union includes issues of administering a significant part of the revenues of the federal budget of the Russian Federation, including from the export of hydrocarbons. The monograph outlines the fundamentals of the theory and legal regulation of the activities of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation, examines the practice of forecasting and planning revenues from energy exports to the budget and issues of methodological support for forecasting customs payments in the process of their administration.

Population growth and income growth are the two most powerful driving forces of energy consumption.<...>, volume of consumption, production and export energy resources, customs duty rates. Implicit is the impact on the amount<...>which considers the effect of these factors. Therefore, the influence of some factors will determine the long-term trend of consumption energy resources <...>transport infrastructureCopyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency 49 ry, internal consumption energy resources <...>volume of production and exports energy resources, level of domestic consumption, etc.

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ON THE ISSUE OF ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT OF OIL AND GAS COMPANIES USING CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INDICES [Electronic resource] / K.O. Rasteryaev // Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex. - 2017. - No. 6. - P. 44-47. - Access mode: https://site/efd/620057

The article is devoted to the problem of forming an effective mechanism for managing the sustainable development of a company using the principles of corporate social responsibility. In the Russian Federation, the practice of integrating the key principles of corporate social responsibility into the corporate governance system of companies is just beginning to take shape, which requires theoretical and methodological justification for its further development. Despite existing research and development, the methodology for assessing the quality of management of sustainable development of companies, in particular, the oil and gas sector, using corporate social responsibility indices has not been sufficiently developed. Meanwhile, foreign experience in using the principles and indices of corporate social responsibility contributes to the growth of competitive advantages of companies in terms of sustainable development in the long term. To ensure sustainable development of oil and gas companies in the long term and competitive advantages, it is necessary to use a systematic approach to integrating corporate social responsibility indices to assess the quality of management.

PRIMARY ENERGY People's Republic of China Ren Jiajia (postgraduate student of the Department of Financial Management) (Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Russian<...>primary energy resources China.<...>The article examines how the degree of influence of economic growth on the consumption of primary energy resources <...>energy resources within the boundaries of the periods from 1960–1990. and from 1990 to the present.<...>Total natural gas consumption in 2014 reached 185.5 billion m3.

Social, environmental and economic aspects of diversification of coal energy enterprises are given, various directions for expanding the product range of coal-fired thermal power plants are considered.

Meanwhile, the share of coal for domestic consumption decreased slightly: to ~40%.<...>However, based on the study of consumption patterns energy resources, the dynamics of their prices are a series<...>At the same time, domestic energy prices are rapidly approaching world prices.<...>thermal power plants (TPPs) and boiler houses that burn up to 60% of gas intended for domestic consumption<...>Other developed countries use only about 21% of their total gas consumption for electricity generation

The article discusses methodological approaches to forecasting demand for fuel and energy resources, identifies the main stages of forecasting and raises questions related to information support and computing tools. As an example, the forecast results for the Chelyabinsk region are given.

FER, as well as taking into account interchangeability energy resources from consumers.<...>Stage 2: forecasting the level, structure and dynamics of consumption energy resources: heat, electricity<...>As a result, even with a correct forecast of energy demand for the country as a whole, which is not always<...>With this approach, it is not aggregated consumption nodes that are considered, but specific large ones for a given<...>This ensures that differences in energy demand trends across different uses are taken into account.

M.: PROMEDIA

About oil supplies, biodiesel industry, hydrogen filling stations, energy demand, development of the chemical industry.

and consumption.<...>In 2008, prices for all energy resources reached their maximum by the middle of the year and then fell sharply.<...>OECD and accounted for 51.2% of world consumption energy resources(Fig. 2).<...>China's GHG consumption increased by 15%.<...>Rising energy prices will, of course, slow down the economic recovery of the American market.

The article discusses the main directions of development of the energy industry. Sectors of active demand for energy are identified by type of energy carrier and points of growth in energy consumption in the world are identified. The strategic directions of technology development in the oil and gas sector of the world are given

Sectors of active energy demand are identified by type energy resources and energy consumption growth points were identified<...>Book-Service" 121industry economics Modern development of technologies as we transition to low-carbon energy resources <...>energy resources. <...>will account for about 55% of energy demand.<...>directions will allow oil and gas companies to keep pace with growing global energy demand

No. 1 [Higher education in Russia, 1993]

The journal publishes the results of studies of the current state of higher education in Russia, discusses issues of theory and practice in the humanities, natural sciences and engineering higher education. The journal is included in the list of peer-reviewed publications recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission for publishing the results of scientific research in the following areas: philosophy, sociology and cultural studies; pedagogy and psychology; story.

Improvement of the environment 3.1 Waste-free (low-waste) production and consumption as the main direction<...>Chapter five already postulates: “The consumption of labor is labor itself.”

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The article presents a comparative analysis of the state of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia and Germany, the purpose of which is to identify factors that impede its development in Russia. The analysis is based on materials from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany and Rosstat, presented in comparable indicators. The results of the analysis allow us to identify problem areas in the field of entrepreneurship and determine the main areas of activity to improve the business climate in Russia

This is due to both the objective reality of conservation of natural resources and consumption forecasts<...>energy resources in developed countries and reducing the share of oil and gas in industrial sectors.<...>, alternative fuels, as well as the reaction of consumers and suppliers to rising energy prices and taxes<...>, can significantly adjust consumption forecasts energy resources world economy<...>Relationship between population, GDP and energy consumption (according to ©BP Development Outlook

Foreign experience in the field of energy saving, creation and implementation of energy-saving technologies is analyzed and generalized. Modern international and national energy strategies, legal support for energy saving, world practice, directions and prospects for the use of energy-saving technologies are considered.

economical use) of fuel and energy resources (a set of natural and industrial energy resources <...>World energy consumption per year.<...>total energy consumption in EU countries.<...>Compared to traditional energy resources the cost of obtaining solar energy is eight times higher, and<...>Modern technologies can significantly reduce consumption energy resources, reduce costs for

