The meaning of the interjection, its morphological features and syntactic function
Interjection - a part of speech that expresses various feelings and motives, but does not name them.
Expressed interjections feelings or expressions of will are conveyed using special intonation, for example: Oh, how much interesting material I have!.. (A. Kuprin); Hey! A fox fur coat, if you have an extra one,/Don’t begrudge five rubles... (In. Annensky).
Interjections differ from both significant and auxiliary parts of speech. From significant parts of speech interjections They differ in that they do not name phenomena of reality, and from service ones in that they do not express the relationship between words in a phrase and a sentence, do not serve to connect words and sentences and do not introduce additional semantic shades into the sentence.
Interjections have neither lexical nor grammatical meanings and cannot act as any member of a sentence. However interjections are the basis for the formation of words of other parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs that are actively used in speech. For example: The horses indifferently stepped over the barrier and moved on, but the driver of the carriage stopped , pulled the reins (B. Akunin).
TO interjections Words denoting instant actions should not be used (bang, clap, slap etc., as well as words imitating various sounds and voices of animals and birds. (tra-ta-ta; boom-boom-boom; meow-meow; woof-woof; ha-ha-ha and etc. ).
Types of interjections by origin and structure
By origin interjections are divided into non-derivatives and derivatives.
Non-derivativesinterjections do not correlate with words of other parts of speech and usually consist of one, two or three sounds: a, oh, uh, ah, oh, eh, wow, alas. This group also includes complex interjections type ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh and so on.
Derivativesinterjections formed from words of other parts of speech: a) verbs (hello, goodbye, just think about it); b) nouns (priests, guard, Lord); c) adverb (pretty, full); d) pronouns (same thing).
To derivatives interjections also include words of foreign origin (hello, bravo, encore, kaput).
By structure interjections can be: a) simple, that is, consist of one word (ah, oh, alas); b) complex, i.e. formed by combining two or three interjections (ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh, fathers of light); c) compound, that is, consisting of two or more words (alas and ah; same thing; here you go; here you go again).
Types of interjections by meaning
Included interjections There are three groups: 1) interjections emotional, 2) interjections incentives, 3) interjections etiquette.
Emotionalinterjections can express various positive or negative emotions, as well as one or another emotional state: joy, cheerfulness, fear, horror, bewilderment, apprehension, admiration, etc., for example: Ah, everything in the world is made of the same clay... (F. Sologub)(disappointment); Ah, Chatsky! You love to dress everyone up as jesters... (A. Griboedov)(gloat); Ugh, God forgive me! Repeat the same thing five thousand times... (A. Griboyedov)(irritation); Who knew honor before everyone? Maxim Petrovich! Joke!(A. Griboyedov)(Delight); Alas! To this day only people... (Vyach. Ivanov)(regret).
Incentivesinterjections usually expressed: 1) call, hail, for example: Hey, collar, do you speak German? (In. Annensky); 2) incentive, prohibition, for example: Shh. not a word... the distance of the past... (John Annenisky)(call and prohibition); 3) assurance, for example: Here, sir, if you were outside the doors, by golly not five minutes since we remembered you here... (A. Griboyedov)(assurance).
TO incentive interjections refers to words used to call animals or control animals (kiss-kiss, chick-chick, kus-kus, but!, whoa! and etc.). They should not be confused with onomatopoeic words that imitate the sounds made by animals (meow-meow, woof-woof, co-co-co, pi-pi-pi, i-go-go etc.) Onomatopoeic words, in contrast to incentive interjections, do not convey the meaning of the expression of will. Wed: She said, as if by instinct: "Kitty Kitty!" - and suddenly her gray cat, thin, skinny, came out of the weeds... (N. Gogol).
Labelinterjections- these are words associated with the expression of etiquette norms in speech (Thank you! Thank you! Hello! Hello! Goodbye! Happy! All the best!), For example: Great, Friend, Great, Brother, Great!(A. Griboyedov)(greetings).
