The functional style of speech is a specific language system that is responsible for the goals and conditions of communication in a certain area and combines a set of stylistic linguistic means. In their essence, functional styles are heterogeneous; they differ from each other in a clearly defined genre variety, terminology and literary presentation.
Types of functional speech styles
Depending on the spheres of public life in which language is used today, the following functional styles are distinguished: official business, scientific, journalistic, colloquial and artistic.
Formal business style
The official business style of speech is used to convey information in an official setting (legislative, administrative and legal activities, office work). Using this style, regulations, protocols, certificates, receipts, etc. are created.
The official business style has a number of features that distinguish it from other styles of speech: imperativeness, accuracy (it is not permissible to use two interpretations), lack of emotional overtones, strict textual composition. This style widely uses speech cliches, nomenclature names, abbreviations and verbal nouns.
Scientific style
The main function of this style is the transmission and dissemination of scientific information, as well as evidence of its truth. The main properties of the scientific style are the use of general scientific terms, abstract vocabulary, and a description of any discoveries or precedents. In scientific style, short material nouns predominate.
The scientific style is most often found in articles, research papers, school essays, monographs and educational literature.
Journalistic style
This functional style of speech is used to influence, most often ideologically, the general public through the media and oratory. The journalistic style is most often found in such genres as essays, articles, reports, interviews. The scientific style differs from other speech stylistics by its inherent increased emotionality and the use of socio-political vocabulary.
Conversational style
This style acts as a tool for the direct transmission and exchange of information regarding everyday issues and does not require an official setting. It uses predominantly simple vocabulary, which is emotional, expressive and logical. The most common genre is dialogue. Non-verbal factors are of great importance in conversational style: gestures and facial expressions. It also allows repetitions, incomplete sentences and introductory words.
Art style
An artistic style is used in the creation of fiction. With its help, the author influences the reader and controls his feelings. The artistic style has an inherent richness of vocabulary, imagery and emotionality. It is also possible to mix all other styles. The artistic style performs an aesthetic function; this is its main difference from the colloquial and journalistic styles.
Before moving on to the analysis of vocabulary with a reduced meaning, we consider it necessary to dwell on the definition of the concept of functional style.
Functional style is a functional system, a system of internal, hidden relationships and connections of phenomena, in which the functions of the purpose of a verbal work are manifested. Outside this functional system, the specified functions of a speech work are not realized. Functional style as a system of internal, hidden relations is an area not of directly sensually given, but of a sensually imperceptible relationship of phenomena, which is comprehended with the help of logical analysis. This system of hidden relationships is realized through a specific speech genre. A verbal work, in turn, can function only in the sphere in which it was formed (an article in journalism, an order, a charter in the sphere of official business communication).
Each of the functional styles, which represents a special reality, is organized within itself by a system of stable forms, a system of stereotypes, and schemes. The system of each functional style is formed by speech genres and styles of speech genres, which become elements of the functional style as a system.
The functional style also consists of separate parts, called substyles or varieties of the functional style (judicial, oratorical, etc.).
It should be noted that all functional styles exhibit certain similarities and differences. Their difference lies in the fact that in the scientific style and the style of fiction the main thing is the content side, while the functional side plays an additional role; in the style of the press and journalism, official business and everyday life, the functional side is no less significant than the content side.
The important fact is that a solution to this problem has not yet been found. As is known, V.V. Vinogradov distinguished between styles of language and speech. In his opinion, language styles are the basis for differentiating the countless and multifaceted forms of human speech. V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “...Language style is one of the particular systems (or subsystems) included in the general system... this is the structural appearance of the language function in its diverse manifestations...social styles of speech, i.e. ways of using language and its styles in different compositional and speech systems caused by... social life.”
E. Riesel considers functional style from two sides: as a style of language and speech, understanding by language style a set of lexical, grammatical, and phonetic expressive means intended for specific purposes of a specific functional environment. For further consideration of functional styles, in our opinion, it is necessary to refer to their classification.