Methodological support for energy inspection of the technological process of production of aircraft engines [textbook. allowance]

Publishing house SSAU

Methodological support for energy inspection of the technological process of aircraft engine production. Programs used: Adobe Acrobat. Works of SSAU employees (electronic version)

and today there is still a point of view that saving energy is a matter of either self-restraint in its consumption<...>which do not negatively affect the final results of its use, that is, reducing consumption<...>7 state saving policy is to ensure, at the right time and to the required extent, a slowdown in consumption growth<...>, by intended purpose of consumption, by object.<...>machine, furnace, group of equipment) is considered from the point of view of fulfilling the general task - reducing consumptionprimary energy resources. <...>China's GDP grew 7.6 times, and consumption of primary energy resources only 2 times.<...>UDC 338.45:658.8:622.333 DYNAMICS OF PRIMARY CONSUMPTION ENERGY IN THE DOMESTIC MARKET OF THE PRC (p. 52

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April 6, 2006 As part of the All-Russian Energy Forum “Fuel and Energy Complex of Russia in the 21st Century”, “Coal Day” was held. This year, the heads of ministries, departments, enterprises and institutes, scientists and specialists gathered in the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, so that as part of the “round table” “Coal coal industry and market in Russia: forecasts and prospects” to consider the current situation and pressing problems in the energy sector, find approaches to solve them, and express their views on the development of the country’s economy.

Although gas remains more technologically advanced energy carrier, a reorientation to coal is inevitable.<...>Gas has become the main energy carrier at thermal power plants and energy systems, the share of gas is:<...>energy resources. <...>150 billion cubic meters m, i.e. more than 30% of consumption is provided by independent gas suppliers.<...>or alternative fuel and only at the end the missing volume is covered with scarce gas or other energy resources

In June 2013, US President Barack Obama announced that the government would no longer finance foreign coal mining and production projects through the U.S. Export-Import Bank. Then the World Bank and the European Investment Bank abandoned such projects. In total, over the past 5 years, banks have invested more than $10 billion in the sector. USA. Experts note that there is very little chance of increased private investment in the sector.

The US Energy Information Administration expects global coal consumption to increase by a third to<...>At the same time, global energy consumption is steadily increasing.<...>At the same time, the world market energy resources influenced by numerous interrelated factors.<...>In the structure of world exports energy resources coal confidently ranks fourth with a share of 3.9% (<...>An indicator of the pace of development of a country's economy is consumption energy resources, in particular coal.

M.: PROMEDIA

On a new approach to planning, design and construction of transport infrastructure, taking into account environmental protection and compliance with natural law.

Environmental impact is mainly expressed in consumption energy resources and implementation of emissions<...>The main negative effect is energy consumption and waste generation. 4.<...>water 2 Monitoring of water consumption PS-8 Supplier guarantees 3 Guarantees for road surfaces Total 14<...>significant technological breakthrough in the use of renewable and non-polluting energy resources <...>Since hydrogen can be obtained from many primary energy resources(portable, transportable

No. 6 [Energy security and energy saving, 2010]

Energy costs are increasing annually by 15–20%.<...>Key words: educational institution, consumption When processing milk and producing dairy products, ice cream, etc., various energy carriers are required in large quantities - cold, heat, steam, electricity. In the cost of the final product, the energy component (about 23%) is second only to taxes and wages. In the context of a constant rise in energy prices (which ultimately leads to higher prices for products), the simplest solution may seem to be this: enterprises need to organize their own autonomous energy supply (production of electricity, heat, cold and steam), which will make it possible to significantly reduce energy costs. But here such inevitable factors as expensive equipment, high bank interest rates, costs for design work, permitting documentation, increased gas limits, costs for maintenance and repair of power plants, etc. come to the fore. All this “eats” the savings from your own small-scale generation installation. And the head of the enterprise understands that you can’t save on electricity, nor on heat production, but steam boilers need to be changed, since all their service life has already expired, and if any equipment fails during the season, you can lose raw materials and products by a very large amount. a large amount. So what to do? Moreover, there is a CRISIS outside the window. But there is always a way out. And it is offered by the Russian Distributed Generating Company LLC (RGK LLC), which understands that food security in Russia is not pretentious words, but a strict necessity of the present time.

milk and the production of dairy products, ice cream, etc. require large quantities of various energy sources<...>In conditions of constant growth in energy prices (which ultimately leads to higher prices for products<...>the client must clearly imagine the work of his enterprise for the next 10 years, the degree of increase in consumption<...>energy resources and priorities in the consumption of various types of energy for a given period.

The results of computer simulation of the dynamics of three variants of the pneumatic impact unit of a ring impact machine are presented. All options have the same design schemes and parameters of mechanical connections, but different control systems for the supply of energy to the working chambers: valveless, with one and two ring elastic valves. Data have been obtained that make it possible to quantitatively assess the peculiarities of the operation of these systems in the presence of accepted restrictions on the mechanical unit.

Measures aimed at reducing the weight of machines and energy consumption per unit are also in demand.<...>Primychkin 119 what impact energy and impact power does it produce, how much energy does each consume?<...>idealized models), % Parameter 1К 2К Impact energy A + 11 + 14 Impact power W + 10 + 16 Specific consumption<...>valveless in terms of impact energy and impact power is not so significant - a maximum of 16%, but in terms of specific consumption<...>their energy advantage is practically zero (≤ 3%).