This is a part of the Russian language that expresses motives, feelings and emotions, but does not name them. Like auxiliary parts of speech, interjections do not change.
Are not interjections the following words:
- onomatopoeic(imitating ordinary sounds and sounds made by birds, animals or insects): knock-knock, woof-woof, chirp-tweet.
Indicating instant actions: stomp, slap, jump.
Types of interjections.
Interjections vary in composition, origin and meaning.
According to the composition of the interjection there are:
- Simple interjections- consisting of one word: great, wow, bravo;
- Compound interjections- consisting of two or more words: wow, here you go, pray tell;
- Complex interjections- consisting of two or more bases: Ay-ay-ay, oh-oh-oh.
By origin distinguish:
- Derivative interjections- formed from other words and phrases (syntactic constructions): come on, just think, pipes, pray tell and etc.
- Non-derivative interjections- first-born, having no genetic connections with other parts of speech: oh, ah, uh and etc.
- Borrowed interjections- interjections that came into the Russian language from other languages: bravo, that's it, guard, wow and etc.
By value distinguish:
The syntactic role of interjections.
Usually interjections are not part of the sentence. But when interjections act as other parts of speech in a sentence, they take their place among the members of that sentence. Let's consider, what parts of a sentence can an interjection be used in?, replacing other parts of speech:
- An endless “ow” came in response from the darkness. In this sentence “ay” replaces the noun and acts as subject.
- Hey girl! In this sentence, the interjection “ah yes” replaces the adjective, therefore it acts as definitions(what girl?).
Interjections and punctuation marks.
Consider the following Rules for placing punctuation marks for interjections:
How to distinguish interjection from particles?
Some interjections may have homonyms, which are spelled the same but are actually particles used to enhance the emotional tone of the sentence. How to distinguish interjections oh, ah, oh, well and others from homonymous particles?
1) The particle “o” is usually used in addresses and exclamatory sentences before the words “yes” or no”: Oh yes, this is what you need!(compare with interjection: Oh, how beautiful this day is!)
2) The particle “well” is used in sentences with an intensifying meaning: Well, how you have grown, my boy!(compare with interjection: Well, are we going for a walk or not?)
3) The particle “ah” is most often used with personal pronouns: Oh, you cunning fox face!(compare with interjection: Oh, how beautiful this garden is!)
In cases where we are faced with not an interjection, but a particle, commas are not used. Interjections in a sentence are always marked with punctuation. Exceptions are the phrases: “oh you”, “wow”, “oh yes”, “oh you”, “oh and”, etc.
A special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings, moods and motives. Interjections are neither independent nor auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections are a feature of conversational style; in works of art they are used in dialogues.
Groups of interjections by meaning
There are interjections non-derivative (well, ah, ugh, eh etc.) and derivatives, derived from independent parts of speech ( Give it up! Fathers! Horror! Guard! and etc.).
Interjections do not change and are not members of the sentence . But sometimes an interjection is used as an independent part of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence. There was an “au” sound in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - “ay” is equal in meaning to the noun “cry” and is the subject. Tatyana ah! and he roars . (A. Pushkin) - the interjection “ah” is used in the meaning of the verb “gasp” and is a predicate.
We need to differentiate!
It should be distinguished from interjections onomatopoeic words. They convey various sounds of living and inanimate nature: humans ( hee hee, ha ha ), animals ( meow-meow, crow ), items ( tick-tock, ding-ding, clap, boom-boom ). Unlike interjections, onomatopoeic words do not express emotions, feelings, or motives. Onomatopoeic words usually consist of one syllable (bul, woof, drip) or repeated syllables (gul-bul, woof-woof, drip-drip - written with a hyphen).
From onomatopoeic words, words of other parts of speech are formed: meow, meow, gurgle, gurgle, giggle, giggle, etc. In a sentence, onomatopoeic words, like interjections, can be used in the meaning of independent parts of speech and be members of a sentence. The whole capital shook, and the girl hee-hee-hee yes ha-ha-ha (A. Pushkin) - “hee-hee-hee” and “ha-ha-ha” are equal in meaning to the verbs “laughed, laughed” and are predicates.