According to the most common classification of functional styles, which is followed by E. Riesel, N.A. Bogatyreva, L.A. Nozdrina and others, the following styles can be distinguished:
1. Formal business style.
2. Scientific style.
3. Press and journalism style.
4. Style of everyday communication.
5. Fiction style.
Let us give a brief description of each of these styles.
The specificity of official speech activity, the complexity and great significance of the transmitted information, the importance of the goals and objectives of business communication require adherence to certain rules in the construction of texts. Each type of official business document has its own, rather strict form, which was developed over the long existence of the official business style and which must be observed by all users of this form of communication.
The official business style controls the selection and combination of linguistic means for the design of content (statements and communication) in the sphere of purely official human relationships, namely in the field of legal relations and management.
The concept of official business style, first of all, includes the language of official documents in the field of government activities, in the field of international relations, in law, in trade and economics, in the field of military life, in official institutions and organizations, in the life of an individual.
This language functions most often in written form. However, the official business style is not limited to the circle of business papers and it exists not only in written form. Another, oral variety of this style is represented by the language of business, non-ceremonial meetings, meetings, sessions, as well as the language of business techniques.
The official business style functions in the following speech genres: government decrees, diplomatic treaties, codes, agreements, military regulations, orders, business correspondence, announcements, explanatory notes, powers of attorney, etc.
The specifics of official business communication activities, the complexity and significance of the transmitted information, the importance of the goals and objectives of business communication require clarity in the construction of business texts and adherence to certain rules to optimize the communication process and transfer of information.
It should be noted that each type of official business document has its own, rather strict form, which was developed over the long existence of the official business style and which must be observed by all users of this form of communication.
The emotional expressiveness of the official business style is limited to such a variety as solemnity, created mainly by syntactic means and the use of book vocabulary.
As for the scientific style, the content of a scientific text is a description of facts, objects, phenomena of reality, the formulation of laws and patterns. The specificity of scientific thinking determines the main quality of the scientific style - its generalized and abstract character. Note that the scientific style exists in both written and oral form.
Scientific style covers the following types of scientific documents:
· actually scientific;
· scientific and informative;
· scientific reference;
· scientific and educational.
We emphasize that scientific presentation is designed for logical, and not for emotional and sensory perception, therefore, according to V.V. Vinogradov’s scientific style when choosing means “gravitates towards speech means, devoid of emotional load and expressive colors.” The use of emotional elements in a scientific text is determined to a large extent by the field of knowledge, speech genre, as well as the author’s personality.
The basis of the linguistic design of scientific style texts is standardization, i.e. selection of an exemplary language variant prescribed for given communication conditions.
The features of the syntactic design of the text of this style include the syntactic completeness of the statement, analytical constructions, the frequent use of certain cliché structures, the predominantly nominal nature of the statement, a detailed system of connecting elements, conjunctions, allied words, etc.
The lexical design of scientific style texts is characterized, first of all, by the saturation of speech with terms of all types, their fundamental unambiguity, accuracy, economy, nominative and distinctive function, stylistic neutrality, and great information richness.
Let's move on to characterize the style of the press and journalism. Some authors propose to distinguish not a newspaper style, but an information style, which can be used in a newspaper, on radio and television. It is also called mass communication style. Let's try to highlight the common features of newspaper style.
The social situation of communication for a newspaper is very specific. A newspaper is a means of information and a means of persuasion. It is designed for a mass and, moreover, very heterogeneous audience, which it must retain and force itself to read. A newspaper is usually read in conditions where it is quite difficult to concentrate: on the subway, on a train, at breakfast, relaxing after work, during a lunch break, filling a short period of time that has been freed up for some reason, etc. Hence the need to organize newspaper information in such a way as to convey it quickly, concisely, convey the main thing, even if the note is not read to the end, and have a certain emotional impact on the reader.
The presentation should not require preliminary preparation from the reader; dependence on context should be minimal. At the same time, along with the usual, constantly recurring topics, almost any topic appears in the newspaper that for some reason turns out to be relevant. Then these new situations and arguments also begin to repeat themselves. This repetition, as well as the fact that the journalist usually does not have time to carefully process the material, lead to the frequent use of cliches. All this creates the unique style-forming factors of a newspaper text.