In the last quarter of the last century, prices for oil and petroleum products were very high. Then, in almost all industrial countries, coal suspensions (mainly in the form of coal-water fuel - CWF) were considered as an alternative to fuel oil, and in the USSR - in combination with hydraulic transport over long distances and as fuel for thermal power plants.

fossil fuels" Techno-economic prospects for industrial use in a period of high energy prices<...>Industrial production and therefore consumption increased sharply energy resources in China, India<...>Demand and prices for energy resources around the world are stable and high for a long time.<...>Units with a capacity of 60 and 100 MW with VUT consumption of up to 21 t/h were also tested.<...>Russia, where the fuel oil/coal price ratio is close to two, taking into account the calorific value and manufacturability of these energy resources

OIL AND GAS CONTRACTS AS A FACTOR OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE RF AND PRC

FSBEI HPE "IGLU"

The purpose of the master's thesis is to study the practical aspects of interaction between the Russian Federation and China in the oil and gas industry.

countries energy resources and maintaining its energy security.<...>China has become a net importer of this energy carrier.<...>The central region is characterized by minimal values of both consumption energy resources per capita<...>in China, and the shares of network energy resources in its structure.<...>Considering the changing ratios of consumption of different types energy resources urban population can

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The problem of creating a pneumatic hammer with a smooth change in frequency at a constant value of impact energy is considered. Variants of its air distribution system, based on the use of an elastic valve with mechanical closure, have been proposed and studied. The results of a study of experimental samples of a pneumatic hammer with external distribution elements that set the blow frequency are presented. The ranges of regulation of their frequency characteristics have been established

generator on a submersible element, and solving the issue of more efficient use of energy<...>At the same time, energy consumption per unit of impact power (specific consumption) depending on the mode<...>component of impact power at a constant value of its energy component, thus affecting consumption<...>The design of pipe 6 divides the volume of incoming energy into two independent parallel flows<...>The influence of elements of the air distribution system of a pneumatic hammer with an elastic valve on energy consumption

No. 6 [Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex, 2017]

Economic problems of all areas of activity of the oil and gas complex, issues of corporate governance, analysis of the state and development trends of the oil market.

Dynamics of consumption of primary energy resources

Natalia Voronina Candidate of Economics, Leading Specialist of the Tax Accounting Methodology Department of OAO LUKOIL

Main trends in global primary energy consumption

The further development of world energy markets is of interest to all countries of the world, since by the beginning of the 21st century there was practically not a single country left that was not involved in global trade in them. Today, many organizations are trying to develop forecasts for the development of these markets, including the International Energy Agency, the US Department of Energy, special services of OPEC, etc. The study of these forecasts is also important for Russia, since it is one of the largest suppliers of energy raw materials , itself has a tangible impact on the formation of these markets, while becoming somewhat financially dependent on their condition: the fuel and energy complex is the basic budget-forming industry of the country.

It seems clear that the dependence of industrialized countries on energy imports will steadily increase. Moreover, in order to ensure stable long-term supplies of energy resources, their main importers will strive to diversify supplies from different countries to maintain their own economic and energy security. At the moment, we can confidently say that only a few industrialized countries will be able to meet their ever-increasing energy needs from their own sources.

According to calculations by the World Energy Council of the International Energy Agency (IEA), the energy intensity of the world economy (primary energy consumption intensity) will gradually decrease, but the directly proportional relationship between GDP growth and increased energy consumption will remain (Table 1).

Table 1. Ratio between average growth of world GDP and energy consumption, %

It should be noted that this forecast is made using the following assumptions. The basic dynamics and structure of global economic development will remain the same, but the rate of population growth should decrease significantly. This circumstance will reduce the growth rate of primary energy consumption while simultaneously significantly increasing per capita demand, especially in some developing countries where more than 1.5 billion people still do not have access to electricity.

Increasing levels and improving the quality of life of the population of developing countries should lead to both absolute and relative growth in energy consumption in these countries, which, according to forecasts, will slightly lag behind GDP growth in the coming decades.

This conclusion is confirmed by an analysis of the dynamics of these indicators over the past 15 years: in developing countries, GDP slightly outpaced energy consumption - the lead was 3%. Thus, the total energy consumption in these countries over the past thirty years has increased more than 4 times, their total share in environmental pollution in the world has increased from 20 to 37%. These facts allow us to conclude that the energy intensity of their economies is significantly higher than in industrialized countries, which is the result of their low efficiency in the use of energy resources. As is known, the most important reserve for increasing energy efficiency is the improvement of technological processes for the operation of various equipment. Even taking into account the fact that this direction of scientific and technological progress requires large costs and is quite capital-intensive, nevertheless, these costs are 2-3 times less than the costs necessary for a corresponding increase in the production of fuel and energy. Another equally important reserve is saving thermal energy, primarily by improving the thermal insulation of buildings. Experts have calculated that investments in the utility sector in order to increase the level of thermal insulation can have an even greater effect than, for example, the active introduction and use of renewable energy sources.

Another important indicator - energy consumption per capita - in developing countries is 7-8 times lower than in industrialized countries. At the same time, any increase in the living standards of the population in developing countries inevitably leads to an increase in both total and per capita energy consumption, since developing countries clearly do not have enough funds to reduce the energy intensity of the economy. An interesting fact is that just over 20% of the world's population consumes 60% of all primary energy produced, while about 5 billion people. Only 40% are satisfied. At the same time, 2 billion people. in the poorest countries (annual income - 1 thousand dollars per 1 inhabitant) use only 0.2 tons of standard fuel per year per 1 inhabitant, while 1 billion people. from industrialized countries (income - more than 22 thousand dollars) consume 25 times more - 5 tons of standard fuel per year.

It is also important that in developing countries the share of consumption of non-commercial types of energy is large: more than 10% of global energy consumption is covered by burning firewood, crop waste, and dry manure. As the share of the urban population increases, so does the consumption of more expensive energy resources (fossils, electricity, charcoal), both in relative and absolute terms. This should lead to accelerated growth in the consumption of commercial types of energy.

All of the above allows us to conclude that, as a result of energy saving and not only in the industrialized countries of the West, but gradually also in developing and former socialist countries, in a couple of decades the emerging linear relationship between the growth of GDP and energy consumption should inevitably be broken - the second process will begin at a faster pace lag behind the first.

