I took a closer look at those around me, getting used to it. Introductory words and sentences. plug-in sentences. N.m. Rukhlenko, s. Orlik, Belgorod region

Introductory words.
Remember what words are called introductory (which, as a rule, indicate whether the members are sentences, as they are highlighted in writing). Add the missing punctuation marks.
Luckily no one noticed me.
The weather was windy, but the wind was not entirely fair.
I remember the holiday and market day.
The night was dark, and of course it was even darker in our wagon.
My dog ​​apparently found a woodcock in the bushes and stood there for a long time.
The worms lived for a long time and sometimes turned into pupae, to our great joy.
Here, to Petya’s indescribable admiration, an entire metalworking workshop was set up on the old kitchen table.
With his eyes he seems to want to eat everyone.
As you can see, Gavrik was his own man here too.
You are said to sing as a great master.
Here, excuse me, there are not three notebooks, but four.
Almost every person is obviously familiar with the feeling of inevitable happiness.
Our happiness is obvious.
I once met Polutykin, a passionate hunter and therefore an excellent person.
I remember from childhood my soul was looking for the miraculous.
Tomorrow, as the newspapers report, an art exhibition will open.
My arrival, I could notice, at first somewhat confused the guests.
One evening it was at the beginning of 1773, I was sitting at home alone, listening to the howl of the autumn wind and looking out the window at the clouds running past the moon.
RU
My legs, to my terrible chagrin, were trembling and my throat was dry.
According to his mother, her son was the most humble and kind person.
A person's behavior cannot be judged by his words.
I took a closer look, got used to the phenomena around me, or rather, the miracles of nature.
The commanders threw down their books, geographic maps and there was no talking to anyone else on the ship and quickly ran to the deck.
I didn’t have time to properly notice his face; the carriage rushed past too quickly, but it seemed to me that he was deeply touched.
He was very cold with me and strangely, I seemed to be afraid of him.
I think I have better eyes.
On a hot summer morning at the end of July, we were woken up earlier than usual.
It now seemed absurd to him to suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage.
And every evening at the appointed hour, or is it just a dream? The girl's figure, captured in silks, moves through the foggy window.
There were three of them eating, not paying attention to Pierre.

Alekseeva N.S., school No. 26.

Attached files

404. In the sentences below, find introductory words and phrases that express: a) the feelings of the speaker; b) the degree of confidence in the reality of what is being reported; c) the source of the message; d) connection of thoughts, sequence of presentation; e) techniques and methods of formalizing statements; f) addressing the interlocutor or reader. When reading, observe the intonation of introduction. I. 1. But maybe you want to know the end of Bela’s story? (L.). 2. According to the captain, the nearest port is two days away (Gonch.). 3. I took a closer look, got used to the phenomena around me, or, more accurately, the wonders of nature (Aks). 4. Father, apparently, was only knowledgeable in the advice of saving a penny (G.). 5. Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Pavel passed away (T.). 6. In the letter to Petrukhina’s mother, firstly, a blessing was sent, secondly, everyone’s bows and, finally, the news that Aksinya had gone public (L.T.). 7. The scarf was excellent and probably cost forty kopecks (M.-S). 8. But, according to rumors, some part fought stubbornly near Kamensk (Fad.). 9. Here, for example, are the boxes in the attic (Dombr.). P. 1. Therefore, you do not want to come into the possession of Troekurov (P.). 2. After all, as you know, I am from the rank and file (G.). 3. Pechorin was deep in thought and, it seems, was in no hurry to get on the road (L.). 4. Tatyana’s disposition was very meek, or, better said, intimidated (T.). 5. It seems like the hour is uneven, what didn’t burn? (Ch.). 6. The father, apparently, was in the most complacent mood (Cor.). 7. Indeed, in the third room, surrounded by a crowd, Labunskaya was dancing (Zaits.). 8. To his complete disappointment, the boy did not see either the weeping willows or the gray sky (Cat.). 9. After this, in fact, there was no need to ask about her relationship with Gregory (Shol.). 10. However, I am, of course, in vain about silence. It has never been quiet here (Dombr.). III. 1. You, they say, are a great master of singing (Kr.). 2. In a word, they were what they say happy (G.). 3. I’ll tell you the whole truth, just please don’t give me away (L.). 4. My hands, to my terrible chagrin, trembled slightly, my throat was dry (T.). 5. The heroine of this novel, of course, was Masha (L.T.). 6. And, finally, it is always better to make a mistake by thinking well (M. G.). 7. The puppy, apparently, is a purebred puppy (N.-Pr.). 8. Thus, playing ears for a boy has become something of a profitable profession (Cat.). 9. And he dreamed, perhaps, to approach in a different way, to knock at the window with the expected guest, dear (Te.). 10. From the point of view of an artilleryman, Elyutin said unthinkable things (Bakl. ). Reference. Commas highlight introductory words and phrases, among which the following main groups can be named: 1) introductory words expressing the speaker’s feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message: fortunately, unfortunately, joyfully, to chagrin, to chagrin, unfortunately, to regret, to amazement, to surprise, to horror, to shame, to joy, to misfortune, strange thing, amazing thing, uneven hour, etc.; 2) introductory words expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reality of what is being communicated (confidence, uncertainty, possibility, assumption, etc.): of course, undoubtedly, without any doubt, obviously, indisputably, of course, certainly, probably, perhaps, true, probably, throughout probability, maybe, perhaps, should be, it seems, it would seem, apparently, apparently, perhaps, in fact, isn’t it, essentially, essentially, right, tea, I believe, one must believe, I hope, etc. .; 3) introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, report, convey, according to..., according to the message..., according to information, in opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, in our opinion, in your opinion, according to rumors, according to legend, I remember, it is heard, they say, etc.; 4) introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation: so, therefore, means, on the contrary, on the contrary, however, further, finally, by the way, in general, in addition, in particular, therefore, for example, for example, so way, by the way, by the way, by the way, firstly, secondly, etc., on the one hand, on the other hand, I repeat, I emphasize, etc.; 5) introductory words indicating techniques and ways of forming a statement: in a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, briefly, simply put, to put it mildly, if I may say so, if I may say so, if I may say so, it is better to say, so to speak, or rather, more precisely, strictly speaking, generally speaking, etc.; 6) introductory words, which are calls to the interlocutor or reader in order to attract his attention to what is being communicated, to instill a certain attitude towards the facts presented: do you see, see, understand, know, understand ), believe (those), listen (those), excuse (those), forgive (those), believe (whether), say, let's say, suppose, please, etc.

§ 25.1

Introductory words and phrases are highlighted commas.

There are several main groups of introductory words based on their meaning:

1) introductory words and combinations expressing the speaker’s feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message (fortunately, unfortunately, fortunately, unfortunately, to joy, to chagrin, to regret, to chagrin, unfortunately, to surprise, to horror, to shame, to happiness, to joy, to misfortune, what good, strange it’s a thing, an amazing thing, the hour is uncertain, there’s no point in hiding it and etc.): Thanks again, nailed to the stacks, otherwise everyone would have completely frozen(L.T.); Look at that he will rip out the oar and throw himself into the sea(N.-P.); ... Naydenov, k Nagulny's amazement, in one second he swept his leather jacket off his shoulders(Sh.); Here, to Petya's indescribable admiration, an entire metalworking workshop has been set up on an old kitchen table(Cat.); The hour is not even the chest will blow out(Mich.); Come on, Is it difficult to cope with such a household?;

2) introductory words and combinations expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reliability of what is being communicated - confidence, assumption, possibility, uncertainty, etc. (of course, undoubtedly, without any doubt, obviously, certainly, of course, self-evidently, indisputably, indeed, probably, perhaps, true, probably, in all likelihood, maybe, maybe, perhaps, should be, it seems, it would seem , apparently, apparently, perhaps, really truly, really, isn’t it, essentially, essentially, essentially, right, tea, one must assume, I think, I hope, I believe and etc.): The heroine of this novel, it goes without saying there was Masha(L.T.); Now, in all probability, whirlwinds, whirling and carrying dust, dry grass and feathers from the ground, rose to the very sky(Ch.); After that, in fact, and there was no need to ask about her relationship with Gregory(Sh.); And he dreamed it may happen approach another way(TV); I know, right word, I know!(M.G.); How he got through the minefields was completely unclear, but anyway, he suddenly appeared in front of our parapet(Kaz.); He, it turns out doesn’t understand anything about it; More, what good, wants to leave; They are already Seems like, won't come; The ability to control oneself, to maintain one’s dignity, no matter what, - May be, one of the most important human arts - a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a connective;

3) introductory words and combinations indicating the connection of thoughts and the sequence of their presentation (so, therefore, it means, on the contrary, on the contrary, further, finally, however, by the way, in general, in particular, first of all, in addition, in addition, therefore, for example, for example, the main thing, thus, by the way, by the way, by the way, firstly, secondly etc., on the one hand, on the other hand, I repeat, I emphasize and etc.); …And most importantly, come and serve(Gr.); That is, takes care of himself(Ch.); By the way, although I risk upsetting you, I must confess - Seems, one and your bridge blew up(Sim.); First of all, the creators of Italian neorealism did not follow the path of imitation; IN -fifth and lastly, the project does not meet its purpose at all; So, things went completely differently;

4) introductory words and combinations indicating techniques and ways of forming thoughts (in a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, in other words, in short, simply put, to put it mildly, if I may say so, if I may say so, if I may say so, it is better to say, so to speak, what is called and etc.): ...The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to do this(Cupr.).

Words more precisely, more precisely, rather are introductory if you can add a word after them speaking(see § 22, paragraph 4, note 2): We met our neighbors or, or rather, with neighbors(Kav.); I took a closer look, got used to the phenomena around me, or, or rather, wonders of nature(Ax.); I, actually, not sick(Ver.) (“properly speaking”; cf.: And who are you, actually?); His endurance more precisely, his composure always helps him out;

5) introductory words and combinations indicating the source of the message (they say, report, convey, according to..., according to information..., according to a message..., according to..., in my opinion, in your opinion, in our opinion, in your opinion, in my opinion, according to rumors, according to legend, I remember , you can hear, they say, and etc.): According to the captain, the nearest port is two days away(Gonch.); I remember, I returned from you in the spring(A.T.); But, according to rumors some part fought stubbornly near Kamensk(F.); Factory buildings, In my opinion, no different from those I saw at other factories in the district(Bazh.).

The following words and combinations are not introductory: by tradition, by advice..., by order..., by request..., by decision..., by decree..., by order..., by plan... etc. For example: On the advice of the doctor, the course of treatment was continued; According to the calendar, spring will come in March (Gonch.); According to tradition, today, on May Day, the capital’s parks open the season(gas.); According to local rules, this was not supposed to be done; We misinterpreted his apparently rude actions(“by appearance”), but: Apparently, something really out of the ordinary happened(Laurel) (“apparently”);

6) introductory words and combinations, which represent an appeal to the interlocutor or to the reader in order to attract his attention to what is being communicated, to instill a certain attitude towards the thoughts expressed, the facts cited, etc. [you see, you see, you understand, you understand, you know, you know, understand, understand, believe, listen, agree, imagine, imagine, blame, forgive , do you believe, please, have mercy, take note, do me a favor, tell me for mercy, if you want to know and etc.]: You were afraid admit it when my fellows threw a rope around your neck(P.); Imagine our young ones are already bored(T.); We, if you want to know we came to demand(Hump.); Where is this? let me, was?(Paul.); And I, you see, never served(Pan.);

7) introductory words and combinations indicating an assessment of the measure of what is being said ( at most, at least, at least, without exaggeration and etc.): I, without any exaggeration, looked at you as a higher being(T.); Once you spoke to me, at least, as army commander(Sim.);

8) introductory words and combinations showing the degree of commonality of what is being said ( happens, happened, happens, happened, as usual, as usual and etc.): Happens, I'm luckier than mine(Gr.); And mother, it happened will close his blue eyes and take the song to great heights(M.G.); Both old men according to the ancient custom of old-world landowners, loved to eat(G.); Mu Mu, as usual, I just had to wait for him(T.);

9) introductory words and combinations expressing the expressiveness of the statement ( in truth, in good conscience, in fairness, jokes aside, funny to say, not to be said as a reproach, must be admitted, said in honor, admittedly said, to be honest, speaking between us, between us be said and etc.): You yourself don't say it in anger, I made a lot of mistakes(G.); Today's youth without offense, kind of... sour, overcooked(Ch.); A Bulychev, I must say frankly in bad shape!(M.G.); Honestly, tired after the lecture(Sim.).

