The concept of paronyms
Passwords (Greek para´ - near and onyma- name) - words that are close (but not identical) in pronunciation, spelling, lexical and grammatical affiliation, and related roots. For example: archaic - archaic, long - long, swampy - swampy etc. In a broad sense, paronyms generally include all similar-sounding words (both single-root and different-rooted). For example: pilot - boatswain, clarinet - cornet and so on.
Paronyms cannot replace each other in the same context (with rare exceptions, see partial paronyms), because this leads to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. Members of paronymic pairs in most cases differ in lexical compatibility. For example: stone wall - rocky soil, go to university - appear on paper, write a dictation - condemn dictate, clearly prefer - clearly hear, signature on a document - wood painting, turn yellow with time - yellow fabric etc.
Sometimes paronyms can be combined with the same word, but the resulting phrases have different meanings. For example: democratic government(based on the principles of democracy) - democratic government(simple, referring to the people).
The similarity in the pronunciation and writing of paronyms is often the reason for their confusion in speech, which is a gross violation of the norms of word usage. For example: an effective dress is an effective medicine(right: a spectacular dress is an effective medicine).
Paronymic series
Two or more paronyms form in a language paronymic series (paronymic paradox ). According to the number of members, paronymic series are divided into binary ones (for example: every - every, main - capital etc.) and polynary (for example: sole - united - single, diplomat - diploma holder - graduate etc.).
In the Russian language, binary paronymic series predominate.
Classifications of paronyms
Prefixal (prefix) paronyms - paronyms with different prefixes. For example: run in - run up, discuss - condemn, dress - put on etc.
Suffix paronyms - paronyms with different suffixes. For example: formidable - thunderous, whiten - whiten, lyrical - lyrical etc.
Final passwords - paronyms with different inflections (endings, finals). For example: heat - heat, guarantor- guarantee etc.
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7. Paronymy. Types of paronyms
Paronyms in the Russian language words are called with different meanings, similar in pronunciation, lexico-grammatical affiliation and, as a rule, the relationship of the roots.
For example: destination("the one to whom it is addressed"), addressee(“the one who addresses”); inhale("separate inhalation"), sigh(“inhalation and the exhalation that follows”); artistically th ("related to the artist, intended for the artist": artistic career, artistic environment), artistic(“distinguished by artistry, i.e. artistic taste, skillful, virtuosic”: artistic nature).
Types of paronyms.
1. Full and partial:
- full Paronyms are words with different roots that sound similar: farce - minced meat; excavator - escalator; injection - infection; turn - mirage; drill - trill; antinomy(“a philosophical contradiction between two positions recognized as equally correct”) - antimony (“conducting empty talk”);
- partial paronyms are words with the same root, similar in sound, but not identical in meaning: provide a summary("to give the opportunity to take advantage"), submit a summary(“present, give”); diplomatic refusal("relating to diplomacy") and diplomatic refusal(“finely calculated”); leftovers("what is left") and remains("dead body").
2. Original and borrowed:
- original paronyms originated in Russian: income - income(the entrepreneur puts money into circulation, receives a certain amount, i.e. income; income “minus” the money put into circulation is income); ignorant("rude"), ignoramus(“knowing little, not knowing”);
- borrowed paronyms came from other languages: gross("weight of goods with packaging"), net(“weight of goods without packaging”); pilot("ship guide who knows the fairway well"), boatswain(“conducts business affairs on the ship”).
Paronyms are quite difficult to differentiate in the speech stream. Mixing paronyms is possible not only in everyday speech. For example, the history of art included an incident involving the mixing of paronyms. Michelangelo created the statue of the majestic and wise Moses according to the biblical description, and in the text of the Bible he used, the Latin word coronatus(“shining”, “surrounded by radiance”) was replaced by Greek cornutus("horned"). So, instead of a halo, the great prophet received... horns.
On the other hand, paronymy has long been used by speakers, writers, poets, and publicists. It underlies the creation of a special kind of stylistic figure - paronomasia, the essence of which is the deliberate confusion or collision of paronymous words: not stupid, but oak; and deaf and stupid; The classics need not only to be read, but also to be revered (Meek). Paronomasia is often used in newspaper headlines: “Waste and Income”, “Life and Being”, “Claim and Search”, “Fires and Thoughts”.
Paronyms are divided into root, affix and etymological.
Root paronyms
Root paronyms have different roots, the external similarity of which is purely coincidental: Russian. excavator - escalator; English live - leave; German fördern - fördern. Such paronyms are not united by a common motivation and a common semantic connection.