(ideophone).
Many famous linguists have paid attention to the study of interjections. All the variety of points of view expressed at different times can be reduced to three.
- Interjection is a syntactic class of heterogeneous composition, standing outside the division of words into parts of speech.
- Interjections are part of the system of parts of speech, but stand alone in it.
- Interjections are included in the circle of parts of speech, and within the latter - in the category of “particles of speech” along with prepositions and conjunctions.
The substitutive functions of interjections and their living connections with words of different parts of speech are actively studied in modern linguistics.
Functions performed
Interjections perform an expressive or motivating function, expressing, for example, the speaker’s feelings (oh! wow! wow!!!), a call (hey! chick-chick!) or a command (scatter!). These also include obscene exclamations, to which the same punctuation rules apply. Many interjections originate from emotional exclamations and sounds that accompany the body’s reflexes to external irritations (Ah-ah, Ah, it hurts! Wow, it’s hard! Brr. It’s cold!), such interjections often have a specific phonetic appearance, that is, they contain rare or sounds and sound combinations unusual for a given language: in Russian, an interjection can be expressed by non-standard sounds and sound combinations, for example, labial vibrant (whoa! brrr, hmm), combination (dzin-dzin [d'z'], ts, tss). According to a number of characteristics, onomatopoeias are adjacent to interjections, which are conditional intentional reproductions of sounds accompanying actions performed by a person, animal or object.
Interjections are substitutes for well-known definite expressions and entire sentences. Instead of “ugh” or “brr”, you can say “what disgusting!”, instead of “shh” - “quiet, don’t make noise”, instead of “hey” or “pss” - “come here”, “listen”, or simply make a call hand gesture, etc. The use of interjections as members of a sentence standing in connection with other members is very rare. A few examples can be cases like: “I am so wretched,” “alas, poor me” (lat. eheu me nuserum, German webe dem Armen) etc.
Interjections in English in coherent speech can act as individual sounds expressing the feelings or motivations of the speaker, as in Russian and any other: Ok! Oh! Ah! Bravo! Hush! Hurrah! etc. or individual expressions that serve as interjections, such as: For shame! Ashamed! Well done! Great! etc. Sentence options: “Well, perhaps you are right!” - Well, maybe you're right.", "Oh! what a pleasure! “Ah, how nice!”
Interjections in Russian: oh, oh, pli, uh, fu, fi, aha, ah, apchhi, fathers, bravo, Lord, my God, oh damn, who cares! oh well done!, well done!, well done!, come on, come on, how did it happen like that! ... These words have no lexical or grammatical meanings, do not change and are not members of a sentence. The exception is when interjections act as a significant part of speech, for example, a noun: “A menacing hey was heard in the darkness.”
Most often, figurative words (sound-depictive, onomatopoeic), words in which the sound is partially predetermined by the meaning of the word, act as interjections. There are onomatopoeic words that use sounds that are acoustically reminiscent of the designated phenomenon (Russian “bul-bul”, “ku-ku”, Ossetian tæpp - “clap, bam, bang”, German “puffi! hopsa!”; Kanuri ndim-dim - o dull, booming knock, etc.), sound-like (ideophonic) words in which sound creates a figurative impression of the shape of objects, their movement, location in space, qualities, etc. based on associations between sounds and non-sound phenomena (movement, shape etc.), for example, in the Nilotic language Lango bim-bim - “fat-fat”, Chuvash yalt-yalt - about the flickering of distant lightning, Japanese buru-buru - about trembling, Ewe (Africa) bafo-bafo - about the gait of a living, mobile a person of short stature, boho-boho - about the gait of a plump, heavily walking person, wudo-wudo - about a careless gait.
Interjections do not change by gender or number, and are neither a significant nor an auxiliary part of speech, and unlike them, interjections do not have a connecting function. Sometimes interjections are used to mean other parts of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence: “Oh, honey!”, “Here an “ay” was heard in the distance.”