§ 25.2

If the introductory word comes after the listing of related members of the sentence and precedes the generalizing word, then before the introductory word is placed dash(without a comma), and after it - comma: But common sense, firmness and freedom, ardent participation in other people's troubles and joys - in a word, all her virtues were definitely born in her(T.); Among birds, insects, in dry grass - in a word, Everywhere, even in the air, one could feel the approach of autumn(Ars.); Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers- in a word, all types of printed materials lay on his desk in complete disarray(see § 15, paragraph 7).

But: The men drank, argued and laughed - in short, the dinner was extremely fun(P.) - the sentence is complex, and a comma before the dash is placed on the basis of the general rule for separating parts of a complex sentence (see § 35, paragraph 2).

§ 25.3

When combining two introductory words, put between them comma: What good, perhaps and gets married, out of tenderness of the soul(Adv.); So, in your opinion, Should everyone, without exception, engage in physical labor?(Ch.); Frankly, right I would be sorry to make them sad[father and mother] (L.); The men don't need us, the hour is not even, perhaps and they will put it in the neck(M.-S.).

Intensifying particles in introductory words are not separated from them by a comma: Already probably, this is so because there are no contraindications.

§ 25.4

If the introductory word (combination) is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase (isolation, clarification, explanation, accession), then it is not separated from the phrase by any punctuation mark: And Pyotr Petrovich, at least in many ways, a very respectable man(Adv.); All those small of course the pleasures that her mother gave her, she accepted with gratitude(Lesk.); It was a huge... oak tree, with broken it's been seen for a long time bitches(L.T.); Among my comrades there are such poets, lyrics or what? preachers of love for people(M.G.) [cf. not included in turnover: Horses, What Do you not have it? (Acute)];The dark, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek(Cat.); In a strict sense, about ten people, of course, including me, weren't worth this appointment(Ax.); He was lost in thought apparently making some calculations in his mind; Her hair, turns out to be naturally light brown, were combed smoothly; Venus will be autumn gray today, probably stormy; It was established exactly mathematical, so to speak, correspondence between the provisions put forward; The supplies were stored in the house, apparently subject to rat infestation; He remembered these words possibly heard in childhood; Brother will return today in all likelihood in the evening; Someone ran past fortunately he did not notice us; Every year, that means this year too, minor repairs are carried out here; Girl, apparently calmed down fell silent; Workers are deepening the riverbed probably cleaned; They looked at each other silently, perhaps understanding without words what the matter is; The creation of this machine is unnecessary, obviously useless and extremely unprofitable; His literary works I must say quite successful brought him fame; He got up, it seems without even noticing me, and left the room; The buyer hesitates probably thinking about what is best to choose for a gift; This is an exceptionally favorable occasion, essentially the only one; Lecturer, it must be assumed, for the sake of credibility, unfolded the diagram and showed it to the audience; It was a conversation undoubtedly beyond the scope of ordinary conversation; It would seem that he is no longer a young man, easily coped with this physical work; This element is found in all living organisms. truth in insignificant quantities; The boy was wearing a suit must be inherited from the father; From the next room, apparently the dining room, the living room was separated by an arch; There was a hole under the slab, perhaps already dug by someone earlier; To determine the distance, you can look even at a small object, for example a tubercle or hummock; Texts were offered for analysis: usually not difficult; He acted recklessly as you can see, in defiance of everyone; Some long-haired guy burst into the barbershop, judging by his wild hair, he had not visited such establishments for a long time; He is a very thrifty person one might even say - stingy(setting a dash is optional); Plaster statues and blue pavilions flashed behind the fence - in all likelihood a city garden(dash before the connecting structure).

Introductory words are not separated by punctuation marks from a separate phrase, even if they are at the very beginning or the very end of the sentence: Apparently fearing snow drifts, the group leader canceled the climb to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments, unconvincing and far-fetched of course.

If the introductory word is in the middle of a similar phrase, then it stands out commas on a universal basis: A scared child apparently horse, ran up to his mother; They continued talking, forgetting obviously, that complete silence must be observed in the reading room.

Notes: 1. It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate phrase, and cases when it is located between two members of the sentence. Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently(isolated phrase, the introductory word is part of it). - In his hand he held a small Seems, technical reference(there is no separate phrase; without the introductory word there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small And technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them). In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when doubt may arise as to which of the homogeneous members of the sentence, preceding or following, the introductory word located between them refers to, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction: This information is gleaned from new seems specially composed for this occasion, report - without an introductory word, there would be a comma between homogeneous definitions; Silence and grace prevailed in this, obviously forgotten by God and people, corner of the earth - clarifying definition for a demonstrative pronoun this(see § 22, paragraph 4). 2 . If the introductory word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets (plug-in construction; see § 26), then it is separated comma: Both messages (apparently recently arrived) attracted widespread attention.

§ 25.5

Introductory words are separated from the preceding coordinating word comma union, if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without disturbing its structure (as a rule, with conjunctions And And But): Terenty supplemented himself with minor plumbing work; But, Firstly, there was little work, and, secondly, urgent matters took up a lot of time(Cat.); Let that horseman on a horse, a pilot on a plane, and, however, in war, the first row is the infantry(TV); The entire edition has already been printed, and, probably, the book will go on sale in a few days; This question has been discussed several times already, but apparently the final decision has not yet been made.

If the removal or rearrangement of the introductory word is impossible, then a comma is not placed after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction A): However, It’s not a big problem if you don’t see anything before the Rhine(Hertz.); The misfortune did not change him at all, but against, he became even stronger and more energetic(T.); We know ah that is, We believe that fairy tales can come true(Mich.); To complete the construction, additional materials were needed, and Besides, and equipment; The calculations were made hastily, and hence, and inaccurate; Maybe everything will end well, but May be, and vice versa.

But if deletion or rearrangement of the introductory word is possible, then comma is also placed after the conjunction A, since it is not associated with the introductory word, i.e., welded combinations are not formed (such as and therefore, and however, and therefore and so on.): For them he is a hero, eh, confess to say I imagine heroes differently(T.); Not a year, but May be, Ivan Georgievich lived ten years in one night(Lapt.); Nikita's whole life was not a constant holiday, but against, was a never-ending service(L.T.); It is not coal that can be used here, but quicker, liquid fuel; You must work more energetically, ah, simply put, don't be lazy. Wed. Also: Good or bad, but to me, Do whatever you want - union A associated with a combination As for me; The dog doesn't go to the kennel, but... Seems like, hiding- union A not related to the introductory word Seems like.

A homogeneous member of a sentence that comes after introductory words and therefore, and therefore, is not isolated, i.e. a comma is not placed after it: As a result, the strength of the electromagnetic field of incoming signals, and that means reception forces increases many times; This scheme is therefore the whole project as a whole needs checking(see § 12, paragraph 7).

§ 25.6

After an connecting conjunction (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not placed, since the conjunction is closely adjacent to the introductory word that follows it: AND V in fact, voices were heard below(Ch.); And indeed, everything worked out amazingly on time(Kav.); And perhaps This All; And finally, the advantage of the work is its good literary presentation; And most importantly, do not forget to attach an annotated bibliographic card; AND May be, the results will be quite satisfactory; And more Togo, the increase in profit was achieved due to the saving of raw materials; AND Imagine, the work was completed ahead of schedule; And I dare to assure you, you will not be mistaken in your choice; AND What do you think, he achieved his goal; Yes besides other details of the case came to light; But of course, everything ended well; But one way or another, the proposed option is quite acceptable; A by the way, he left here a long time ago.

Sometimes (when intonationally emphasizing introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text through a subordinating conjunction) after the connecting conjunction comma before the introductory construction is placed: But, to to my great annoyance, Shvabrin... decisively announced that my song is not good(P.); AND, as usual, I only remembered one good thing(Crimea.).

Staging comma allows you to distinguish between an introductory combination and an independent clause as part of a non-union complex sentence. Wed:

However, Seems, the solution to the problem is wrong(introductory word). - ABOUT however, it seems that the solution to the problem is erroneous (impersonal sentence as part of a non-union complex);

But I see this doesn't suit you(introductory sentence). - But I see it doesn't suit you(non-union complex sentence).

§ 25.7

Introductory words preceding the comparative phrase (with the conjunction How), target turnover (with the union to) etc., are separated from them by a comma based on the general rule: All this seemed strange to me, however, as well as others; The student thought for a minute, probably, to formulate your answer more precisely. Usually in these cases the introductory word refers not to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence.

§ 25.8

Depending on the context, the same words appear either as introductory words (hence, not members of the sentence), or as members of the sentence. Wed:

What consolation can a short meeting bring me?(L.) - F alright, haven't heard from him for a long time, Maybe, what's wrong with that? Maybe there’s trouble with Tyorkin?(TV);

I don’t know for sure, but it seems that this whole prank was deliberate(Adv.). - Maybe, I heard, but you don’t want to say(M.G.);

No, friends, it can be a hundred times worse, I know that for sure.(TV). - P otugin, exactly, and loved and knew how to talk(T.);

I'll take a ride around the city, by the way I'll buy cigars(Gonch.). - By the way, he was remarkably good-looking(Adv.);

From the first glance at his face it was obvious that he had no permanent occupation.(S.-Sch.). - The path we were on was rocky, wet and... obviously, was the bed of a dry river(Closed);

Balyasnikov made a daring speech, in which he said, among other things, that I was arrogant(Ax.). - Moral women, strict judges and, by the way, Nil Andreevich reproached her out loud(Gonch.);

My wound healed slowly, but I actually didn’t have any bad feelings against my father.(T.). - Here, actually, and a story, and its plot is not surprising(TV).

The syntactic role of such words is determined by the context, and it is sometimes possible to check whether it is an introductory word or a member of a sentence by removing them from the sentence: without an introductory word, the structure of the sentence is preserved, without a member of the sentence it falls apart. Wed: Shop, Maybe, already reorganized(the introductory word can be omitted). - It is possible to reorganize the workshop(sentence member Maybe cannot be omitted).

It should, however, be borne in mind that if the structure of a sentence breaks down with the removal of a word or phrase, this does not yet serve as proof that the removed words are not introductory: And just think, Maybe, and another option is acceptable; Who knows, May be, the indicators would be higher; If you write out the numbers in a column, Maybe, and the calculations will be simplified. In these cases, introductory words play the role of a structural element of the sentence.

Often sentences are ambiguous, and the indicated verification technique does not give the desired results: the structure of the sentence is preserved both when the introductory word is removed and when a member of the sentence is removed, but the meaning changes. Wed:

Did you translate this passage correctly? - You, right, transferred here from Russia?(L.) - in both cases you can omit the word right, without destroying the structure of the sentence, but in one case the sentence is deprived of an adverbial word, in the other - of an introductory-modal word;

The doctor may be in his office right now. - Doctor, May be, now in my office;

Behind that forest you can see the lake(“visible”) - Behind that forest it is seen, lake(“apparently”);

First of all, we need to talk about this("at first"). - First of all, Is it really necessary to talk about this?(a connection of thoughts is established, the need to talk about it is questioned); Wed the same role of the introductory combination: First of all, the invention is of great practical importance; First of all, where did this data come from?;

He's definitely right(adverbial word indicating the degree of rightness: “quite right”). - He, undoubtedly, rights(an introductory word indicating the speaker’s attitude to the thought expressed: “he is right, and I have no doubt about it”);

The above considerations naturally lead us to the correct solution to the problem.(“naturally”). - The stated considerations naturally, lead us to the correct solution to the issue(“of course”);

Thus the conflict was successfully resolved("in this manner"). - Thus, the conflict was successfully resolved(“therefore”, “therefore”);

And then he became famous(“then”, “after that”). - AND, Then, he is a celebrity in my eyes;

A passionate attraction to music indicated the boy's undoubtedly inherent musical abilities(Cor.). - Undoubtedly the boy is capable of music;

Our chief doctor and caretaker took care of the team after all (Ver.)(“at least to some extent”). - After all, he didn't sleep for two days(Ber.) (“obviously”, “after all”);

I really am what you say(Adv.) (“in reality”). - Really, from the battery there was a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops(L.T.) (“indeed”);

Legally, you can go wherever you want, but in fact, there’s no way to move.(M.) (“in accordance with the facts”). - The guys organized their own circle, actually, without any outside help("in fact");

The project was presented in general terms. - These are the elements in in general terms, the project consists(“speaking in general terms”);

In his own way he is right. - In my opinion, He's right;

At first glance, these places are unsuitable for settlement(“at first impression”). - In my opinion, these places are unsuitable for settlement("In my opinion");

The definition is given according to Einstein. - According to Einstein, the principle of relativity applies to all phenomena of reality;

These thoughts are expressed in the works of some astrophysicists, according to whom the Universe is steadily expanding (turnover, according to whom cannot be distinguished as part of the subordinate part of a complex sentence). - According to some astrophysicists, The universe is steadily expanding;

No other way than my father found out(whole combination). - Not otherwise, one of the boys did it(introductory combination: “should be”).