The concept of journalistic style consists of the language of newspapers, magazines, reports, speeches, conversations, speeches, discussions, etc.
The emotional-expressive function of a newspaper is characterized, first of all, by an open evaluation of the text. Unlike works of art, in journalism it is not the subtext, but the text itself that quite definitely expresses an evaluative attitude towards the facts presented.
The newspaper consists of a variety of speech genres, among them: articles, notes, press reviews, reviews, essays, feuilletons, etc.
Each of these speech genres is a unique communicative model of the text.
The main stylistic principle of organizing language in journalism is the unity of expression and standard, and hence the stamp.
Let's move on to the style of everyday communication. Its most general features are a specific subject-specific way of thinking and the specific nature of the content; informality, naturalness, confidentiality of communication; unpreparedness of speech and its raw nature, and automatism; the predominance of the oral-dialogue form of communication.
The style of everyday communication is characterized by the following features:
· specificity, clarity, simplicity of linguistic means of expression;
· emotionality;
· ease.
The most common linguistic features of the style of everyday communication are also: a great lack of bookishness in the means of language, including the use of vernacular elements, incompletely structured formalization of language units (at the phonetic, syntactic, and partly morphological levels), weakened syntactic connections between parts of a sentence or their lack of expression, lack of formality, activity of linguistic means of subjective assessment, evaluative and emotional-expressive units, activity of colloquial phraseological units, etc.
Since the style of everyday communication is associated with the conditions of direct communication, i.e. direct contact with the interlocutor, then it has linguistic specificity, which, first of all, concerns the syntactic structure. A characteristic feature of the syntax of the style of everyday communication is the abundance of simple sentences that are easily perceived by ear, and the relatively rare use of complex sentences that pose a certain difficulty for auditory perception. A functional property of casual conversational syntax is the omission of individual parts of the sentence and elliptical constructions.
The style of everyday communication is widely represented in fiction.
When describing the style of fiction, it should be emphasized that the content of a work of art consists of the idea of the work, its theme and the emotional and aesthetic assessment of the phenomena depicted in the work. The purpose of a work of art is to express not only a person’s thoughts, but also the whole variety of his feelings.
A work of art cannot be separated from the personality of its creator. The spiritual, cognitive enrichment of the reader thanks to a work of art is actually an enrichment due to the personality of the author, his life, experiences, and the way he creatively relates to things and events. Hence, the work bears the imprint of the personality and activity of its creator.
As mentioned earlier, this classification of functional styles is the most common, and most scientists adhere to it. M.P. Brandeis also uses this classification, but calls some styles differently. M.P. Brandeis highlights:
1. Formal business style.
2. Scientific and technical style.
3. Newspaper and journalistic style.
4. Casual style.
5. Verbal and artistic style.
I.V. Arnold, in turn, identifies the following functional styles:
1) scientific;
2) business (official and documentary);
3) journalistic (newspaper);
4) oratorical;
5) sublimely poetic.
At the same time, the main characteristic features of the styles do not differ significantly.
To further consider this topic, in our opinion, it is necessary to give a more detailed description of the style of everyday communication, since it is in it that we often find examples of vocabulary with a reduced meaning.
Which is used in both oral and written speech. The main goal is the accurate presentation of certain scientific information. Statements are pre-thought out, a strict selection of linguistic means is carried out before the speech, which distinguishes the scientific style from others. Various terms are widely used, they have their own grammatical features, and verbal terms are also widely used. Sometimes singular nouns are used to denote a general series of objects. The presentation is logically structured and accurate. Emotionality is rarely used.
Business style is used when conveying business information in writing. Used when writing various official business documents, statements, reports, etc. As in the scientific style, certain terminology is used, there is a presence of different ones, and there is no emotional coloring. Mostly complex sentences with a strict word order are used, impersonal constructions play a large role. Often used in the imperative mood.