Classification
Interjections can be classified according to various criteria, for example by origin, structure and meaning:
- by origin: non-derivatives, derivatives.
- by structure: simple, complex, compound.
- by value: emotional, motivational, etiquette.
Classification of interjections into genetically related groups with significant words; this group of interjections is more extensive:
- nouns: Fathers, Lord, God, etc.
- verbs: look, see, pli, etc.
- pronouns, adverbs, particles and conjunctions: something, eka, shh, just about, etc.
Interjections also include:
- adhesions: on you, well, yes, yes, oh, that’s how it is, those times, etc.;
- stable phrases and phraseological units: fathers of light, thank God, etc.;
- words denoting instant actions: bang, clap, slap, boom, woof, etc.;
- words imitating various sounds and voices of animals and birds: tra-ta-ta, bang-bang, meow-meow, ding-ding, etc.
When used in the plural, interjections become nouns. The main source of replenishment of interjections are evaluative and characterizing nouns (fear, horror, trouble) and expressive verbs (wait, wait, come on, go ahead, muddy, muddy).
Interjections in Russian
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Punctuation
Gesticulation
Gestures and facial expressions are often inseparable from interjections. So, sighing heavily, people say “wow, well... what have I done?”, thereby adding more meaning when expressing a certain feeling. And sometimes, without the support of gestures or facial expressions, it is very difficult to understand what was said from the intonation of the voice alone: whether it was a “message” (offense or anger) or just a humorous saying (a friendly greeting).
In linguistics, interjections, unlike spontaneous shouts, are conventional means, that is, ones that a person must know in advance if he wants to use them. Nevertheless, interjections are still on the periphery of linguistic signs themselves. For example, like no other linguistic signs, interjections are associated with gestures. Thus, the Russian interjection “Na!” makes sense only when accompanied by a gesture, and some West African languages have an interjection that is said at the same time as the greeting hug.
see also
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Notes
Links
- Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
- I. A. Sharonov.
- E. V. Sereda.
- E. V. Sereda.
- E. V. Sereda.
- E. V. Sereda.
- I. A. Sharonov.
Passage characterizing Interjection
The next day the prince did not say a word to his daughter; but she noticed that at dinner he ordered the food to be served, starting with m lle Bourienne. At the end of dinner, when the barman, according to his previous habit, again served coffee, starting with the princess, the prince suddenly flew into a rage, threw his crutch at Philip and immediately made an order to hand him over as a soldier. “They don’t hear... I said it twice!... they don’t hear!”“She is the first person in this house; “she is my best friend,” the prince shouted. “And if you allow yourself,” he shouted in anger, turning to Princess Marya for the first time, “once again, like yesterday you dared... to forget yourself in front of her, then I will show you who’s boss in the house.” Out! so that I don’t see you; ask her for forgiveness!”
Princess Marya asked forgiveness from Amalya Evgenievna and her father for herself and for Philip the barman, who asked for spades.
At such moments, a feeling similar to the pride of a victim gathered in Princess Marya’s soul. And suddenly, at such moments, in her presence, this father, whom she condemned, either looked for his glasses, feeling near them and not seeing, or forgot what was just happening, or took an unsteady step with weak legs and looked around to see if anyone had seen him weakness, or, worst of all, at dinner, when there were no guests to excite him, he would suddenly doze off, letting go of his napkin, and bend over the plate, his head shaking. “He is old and weak, and I dare to condemn him!” she thought with disgust for herself at such moments.
In 1811, in Moscow there lived a French doctor who quickly became fashionable, huge in stature, handsome, as amiable as a Frenchman and, as everyone in Moscow said, a doctor of extraordinary skill - Metivier. He was accepted into the houses of high society not as a doctor, but as an equal.
Prince Nikolai Andreich, who laughed at medicine, recently, on the advice of m lle Bourienne, allowed this doctor to visit him and got used to him. Metivier visited the prince twice a week.