Wed. Also: Is it true, Is it good that he came? - introductory word (“isn’t it true”); Is it true, He spent a lot of energy on the discussion...(N.O.) - an introductory word in the function of a concessionary union; As for Kirill Izvekov, it really could have seemed like a young man walked into the yard(Fed.) - particle (“really”); Somehow the men, apparently, were not convinced that the barns were now really not theirs(Sol.) - particle; Have you really known him for a long time? - particle; Is he really talented? - particle; Will you really teach me? - particle. Wed. Also: Apartment, Truth, small but comfortable(introductory word in the middle of the sentence). - Got a new apartment although small and without any special amenities(introductory word at the beginning of a separate phrase).

Without me, everything will be lost, and the father and the old woman, look, will go around the world(Ch.) - introductory word (“very likely”, “very likely”); He, look at that will come unexpectedly - an introductory combination indicating the possibility of a sudden action; Make sure you don't stumble- a particle in the form of the imperative mood to express a warning; Even though he’s small, look how he defends himself - particle with an intensifying meaning.

He, You know, obligatory person - introductory word; Do you know what will happen to us for this? - close to the particle; Then it was summer, you know what!; Do you know what the situation is there?; Do you know how many fans we are? I found in the corner you know what?; Do you know what Mohammed did?(Pog.).

I, you see, I've already experienced all this - introductory word; Do you see what Grandma Varvara is doing? - close to the particle.

In the given sentences the lexical meaning of the words you see, you know etc. are weakened, since they were inside a sentence, which, according to its meaning, should have depended on them; compare: Do you know what will happen to us for this?; Do you know what I found in the corner?; Do you see what Grandma Varvara is doing? (Cm.§ 33, paragraph 3.) At my age it’s not a sin to rest, yes, see, Without us, death has a lot to do(Is.) - introductory word (“see”); See, what villages went!(Hump.) - an introductory word to express surprise; “Stop it, Efim,” said one coachman, “you see, he’s lying sick.”(N.Usp.) - particle (“here”, “look”).

Pass it on Please, this manuscript to the editor - introductory word (“I ask you”); Please tell me how brave he is!- a complete combination when expressing surprise, indignation, indignation; In the evening please, but I can’t come during the day - particle to express agreement (“yes”); Invite him to your place - please, but he himself will not come to visit- particle (“yes”).

The greasy cap with which Bredyuk, Seems like, did not part even in my sleep, was pulled over my forehead (F.) - introductory word in the middle of a sentence; He answered, Seems like without even hiding his distrust of the interlocutor’s words - an introductory word at the beginning of a separate phrase; Looks like no - whole combination.

It was already perhaps, after midnight(Mark.) - introductory word; It is not he alone who has the right to take this place, but perhaps others too - spruce combination; Perhaps not.

Note. The following words and phrases are not introductory and are not separated by commas: maybe, I mean, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, suddenly, after all, ultimately, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, precisely, as if, as if, just, meanwhile , I suppose, in no way, almost, therefore, approximately, approximately, moreover, moreover, simply, decisively, as if, supposedly etc. (particles, adverbs). Punctuation allocation these words are explained by various reasons: in some cases it is due to the fact that some of the given words relate to the so-called modal particles, close to modal (introductory) words; in others, the semantic nuances inherent in individual words and allowing them to be separated by commas play a role; finally, the influence of previous rules or individual author's punctuation is possible. Wed: I have a headache; I came out for air - maybe will pass(T.); Maybe think about it and come(Ch.); To top it all off it started to rain(Ch.). - AND, to top it all off, no forks, no knives(S.-Sch.) - optional separation (see § 20); I suppose chickened out, boy?; Frozen I suppose?; All of them I guess guilty. - I suppose they won't come at us(P.); One is not a mill bird, which, no matter how it flaps its wings, I suppose won't fly(N.); Well, what about your wife? I suppose gorgeous(Ch.); ...No way Our daughter has outgrown eared rye!(N.); Fathers, no master? (Tel.). - And for me, no way, I'm hungry again(T.); Yes, no way, you are the worst offender(S.-Sch.); We approximately in these tones and with such conclusions they conducted a conversation(Furm.) (“approximately”). - I'm trying to take care of her approximately, not thinking is impossible(Acute) (“for example”).

§ 25.9

Punctuation for words and phrases finally, in the end, however, of course, in general, in general, in any case, in turn, in fact, in particular, mainly, most importantly, means, on the contrary, for example, at least from the point of view, from for my part etc. has its own characteristics.

1) Word finally is introductory and stands apart:

a) if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and also”) completes the enumeration: Opekushin came from the common people, at first he was self-taught, then a recognized artist and, finally, academician(Tel.); Sitting somewhere on a mound in the steppe, or on a hill above a river, or, finally, on a well-known cliff, the blind man listened only to the rustling of leaves...(Cor.); often say finally with homogeneous members of the sentence preceded by words Firstly Secondly etc. or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word finally is the end of the enumeration;

b) if it evaluates a fact from the speaker’s point of view or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, to emphasize something: Yes and finally, It's always better to make the mistake of thinking well(M.G.); Yes, go away finally!(Ch.) In the meanings “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything” the word finally is not introductory and serves as an adverbial adverb: Gave three balls every year and finally squandered it(P.); I ran and ran and finally got tired(Usp.); ...We climbed higher and higher and finally reached the top of the mountain(Closed); ...Quickly all the cash, the wife’s diamonds, and finally most of the daughter’s dowry were gone(Gonch.); Finally everything was over. In these meanings by the way finally usually a particle can be added -That(with an introductory word such an addition is impossible); compare: Finally we got to our place for the night (= Finally got there...). - Can, finally, seek advice from a specialist(adding a particle -That impossible).

2) There is a similar difference between the function of introduction and the function of circumstance for the combination in the end; compare: After all, in Eventually, we were in no hurry(not the time is indicated, but the conclusion to which the speaker came as a result of a series of reasoning); Well, in Eventually, will happen to you?; I'm not a criminal, Eventually; Actor, in Eventually, poorly prepared for such a responsible role; He is in Eventually, quite careful; IN Eventually, It's all my fault; Something happened that Eventually, could not be avoided; But please tell me, after all, in Eventually, where is your wife?(A.T.); In the end they[officers] took the commander's side(N.-P.); Eventually an agreement was reached; The strikers finally got their way(see the above meanings of adverbial adverbs finally:“at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”); Kashtanka remembered very well how she spent the day and how she finally ended up on this unfamiliar sidewalk(Ch.); However, he could not resist the requests and eventually agreed(Cupr.).

3) Word however is introductory and is isolated, if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence: Look, however, Vera, be careful(T.); Passionately devoted to the master, he however, it's rare that he doesn't lie to him about something(Gonch.); The weather was windy, windy, however, not quite the same(Gonch.); But, however, I'm terribly tormented by the Swedish match(Ch.) - neighborhood of words But And however indicates that the second of them is not used as an unambiguous conjunction; How cleverly I did it, however! (Ch.), So much trouble, however (Ch.).

At the beginning of a sentence (or part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative conjunction and is not introductory: However, his father’s cunning policy did not offend him at all.(Esb.); The cannonade became weaker, but the crackling of guns from behind and to the right was heard more and more often (L.T.); We never expected to meet again, but we did(L.).

On rare occasions the word however separated at the beginning of the sentence comma, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation): However, what a wind! (Ch.); However, need to drink coffee(Ch.); However, we wanted a lot!

4) Word Certainly usually stands out commas as an introduction: Certainly, habit means a lot(Ch.); You care about me Certainly, no matter(A.T.); There were difficulties in the beginning Certainly.

But sometimes the word Certainly, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated: Of course it's true!: Of course it is; Of course, I would have come if I had been warned in advance. Wed:

- Do you agree?

- Only in principle Certainly(“of course”)

- But in principle do you agree?

- In principle, of course("Yes").

5) Word at all is introductory and is isolated, if it is used in the sense of “generally speaking”: Such articles are generally of interest, but this particular one is unlikely to be suitable for a journal; With this statement, at all, one could agree, but some data needs to be checked; At all, I'd like to know what happened.

In other cases the word at all used as an adverb in different meanings: Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian education in general(Gonch.) (“in general”, “on the whole”); He forbade lighting fires altogether.(Kaz.) (“always”, “at all”, “under all conditions”); .. He generally looked like an eccentric(T.) (“in all respects”, “in relation to everything”).

Note. Ability to add a word speaking can serve as a criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and sentence members in a number of cases: This question By the way, placed for the first time(“by the way”); You, actually, it would be possible not to come("as a matter of fact"); The content is interesting, the examples are convincing, the presentation is accessible, Briefly speaking, useful book("in short"); Return to what was said frankly, I do not want("in truth"); All major work in essence, already finished(“essentially speaking”); The weather was autumn or more precisely, pre-autumn("precisely speaking"). (See § 22, paragraph 4, note 2 and § 25, paragraph 1.) This provision also applies to the combination All in all; compare: To be sad, in in general, about nothing - introductory word; These are the components of a generally simple process("eventually"); He made a few comments regarding various little things, but overall he was very complimentary(Garsh.) (“as a result”).

6) Combination anyway is introductory and is isolated, if it has a restrictive-evaluative value: Anyway, his last name was not Akundin(A.T.); I, anyway, did not claim this; She, anyway, not involved in this matter; This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check(the entire turn is highlighted). In the meaning “under any circumstances” this combination is not introductory: ...In any case, he will never leave his former pet(P.); In any case, you will be informed of the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that in any case I would meet him today at my mother’s(Adv.).

7) Combination in its turn is not separated by commas if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meanings “in response”, “for our part”: “Children, we must treat each other more gently,” the mother said, kissing her daughter in turn.”(G.-M.) (“when it was her turn”); He in turn asked me.

In a figurative sense, the combination in its turn takes on the meaning of introduction and punctuation stands out: Among newspaper genres, there are informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres; among the latter, in in turn, the essay, feuilleton, pamphlet stand out; Having sat me down to work, Vladislav, in in turn, didn't waste any time(Bakhm.).

8) Combination Indeed in the meaning of “really” is not introductory: The cognac turned out to be really good(Ch.); He was really interested in philosophy(Kar.).

But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory and separates; compare: Do you really have nothing to do with this?("really"). - What is he in in fact, pretending to be a smart guy?

9) Combination in particular, indicating the relationship between the parts of the utterance, stands out commas: He is interested in in particular, the origin of individual words; These questions have been discussed in a number of monographs and, in in particular, in special articles.

If the combination in particular is part of the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end), then it stands out commas together with this construction (see § 24, paragraph 3): Many peoples and nationalities inhabiting Russia, in in particular the peoples of the Far North, received writing relatively recently; Many people will be willing to take on this work, and me in particular.

Design in general and in particular not separated by commas: Over tea we started talking about farming in general and gardening in particular.(S.-Sch.).

10) Combination mainly is introductory and is isolated, if it serves to highlight a fact, to express its assessment: There was a wide alley... and along it, mainly, the public was walking(M.G.) - it is not possible to form a combination mainly for a walk, therefore in this example the words mainly are not a member of the proposal; The manual should be corrected and, mainly, supplement with fresh material("the most important").