The journalistic style is used in the press, in news feeds and is compiled as the text of speeches to the public for the purpose of propaganda. The main function is influence and propaganda. In this style of speech, an important role is played not only by the information itself, but also by the emotional coloring, which makes it clear the attitude of the author. A special role is played by the logic of presentation and handling of various facts, but at the same time, the emotional component plays an equally important role. The style is characterized by the use of colloquial and bookish constructions when constructing sentences.
Conversational style is present in everyday communication in an informal atmosphere. It is used both in written and oral form. It does not differ in any selection of linguistic means; sentences are constructed based on the speech situation. Conversational speech is complemented by facial expressions and accents, pauses and changes in intonation are widely used to give maximum emotional coloring, where the main emphasis is on expressiveness. Repetitions and introductory constructions are widely used.
The artistic style is used in works of fiction and is particularly emotional and expressive. In this style, metaphors and linguistic expressions are most used to give a solemn and sublime coloring. Outdated words are often used. The style is distinguished by a high level of information content and expressiveness, and for this purpose the features of other speech elements of other styles are used.
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….
1. Style. General characteristics of functional speech styles…………
2. Official business style of speech……………………………………………………….
3. Scientific style………………………………………………………………
4. Journalistic………………………………………………………..
5. Artistic……………………………………………………….
6. Conversational …………………………………………………………………………………
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….
Application …………………………………………………………………
List of used literature………………………………………..
INTRODUCTION
§1. General idea of styles
The Russian language is a broad and comprehensive concept. Laws and scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records are written in this language. The Russian language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing thoughts, developing various topics, and creating works of any genre. However, language resources must be used skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the utterance, and its targeting. How different, for example, in style are a private letter and a memo addressed to the boss! The same information receives different linguistic expressions.
What is style?
The word style comes from the Latin (stilus), where it meant a pointed writing stick. Nowadays, the word style, in short, means the manner of writing. In linguistics there are more detailed definitions of the term.
1) Style is a type of language, assigned in a given society by tradition to one of the most general spheres of social life and partially differs from other varieties of the same language in all basic parameters - vocabulary, grammar, phonetics.
2) Style is a generally accepted manner, a common way of performing any specific type of speech act: oratory, newspaper article, scientific lecture, judicial speech, everyday dialogue.
3) Style is an individual manner, the way in which a given speech act or literary work is performed.
§3. Functional speech styles (general characteristics)
Our speech in an official setting (giving a lecture, speaking at a scientific conference or at a business meeting) differs from that used in an informal setting (a conversation at a holiday table, a friendly conversation, a dialogue with relatives).
Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, linguistic means are selected. As a result, varieties of a single literary language are created, called functional styles .
Functional styles are understood as historically established and socially established systems of speech means used in a particular area of communication or area of professional activity.
In modern Russian literary language there are book functional styles:
· scientific,
· official business
· journalistic,
· literary and artistic
who speak primarily in written language, and
· colloquial , which is characterized mainly by an oral form of speech.
Each of the five styles has a number of specific speech characteristics.
In the field of scientific activity (when writing scientific articles, term papers and theses, monographs and dissertations) it is customary to use scientific style, the main properties of which are clarity and logic of presentation, as well as the absence of expression of emotions.
Formal business style serves to transmit information in the field of management. Official business style is used in statements, powers of attorney, business letters, orders and laws. For him, even more than for the scientific style, clarity and unemotional presentation are important. Another important property of the official business style is standardness. People who draw up statements, orders or laws are obliged to follow tradition and write as they wrote before them, as is customary.
Another book style of literary language - journalistic. It is used in cases where it is necessary not only to convey information, but also to influence the thoughts or feelings of people in a certain way, to interest them or to convince them of something. Journalistic style is the style of information or analytical broadcasts on television and radio, the style of newspapers, the style of speeches at meetings. In contrast to the scientific and official business style, the journalistic style is characterized by expressiveness and emotionality.
All book styles are opposed, as mentioned above, conversational style. This is a style that is used in informal, everyday, everyday communication between people in oral speech that has not been prepared in advance. Therefore, its characteristic features are incompleteness of expression and emotionality.