It should be noted that there are significant differences between the growth rates of primary energy consumption in different countries (Table 2).

Table 2. Dynamics of primary energy consumption by country, million tons of oil equivalent

All of the above countries clearly fall into three groups:

The first is with rapidly growing energy consumption. These are the main developing and some former socialist countries: the Republic of Korea, India, China, Brazil.

The second - with a slight increase in energy consumption. These are almost all countries that have long been on the path of post-industrial development (Italy, Great Britain, Canada, France, USA, Japan).

The third group includes Russia, Ukraine and Poland, that is, countries that have not yet fully overcome the consequences of the crisis. In these countries, low growth or even a decrease in energy consumption was caused not by the introduction of advanced energy-saving technologies, but by the economic and structural crisis.

Spain stands out, where the high rates are due to faster economic growth than in major European countries, accompanied by relatively low energy efficiency of capital equipment. In addition, Spain has the lowest per capita energy consumption among all developed countries, despite its rapid growth.

The experience of industrialized countries has shown that per capita energy consumption stabilizes and then begins to gradually decline only after reaching a certain and very high level.

The level of energy consumption per capita depends mainly on the following factors: the level of technology development (and, as a consequence, the degree of energy efficiency), the sectoral structure of the economy, the rate of economic growth, the rate of population growth, the number of cars per capita, climatic conditions, structure energy balance.

Thus, the very high level of energy consumption per capita in the USA and Canada is explained, firstly, by the exceptionally high level of “motorization” of the population and economy, and secondly, by a certain wastefulness due to the relative cheapness of energy resources. Compared with North American indicators in the industrialized countries of Western Europe, per capita energy consumption is 2-2.5 times lower and is growing weakly, mainly due to the intensive introduction of advanced energy saving methods, technological innovations, active improvement of heating systems and thermal insulation of premises, as well as the gradual curtailment of the most energy-intensive industries - primarily the mining and metallurgical and large chemical industries.

The world as a whole is experiencing a gradual, albeit rather slow, increase in per capita energy consumption. The prerequisites for growth are the active industrial development and positive dynamics of growth in energy consumption per capita in the countries of East and Southeast Asia and Latin America, as well as some economic recovery in the countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS in recent years. The economic impact of these trends is of predominant importance, despite the ongoing process of introducing energy-saving technologies in developed Western countries, the sharp curtailment of production after the collapse of the socialist system, as well as the economic difficulties of the poorest developing countries that are not able to import modern energy resources aimed at reducing average global per capita energy consumption .

In absolute terms, global energy consumption from 1996 to 2000. increased from 12 billion to 14 billion tons of standard fuel. In general, it should be noted that there has been a steady decline in the growth rate of energy consumption: in 1970-1980. they amounted to 29.4% in 1980-1990. - 26.4, for 1990-2000. 22%

And yet, despite all the energy-saving measures and structural changes in the economy, all industrialized countries (including Russia) account for about 60% of world consumption with a population of 18% of the world, Latin American countries - 5.4 and 8.4, respectively %, Africa - 2.5 and 12.35%, the rest (32.1 and 61.25%) falls on Asian countries (excluding Japan).

According to available forecasts, within two decades, more than 2/3 of the increase in global energy demand will come from developing countries, including China and India (Table 3), which will significantly change the entire global energy balance, since today these countries are the main global coal consumers. This, in turn, can lead to a serious aggravation of environmental problems in the world.

Table 3. World energy consumption by three groups of countries, billions. tons of standard fuel

In the 20th century, world energy consumption per capita increased 4 times and, obviously, it will continue to grow, especially in developing countries. Thus, according to forecasts, in 20-30 years, developing countries will account for the majority of energy demand. However, in this regard, the world will face another problem: given the level of their technological development, these countries will also account for the majority of emissions into the environment. If these countries develop their energy sector according to an extensive model based on outdated technologies, this could lead to an energy shortage in the world economy, accompanied by global environmental problems.

One of the main problems of the future world energy sector will be the ratio of individual energy carriers to total energy consumption. The main goal seems to be to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, which currently stands at almost 80%.

Over a 30-year period, despite fundamental changes in the industrial, economic and social structures of society, the total share of the three main fossil fuels - oil, coal and natural gas - has remained virtually unchanged, despite political initiatives and various economic efforts (Table 4).

Table 4. Share of energy carriers in the structure of primary energy consumption, %

Presumably, the share of fossil energy resources will decrease - 76% by 2020 and up to 70% by 2050. At the same time, a sharp increase in the share of natural gas is expected, which, according to the International Energy Agency, can take 1st place, but only on the condition that Natural gas will become a full-fledged automobile fuel and the efficiency of its transportation will increase.

By 2020, the share of coal may decrease slightly due to the displacement of natural gas from the electric power industry, industry and public utilities. The absolute average annual increase in global coal consumption over 20 years is expected to slightly exceed 1.5%. This increase will mainly be provided by China and India with their huge geological reserves of coal and especially intensive growth of the electric power industry.

Under pressure from public opinion and environmental organizations, the role of nuclear energy will decline. The reduction in electricity production at nuclear power plants in developed countries will occur not only in relative terms (from 7 to 5% by 2020), but also in absolute terms. Significant growth will continue only in the newly industrialized countries of Asia.

Unlike nuclear power, hydropower should be further developed. Hydroelectric power generation will increase by 50% in absolute terms by 2020, mainly due to developing countries. According to some estimates, “renewable” energy (geothermal, solar, wind, sea wave (tidal) energy and biomass) will develop dynamically. The increase in energy obtained from these sources can be about 3% per year. But its share in total energy consumption will remain insignificant and will increase only from 2 to 3%.

Whether these forecasts come true depends on the energy policies of individual states and their groupings, on the development of scientific and technological progress in the field of energy and on the dynamics of energy prices in the next 20 years. Taking into account the interests of Russia, the prospects for the world oil and natural gas markets seem most relevant.