Combination mainly, included in the connecting structure, stands out commas together with her: With fifty people mainly officers crowded nearby(Paul) (see § 24, paragraph 3).

In the meanings “first of all”, “most of all”, the specified combination is not introductory: Kosma Vasilyevich liked Nikolai extremely, that is, he mainly liked Nikolai’s simple-minded reverence for his books and things(Ert.); He achieved success mainly due to his hard work; The failure of the harvest is mainly due to the summer drought; What I like about him mainly is his sincerity.

11) Word The main thing is introductory in the meaning of “especially important”, “especially significant”: You can choose any topic for the story, but The main thing, to make it interesting; Details can be omitted, but The main thing - to make it entertaining- a comma after the conjunction A it cannot be placed, and to enhance the emphasis, a dash is placed after the introductory combination; As a major scientist, and most importantly as an art historian, he enjoys great authority- at the beginning of a separate turnover.

12) Word Means is introductory and separates if it is synonymous with words therefore, it follows: Sun spots were on the floor, then moved to the counter, to the wall and completely disappeared; Means, the sun has already set for noon(Ch.); People are born, get married, die; that means it’s necessary, that means it’s good(Acute); So, Means, can't you come today?; The message is urgent, but Means, important(about the absence of a comma after the conjunction A see point 5).

If the word Means close in meaning to "means" then punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:

a) in the position between the subject and the predicate the word Means serves as a means of communication between the main members of the sentence; it is preceded by dash, and after it there is no sign: Fight - Means win(see § 5, paragraph 3);

b) in other cases it is not separated or highlighted by any signs: A person means immeasurably more than is commonly thought of(M.G.); If he says he did well, that means good; When you ask for forgiveness, it means that you feel guilty.

If the word Means is between the subordinate and main parts of a complex sentence, then it stands out commas: If spring comes, Means, it will be warm; Since he defends his views so stubbornly, Means, feels right - word Means plays the role of a structural element of a sentence.

If the word Means is located between the parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence, then it also stands out commas: The bell rang Means, the lesson is over; They didn't save the child Means, blame yourself.

13) Word vice versa stands out as an introduction behind the fifths: Instead of slowing down, he vice versa, stood on the box and desperately twirled his whip over his head(Cat.); Chapaev never refused to intervene in such affairs; vice versa, he liked to sort everything out himself(Furm.); Combat efficiency... of warriors, the closer it was to the end[wars], didn't decrease, but vice versa, increased(VC.).

If vice versa(after union And) is used as a word replacing a member of a sentence or an entire sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:

a) when a member of a sentence is replaced, then before the conjunction And no sign is placed: In the picture, light colors turn into dark ones and vice versa - i.e. dark to light; The lever is turned from right to left and vice versa - a kind of homogeneous members are formed with a non-repeating union And;

b) when the combination and vice versa joins a whole sentence, then the conjunction is preceded by comma: The closer the light source, the brighter the light it emits, and vice versa - The whole sentence is included: The further away the light source, the less bright the light it emits; a kind of complex sentence is formed;

c) when the combination and vice versa is added to the subordinate part of a complex sentence, a comma is not placed before the conjunction: This also explains why what was considered criminal in the ancient world is considered legal in the new and vice versa(White) - seemingly homogeneous subordinate clauses with a non-repeating conjunction are formed And.

14) Word For example associated with the following punctuation:

a) stands out commas as an introduction: Nikolai Artemyevich liked to argue persistently, For example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel around the entire globe during his entire life(T.);

b) stands out commas together with a revolution, at the beginning or end of which there is: Even in cities for example in Moscow, when the shallow Moscow River begins to move, all its banks and bridges are strewn with people(Ax.); Others were also interested in the question, I For example;

c) requires staging comma in front of you and colons after itself, if it comes after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members of the sentence: Some mushrooms are very poisonous For example: pale toadstool, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.

15) Combination at least is introductory and stands out commas, if it has an evaluative-restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed: If I, at least, sacrificed my love for my future business...(T.); Someone, driven by compassion, decided at least, help Akakiy Akakievich with good advice(G.); …Housekeeper, at least, doesn't shave his beard(G.); Vera Efimovna advised us to work for her transfer[Katyusha Maslova] to political or at least, as a nurse in a hospital(L.T.); If he is susceptible to this weakness, then at least, would try to hide it from me(Acute); I would like, at least, respect you(Black).

Combination at least Punctuationally not highlighted if it has the meaning “no less than”, “at least”: Savelich, forcibly separated from me, was consoled at least by the thought that he was serving my betrothed bride(P.); From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco(G.); He tirelessly sought these meetings, and at least she did not avoid them(L.); At least twenty times and, it seems, for no particularly important reasons, he ran downstairs to the sleigh in only his coat and ran back up again(L.T.); At the present moment, conscientious and gifted popularizers are at least as necessary as original thinkers and independent researchers(D.P.); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army(Bulg.); The horses struggled to drag the cumbersome stagecoach across sand at least three-quarters of an arshin deep.(Cat.).

As already indicated, the combination at least, standing at the beginning of a separate phrase, like other introductory words and combinations, stands out commas with him: Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least hours at five!(Ch.); I feel like everyone is working at least the majority will take up arms(Ser.).

16) Turnover including a combination from point of view, stands out commas, if it means "in opinion": Perhaps with your point of view, he's not stupid(Acute); Choice of option, with my point of view lucky. If such a combination has the meaning “in relation”, then the phrase is not highlighted punctuationally: I know that a crime has been committed if you look at things from a general moral point of view(Laurel) - we are talking about a certain view of certain phenomena, a certain understanding of them, and the combination has a direct meaning (a point of view, like an opinion, can only be in a person); From the point of view of novelty, the book deserves attention - figurative meaning. Wed: From the point of view of the director of the enterprise, The task is completed strictly according to schedule. - In terms of deadline requirements, the task performance is alarming.

§ 25.10

Dash with introductory words it is used in the following cases:

1) if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (a word is missing that is restored from the context), then a dash is usually placed instead of one comma: Makarenko has repeatedly emphasized that pedagogy is based, on the one hand, on unlimited trust in a person, and on the other - high demands placed on him; Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other hand, another - so that you can relax and refresh yourself- the comma before the subordinate clause is “absorbed” by the dash; On the one hand, it was important to make an urgent decision, but caution was required - with another.

A dash is not placed if, according to the context, a comma is required at the place where the word is missing: On the one hand, discipline at school has clearly improved, and on the other, Apparently, a lot of work remains to be done to strengthen it;

2) before the introductory word as an additional decimal point, if the introductory word stands between parts of a complex sentence and in meaning can be attributed to both the preceding and subsequent parts: The dog disappeared -maybe,she was killed. Wed: Zalessky's wife smiles with long pale lips, the old woman is looking somewhere, squinting, - right,into her own blooming gardens visible to her alone(Pan.); But Spouses was busy with a cigarette, which for some reason went out, -must bethe cartridge case was torn(Pan.); Curly... looked at his forehead with an expression of abstract interest, as if he was deciding in his mind about the dacha, -it seemedNow he will take a pencil from behind his ear, a notepad from his pocket and write down the solution(Pan.) .

An additional punctuation mark can emphasize cause-and-effect or connecting relationships between parts of a sentence: It was difficult to verify his words - obviously, circumstances have changed greatly; Some new thoughts appeared - May be, they will never happen again; Grandma is already hovering around the table, - must be wants to light a fire(Ch.).

Sometimes before the introductory word located at the beginning of a separate phrase, they put comma and dash, and after it - z fifth, to avoid possible ambiguity: Since there is still time, we will call someone additional for the exam - let's say re-testing- (“suppose”, “say”). With traditional punctuation (the introductory word at the beginning of a separate phrase is not separated by a comma, but is highlighted along with it; see § 25, paragraph 4) it would turn out: ...we will invite someone else to the exam, for example, those taking it again- word let's say could be perceived as a homogeneous predicate;

3) before the introductory word after a comma, if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part: Chichikov asked with extreme precision who was the governor of the city, who was the chairman of the chamber, who was the prosecutor - in a word, didn't miss a single significant person(G.) (see § 25, paragraph 2).

Some expressions close to introductory combinations can be separated dash depending on the position they occupy in the sentence; compare: Needless to say, The places here are wonderful. - The places here are beautiful - what can I say(with a hint of accession).

§ 26. Input and plug-in structures

Introductory sentences

§ 26.Introductory sentences.1

Commas The following types of introductory sentences are distinguished:

1) personal undisclosed proposals like I think, I know, I see, I remember: I’m having tea, the sky seemed like a sheepskin(P.); Here I am, I Think, better eyes(G.); Among the Caucasian mountains there is, I heard grotto(L.); And you, me I see silk(T.); I have, I felt tears boiled in my heart and rose to my eyes(T.); He me You know, respects him very much(T.); The ugly, kind person he considered himself to be can be he believed love like a friend(L.T.); And this Greek teacher, this man in a case, can you imagine almost got married(Ch.). These sentences differ from introductory words only in the presence of a subject pronoun in the verb form and do not require more complex punctuation;

2) sentences are impersonal, vaguely personal, also simple in structure, usually not widespread: Buran, it seemed to me, was still raging(P.); Marina... was carried away, they told me vanity, not love(P.); ...And this voice is wonderfully new, she thought still sounded(L.); He was now driving to the Yauzsky Bridge, where, he was told to, there was Kutuzov(L.T.);

3) sentences joined through conjunctions or allied words: Late grandfather, as far as I remember there was a kind of grandmother's butler(P.); The first toast was drunk as readers may themselves guess, for the health of the new Kherson landowner(G.); ... Half a copper was given for expenses and delicacies and, what is much more important, smart instruction(G.); Praskovya Ivanovna woke up long ago, as we learned from Parasha, got dressed and had tea in my bedroom(Ax.); I, as you can undoubtedly see from me, a very insignificant person(Lesk.); The painter helped me, or, as he called himself, painting contractor(Ch.); As sailors say, the wind was getting stronger(Ch.); These dogs if I am not mistaken, descend from simple mongrels and shepherd dogs(Cupr.); She was beautiful and more importantly, clever woman(Paul.).

§ 26. Introductory sentences.2

Through dash the designs listed in paragraph 1 are rarely drawn up; Usually, more common sentences are highlighted with a dash: The lady herself - talked about her - does not know how to distinguish boiled pork from veal(M.G.); We have it everywhere - I thought - even in such a hole, Skobelev, its people(Furm.); The prosecutor flies headlong into the library and - can you imagine? - does not find either a similar number or the same date of the month of May in the Senate decisions(Fed.) - the interrogative nature of the introductory sentence plays a role; Suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him - it wasn't easy(Sh.); Let the enemy leave, or - as they say in the solemn language of military regulations - letting him get away is a big nuisance for scouts(Kaz.); ...They sit here on pain of death and - what more worse - in the pouring rain(Kaz.).

Inserted sentences and phrases

Inserted sentences and phrases (i.e. those that introduce additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into the main sentence, sometimes abruptly falling out of the syntactic structure of the whole, and, unlike introductory sentences, usually not express the speaker’s attitude to the expressed thought, do not contain a general assessment of the message, indications of its source, or connection with other messages) are located in the middle or at the end of the sentence and are highlighted with brackets or a dash.