Style relates in a special way to all of the listed styles fiction. Since literature reflects all spheres of human life, it can use the means of any style of literary language, and, if necessary, not only them, but also dialects, jargons and vernacular. The main function of the language of fiction is aesthetic.
The main feature of the stylistics of artistic speech is the search for the specifics of the artistic text, the creative self-expression of the artist of the word.
§4. Genres of functional speech styles
Functional speech styles are implemented in various genres.
1. Scientific: textbooks in the specialty, monograph, scientific article, annotation, abstract, synopsis, theses, course work, lecture, dissertation.
2. Official business: documents, business letters, reports, orders, instructions, contracts, decrees, business conversations.
3.Journalistic: parliamentary speech, reports, interviews, essay, feuilleton, discussion speech, information note.
4. Art: novel, story, short story, short story, essay, poem, poem, ballad.
5.Colloquial: conversations in the family, clarification of relationships, discussion of plans, friendly communication, anecdote.
TOPIC 2. OFFICIAL BUSINESS SPEECH STYLE
§1. Official business style of speech (general characteristics)
Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative and public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government agencies, courts, as well as in various types of business oral communication.
Among book styles, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic phrases - give it a generally conservative character.
The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally charged words, conciseness, and compactness of presentation.
In official papers, the set of linguistic means used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is linguistic cliches, or so-called cliches (French. clich). A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author; on the contrary, the more clichéd a document is, the more convenient it is to use.
Formal business style- this is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:
1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;
2) locale standard.
These features find their expression a) in the selection of linguistic means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.
Let's consider the features of vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.
§2. Linguistic signs of official business style of speech
Lexical features of official business style of speech
The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to general book and neutral words, includes:
1) language stamps (bureaucracy, clichés) : raise a question based on a decision, incoming and outgoing documents, control over execution is assigned upon expiration of the deadline.
2) professional terminology : arrears, alibi, black cash, shadow business;
3) archaisms : I certify this document.
In an official business style, the use of polysemantic words, as well as words with figurative meanings, is unacceptable, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidy and etc.
Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized. In an official document, preference is given to generic concepts, for example: to arrive (instead of arrive, arrive, arrive etc.), vehicle (instead of bus, plane, Zhiguli etc.), populated area (instead of village, town, village etc.) etc.
Morphological signs of official business style of speech
The morphological features of this style include the repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). These include the following:
1) nouns - names of people based on a characteristic determined by the action ( taxpayer, tenant, witness);
2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the masculine form ( Sergeant Petrova, inspector Ivanova);
3) verbal nouns with a particle Not- (deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);
4) derived prepositions ( in connection with, due to, by virtue of, to the extent of, in relation to, on the basis of);
5) infinitive constructions: ( conduct an inspection, provide assistance);
6) present tense verbs in the meaning of a commonly performed action ( behind non-payment will be subject to a fine …).
7) compound words formed from two or more stems ( tenant, employer, logistics, repair and maintenance, above, below and so on.).
The use of these forms is explained by the desire of business language to accurately convey meaning and unambiguous interpretation.
Syntactic features of official business style of speech
The syntactic features of the official business style include:
1) the use of simple sentences with homogeneous members, and the rows of these homogeneous members can be very common (up to 8–10), for example: ... fines as an administrative penalty may be established in accordance with Russian legislation for violation of safety and labor protection rules in industry, construction, transport and agriculture ;
2) the presence of passive structures ( payments are made at the specified time);
3) stringing the genitive case, i.e. use of a chain of nouns in the genitive case: ( results of the activities of the tax police authorities …);
4) the predominance of complex sentences, especially complex sentences, with conditional clauses: If there is a dispute about the amount of amounts due to the dismissed employee, the administration is obliged to pay the compensation specified in this article if the dispute is resolved in favor of the employee .
§3. Genre diversity of official business style of speech
According to the themes and variety of genres in the style under consideration, two varieties are distinguished: I – official documentary style and II – casual business style .