The previous article was devoted to the world oil market (PM No. 80 (No. 10, 2003). In this article we will consider the world gas market.

Main trends in the global natural gas market

Natural gas is the fastest growing fossil energy carrier in the energy consumption structure, although its share in the energy balance is currently inferior to oil and coal. After 2010, natural gas could move into second place, overtaking coal, and most of the growth will come from using gas as fuel for combined cycle gas turbines in new thermal power plants.

It is expected that the share of natural gas in the global energy market will increase, since gas is the most efficient and environmentally friendly energy carrier. Recently, the share of gas in the energy consumption of Western European countries has increased, and, according to expert estimates, this trend will continue in the future. The main factors contributing to this are: the growth in the number of gas power plants, the increase in gas use in the residential sector (especially in Central and Eastern Europe), the loss of attractiveness of nuclear power, and the worsening environmental problems.

Table 5 shows the dynamics of energy consumption from 1998 to 2002, as well as the share of gas in total energy consumption.

Table 5.

As can be seen from the table, natural gas consumption in Western Europe increased by 4.8% from 1998 to 1999, by 4.1% from 1999 to 2000, by 1.9% from 2000 to 2001, and by 1.9% from 2001. by 2002 - by 1.1%. During this period, the share of gas in the total energy consumption of primary energy carriers also increased. According to forecasts by the International Energy Agency, the share of gas in total energy consumption in Western Europe will continue to grow.

The highest growth rates of gas consumption in the coming thirty years will be characteristic of China (5.5% per year), African countries (4.7% per year), South Asia (4.7% per year), Latin America (4.3% in year). Demand in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) will be incomparably lower (Western European countries - 2.1%, Asia-Pacific countries - 2.3%, USA and Canada - 1.7%) (Table 6).

Table 6. Dynamics of energy consumption and the share of gas in total energy consumption

Due to the rapid growth of gas consumption in the group of developing countries, primarily in China, the geography of its consumption will change: the share of OECD countries over the next 30 years will decrease by 3% (from 52 to 49%), the share of countries with transition countries in world consumption the economy will also shrink (from 24 to 19%), but the share of developing countries will accordingly increase by 11% (from 21 to 32%).

Despite its high environmental safety, natural gas requires the creation of expensive infrastructure. Although gas consumption is projected to increase by more than 80% by 2020, due to the remoteness of its main fields from the largest consumers, the costs of its transportation will increase significantly. The main cost items will be the construction of gas pipelines, gas liquefaction plants, etc. The main directions of gas movement include exports from North Africa, Russia, the Caspian region to Western Europe and from Canada to the USA. Also noteworthy is the growing share of liquefied gas transportation, which accounts for about 20% of international gas trade. Such supplies are carried out mainly by sea transport to East Asian countries.

The natural gas market is quite different from other commodity markets, although some analogies can be drawn with the electricity market and other grid industries. The characteristic differences between the gas market and other commodity markets are as follows.

Gas can be bought and sold like any other commodity, but its transportation, due to its physical and chemical properties, in the vast majority of cases takes the form of a natural monopoly. Given economies of scale, it is inefficient to build competing pipelines, although some aspects of the network may not be a monopoly, such as gas flow metering. Thus, the supply of gas to end consumers in most cases necessarily includes an element of monopoly, even in a competitive market. The state, through the government, is responsible for regulating natural monopolies to prevent abuse of their market position, as well as to prevent possible energy crises.
In a competitive market, gas prices may fluctuate significantly in the short and long term. As in almost any commodity market, in the short term, prices are determined by the marginal cost of gas in end-use markets. Storage allows sellers to hold back gas when end-user demand and/or prices are low. In the long run, prices tend to fluctuate around marginal cost, the main element of which is the initial cost of capital. World gas prices are subject to the same law.
End-user demand for gas for heating (mainly in the residential and commercial sectors) and to some extent for power plants (where there is a need for heating or cooling) is highly dependent on weather conditions and is subject to seasonal fluctuations.
Many gas consumers are highly dependent on gas suppliers because they have no immediate alternative to using natural gas, so overall demand can be quite price inelastic in the short run.

Dependent consumers demand continuous supply at every point in time. Seasonality of demand causes additional supply costs. Less dependent customers with the ability to switch between energy types can be supplied under intermittent contracts, allowing suppliers to supply dependent customers during peak demand.

An important feature of most gas markets is the pricing mechanism, which is largely determined by the way it is transported. Transferring gas from the point of production to the point of consumption is typically very expensive relative to the cost of the commodity itself and has significant economies of scale. These features appear at the final stage of sales.

Natural gas, used as a local fuel due to its physical characteristics, acquired regional importance already in the middle of the 20th century. By the end of the 20th century, along with the traditional North American gas market, the European market had also fully formed and the liquefied gas market in the Asia-Pacific region was rapidly developing. The scale of international trade in natural gas allows us to conclude that a global gas market has formed, which, along with oil, has already become the most important factor in global energy and the formation of the global energy balance. For a long time, the development of the natural gas market was hampered by the specifics of its transportation: unlike most goods that can be transported by rail, road, air and water transport, delivering gas from producer to consumer requires complex and expensive infrastructure. These are main gas pipelines with compressor units, a distribution network, gas storage facilities, special vessels - methane carriers, installations for gas liquefaction and its subsequent regasification, special terminals, etc.

Currently, thanks to the achievements of scientific and technological progress and due to the relatively high cost of alternative energy sources, the problem of transport has been successfully solved to a large extent, especially when it comes to the development of large promising fields. Gas pipelines are laid along the bottom of the sea, in permafrost, their length reaches several thousand kilometers. The design of pipes is constantly being improved to resist corrosion and withstand high pressure. The technology for purifying and liquefying gas for transporting it by sea is also being successfully developed. A special fleet of refrigerated vessels has been created.