On Nikola’s day, the prince’s name day, all of Moscow was at the entrance of his house, but he did not order to receive anyone; and only a few, a list of which he gave to Princess Marya, he ordered to be called to dinner.
Metivier, who arrived in the morning with congratulations, as a doctor, found it proper to de forcer la consigne [to violate the prohibition], as he told Princess Marya, and went in to see the prince. It so happened that on this birthday morning the old prince was in one of his worst moods. He walked around the house all morning, finding fault with everyone and pretending that he did not understand what they were saying to him and that they did not understand him. Princess Marya firmly knew this state of mind of quiet and preoccupied grumbling, which was usually resolved by an explosion of rage, and as if in front of a loaded, cocked gun, she walked all that morning, waiting for the inevitable shot. The morning before the doctor arrived went well. Having let the doctor pass, Princess Marya sat down with a book in the living room by the door, from which she could hear everything that was happening in the office.
At first she heard one voice of Metivier, then the voice of her father, then both voices spoke together, the door swung open and on the threshold appeared the frightened, beautiful figure of Metivier with his black crest, and the figure of a prince in a cap and robe with a face disfigured by rage and drooping pupils of his eyes.
- Do not understand? - the prince shouted, - but I understand! French spy, Bonaparte's slave, spy, get out of my house - get out, I say - and he slammed the door.
Metivier shrugged his shoulders and approached Mademoiselle Bourienne, who had come running in response to the scream from the next room.
“The prince is not entirely healthy,” la bile et le transport au cerveau. Tranquillisez vous, je repasserai demain, [bile and rush to the brain. Calm down, I’ll come by tomorrow,” said Metivier and, putting his finger to his lips, he hurriedly left.
Outside the door one could hear footsteps in shoes and shouts: “Spies, traitors, traitors everywhere! There is no moment of peace in your home!”
After Metivier left, the old prince called his daughter to him and the full force of his anger fell on her. It was her fault that a spy was allowed in to see him. .After all, he said, he told her to make a list, and those who were not on the list should not be allowed in. Why did they let this scoundrel in! She was the reason for everything. With her he could not have a moment of peace, he could not die in peace, he said.
- No, mother, disperse, disperse, you know that, you know! “I can’t do it anymore,” he said and left the room. And as if afraid that she would not be able to console herself somehow, he returned to her and, trying to assume a calm appearance, added: “And don’t think that I told you this in a moment of my heart, but I am calm, and I have thought it over; and it will be - disperse, look for a place for yourself!... - But he could not stand it and with that embitterment that can only be found in a person who loves, he, apparently suffering himself, shook his fists and shouted to her:
- And at least some fool would marry her! “He slammed the door, called m lle Bourienne to him and fell silent in the office.
At two o'clock the chosen six persons arrived for dinner. The guests—the famous Count Rostopchin, Prince Lopukhin and his nephew, General Chatrov, the prince’s old comrade in arms, and young Pierre and Boris Drubetskoy—were waiting for him in the living room.
The other day, Boris, who came to Moscow on vacation, wished to be introduced to Prince Nikolai Andreevich and managed to gain his favor to such an extent that the prince made an exception for him from all the single young people whom he did not accept.
The prince’s house was not what is called “light,” but it was such a small circle that, although it was unheard of in the city, it was most flattering to be accepted into it. Boris understood this a week ago, when in his presence Rostopchin told the commander-in-chief, who called the count to dinner on St. Nicholas Day, that he could not be:
“On this day I always go to venerate the relics of Prince Nikolai Andreich.
“Oh yes, yes,” answered the commander-in-chief. - What he?..
The small company gathered in the old-fashioned, tall, old-furnished living room before dinner looked like a solemn council of a court of justice. Everyone was silent and if they spoke, they spoke quietly. Prince Nikolai Andreich came out serious and silent. Princess Marya seemed even more quiet and timid than usual. The guests were reluctant to address her because they saw that she had no time for their conversations. Count Rostopchin alone held the thread of the conversation, talking about the latest city and political news.