Affixal paronyms
Affixal paronyms are united by a common motivation and a common semantic connection. They have a common root, but different, although similar, derivational affixes: Russian. subscription - subscriber, economical - economical - economical; English historic - historical; German original - originell. Suffixal paronymy is widespread in medical and chemical terminology, where not only roots, but also suffixes have terminological meaning. So, for example, the suffix -id in chemical terminology means a salt whose molecules do not contain oxygen atoms (chloride, sulfide, etc.), and -it, -at- salts containing oxygen atoms (sulfite, chlorate, carbonate, etc.).
Etymological paronyms
Etymological paronyms are the same word, borrowed by a language in different ways several times (through the mediation of different languages) and in different meanings: Russian. project(learned directly from Latin) - project(learned through the mediation of the French language); English. concert(from French) - concerto(from Italian). Borrowings from closely related languages (Russian-Polish-Church Slavonic) or ancestral languages (French-Latin, Hindi-Sanskrit) can cause etymological paronymy if the borrowed word is similar to an existing original word in a given language: Russian. powder(original Russian word with East Slavic consonance) - dust(Church Slavic word, South Slavic in origin). Sometimes an original borrowing and a borrowing that has been contaminated under the influence of folk etymology can be used in parallel: Russian. ordinary - single.
In the English language, due to its special history (Roman conquest, Anglo-Saxon settlement, Franco-Norman conquest), there are not only pairs, but even triplets and quadruples of etymological paronyms. Examples are regal - real - royal, legal - leal - loyal, place - plateau - plaza - piazza, captain - capo - chief - chef, hostel - hospital - hotel, fidelity - faithfulness - fealty, chariot - cart - carriage - car.
Examples of paronyms in Russian
Among paronyms, nouns occupy a significant place:
subscription-subscriber;
biology-bryology;
boatswain-pilot;
broth - brouillon (draft);
guarantor - guarantee;
reveler - goulash;
propulsion engine;
Antonyms
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Antonyms(Greek αντί - “against” + όνομα “name”) are words of one part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: “truth” - “lie”, “good” - “evil”, “ speak" - "be silent".
Lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexical-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relationships are impossible for them, however, in a figurative meaning they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relationships between words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.
Antonyms are possible for words whose meanings contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be contrasted. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.
Proper names, pronouns, and numerals do not have antonyms.
Paronymy should be distinguished from the phenomena of synonymy and homonymy.
Paronymy (Greek para - “near”) is the semantic relationship of similar, but not identical sememes, formally expressed by similar, but not identical lexemes.
From the definition it is clear that semantically and formally paronyms are close to single-root synonyms (close in meaning and form), and in form - also homonyms (close in form, sound and spelling). However, paronyms differ from both of them in that this proximity in PS and/or in PV never turns into identity, semantic, as in synonyms, or formal, as in homonyms. Therefore, paronyms form an independent linguistic category, the members of which are in equivalent formal and semantic opposition. Therefore, the category is considered formal-semantic, in contrast to formal (homonymy) and semantic (synonymy).
Traditionally, paronyms are words of one part of speech that are close in meaning and sound (usually the same root): NEIGHBORING (house - “located in the neighborhood”) - NEIGHBORING (cat - “belonging to neighbors”); EARTHLY (sphere - “relating to the earth”) - EARTHLY (floor - “made of earth”), IGNORANT - IGNORANT, SUBSCRIBER - SUBSCRIPTION, etc.
From the examples it is clear that paronyms (as opposed to synonyms) correspond to different, although similar concepts: SUBSCRIBER - a person, SUBSCRIPTION - a document. Their semantic differences can be emphasized by choosing synonyms and antonyms for them:
FULL - not hungry, full (person) - opposite: hungry
NUTRITIONAL - dense, high-calorie (dinner) - opposite: meager, light.
However, the proximity of paronyms to synonyms is sometimes very obvious, not always allowing these phenomena to be distinguished (ORANGE - ORANGE, DRESS - WEAR). This indicates that paronyms come in several types, both in meaning and structure.
O.P. Vishnyakova identifies the following types of paronyms:
1) complete (true, absolute, maximum) - words of the same root with stress on one syllable, relating to one part of speech and one LSG, they differ only in affixes: ZEMNY - ZEMLANY, VRYT - BLOW UP, MELODY - MELODICS;
2) incomplete - former synonyms, not yet fully delimited semantically: IRONIC - IRONIC, TOURIST - TOURIST, ORANGE - ORANGE;
3) partial (approximate, quasi-paronyms) - words with the same root, differing in stress, but the same in compatibility: RAINY - RAINY, NOISY - NOISE, GROZNY - THUNDERSHIP.
From the point of view of structure, the paronyms are suffixed (FLOWERY - FLOWERY, TURTLE - TURTLE), prefixed (PRINTED - PRINTED, PRESENTED - PROVIDE) and root (IGNORANT - IGNORANT, RESURRECT - RESURRECT).