Thus, the natural gas market is currently functioning stably and will expand in the future, since the growing demand for natural gas will be covered by appropriate supplies for a long time, since according to available estimates, the provision of its natural reserves is significantly higher than the provision of natural oil reserves, production technology is constantly is being improved under the influence of scientific and technological progress, and vehicles for its delivery are continuously modernized.

The presence of a global natural gas market allows all countries, regardless of the availability of natural resources, to take advantage of the benefits of gas fuel, using international trade channels that provide access to the most geographically distant sources.

The global natural gas market was formed from regional markets. The development of gas transportation means leads to intensive growth of interregional supplies. For example, African gas, first liquefied and then dry, is increasing its presence in the Western European region. Liquefied gas from Algeria is supplied to North America. Therefore, we can conclude that regional gas markets are no longer autonomous entities, but have become sectors of a single world natural gas market, and intraregional gas trade is carried out on the basis of the existing global market conditions. However, despite the gradual formation of a single market, the presence of such sectors predetermines the presence of several price levels (Table 7).

Table 7. Natural gas price forecast, US dollars (2000) per 1 thousand m 3

The active internationalization of the natural gas market is greatly facilitated by the international interweaving of capital - the creation of mixed companies and international consortia for the joint development of large-scale gas fields and the construction of the corresponding transport infrastructure. The development of gas resources in the North Sea or Sakhalin fields is possible only with the participation of large capitals and companies from several countries, which gives gas production an international character.

In 2002, international supplies of natural gas were estimated at 431.35 billion m 3 and liquefied gas at 149.99 billion m 3. Being interconnected parts of a single world natural gas market, individual regions and countries, however, differ significantly in the degree of participation in foreign trade - from complete ignorance of the foreign market (Iran, Saudi Arabia) to a very strong export orientation (Norway) and almost complete dependence from imports (Finland, Turkey).

The regional natural gas market in North America was formed earlier than others. Initially, it was based on US purchases of gas produced in Canada. Currently, it has received some development while maintaining the dominant role of Canadian supplies. In 2002, of total North American exports of 122.33 billion m3, 108.8 billion m3 were from Canadian shipments to the United States. In the early 90s. The United States of America has been involved in the liquefied natural gas trade.

In 1994, they imported 1.4 billion m 3 of gas from Algeria and, in turn, supplied 1.7 billion m 3 to Japan. In 1995, supplies from Algeria decreased to 0.5 billion m 3, and to Japan increased to 1.9 billion m 3. Currently, this form of trade has practically disappeared.

The Latin American region is the most isolated from foreign trade, although in recent years there has been some intensification there.

The Near and Middle East may in the future become a major gas exporter, given the significant geological reserves of natural gas in this region. Africa is an active supplier of natural gas, exports of which to foreign markets tend to grow both due to the increase in Algeria’s export potential and through the inclusion of natural gas produced in other African countries in the export flow. Nigeria and Libya have large natural gas reserves and will be able to enter the world market in the near future.

Libya is actively developing gas liquefaction technology and has also connected to the gas pipeline connecting Algeria with Italy. Nigeria has not yet joined the foreign gas trade, but there is no doubt that its significant natural gas reserves, in the face of growing demand for blue fuel, will undoubtedly be in demand in the near future. The Asia-Pacific region trades liquefied natural gas, with Japan and South Korea being the main buyers and Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia and Brunei being the main suppliers. In the future, we can expect consumption growth in South Korea, and the emerging market of China is almost limitless.

The most active participants in the global natural gas market are the Western European region and Russia. At the same time, Russia acts as the largest exporter, while Western Europe conducts active intra- and interregional trade, being at the same time the largest region - a net importer. In the mid-90s, Western Europe was supplied with its own production by approximately 69% (the ratio of production to consumption) and therefore was forced to turn to extra-regional sources.

In Western Europe, only Norway, the Netherlands and Denmark have the ability to cover gas needs with their own production. As for other countries, a rather motley picture emerges here: from zero to quite impressive self-sufficiency.

Proven reserves of natural gas in Western Europe at the end of 2002 were estimated at 5.55 trillion m 3, which accounted for 3.5% of the world's reserves.

As noted above, the situation with self-sufficiency in Western European countries in natural gas differs quite significantly from country to country. Most of them are either very poorly supplied (Germany, France, Austria) or do not have their own natural gas reserves at all (Finland, Switzerland, Belgium, etc.). This discrepancy between the average indicators and the indicators of most countries is explained by the significant concentration of deposits, as a result of which the bulk of production falls on 3-4 countries. For example, in 2002, the UK, the Netherlands, Norway and Italy accounted for 86% of all gas production in the region.

The largest reserves are concentrated in the Central European oil and gas basin, with the bulk of them in the Groningen field (Netherlands) and the fields of the North Sea. Smaller natural gas deposits are located in the Aquitaine, Transylvanian and Adriatic basins. About 70% of gas fields are located on the continental shelf in the North and Norwegian Seas, making natural gas extraction labor-intensive and expensive.

As mentioned earlier, the largest continental field in Western Europe is the Groningen field, whose reserves are estimated at 1.8 trillion m 3.

Thanks to Groningen, Holland has become the largest producer and exporter in Western Europe. To deliver gas to domestic consumers and for export, a network of trunk and distribution gas pipelines has been created in the Netherlands. The main gas pipeline from the Groningen field is divided into two lines, one of which is laid to the south of the country and has export significance, since it reaches the French border through Belgium. Another gas export pipeline brings gas to the German border.

Starting from the mid-60s, when production in the North Sea had not yet acquired the impressive scale of today, and import gas pipelines from Russia and Algeria had not been built, the Netherlands occupied a monopoly position in the market, dictated conditions, and raised prices. In the mid-70s. Dutch supplies satisfied 50% of the needs of the EEC countries.