Lopukhin and the old general occasionally took part in the conversation. Prince Nikolai Andreich listened as the chief judge listened to the report that was being made to him, only occasionally declaring in silence or a short word that he was taking note of what was being reported to him. The tone of the conversation was such that it was clear that no one approved of what was being done in the political world. They talked about events that obviously confirmed that everything was going from bad to worse; but in every story and judgment it was striking how the narrator stopped or was stopped every time at the border where the judgment could relate to the person of the sovereign emperor.
During dinner, the conversation turned to the latest political news, about Napoleon's seizure of the possessions of the Duke of Oldenburg and about the Russian note hostile to Napoleon, sent to all European courts.
“Bonaparte treats Europe like a pirate on a conquered ship,” said Count Rostopchin, repeating a phrase he had already spoken several times. - You are only surprised at the long-suffering or blindness of sovereigns. Now it comes to the Pope, and Bonaparte no longer hesitates to overthrow the head of the Catholic religion, and everyone is silent! One of our sovereigns protested against the seizure of the possessions of the Duke of Oldenburg. And then...” Count Rostopchin fell silent, feeling that he was standing at the point where it was no longer possible to judge.
“They offered other possessions instead of the Duchy of Oldenburg,” said Prince Nikolai Andreich. “Just as I resettled men from Bald Mountains to Bogucharovo and Ryazan, so he did the dukes.”
“Le duc d"Oldenbourg supporte son malheur avec une force de caractere et une resignation admirable, [The Duke of Oldenburg bears his misfortune with remarkable willpower and submission to fate," said Boris, respectfully entering into the conversation. He said this because he was passing through from St. Petersburg had the honor of introducing himself to the Duke. Prince Nikolai Andreich looked at the young man as if he would like to say something to him about this, but changed his mind, considering him too young for that.
“I read our protest about the Oldenburg case and was surprised at the poor wording of this note,” said Count Rostopchin, in the careless tone of a man judging a case well known to him.
Pierre looked at Rostopchin with naive surprise, not understanding why he was bothered by the poor edition of the note.
– Doesn’t it matter how the note is written, Count? - he said, - if its content is strong.
“Mon cher, avec nos 500 mille hommes de troupes, il serait facile d"avoir un beau style, [My dear, with our 500 thousand troops it seems easy to express ourselves in a good style,] said Count Rostopchin. Pierre understood why Count Rostopchin was worried about the edition of the note.
“It seems that the scribblers are pretty busy,” said the old prince: “they write everything there in St. Petersburg, not just notes, but they write new laws all the time.” My Andryusha wrote a whole lot of laws for Russia there. Nowadays they write everything! - And he laughed unnaturally.
The conversation fell silent for a minute; The old general drew attention to himself by clearing his throat.
– Did you deign to hear about the latest event at the show in St. Petersburg? How the new French envoy showed himself!
- What? Yes, I heard something; he said something awkwardly in front of His Majesty.
“His Majesty drew his attention to the grenadier division and the ceremonial march,” continued the general, “and it was as if the envoy did not pay any attention and seemed to allow himself to say that in France we do not pay attention to such trifles.” The Emperor did not deign to say anything. At the next review, they say, the sovereign never deigned to address him.
Everyone fell silent: no judgment could be expressed on this fact, which related personally to the sovereign.
- Daring! - said the prince. – Do you know Metivier? I drove him away from me today. He was here, they let me in, no matter how much I asked not to let anyone in,” said the prince, looking angrily at his daughter. And he told his whole conversation with the French doctor and the reasons why he was convinced that Metivier was a spy. Although these reasons were very insufficient and unclear, no one objected.
Champagne was served along with the roast. The guests rose from their seats, congratulating the old prince. Princess Marya also approached him.
He looked at her with a cold, angry gaze and offered her his wrinkled, shaved cheek. The whole expression of his face told her that he had not forgotten the morning conversation, that his decision remained in the same force, and that only thanks to the presence of guests he was not telling her this now.
When they went out into the living room for coffee, the old men sat down together.