§ 26. Plug-in sentences and phrases.1

In parentheses stand out:

1) plug-in constructions that complement or explain the content of the main sentence: Finally, he ordered the racing droshky to be harnessed and he dressed warmly (this was already at the end of September) and, driving himself, left the yard(P.); On a hot summer morning (this was at the end of July) woke us up earlier than usual(Ax.); A young sparrow fell out of the nest (the wind shook the birch trees of the alley strongly) and sat motionless(T.); I didn't get a good look at his face (the stroller rushed past too quickly); but it seemed to me that he was deeply touched(T.); Returning to my room (it was located in the outbuilding and was almost completely cluttered with forged chests), Gavrila first sent his wife out...(T.); Petya was not at home (he went to a friend with whom he intended to transfer from the militia to the active army)(L.T.); Having passed some Austrian troops, Rostov noticed that the next part of the line (it was the guard) has already entered into action(L.T.); Trebles and violas (sometimes basses and tenors) these choirs were recruited from students(Room.); He raised his hand (silence fell) and with a half-bent palm pointed to Broinitsky standing below(A.T.); The prudent Levinson even before the reconnaissance trip (she arrived at night) exposed enhanced oh wound(F.);

2) plug-in structures, which represent the author’s relevant comments: Believe me (conscience is a guarantee) marriage will be torment for us(P.); Don’t answer, I know that you won’t admit it, because Grushnitsky was killed (she crossed herself)(L.); “Gentlemen,” he said (his voice was calm, although the tone was lower than usual). “Gentlemen, why empty disputes?”(L.); Passion passed through my soul quickly but passionately (I can't call it otherwise) catch and collect butterflies(Ax.); But the Lord God knows (here he raised his hand above his head), that the globe would sooner come to fragments than for me to go back on my word or... (Here he even snorted) or chicken out...(T.); I did not understand (now I understand), what I did with the creatures close to me(Garsh.); Now that more than a week had passed since Dasha’s visit, it began to seem surprising to him how unnoticed (he didn’t even say hello to her right away) and just (entered, sat down, put the muff on her knees) this girl appears in their frenzied apartment(A.T.);

3) plug-in constructions that explain individual words in the main sentence: No you (or you) They shouldn't know this!(L.); Where is the old one? (That’s what he usually called his wife.)(G.); The commanders threw books and maps (geographical, there were no others on the ship) , conversations and quickly ran to the deck(Gonch.); Vladimir Sergeevich (that was the name of the young man in the coat) looked at his man in bewilderment(T.); On Rakitina (seminarist), also familiar and almost close to Alyosha, Alyosha could not even look(Adv.); It was Pyotr Gerasimovich (Nekhlyudov never knew and even boasted a little that he did not know his last name) , former teacher of his sister's children(L.T.); Halfway through the stretch the forest ended, and the elani trees opened up on the sides. (fields)(L.T.); I ordered foreign literature magazines (two) to be sent to Yalta(Ch.); That same day I was already at Nikitin’s apartment (last name of son-in-law)(Cor.); Caesar (that was the name of the lion in the menagerie) sleeps and squeals quietly(Cupr.); The sled suddenly hit a pile sticking out of the water. (trace of the carried away bridge) and turned over with amazing ease(Sh.);

4) plug-in constructions, syntactically related to the main sentence, but excluded from it and having an adjunctive nature: Seeing that a man, working on arches, sells them profitably (and the arcs bend with patience and not suddenly), The bear decided to live by the same labors(Kr.); His enemies, his friends (which may be the same thing) he was honored this way and that(P.); Mock him (and also in the official newspaper) not good(P.); The father lost his usual firmness, and his grief (usually mute) poured out in bitter complaints(P.); ...But the goal of the eyes and judgments at that time was the fat pie (unfortunately oversalted)(P.); Happy day! Can I go to the sixth chest today? (the chest is not full yet) pour in a handful of accumulated gold(P.); [Rudin] is so decisive that he himself tells Natalya about love (even though he doesn’t speak out of his own free will, but because he is forced to have this conversation)…(Black); A month before our misfortune, he bought me earrings, quietly from me (and I found out everything) and rejoiced like a child(Adv.); ...And, despite the current, very understandable evasiveness of Pyotr Petrovich (because he doesn't know you yet) Dunya is firmly convinced that she will achieve everything with her good influence on her future husband(Adv.); If Pierre was often struck by Andrei's lack of ability to dreamily philosophize (to which Pierre was especially inclined), then in this he saw not a disadvantage, but a strength(L.T.); ...Thank you for your letter, for once again showing me your tragic handwriting (who, by the way, has become more picky)(Ch.); He was wounded (slightly), then got married(Cor.); And that's why (even if not there, in the fire) We are still frontline people today(Pinch.);

5) interrogative and exclamatory constructions and individual words expressing the author’s emotions or his attitude to the words expressed, to quotes: ... May be (a flattering hope!) the future ignoramus will point to my famous portrait...(P.); We learned from him himself that he, Mr. Savelyev, decided to devote all his abilities (whose?) development (development?) national history(White); [He] was already in the yard as soon as it was light, as if nothing had happened, even keeping (innocent trick!) the old sadness on his face(T.).

Note. Punctuation marks that stand at the place where the sentence is “broken” by an inserted construction highlighted by brackets are placed after the brackets: At Savva's, the shepherd (he was grazing the lord's sheep) suddenly the sheep began to disappear(Kr.) - separate application shepherd, but a comma is placed only after an insertion clause; Tatyana, who, as we said above, held the position of laundress (however, she, as a skilled and learned laundress, was entrusted with only fine linen), there was a woman about twenty-eight years old(T.) - a separate definition, the same sequence of signs. In rare cases where an insertion clearly refers to the second part of the sentence within which it is located, the required punctuation mark before the opening parenthesis is retained: In ancient times, people were completely different from what they are today; (as long as there is love in the world) they loved more sincerely(L.).

§ 26. Plug-in sentences and phrases.2

With help dash inserted constructions are highlighted that complement or explain the main sentence, express the author’s feelings, etc. (often in works of fiction): Here - nothing to do - friends kissed(Kr.); But - wonderful thing! - Having turned into an Anglomaniac, Pavel Petrovich became at the same time a patriot(T.); My arrival is me I might have noticed this- With started to confuse the guests a little(T.); He was very cold with me, and - strange affair - I felt like I was afraid of him(T.); One unforgettable evening- I lay alone on the sofa and stared blankly at the ceiling - someone quickly opened the door to my room and stood on the threshold(T.); I ran out into the street for a minute - here in our own house there is a confectionery shop downstairs- V I took ten pieces of shortbread and came...(Lesk.); ...Imagining that the castle was locked, I took out the key, and - oh horror! - I only had the head of the key in my hands(L.T.); His second wife, beautiful, smart - you just saw her - married him when he was already old(Ch.); ...Even my masters - if they were at home - opened the windows and, listening, praised the musician(M.G.); I would like to live and live, rushing through the years. But in the end I want - I have no other desires- V I want to meet my death hour the way comrade Nette met his death(M); Again - in once again - he repeated these words; We will be satisfied if you tell us when - specifically! - the issue will be included in the agenda; This thing cost someone - if not for himself - a tidy sum.

Notes: 1. Often, to highlight plug-in structures, they are used on an equal footing. brackets and dashes. Wed: Once in the evening (this was at the beginning of October 1773) I was sitting at home, listening to the howl of the autumn wind(P.); Once - it was beyond the Terek - I went with abreks to repel Russian herds(L.); Soldiers (there were three of them) ate, not paying attention to Pierre(L.T.); Large, beautiful birds (there were thirteen) flew in a triangle(T.); Bakers - there were four of them - stayed away from us(M.G.); Waking up sheep - there were about three thousand of them - reluctantly, having nothing else to do, they began to work on the short, half-trodden grass(Ch.); And every evening at the appointed hour (or am I just dreaming?) a girl's figure, captured in silks, moves in a foggy window(Bl.); Litvinov remained on the path; between him and Tatyana - or was it just his imagination? - something happened...(T.). 2. If an introductory or plug-in sentence is inside another plug-in sentence, then the latter (so to speak, external) is highlighted parentheses, and the first (internal) - dash: I hurriedly had lunch, without answering the caring questions of the kind German woman, who herself began to whimper at the sight of my red, swollen eyes. (German women are known to be always happy to cry)(T.). 3. In rare cases, insert structures stand out commas: It even seemed to me maybe it really was like that that everyone has become more kind to us(Ax.); Exhibits of the Biological Museum, and there are over two thousand of them, talk about the animal world of our planet(gas.). 4. Depending on the syntactic structure of the main sentence and the insertion structure at the “break” site, in addition to dash, there may be more commas. The following cases are possible: 1) on both sides is placed only dash, if there should be no sign at the insertion point: Annushka silently left her ambush and quietly walked around - her baby feet barely made a noise through the thick grass - and came out of the thicket next to the old man himself(T.); AND - there are miracles - Voropaev hobbled(Paul.); All around - don't hug with your eye - snow cover(Sh.); 2) before the first dash is put comma, if the structure of the first part of the main sentence requires it: He looked at the ashes that surrounded him - Horrible! - and his hands dropped helplessly - a comma closes the subordinate clause of a complex sentence; 3) before the second dash is put comma, if the structure of the second part of the main sentence or the insertion structure itself requires it: Loved to brag - this sin followed him, - maybe I just dragged it in here for the sake of saying something nice(Furm.) - the second part begins with an introductory word, which requires highlighting with commas; ...Maxim stood up against his grandfather - and grandfather is up to his shoulders, - stood up and said...(M.G.) - word repetition plays a role got up(cf. § 40, paragraph 2); He stood up and, limping, he was on a prosthesis, - went to the window(Kav.) - the inserted sentence is adjacent to the preceding gerund, and a comma is placed after this entire construction; When he starts to doubt himself - and this happens to him occasionally, - he is trying to become a rationalist - the insertion clause is adjacent to the preceding subordinate clause of the complex sentence, and a comma is placed after the entire structure; He laughed a little - he had such a sense of tact, - but still a mocking smile, no, no, and yes, appeared on his lips - the second part begins with a conjunction, preceded by a comma; 4) both before the first and before the second dash are put commas according to the terms of the text: Spending almost all my time inseparably with my mother, because I wrote and read in her separate room, where I usually slept, - there was my crib and there was my home, - I played less with my sister, saw her less often(Ax.) - a comma before the first dash closes the subordinate clause, a comma before the second dash closes the adverbial construction; I climbed into the corner, into a leather chair so large that I could lie in it, - grandfather always boasted, calling it the chair of Prince Gruzinsky, - climbed up and watched how bored the big ones were having fun(M.G.) - a comma before the first dash closes the preceding subordinate clause, and a comma before the second dash closes the adverbial phrase in the insertion structure itself; Before we part, ah some of us will return here, perhaps not soon, - before we part, I would like to return once again to the words I just said about our friendship - repetition of words plays a role before we part.

It should be noted, however, that it is common to place a comma before the second dash if the comma is before the first dash (a kind of “symmetry” of characters): When I begin to die, and , believe me, you won't have to wait long, - you took me to our garden(L.); When Kostya, an orphan, turned nine, - and at that time I was already a bride, - I took him to all the gymnasiums(Ch.); When it was all over, and the battle lasted about an hour, - the commander mounted his horse and rode at a pace across the plain(A.T.); In the autumn, when the apples ripened, - apple trees were the pride of the Popov family, - Anatoly usually slept on a trestle bed in the garden so that the boys would not steal the apples(F.).

§ 27. Appeals

§ 27.1

Addresses, along with all related words, are highlighted (in the middle of a sentence) or separated (at the beginning or end of a sentence) commas, if pronounced without exclamation intonation:

Dear friend, Great!(Kr.); Vasily Vasilich, please leave me alone(Ch.); Let me, my reader, take care of your older sister(P.); Do you remember, Alyosha, roads of Smolensk region...(Sim.); Goodbye, Most Noble Mr. Glinkin(M.G.); And you too, old pen bandit(Sim.).

§ 27.2

If the address at the beginning of a sentence is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then it is followed by Exclamation point(the word following the address is written with capital letters): Old man! Forget about the past(L.); Young native of Naples! What did you leave on the field in Russia?(St.)

§ 27.3

If the address is at the end of a sentence, then after it is placed the sign required by the content and intonation of the sentence: Think about it master of culture(Leon.); Hello to you, people of peaceful labor!; Are you here, cute?(Tr.); You're a pig brother...(M.G.)

§ 27.4

The rules for highlighting addresses with punctuation marks also apply to those cases when the address is expressed not by the traditional form of the nominative case of a noun, but by another part of speech or by a noun, but not in the form of the nominative case (such an address names some feature of the person to whom the speech is addressed): ...Look at me, everyone!(Adv.) - substantivized demonstrative pronoun; “Where, where,” I say, so-and-so, are you flying?(Lesk.) - substantivized demonstrative pronoun; Fly, our dear, fight for glory(Tv.) - substantivized adjective; "Great, sixth!» - the thick, calm voice of the colonel was heard(Cupr.) - substantivized ordinal number; Sleeping in a coffin sleep peacefully, enjoy life, living(Beetle) - substantivized participle; Hello, at white sundress made of silver brocade!(Elm.) - prepositional-nominal combination; Hey, in hat, Come here; Listen, twenty fifth, what are you doing here?; Tell, twenty-two misfortunes, When will you finally be normal?