Natural gas production in the North Sea, as well as growing imports from Russia, Algeria and other countries, have significantly changed market conditions. However, despite these structural changes, the Netherlands remains a major gas exporter, second only to Russia and Canada. The process of liberalization of natural gas markets is leading to changes in the way gas is traded, including gas pricing mechanisms. Using the experience of North America and the UK as an example, we can highlight some key features of gas trading in competitive markets.

Gradually, with market liberalization, the share of short-term contracts increases due to a reduction in the share of long-term contracts, while these changes are accompanied by an increase in the volume of standard contracts. Few companies seek contracts longer than three years. The exception is that power plants, which vitally need a stable supply of fuel, seek to enter into contracts for long-term gas supplies of five to ten years or more, if possible in combination with mutual sales of electricity. Gradually, “take or pay” obligations, when a company committed to buy gas under long-term contracts, but does not take it from the pipe (for example, the price is no longer satisfactory) and pays a “penalty” or a fine, are leaving business practice. This trend was especially evident in North America, where transport companies faced serious financial difficulties in the mid-1980s. as a result of burdensome obligations to supply gas at above-market prices under long-term contracts with producers. This type of contract continues to be used mainly by electricity producers, but minimum prices are set at a lower level.

By analogy with the global oil market, gas spot markets and derivatives markets began to emerge. Derivatives are used as risk management tools and as a means of buying and selling physical quantities. By 2000, 35% of the North American market and 20% of the UK market were supplied by gas purchased from spot and futures markets.

Another feature of gas markets is that when they are liberalized, gas trade and transportation are separated. This shifted the responsibility for reserving transport capacity and storage space to intermediate and/or final consumers. In North America, transportation companies are required to provide services to gas suppliers based on standard regulations and conditions approved by government regulators. In England, the use of the pipeline network owned and operated by Transco is regulated by the Network Code, which is approved by the regulator Ofgem.

Since the physical properties of gas are very different from oil, this requires a completely different organization of market infrastructure. Consider the market infrastructure of the US and UK.

In the United States, in 1992, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) approved Regulation 636, which established pipeline hubs to serve as gas trading locations and specialized transportation and storage services. To prevent system imbalance, there are requirements for reserving volumes at the inlet and outlet of pipelines. With the advent of competition among wholesalers, it has become important to provide flexibility in supply at gas sending and receiving points.

This was implemented by providing the ability to identify collection points for unwanted primary volume released by the sender. These steps have improved sellers' ability to load balance and reduced transaction costs.

In the UK, the Network Code provides for the creation of National Balancing Points on the Transco system, giving traders greater flexibility in determining their dispatch points and facilitating gas trading.

Secondary capacity trading has also emerged, with regulators in the US and UK providing gas volumes pre-ordered for transport and storage, released by sellers, through a computerized trading system used by transport companies. There are hefty fines for system imbalances, which apply if sellers upset the daily balance between incoming and outgoing gas volumes, especially during periods of peak demand. In the US, the balance of the system relies heavily on market forces. In the UK, compared to the US, gas storage capacity and pipeline lengths are significantly smaller, limiting the possibility of transmission compression, thereby increasing the importance of balancing the system. The Network Code and Transco's Core Guidelines also provide for penalties for merchants who violate the balance during peak periods.

Despite the liberalization of the gas market, tariffs for transportation and storage in the US and UK remain subject to government regulation. Summarizing the above, the following should be noted.

In the near future, we can expect an increase in energy consumption, which will be caused by both an increase in the world population and changes in the living standards of people in developing countries. This growth trend will be somewhat smoothed out, although it will not be reversed, by such factors as improving the energy supply system and thermal insulation of buildings, introducing energy-saving technologies, etc.
In the long term, prices for basic energy resources are projected to rise.
Due to the depletion of their own natural reserves of energy resources and the absence of any real alternative to them, the dependence of the countries - the main consumers of oil and gas (the countries of the European Union, the USA, Japan and others) on energy imports will increase significantly. This also applies to some developing countries, especially China and India.
The world natural gas market will develop most rapidly, both through the improvement and development of pipeline transport infrastructure, and through an increase in the volume of trade in liquefied gas, which provides greater flexibility in international supplies.
In the current situation, Russia can become the most important supplier of energy resources to world markets, and the primary task of its government today can be considered the creation of optimal conditions for the further development of the Russian fuel and energy complex.

Nakicenovic N., Gruber A., McDonald A. Global Energy Perspectives. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and World Energy Council // Cambridge University Press. - 1998.

Energie und Gesellschaft//Siemens Standpunkt, 2/2000.

Prospects for the development of global energy markets. Ministry of Energy of Russia. M., 2002.

Natural Gas Pricing in Competitive Market. Paris, 1998. P. 10.

BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2003.

Natural Gas Pricing in Competitive Market. Paris, 1998. pp. 14-16.

The level of material and spiritual culture of people depends on the amount of energy resources at their disposal and their ability to use these resources effectively and profitably.

The field of economics, science and technology covering energy resources, production, transformation, accumulation, distribution and consumption of various types of energy is called energy.

In the twentieth century, humanity used up more resources than during the entire period of its existence. The dynamics of consumption of primary energy resources was characterized by constant, although not always uniform, growth. Over the twentieth century, total global consumption increased 13–14 times, reaching 13.5 billion tons of fuel equivalent in 2000. The concept of “standard fuel” was introduced to compare different types of fuel. Historically in the USSR, and now in the CIS countries, the unit of measurement is a ton of fuel equivalent (t.e.), equal in energy value to a ton of coal. Abroad, a ton of oil is used as an equivalent .

Until the mid-1970s, the development of global energy did not encounter any particular difficulties along the way. The average annual growth rate of energy consumption has been increasing all the time. This dynamics was explained primarily by the rapid increase in oil production, which was transported to various parts of the world - under the control of the largest oil companies that owned its production, processing and delivery to consumers. The fact that oil prices were very low also had a huge stimulating effect on these processes: in the early 70s, 1 ton of oil cost only 15–20 dollars.