Prince Nikolai Andreich became more animated and expressed his thoughts about the upcoming war.
He said that our wars with Bonaparte would be unhappy as long as we sought alliances with the Germans and meddled in European affairs into which the Peace of Tilsit dragged us. We did not have to fight either for Austria or against Austria. Our policy is all in the east, but in relation to Bonaparte there is one thing - weapons on the border and firmness in politics, and he will never dare to cross the Russian border, as in the seventh year.
- And where, prince, are we supposed to fight the French! - said Count Rostopchin. – Can we take up arms against our teachers and gods? Look at our youth, look at our ladies. Our gods are the French, our kingdom of heaven is Paris.
He began to speak louder, obviously so that everyone could hear him. – The costumes are French, the thoughts are French, the feelings are French! You kicked out Metivier, because he is a Frenchman and a scoundrel, and our ladies are crawling after him. Yesterday I was at a party, so out of five ladies, three are Catholics and, with the permission of the pope, on Sunday they sew on canvas. And they themselves sit almost naked, like signs of commercial baths, if I may say so. Eh, look at our youth, Prince, he would take the old club of Peter the Great from the Kunstkamera, and in Russian style he would break off the sides, all the nonsense would fall off!
Everyone fell silent. The old prince looked at Rostopchin with a smile on his face and shook his head approvingly.
“Well, goodbye, your Excellency, don’t get sick,” said Rostopchin, getting up with his characteristic quick movements and extending his hand to the prince.
- Goodbye, my dear, - the harp, I will always listen to it! - said the old prince, holding his hand and offering him a cheek for a kiss. Others also rose with Rostopchin.
Princess Marya, sitting in the living room and listening to these talk and gossip of the old people, did not understand anything of what she heard; she only thought about whether all the guests noticed her father’s hostile attitude towards her. She did not even notice the special attention and courtesies that Drubetskoy, who had been in their house for the third time, showed her throughout this dinner.
Princess Marya, with an absent-minded, questioning look, turned to Pierre, who, the last of the guests, with a hat in his hand and a smile on his face, approached her after the prince had left, and they alone remained in the living room.
-Can we sit still? - he said, throwing his fat body into a chair next to Princess Marya.
“Oh yes,” she said. “Didn’t you notice anything?” said her look.
Pierre was in a pleasant, post-dinner state of mind. He looked ahead and smiled quietly.
“How long have you known this young man, princess?” - he said.
- Which one?
- Drubetsky?
- No, recently...
- What do you like about him?
- Yes, he is a nice young man... Why are you asking me this? - said Princess Marya, continuing to think about her morning conversation with her father.
“Because I made an observation, a young man usually comes from St. Petersburg to Moscow on vacation only for the purpose of marrying a rich bride.
– You made this observation! - said Princess Marya.
“Yes,” Pierre continued with a smile, “and this young man now behaves in such a way that where there are rich brides, there he is.” It’s like I’m reading it from a book. He is now undecided who to attack: you or mademoiselle Julie Karagin. Il est tres assidu aupres d'elle. [He is very attentive to her.]
– Does he go to them?
- Very often. And do you know a new style of grooming? - Pierre said with a cheerful smile, apparently in that cheerful spirit of good-natured ridicule, for which he so often reproached himself in his diary.
“No,” said Princess Marya.
- Now, in order to please Moscow girls - il faut etre melancolique. Et il est tres melancolique aupres de m lle Karagin, [one must be melancholy. And he is very melancholy with m elle Karagin,” said Pierre.
- Vraiment? [Really?] - said Princess Marya, looking into Pierre’s kind face and never ceasing to think about her grief. “It would be easier for me,” she thought, if I decided to trust someone with everything I feel. And I would like to tell Pierre everything. He is so kind and noble. It would make me feel better. He would give me advice!”
– Would you marry him? asked Pierre.
“Oh, my God, Count, there are moments when I would marry anyone,” Princess Marya suddenly said to herself, with tears in her voice. “Oh, how hard it can be to love a loved one and feel that... nothing (she continued in a trembling voice) you can’t do for him except grief, when you know that you can’t change it.” Then one thing is to leave, but where should I go?...