§ 27.5

Personal pronouns You And You, as a rule, they act not as an address, but as a subject: Forgive me, peaceful valleys, and you, familiar mountain peaks, and you, familiar forests!(P.). But they can also act as an appeal in the following cases:

1) by themselves: Go for the sixth one - you! (T.); Hey, You! Finish it soon!(Adv.); Tsyts, You! She is no longer your servant(M.G.); Well you! Get up...(M.G.); Eh, you people, people...(Garsh.); Well, you, move, otherwise I’ll hit you with the butt!(BUT.); “Oh, you!” - said Nina Porfiryevna(Paust.); “Quiet, you!” - Fenya shouted(Ant.);

2) as part of addresses that are a combination of a definition with a defined word, between which there is a 2nd person pronoun, not separated by commas: Well, completeness, completeness, joker, you are such a joker(T.); Is it really not enough for you? you are insatiable like that! (Adv.); Why are you looking like such a duchess? are you my beauty?(Acute); And for whom did I work? are you a stoeros tree?(M.-S.); My dear friend, don't be ashamed, don't hang your head(F.);

3) in combination with a particle preceding the pronoun O and the subsequent subordinate clause: O you, with whose memory the bloody world will long, long be full(P.); O you, whose letters are many, many in my briefcase on the bank!(N.)

§ 27.6

Particle O, standing before the address is not separated from it by any punctuation marks: Oh my darling my gentle, beautiful garden!..(Ch.); Tell me, oh insightful reader, why was Rakhmetov withdrawn...(Black); How good are you, oh night sea!(Tyutch.) But before the address there can also be an interjection O(meaning “ah”), which according to the rules is separated comma or exclamation point: Oh, mom, why are you reproaching me?; ABOUT, Faith, look how good it is here!; ABOUT! Pavel Ivanovich, let me be frank(G.).

Interjection O separated by punctuation marks and from the so-called nominative theme (or nominative representation: a person or object is named in order to evoke it in memory, in representation): Oh, war! How many lives she took with her!

§ 27.7

Particles A And Yes, those standing before a repeated address are not separated from it by a comma, but a comma is placed in front of them: “Master, oh master!” - Kasyan suddenly said in his sonorous voice(T.); ...Death, and Death, Will you let me say one more word there? (TV); Petka, yes Petka, where have you gone?

For non-repeated use A acts as an interjection and is separated comma: “Ah, Vaska!” - he said, recognizing first of all the pinkish trousers of his friend(Steppes.).

§ 27.8

Duplicate requests are separated comma or exclamation point: The steppe is wide, the steppe is deserted, why are you looking so gloomy?(Nikit.); Hello, wind, a menacing wind, a fair wind of all peaceful history!(Leon.); Vaska! Vaska! Vaska! Great!(Sun. Iv.)

§ 27.9

Homogeneous addresses connected by a union And or Yes, commas are not separated: Sing, people cities and rivers! Sing, mountains, steppes and fields! (Marmot.); Hello, sun and morning fun!(Nikit.) If, with homogeneous addresses, the union And repeats, then before the first And no comma is used: Go back a minute and Kolya and Sasha!

§ 27.10

If there are several addresses to one person located in different places in the sentence, each of them is highlighted commas: Ivan Ilyich, give orders brother, about snacks(T.); …And that's why, Thomas, isn't it better Brother, breake down?(Adv.)

§ 27.11

If a common address is “broken” by other words - members of the sentence, then each part of the address is highlighted commas as a general rule: Tighter, horse, hit, hoof, minting step!(Bagr.); For blood and tears, thirsty for retribution, we see you forty-first year(Pinch.).

Introductory structures- these are words, phrases or sentences with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is communicating. This attitude can be different: confidence, assumption, doubt, reference to someone’s opinion, regret for some reason, etc.

Introductory words are not members of the sentence and are not connected with the members of the sentence either by coordinating or subordinating connections. Semantically the same introductory structures are closely related to the whole sentence or part of it, since they are used to more fully express one or another meaning that the author puts into the sentence.

In oral speech introductory structures are distinguished by special intonation, and in writing - by commas.

By value introductory structures are divided into several groups:

1) Introductory structures, expressing confidence or vice versa, uncertainty speaker in the reliability of what is being reported: of course, certainly, of course, undoubtedly, indeed etc. - confidence; probably (probably), must be, maybe, seems, perhaps, apparently, apparently, probably and under. - uncertainty, assumption, doubt: We, of course , started talking about yesterday (F. Dostoevsky); I didn’t know then, of course. , the double meaning of Andersen's fairy tales (K. Paustovsky); This painful and joyful story was apparently necessary for Natasha (L. Tolstoy); Maybe we won’t see each other again (M. Gorky).

2) Introductory structures, expressing emotional attitude to the reported facts (joy, pleasure, surprise, regret, annoyance, etc.): fortunately, to my happiness, to our pleasure, to our common joy, unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to surprise, what good and under.: To my pleasure, the priest agreed to my request (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin); Unfortunately, I haven’t heard anything about you (M. Lermontov).

3) Introductory structures, indicating to the source of the message, source of a certain opinion, certain information: in my opinion, in your opinion, according to press reports, in the director’s opinion, in their words, in Pushkin’s words, they say etc. (Indirectly, such constructions often indicate the speaker’s incomplete confidence in the reliability of what is being reported.) In my opinion, such winters were the best time in Batumi (K. Paustovsky); In my opinion, the fire contributed a lot to its decoration (A. Griboyedov).

4) Introductory structures, indicating logical connection thoughts, their sequence (with their help, the speaker emphasizes various kinds of logical relationships between the parts of the statement). For example, structures like thus, in a word, so, therefore, means signal the formulation of the conclusion; first of all, firstly, secondly, finally and under. are used when there is a need to emphasize the quantitative composition of a list (most often a list of arguments) and to establish the degree of importance of the components of this list; words by the way, by the way, by the way indicate the incidental nature of the statement in the general logic of dialogue or monologue; words for example, in particular, in addition and others signal the introduction of examples illustrating the general situation; on the contrary, on the contrary- about the contrast of phenomena, etc. The silence at dawn did not calm, but, on the contrary, intensified his worries (K. Paustovsky); So, the proposal was accepted (I. Turgenev).

5) Introductory structures, indicating techniques and ways to formulate thoughts or on the nature of the statement (the style and tone of the statement): in short (speaking), or rather, more precisely, in a word, in one word, frankly speaking, roughly (to put it mildly), speaking honestly etc. I took a closer look, got used to the phenomena around me, or, more accurately, the wonders of nature (S. Aksakov); Arkady Pavlych, in his own words, is strict, but fair... (I. Turgenev).

6) Introductory structures, performing contactous-pressure function. They are used when directly addressing the interlocutor in order to simply attract his attention. (listen, listen etc.), to win over the interlocutor by the polite nature of the request or question (please be kind etc.), express the trusting nature of the relationship with the interlocutor (you see, you know, believe me, you understand and so on.): It is impossible, you see, to treat any serious illness in absentia without seeing the patient himself (A. Kuprin); Imagine, our young people are already bored (I. Turgenev).

7) Introductory structures, evaluating degree of commonness phenomena: happens, happened, happens, as usual, as usual, as a rule and under.: Sometimes he would taunt funny, he knew how to fool the fool and fool the smart one nicely, either obviously, or on the sly... (A. Pushkin); As often happens, Elena Vasilievna instantly understood everything (N. Pogodin).

8) Introductory structures, indicating evaluation of the measure what is being said (indicate a limitation or clarification of the statement): at most, at least, at least and etc.: ...At least I don’t visit it too willingly... (I. Turgenev).

Complex are called complex sentences , in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a complex sentence are independent of each other and form one semantic whole.

Depending on the type of coordinating conjunction that connects the parts of the sentence, all complex sentences (CCS) are divided into three main categories:

1) BSC with connecting unions(and; yes in the meaning and; neither..., nor; also; also; not only..., but also; both... and);

2) BSC with dividing unions (then..., then; not that..., not that; or; or; either... or);

3) BSC with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes in the meaning but, however, on the other hand, but on the other hand, only, the same).

The semantic connection of simple sentences combined into a complex one is different. They can transmit:

Phenomena occurring simultaneously.

For example: And far in the south there was a battle, and in the north the earth shook from bomb attacks that were clearly approaching at night (in such sentences, changing the sequence of parts of the sentence does not change the meaning);

Phenomena that occur sequentially.

For example: Dunya sat down in the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped onto the handle, the coachman whistled, and the horses galloped(in this case, rearrangement of sentences is not possible).

1. BSC with connecting unions (and, yes /=and/, neither - nor, both - so and, not only - but also, too, also, yes and).

In complex sentences with connecting conjunctions the following can be expressed:

- temporary relationships.

For example: Morning came and our ship approached Astrakhan(compare: When morning came, our ship approached Astrakhan);

Unions and, yes can be either single or repeating:

For example: The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the frost, and the river glitters under the ice.(A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeating conjunctions in each part.

I shouted and an echo answered me- the second phenomenon follows the first.

- action and its result.

For example: Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me.

- cause-and-effect relationships.

For example: Several especially powerfully covered dugouts remained completely intact, and the cold, battle-weary people, collapsing from fatigue and the desire to sleep, pulled with all their might to warm themselves up there;
I wasn't feeling well, so I didn't wait for dinner.- the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the specifier - adverb That's why.

I don’t see the light of the sun, I don’t have room for my roots(I. A. Krylov).

The narrator froze mid-sentence, I also heard a strange sound- unions Same And Also have the peculiarity that they do not appear at the beginning of the part.

Unions Same And Also add the meaning of simile to the sentence. For example: And now I lived with my grandmother, she also told me fairy tales before bed. Unions Same And Also always appear within the second part of a complex sentence. Union Same, as a rule, used in colloquial speech, conjunction Also- in the bookstore.

The conjunction also has a colloquial character Yes in meaning And.

For example: It was useless to hide the truth, and Serpilin did not consider himself entitled to do so.

2. BSC with adversative conjunctions (but, yes /=but/, however, but, but, but).

IN compound sentences with adversative conjunctions one phenomenon is opposed to another.

For example: The thunderstorm was there, behind them, above the forest, and here the sun was shining.

With the help of a conjunction, however, a reservation is conveyed to what was previously said. For example: She could hardly force herself to smile and hide her triumph, but she managed to quickly assume a completely indifferent and even stern look.

Sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common adversative meaning, can express the following meanings:

She was about thirty, but she seemed like a very young girl- the second phenomenon is opposed to the first.

Some helped in the kitchen, while others set the tables- the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, A compared with it (replacing the union A on But impossible).

Unions but, but indicate compensation for what was mentioned in the first sentence.

For example: The elk left, but nearby there was a sound made by some living and, probably, weak creature; He has a lot of work ahead of him, but in winter he will rest.

Particles are used in the meaning of adversative conjunctions or,only.

For example: My head still hurt, but my consciousness was clear and distinct; The war did not cancel anything, only all feelings became sharper during the war.

Union or, like unions Same And Also, always does not appear at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but directly after the word that is opposed to the word of the first part.

For example: All the trees have released sticky leaves, but the oak tree still stands without leaves.

3. BSC with dividing unions (or /il/, either, not that - not that, whether - either, that - that).

In complex sentences with disjunctive conjunctions, phenomena that cannot occur simultaneously are indicated: they either alternate, or one excludes the other.

For example: In the stuffy air, the blows of pickaxes on stone were heard, or the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully; It was drizzling, then large flakes of snow were falling– union That- That indicates alternation of phenomena.

On Peresyp something was either burning or the moon was rising- union not that -not that

Only sometimes a birch tree will flash or a spruce tree will stand in front of you like a gloomy shadow.- union or indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Either the gate is creaking, or the floorboards are cracking- union either - either indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Dividing unions or And or can be single or repeating.

For a more detailed description of the types of BSC There are three more types of SSP: BSC with connecting, explanatory and gradational conjunctions.

Unions are connecting yes and, too, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting conjunctions.

Conjunctions are explanatorythat is, namely:

For example: He was expelled from the gymnasium, that is, the most unpleasant thing happened for him.