Paronyms are compared only in the form of one number (singular or plural): REMAINS - REMAINS (not possible: REMAINDER - REMAINS).
In artistic speech, paronyms are used as an important stylistic device when their semantic differences are consciously emphasized by the author. For example: “I am disturbed by the futility of meetings, which neither my heart nor my mind, and that is not festivity, but the idleness that reigns in my home” (E. Yevtushenko).
Paronymy correlates with paronomasia (paronomasia) - a stylistic device of deliberately bringing together consonant words (and not only paronyms) for the purpose of imagery and emotional impact on the reader: “There, behind the mountains of grief, there is no end to the sunny land” (V. Mayakovsky). V.P. Grigoriev calls this technique paronymic attraction.
The semantic and formal similarity of paronyms, ignorance of the meanings or their subtle semantic differences often leads to speech errors - confusion of paronyms: “I was given a subscription to the pool” (follows: subscription) or “Business travelers have arrived” (follows: business travelers).
To avoid such mistakes, in order to improve the culture of speech, dictionaries of paronyms are created (usually for educational purposes).
The first dictionary of paronyms was published in 1971 (author N.P. Kolesnikov), in which paronymy is understood broadly, i.e. paronyms are considered not only words with the same root, but also simply consonant words (for example, CARTON - CORDON, SHECKOLDA - ANKLE).
In the “Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language” O.V. Vishnyakova presents only paronyms with the same root, based on her interpretation of this category. It shows the meaning and compatibility of paronyms, their synonyms and antonyms.
In 1994, “Dictionary of Russian Language Paronyms” was published by Yu.A. Belchikova and M.S. Panyushev, which is an expanded reissue of the earlier dictionary of these authors “Difficult cases of using cognate words of the Russian language” (1968).
The technique of paronymic attraction is described in “Materials for the Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language” by V.P. Grigorieva, N.A. Kozhevnikova and Z.Yu. Petrova (1992).
Thus, systemic lexical-semantic connections between words are carried out within the framework of certain lexical categories, the main ones of which we have considered. However, vocabulary groupings are not limited to these categories (see, for example: Kobozeva). The categories considered are simply the most studied and traditional. Therefore, we will limit ourselves to them.
All information on this topic is collected in a reference diagram (See* Appendix 1. Diagram No. 4. Lexico-semantic connections of words).
1. Definition of paronymy. The concept of paronymic nest.
2. Types of paronyms.
3. Reasons for the erroneous interchange of paronymous words. Paronymy in the system of lexical-semantic categories of language.
4. Definition of synonymy. The concept of synonymous series.
5. Functions of synonyms.
1. Definition of paronymy. The concept of paronymic nest.
Paronymy(from the Greek “near, around” + “name”) does not represent any special categorical lexical-semantic relationship in the system.
Paronyms- similar-sounding words of the same root with stress on the same syllable, attributed to one logical-grammatical series - one part of speech, one gender (and aspect, if these are verbs and their forms) - and denoting their concepts.
The mechanism of unintentional paronymic mixing of consonant words relies to a greater extent on the presence of word-formation and etymological connections, although phonetic consonance in words plays an important role. The closeness of the sound of paronyms is also determined by the stress.
Paronymic nest is a family of words that is characterized by the structural similarity of the words of each pair. Paronymic nests consist of pairs of words, mostly represented by word forms rather than lexemes. The core component in them is the root component.
Paronymic nests are formed from paronyms, pairs of which refer to different parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs).
Paronymic nests can be represented by two pairs of words. In a nest, the basic, core feature is always etymological. However, not all paronyms are necessarily in any nest of pairs.
The peculiarity of a paronymic nest is that it always includes two semantic concepts. Due to the richness and diversity of the morphological structure of the Russian language, it is possible to use different word-forming morphemes in two words that are close, but not identical in meaning. The meaning of paronymy, with a few exceptions (root paronyms), is expressed by affixal morphemes.
2. Types of paronyms. The lexical and grammatical difference in paronymous words is conveyed by affixes.
There are three types of paronyms: suffixal, prefix And root.
Paronymous words are characterized by an almost complete discrepancy in the spheres of lexical compatibility, which excludes the use of one paronymic lexeme instead of another in the same context.
Paronymy is a special, additional characteristic of the lexical meaning of a word and is included in the lexeme along with the subject-logical component. In the semantic structure of a word, it is similar to a stylistic characteristic reproduced together with the subject-logical meaning.
Introduced into the linguistic fabric of a work of art, paronyms serve as a means of creating an image, differentiate the speech of the characters and the author, and help convey the flavor of the era and place of action. Along with neutral words, among paronyms there are terms, archaisms, and colloquialisms that can be used as stylistic devices.
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