- What are you, what’s wrong with you, princess?
But the princess, without finishing, began to cry.
– I don’t know what’s wrong with me today. Don't listen to me, forget what I told you.
All Pierre's gaiety disappeared. He anxiously questioned the princess, asked her to express everything, to confide in him her grief; but she only repeated that she asked him to forget what she said, that she did not remember what she said, and that she had no grief other than the one he knew - the grief that Prince Andrei’s marriage threatens to quarrel with his father son.
Interjection is a part of the Russian language that expresses motives, feelings and emotions, but does not name them. Like auxiliary parts of speech, interjections do not change.
Are not interjections the following words:
- onomatopoeic(imitating ordinary sounds and sounds made by birds, animals or insects): knock-knock, woof-woof, chirp-tweet.
Indicating instant actions: stomp, slap, jump.
Types of interjections.
Interjections vary in composition, origin and meaning.
According to the composition of the interjection there are:
- Simple interjections- consisting of one word: great, wow, bravo;
- Compound interjections- consisting of two or more words: wow, here you go, pray tell;
- Complex interjections- consisting of two or more bases: Ay-ay-ay, oh-oh-oh.
By origin distinguish:
- Derivative interjections- formed from other words and phrases (syntactic constructions): come on, just think, pipes, pray tell and etc.
- Non-derivative interjections- first-born, having no genetic connections with other parts of speech: oh, ah, uh and etc.
- Borrowed interjections- interjections that came into the Russian language from other languages: bravo, that's it, guard, wow and etc.
By value distinguish:
- Incentive interjections: hey, come on, chick, but-but, bye-bye and others.
- Emotional Interjections: great, bravo, wow and etc.
- Etiquette interjections: hello, please be kind, goodbye, thank you and others.
The syntactic role of interjections.
Usually interjections are not part of the sentence. But when interjections act as other parts of speech in a sentence, they take their place among the members of that sentence. Let's consider, what parts of a sentence can an interjection be used in?, replacing other parts of speech:
- An endless “ow” came in response from the darkness. In this sentence “ay” replaces the noun and acts as subject.
- Hey girl! In this sentence, the interjection “ah yes” replaces the adjective, therefore it acts as definitions(what girl?).
Interjections and punctuation marks.
Consider the following Rules for placing punctuation marks for interjections:
- Exclamatory interjections are marked with an exclamation mark if pronounced with pronounced intonation: Ba! Who came to us! Yeah! Gotcha!
- The same exclamatory interjections can be separated by commas if pronounced with normal intonation: Oh, something squeezed in my chest! Ba, how smart!
- Onomatopoeic words and imperative interjections are also used with a comma or exclamation mark: Stop! The passage is closed! - Stop, car! Knock Knock! Can I come to you? - Ay, Is there anyone alive?
- Interjective expressions expressing the author’s attitude to the facts expressed are also separated by commas: Fortunately, the injury was not serious. To my joy, Mom answered the phone call.
How to distinguish interjection from particles?
Some interjections may have homonyms, which are spelled the same but are actually particles used to enhance the emotional tone of the sentence. How to distinguish interjections oh, ah, oh, well and others from homonymous particles?
1) The particle “o” is usually used in addresses and exclamatory sentences before the words “yes” or no”: Oh yes, this is what you need!(compare with interjection: Oh, how beautiful this day is!)
2) The particle “well” is used in sentences with an intensifying meaning: Well, how you have grown, my boy!(compare with interjection: Well, are we going for a walk or not?)
3) The particle “ah” is most often used with personal pronouns: Oh, you cunning fox face!(compare with interjection: Oh, how beautiful this garden is!)
In cases where we are faced with not an interjection, but a particle, commas are not used. Interjections in a sentence are always marked with punctuation. Exceptions are the phrases: “oh you”, “wow”, “oh yes”, “oh you”, “oh and”, etc.
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