Graduation unions - not only... but also, not that... but.

For example: It wasn't that he didn't trust his partner, but he still had some doubts about him.

Complex sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating conjunctions.

Exercise 255. Rewrite using the necessary punctuation marks -

1.1. And soon, to the joy of the neighbors-enemies of the grave

Will I be covered with earth? (I.). 2. Unfortunately I have to

I should add that in the same year Pavel passed away (T.). 3. Hands

mine, to my terrible chagrin, trembled slightly, my throat

chlo (T.). 4. No matter how uneven the hour, what will not burn? (Ch.). 5. K

our happiness, the beautiful sun has finally risen

(Priv.). 6. To his complete disappointment, the boy

I didn’t see any weeping willows or gray skies (Cat.). 7. K

To Petya's surprise, there were no thieves or drunkards in the police station

no tramps (Cat.). 8. Found to Nagulnov’s amazement

in one second he brushed his leather jacket off his shoulders and sat down at the table

II. 1. The father, apparently, was knowledgeable only in the advice of

drink a penny (G.). 2. But maybe you want to know the windows -

Reading about Bela's story? (L.). 3. Pechorin was immersed in

thoughtful and seems in no hurry to get on the road

(L.). 4. True, Lisa’s laugh seemed forced to me

(T.). 5. In fact, there is nothing edible in the village, my ku-

I didn’t find the devil (T.). 6. The heroine of this novel is of course

Of course there was Masha (L. T.). 7. Obviously this city

lived with all the strength of his life (L. T.). 8. There was a scarf

excellent and probably cost about forty kopecks (M.-Sib.).

9. The father was apparently in the most complacent mood

mood (Cor.). 10. The puppy appears to be a purebred puppy

(New.-Pr.). 11. A really barefoot boy in his rut-

Noah Katsaveyka looked more like a shepherd boy (Cat.).

12. Yes, undoubtedly the train stopped (Cat.). 13. After

this is essentially what to ask about her relationship with Grigo-

there was no need for it (Shol.). 14. And he dreamed that it could happen

approach the other way at the window knock on the waiting one

dear guest (Tvard.).

Sh. 1. In my opinion, the fire contributed to her

a lot of decoration (Gr.). 2. After all, as you know from

privates (G.). 3. According to the captain, until the near future

she remains two days away (Gonch.). 4. I as already said

never distinguished himself by eloquence (T.). 5. But according to rumors

some part fought stubbornly near Kamensk without pro-

letting the Germans into Likhaya (Fad.). 6. The weather in their area

at home was, in Sofia Ivanovna’s opinion, much better

higher than on the whole street (Paul).

GU. 1. So you don’t want to take over

Troekurova (P.). 2. Ivan Ivanovich has an extraordinary

His gift for speaking is extremely pleasant. Ivan Nikifo-

Rovich, on the contrary, is more silent (G.). 3. However, he was in

good soul (G.). 4. In a letter to Petrukhina’s mother,

ri was sent firstly blessing secondly

bows from everyone and finally the news that Aksinya

went to the people (L.T.). 5. And finally, it’s always better to fall in

thinking well in error (M.G.). 6. Chapaev never

refused to interfere in such matters; on the contrary

mouth, he loved to take everything apart himself and bring out different ones -

dyayev on clean water (Furm.). 7. So the game is

ears for a boy has become something of a profitable pro-

professions (Cat.).

V. 1. In a word, they were as they say happy

(G.). 2. I took a closer look at those around me

phenomena, or rather, the wonders of nature (Ax.).

3. Tatyana’s disposition was very meek, or better yet,

get intimidated (T.). 4. To be honest, I don’t think so

time Kolotovka does not present a gratifying sight

VI. 1. You chickened out, admit it when my fellows did well

did they throw a rope around your neck? (P.). 2. I'll tell you everything

the truth, just please don’t give me away (L.). 3. Where

let me say this? (GGavl.). 4. You see, I never

did not serve (Pan.).

FOR REFERENCE: Commas highlight introductory words and

phrases, among which the following can be noted:

new groups:

1U introductory words expressing the speaker’s feelings (joy,

regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message: fortunately,

unfortunately, fortunately, unfortunately, to joy, to grief, to

to annoyance, to regret, unfortunately, to surprise, to amazement, to

for horror, for shame, for joy, for happiness, for misfortune, what good,

it’s no secret, it’s a strange thing, an amazing thing, the hour is uneven

2) introductory words expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree

reality of what is being reported (confidence, assumption, possibility)

uncertainty, uncertainty, etc.): of course, undoubtedly, without any conscience

opinions, obviously, certainly, of course, it goes without saying,

indisputably, indeed, probably, possibly, truly, probably

in all likelihood, maybe, maybe, maybe, should

to be, it seems, it would seem, apparently, apparently, perhaps, in

in fact, truly, truly, isn’t it true, in essence, essentially

in fact, right, tea, I must assume, I think, I hope, I believe

3) introductory words indicating the source of what is being reported:

say, report, convey, according to..., according to message..., according to

according to information..., in opinion..., in my opinion, in your opinion, in our opinion, in

yours, according to rumors, according to legend, I remember, I hear, they say,

4) introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, sequentially

importance of presentation: therefore, therefore, means, on the contrary,

besides, in addition, first of all, therefore, for example

measures, for example, the main thing, thus, by the way, by the way, is to say

by the way, firstly, secondly vi etc., on the one hand

we, on the other hand, I repeat, emphasize, etc.;

5) introductory words indicating techniques and methods of formatting

thoughts of expressed thoughts: in a word, in one word, in other words

you, in other words, in other words, in short, simply go-

stealing, to put it mildly, if I may say so, if I may say so

to put it, if I may say so, it is better to say, so to speak,

what is called, strictly speaking, generally speaking, or rather,

more precisely, etc.;

6) introductory words, which are calls to oneself

to the interlocutor or to the reader in order to attract his attention to the message

what is being said, to instill a certain attitude towards the stated facts

there: you see, you see, you understand, you understand,

know (you), know (you), understand (those), believe (those), listen (those),

agree, imagine, imagine (those) to yourself, excuse (those), pros-

you (those), believe (whether), believe (whether), say, suppose, assume

bench press, please, etc.

Introductory words can also indicate an assessment of the measure of

than they say (at most, at least, at least),

show the degree of commonality of what is being reported (it happens, it happened,

happens, according to custom, as usual), to express expressive

the validity of the statement (in truth, in conscience, in fairness,

All jokes aside, it's funny to say, don't say it as a reproach, admit it

say, must be said, say honestly, honestly, between

speaking between us, it will be said between us).

Introductory words are separated by commas. If in the introductory word

If a word is missing in the combination, then instead of one comma the usual

but a dash is placed, for example: On the one hand, the composition is in-

clear in its content, on the other hand, it suffers from unevenness

tew presentation.

Note: They are not introductory and are not highlighted.

combinations by advice..., by direction..., by request, by decision

niyu, by order, by plan, etc., for example: By advice

doctor, the course of treatment was continued; According to local procedures, do this

wasn't supposed to.

Exercise 256. Rewrite, putting signs where necessary,

1.1. It must have been late. 2. The letter should

be urgently delivered to the addressee. 3. Take it with you

by the way, and notes. 4. Your arrival today is “at the very best.”

By the way. 5. The traveler’s face seemed very tired.

6. The chess game seemed impossible to save

no moves. 7. The weather will probably change.

8. The message received is quite likely. 9. This phrase

By the way, she reminded me of an old joke

10. This phrase was said by the way. 11. With one

troops were approaching on the other side of the road,

Chu the residents of the liberated village walked towards them. 12. With one

on the other hand, the offer to go south is very tempting,

on the other hand, it raises concerns because of the usual at this time

years of heat. 13. It goes without saying that I did not refuse my

to my friend in his request. 14. Under these conditions, all this

It goes without saying. 15. My companion felt

excellent after a long walk; I'm on-

versus tired. 16. In the compartment I sat opposite an elderly passenger

soot. 17. This theoretical position is completely

obviously. 18. Obviously you will have to seriously prepare for

exams. 19. To the boys’ surprise, the road turned out to be

not so tedious. 20. To the boys' surprise,

fear and confusion were mixed.

P. 1. In particular, I really liked the book. 2. Book

Many people liked it, especially me. 3. In French

For example, the language lacks declension. 4. In some

languages, for example, in French there is no inflection -

tion. 5. You will return in, say, five days. 6. Story

let's say in the fifth.

III. 1. This book is very useful, which means it should not be

You really need to hurry. 3. Summer we will most likely pro-

we are driving in the village, but this question is final

not yet decided. 4. The river next door is by no means shallow, but

on the contrary, it is deep.

IV. 1. The child is obviously afraid of strangers

rushed to his mother. 2. The child is afraid of strangers

obviously rushed to his mother. 3. The child is scared

obviously a stranger rushed to his mother. 4. Rain one day

but it seemed to charge for a long time (T.).

V. 1. It sounds like thunder. 2. Everything is as if

has changed since then. 3. We arrived just in time for the start of the spec-

taklya. 4. This supposedly happened wrong. 5. I'm nothing

I didn’t claim anything like that. 6. We'll be back approximately

in one hour. 7. The amount of work turned out to be approximately twice as large

she. 8. It was necessary to do exactly this. 9. Determined

there was no one to turn to for advice. 10. It's easy

strange case. 11. He didn’t even answer my letter-

mo. 12. He used to come to us often.

Reference.

1. The same words can be used as an input

(hence, not members of the proposal), then as members

new sentences (most often predicates or circumstances); compare:

He might be back soon. - He can be if you wish -

nii very executive. The easiest way to check the syn-

tactical role of such words by removing them from the pre-

sentences: in one case (without an introductory word) the structure of the sentence

clause is preserved, in another (without a sentence member) - more often

everything disintegrates. Only in a few cases is this method verified

ki is unacceptable; Wed: Behind that forest, you can see the lake. - Behind that forest

the lake is visible (in both cases the sentence structure is preserved

visible without a word). For individual words, other techniques are possible

checks.

A word is finally introductory if it indicates a connection

thoughts, the order of presentation (in the sense of “and also”) or gives an assessment

ku fact from the point of view of the speaker, for example: It is possible, however,

Netz, use the school playground for sports games; Pove-

This student's behavior finally becomes intolerable. On the contrary

mouth, the word is finally not introductory, if it matters

“at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”,

for example: Gave three balls annually and finally squandered (P.);

I finally figured it out; Finally arrived. Wed. similar in meaning to

meaning in the end: In the end everything worked out well

Lucky (when? - circumstance). - He’s right, after all (input-

noe expression). It is often possible to verify this difference in

the role of the word finally by adding a particle to it: when ob-

In situations this is mostly possible, but with an introductory word

No. Wed: Finally he arrived - finally he arrived (but you can’t

say: firstly..., secondly..., finally).

The word in general, as a rule, is not introductory. As

adverb it means “in general”, “on the whole” (In general this

true, but in this case it is not), “usually”, “all the time”,

“always” (The weather here is generally cold), “at all”, “under no circumstances

conditions” (He doesn’t want to be treated at all). In the sense of “in general”

saying" the word is generally introductory: To me, in general, it’s like

seems strange.

However, a word is introductory if it is in the middle or

at the end of the sentence: He, however, is mistaken; He is delusional

Yes, however. At the beginning of a sentence the word however, as a rule,

has the meaning of an adversative conjunction but is not an invo,

nym: The topic is not new, but interesting.

2. If the words for example, in particular, mainly, are permissible

tim, let's say, say, etc. stand at the beginning of the clarifying or

connecting turnover, then they stand out along with everything

reverse, that is, no sign is placed after them (see up-

249, paragraph III).

3. The conjunction a (less often the conjunction but) is not separated by a comma from the subsequent

of the introductory word, if it forms one whole with it: and the knowing

reads, and by the way, and therefore, and secondly, but therefore, etc.

To check, the introductory word should be removed or rearranged into

another place of sentence; if such a change is possible

without violating the structure of the sentence, then the conjunction is not associated with the introduction

word and is separated from it by a comma, otherwise -

No. Wed: Misfortune did not change him at all, but on the contrary, he became

even stronger and more energetic (T.) - omit or rearrange the introductory

the word is impossible, while maintaining the conjunction a in the sentence, since

they are interconnected; Nikita's whole life was not constant -

a special holiday, but, on the contrary, was an incessant service

(L.T.) - with the help of a conjunction two homogeneous ones are opposed

ny members of the sentence, and the introductory word is not associated with the conjunction.