However, in the mid-70s, very big changes occurred in the development of world energy: an energy (primarily oil) crisis occurred, which meant the end of a long era of cheap fuel. We began to develop new national energy programs. The main bet was placed on energy saving, which began to be considered as a kind of additional energy resource. This strategy has yielded positive results.

In the 1980s, the overall growth rate of energy consumption slowed. This slowdown continued in the 90s, when, in addition to the policy of energy conservation and increasing the efficiency of energy use, factors such as the fuel and energy shortage in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, which occurred after the collapse of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, as well as crisis phenomena in the fuel industry, began to take effect. -energy complex of the CIS countries after the collapse of the USSR.

The new energy policy has led to certain changes in the structure of global energy consumption. During the twentieth century, it was characterized by a change of two successive stages - coal and oil and gas. The coal stage lasted until approximately the middle of the twentieth century (in 1900 the share of coal was almost 60%, in 1913 - 80%, in 1950 - 58%). Then the oil and gas stage began, associated with greater efficiency, better transportability of oil and gas, as well as the discovery of new rich oil and gas basins. The share of oil and gas in world energy consumption reached its maximum (77%) in 1973.

After the global energy crisis broke out, they began to talk about a new, transitional stage in the development of energy consumption, the main goal of which was considered to be the fastest possible transition from the use of fossil fuels, especially oil, to the use of renewable, alternative energy sources, to nuclear energy. However, after overcoming the energy crisis and a new reduction in the price of oil, people started talking, on the contrary, about the inertia of the structure of world energy consumption and the need to maintain its relative stability. In the last decades of the twentieth century, it was characterized by relative stability, although the share of oil nevertheless began to decrease somewhat, and the share of natural gas to increase (Table 3).

Table 3– Structure of global energy consumption, %

Today, traditional energy sources (various types of fuel, hydro resources) and technologies for their use are no longer capable of providing the required level of energy supply to society. And although the proven reserves of natural fuels are very large, the problem of depletion of natural reserves at the current and projected pace of their development is becoming a real and near future. Already today, a number of fields, due to depletion, turn out to be unsuitable for industrial development, and for oil and gas, for example, one has to go to hard-to-reach, remote territories, ocean shelves, etc. Serious forecasters prove that if current volumes and growth rates are maintained, energy consumption, fossil fuel reserves will completely dry up in 70–150 years.

Another factor limiting a significant increase in energy production through fuel combustion is the ever-increasing pollution of the environment with waste from energy production. This waste is significant in weight and contains a large number of various harmful components. Nature is no longer able to process these pollution and recover on its own.

Nuclear power poses environmental problems of a different kind. They are due to the need to prevent nuclear fuel from entering the environment, as well as to ensure reliable disposal of nuclear waste, which, given the current level of development of technology and technology, is associated with great difficulties.

Currently it is becoming more and more relevant energy saving and the widespread practical use of so-called non-traditional and renewable energy sources, which are environmentally friendly and do not pollute the environment. Modern "non-traditional" energy(small hydroelectric power plants, solar, geothermal, thermonuclear, hydrogen energy, bioenergy) is the reserve that gives hope and the opportunity to overcome many problems and meet the growing needs of people in the future. As technologies and the scale of practical use improve, some of the “non-traditional” power plants will move into the category of traditional “big” energy, while the other part will find their niche in the “small” energy sector to supply energy to local facilities. One way or another, there is a great future for non-traditional energy sources, and we must do our best to ensure that this future quickly becomes the present. The issues of life and death on our planet depend on this.

End of work -

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Fundamentals of ecology and energy saving

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A.A. Volchek
X 14 Khadyeva, V.S. Fundamentals of ecology and energy saving: educational and methodological complex / V.S. Khadyeva, Brest. state University named after A. S. Pushkin. – Brest: BrGU, 2012. – 99 p.

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Ecosystems
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Biosphere
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General characteristics of the resources of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere
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Environmental laws
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Environmental disasters of the past
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Environmental problems of our time
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Questions for testing
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Economics of environmental management textbook. allowance

ECONOMICALLY USEFUL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHERNB-TLECTPBRO, TAGIL CATTLE AND THEIR CROSSES WITH DUTCH AND HOLSTIN BREEDS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

STUDYING THE INFLUENCE OF BIOTIC DOSES OF COBALT ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN HUMAN AND ANIMALS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF FEED PROTEINS STABILIZED BY ACETIC ACID ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

ACTIVITY OF SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION AND SEED PRODUCTIVITY OF VETCH DEPENDING ON THE SUPPLY OF MINERAL NUTRITION ELEMENTS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

FORMATION OF SOYBEAN AND WHEAT YIELD IN THE Crop Rotation DEPENDING ON THE NITROGEN REGIME OF LONG-TERM SEASONALLY FROST SOILS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

No. 46 [Posev, 1949]

No. 2 [Energy security in documents and facts, 2008]

AGROBIOLOGICAL RATIONALE FOR THE APPLICATION OF MULCHING, HERBICIDES AND BLACK STEAM IN THE CONTROL OF WEEDS OF ONIONS AND CARROTS ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTORS OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

No. 6 [Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex, 2019]

Energy audit studies. manual (course of lectures)

Air supply system for an industrial enterprise. allowance

No. 12 [Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex, 2016]

No. 7 [Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex, 2017]

Administration of income from energy exports based on their forecasting monograph

No. 1 [Higher education in Russia, 1993]

Methodological support for energy inspection of the technological process of production of aircraft engines [textbook. allowance]

No. 6 [Energy security and energy saving, 2010]

OIL AND GAS CONTRACTS AS A FACTOR OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE RF AND PRC

No. 6 [Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex, 2017]

Main trends in global primary energy consumption

Main trends in the global natural gas market

Fundamentals of ecology and energy saving

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27
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