After other conjunctions, a comma before the introductory word puts -

Xia: It’s late, and perhaps it’s time for us to return; He collects

to come to us, but, to admit, I don’t want to meet him

4. If the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate

If there is a new turnover, then no sign is placed between them. If

the introductory word is in the middle of a separate phrase, then

it is separated by commas on a general basis.

When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them -

Xia: So, for example, the conjunction ni belongs to connecting conjunctions;

What good, perhaps, he gets married, out of tenderness of the soul (Ven.).

5. They do not act as introductory words and do not stand out.

these particles, after all, as if, as if, as if, supposedly, exactly,

just, hardly, hardly, almost, approximately, approximately, about

hundred, decisively, exclusively, as if, even, etc. Particle would-

the shaft is separated by commas.

Exercise 257. Rewrite using the necessary punctuation marks -

I. 1. I think the sky is as big as a sheepskin (Ya.). 2. Here at

I think better than my eyes (G.). 3. My soul I remember with

I searched for the miraculous during my childhood (L.). 4. And this voice is wonderful

She thought the new one still sounded (L.). 5. He got me

you know, he respects him very much (G.).

II. 1. The late grandfather was born as far as I remember

butler's grandmother (P.). 2. The first toast was drunk

as readers can guess for their health

new Kherson landowner (G.). 3. These dogs if not

I’m mistaken, they come from simple mongrels and shepherd dogs

(Cupr.). 4. She was beautiful and, more importantly, smart

woman (Paul).

III. 1. Finally, he ordered the racing droshky to be harnessed

dressed warmly, it was already at the end of September and I

driving out of the yard (P.). 2. On a hot summer morning this

it was the end of July, we were woken up earlier than usual

go (Ax.). 3. Vladimir Sergeich was the name of the young man

the man in the coat looked at his

his man and spoke in a hasty whisper... (G.).

4. There were three of them soldiers who ate without paying attention to

Pierre (L. T.). 5. And every evening at the appointed hour

Is this just a dream? the girl's figure is captured by silks -

moving in a foggy window (Bl.).

Reference.

1. Small introductory sentences are usually high-

separated by commas, for example: I think you are used to these

magnificent paintings (L.); He was now driving towards the Yauzsky Bridge,

where, he was told, Kutuzov (L. T.) was.

2. Commas highlight introductory sentences, beginning

those with conjunctions like, if, how much, etc., for example: Tomorrow, how

the newspapers report that an art exhibition is opening; Not-

how many years ago, if I remember correctly, there was an earthquake in

Turkey; This book, as far as I can judge about it, will have

big success.

3. Inserted sentences or phrases (i.e., such

tions, amendments to the main statement) are less closely related

are more involved with the sentence than the introductory ones, and therefore drop out abruptly

from its structure. Such constructions are distinguished by brackets or

dash; they are in the middle of a sentence or at the end of it,

but not at the beginning: My arrival - I could notice it - at first

somewhat confused the guests (T.). Parasha (that was the name of the beauty on-

sha) knew how to wash and iron, sew and weave (P.). Stronger

The switching sign is parentheses, which are usually used to

divide so-called plug-in sentences, differing

from introductory ones in that they do not express the speaker’s attitude towards

expressed thoughts, but contain various kinds of additional

comments, related instructions explaining the proposal in

whole or a single word in it and sometimes sharply dropped

from the syntactic structure of the whole, for example: One evening

rum (this was at the beginning of 1773) I was sitting at home alone, listening to the howl

autumn wind and looking out the window at the clouds running past the moon (P.);

He promised the Cossacks to reward them with a cross and a beard (Iletsk,

like the Yaitskys, the Cossacks - they were all Old Believers), rivers and meadows,

money and provisions, lead and gunpowder (P.); Inexperienced souls

having tamed my excitement over time (who knows?), I would find it according to my heart

friend (P.).

If there is one introductory (insert) sentence

inside the other, the second (so to speak, external) stands out as a staple

kami, and the first (internal) - using a dash, for example:

After the construction of the new highway, all these “bearish angles” (even

Chudovka - that was the name of the largest of them - was before

this remote outback) turned out to be connected with the regional price

Exercise 258 (repetitive). Rewrite, putting where

necessary, punctuation marks.

1.1. Savva the shepherd, he was grazing the lord’s sheep, suddenly

began to flock sheep (Kr.). 2. According to him, I was discharged

from Pugachev to Orenburg as a spy (Ya.). 3. I spent the evening

as usual with the commandant (P.). 4. Men

they drank, argued and laughed, the dinner was extraordinary

but cheerful (P.). 5. The lady seemed touched (77.). 6. Both

old man according to the ancient custom of old-world

schikovs loved to eat (G.). 1. I think, however

what would be needed in a white vest (G.). 8. Brown pig

came into the room and grabbed, to the surprise, the present

not a pie or a crust of bread, but Ivan’s petition

Nikiforovich (G.). 9. The weather was windy, the wind was one-

however, it wasn’t quite the same (Goth.). 10. You are driving correctly

to Stavropol? (L.). 11. Unfortunately, I haven’t heard about you

I will certainly learn nothing but a lot from you (J7.). 12. Small

he was unprepossessing, to be sure, but still I liked him -

curled (T.). 13. The boys lay on their bellies on the threshold

threw their legs up and thus - threw -

walked out the door (T.). 14. Mountain air without any doubt

nia has a beneficial effect on human health (T.).

15. Indeed, two or three miles ahead of us

a thick column of bluish smoke slowly rose from the ground

(T.). 16. He had some weaknesses: for example,

Mer wooed all the rich brides in the province (T.). 17. A

you I see silk (T.). 18. The heat forced us to

not to enter the grove (T.). 19. His horse to the true mo-

To his surprise, she ran very well (T.). 20. During

for a whole week my position has not really been at all

improved (G.).

II. 1. It’s really wonderful here (T.). 2. Young thief

bey fell from the nest, the wind shook the birch trees of the alley and

sat motionless (T.). 3. Now in all likelihood

whirlwinds swirling and dragging dust, dry grass and

feathers rose to the very sky; probably about sa-

my black clouds were flying tumbleweeds, and as it should

it was scary to be them! (Ch.). 4. And this Greek teacher

you can imagine the language of this man in a case

almost got married (Ch.). 5. So for all the time while I counted

I am an adult, to the great chagrin of my father.

family architect, I changed nine positions

(Ch.). 6. Once it was on a clear autumn day before

in the evening old man Tsybukin was sitting near the gate (Ch.). 7. Father

apparently he was in the most complacent mood -

nii (Cor.). 8. Here and there it seemed as if blue streaks of receding

rainy rains (Cor.). 9. There were four bakers

huddled away from us^M. G.). 10. When it's all over

and the battle lasted about an hour, the commander mounted his horse and walked

drove across the plain (A.N.T.). 11. Only the smaller one

Artamon was twenty-one years old and was with

father for writing letters, keeping accounts, reading various

books (A.N.T.). 12. Caesar was the name of the lion sleeping in the menagerie

and quietly squeals (Kupr.). 13. The Board authorized

speed up his work, that is, in other words, he himself

authorized to do this (Cupr.). 14. It turned out that

at once that, firstly, complete encirclement is difficult to achieve

pressed due to a natural obstacle from the west and secondly

ry that the enemy is preparing to either take battle on the spot

conditions or dissipate in the depths of the forest (Fed.).

15. And besides a freshly washed shirt, I’ll tell you in all honesty

I don’t need anything (Mayak.). 16. He will accept the platoon or maybe

company (Ship.). 17. Almost everyone called him Petka out of habit.

Isaev stuck his tiny bird's eye out the door

dexterity (Furm.). 18. This is the kind of snowstorm the people of the steppe tell

hasn't been there for many years (Furm.). 19. Terenty added -

doing minor plumbing work, but first of all there was work

little and secondly, a lot of time was taken up by urgent

business affairs (Cat.). 20. He stood up and limped he was on

the prosthesis went to the window (Kae.).

Exercise 259 (repetitive). Write the text under the dik-

text, then check what is written with what is printed.

“Bagration is the best general of the Russian army,” -

This is how he expressed his opinion about Bagration as a commander-

This is Napoleon, who, by the way, was more than once pleased

but unsuccessfully sent his best marches against him.

And indeed, Suvoro’s favorite and right hand

va, friend of Kutuzov, Bagration was the “eagle” of Russian art

mii; at least that's what the soldiers called him. Bug

Ration was a great master of offensive combat. For

of this he possessed all the necessary qualities: firstly,

firstly, with a tactical eye, secondly, with an iron

perseverance and, finally, truly legendary courage

tew. He was always in the most dangerous places. "On

he found moments of inspiration, says about him

eyewitness - The fire of battle ignited something in his soul.

His eyes were shining; he commanded, and in a cloak, with a whip

in his hand, on a simple bottom he rushed, ahead of the columns,

so that from a commanding general to become a simple transfer

old warrior." The soldiers saw and appreciated this and loved

him the way they loved Suvorov and Kutuzov.

It is known, by the way, that only very few

of the commanders of the past enjoyed sincere dis-

the position of the mass of soldiers. But to serve under the command

Although Bagration's scrap was honorable, according to reviews

contemporaries, very dangerous: Bagration’s adjutants

you were considered doomed people.

Bagration's military service began in 1782.

when he was 17 years old. She was incredibly heavy with

from the very beginning (after the first skirmish he was found

among the dead) and to the end. He participated no more

less than in 20 campaigns and 150 battles. Your glory

he carried the brave man from the walls of Ochakov through the mountains of Italy

and the tops of the Alps to the Borodino field, where the French

some grenade put a bloody mark on his brilliant

no biography.

(According to S. B o r i s o v u)

APPEAL

Exercise 260. Rewrite using the necessary punctuation marks -

1. Sleeping in the coffin, sleep peacefully; use your life

living (Beetle). 2. Stepanushka, dear - don’t give it away -

lyy! (A/?.). 3. The sad evening star is your ray

silvered the withered plains and the slumbering bay and black

rocky peaks (Ya.). 4. How good are you about the sea at night?

no! (Tyutch.). 5. Get your shoulder itchy! Swing your hand! You

smell the wind in your face from noon! (Ring). 6. Father father os-

make your threats, don’t scold Tamara (L.). 7. Well, completeness,

Completely a joker, you are such a joker (T.). 8. I am all mine

I give you the sonorous power of the poet to the attacking class (Lighthouse).

9. Hit the horse’s hoof harder as you take a step! (Bagr.).

10. Grow a country where, by the will of a single people, all merged into

one people blossom, a country where a woman and a man are in

the free one is walking in the same rows! (OK.). 11. Well, you move,

Otherwise I’ll hit you with the butt (Ya. O.). 12. Death and death still

Will you let me say one word there? (Tward.).

For reference: Cases are highlighted or separated

commas along with all related words.

If the address at the beginning of the sentence is pronounced

is written with an exclamatory intonation, then after it is placed

exclamation mark, for example: Eh, brothers! It's not good here

The particle o, standing before the address, is not separated from it

no sign, for example: You are wrong, O heaven, holy

If a common appeal is divided into parts, then each

Each of them is separated by commas, for example: Otkole, smart, delusional

are you talking, head? (Kr.).

The personal pronouns you and you are usually not

addresses, but act as the subject. However they

may be part of a common appeal, for example

Mer: Isn’t that enough for you, you insatiable one! (Drst.). IN

As an exception, personal pronouns you and you can

perform the function of address, replacing the name

the person to whom the speech is addressed; in these cases they stand out

commas: Hey, you, stop!

In rare cases, words without meaning act as addresses.

nominative case, naming some feature of a person, to

to whom speech is addressed; such words are separated by commas -

mi, for example: Hey, in a round hat, how do I get to the station?

If there is a particle a between the repeated circulation, then

a comma is placed before it, and there is no sign after it -

says, for example: Mom, mom, let me take a little walk!

Between two requests related by a non-repeating

with a connecting conjunction, no comma is used (as with one-

native members in these conditions), for example: Hello, sun

It's a fun morning! (Nick.)-