In turn, in the official documentary style one can distinguish j the language of legislative documents related to the activities of government bodies (the Constitution of the Russian Federation, laws, charters), and the k language of diplomatic acts related to international relations (memorandum, communiqué, convention, statement). In everyday business style, a distinction is made between the j language of official correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and the k language of private business papers, on the other.
All genres of everyday business style: official correspondence (business letter, commercial correspondence) and business papers (certificate, certificate, act, protocol, statement, power of attorney, receipt, autobiography, etc.) are characterized by a certain standardization, facilitating their preparation and use and designed to save language resources, to eliminate unjustified information redundancy (see details 4.2; 4.3; 4.4).
TOPIC 3. SCIENTIFIC SPEECH STYLE
§1. Scientific style of speech (general characteristics)
Style-forming features of the scientific style
Scientific style is a style that serves the scientific sphere of public activity. It is intended to convey scientific information to a prepared and interested audience.
The scientific style has a number of common features, general operating conditions and linguistic features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanities) and genre differences (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. These common features include: 1) preliminary consideration of the statement; 2) monological nature of the statement; 3) strict selection of linguistic means; 4) attraction to standardized speech.
Stages of scientific activity. Forms of existence of scientific speech
Science is one of the most effective ways of obtaining new knowledge about the world, one of the most advanced forms of accumulation and systematization of knowledge and experience.
In scientific activity, a person faces two main tasks: � to obtain new knowledge about the world (i.e., to make a discovery) and to make this knowledge available to society (i.e., to communicate one’s discovery). Accordingly, two stages in human scientific activity should be distinguished: 1) stage making a discovery and 2) stage opening registration .
The scientific style of speech refers to the second stage of scientific activity - the stage of verbal presentation of the acquired new knowledge.
The content side makes its demands on the form of existence of scientific speech. Primordial form existence of scientific speech written, and this is no coincidence. Firstly, the written form records information for a long time (and this is exactly what science requires, reflecting the stable connections of the world). Secondly, it is more convenient and reliable for detecting the slightest information inaccuracies and logical violations (which are irrelevant in everyday communication, but in scientific communication can lead to the most serious distortions of the truth). Thirdly, the written form is economical, as it gives the addressee the opportunity to set his own pace of perception. So, for example, a scientific report, which takes 40 minutes orally, can be perceived in written form by an addressee well prepared in this field in 5 minutes (reading “diagonally”). Finally, fourthly, the written form allows you to access information repeatedly and at any time, which is also very important in scientific work.
Of course, and oral form is also often used in scientific communication, but this form is secondary in scientific communication: a scientific work is often first written, working out an adequate form of transmitting scientific information, and then reproduced in one form or another (in a report, lecture, speech) in oral speech. The primacy of the written form leaves a noticeable imprint on the structure of scientific speech.
Terminological systems of each science
Each branch of science has its terminology system. Term (lat. terminus- “border, limit”) is a word or phrase that is the name of the concept of any sphere of production, science, art). In the terminology of each science, several levels can be distinguished depending on the scope of use and the nature of the content of the concept. TO first level include the most general concepts that are equally relevant for all or a significant number of sciences. For example: system, function, value, element, process, set, part, value, condition, movement, property, speed, result, quantity, quality. They constitute the general conceptual foundation of science as a whole.
Co. second level include concepts common to a number of related sciences that have common objects of research. For example: vacuum, vector , generator, integral, matrix, neuron, ordinate, radical, thermal, electrolyte etc. Such concepts usually serve as a link between sciences of one more or less broad profile (natural, technical, physical and mathematical, biological, sociological, aesthetic, etc.), and they can be defined as specialized.
TO third level One should include highly specialized concepts that are characteristic of one science (sometimes two or three close ones) and reflect the specificity of the subject of research, for example: phoneme, morpheme, inflection, lexeme, derivative and other linguistic terms.
Language of symbols. Scientific graphics
A specific property of the language of science is that scientific information can be presented not only in the form of text. It happens and graphic– these are the so-called artificial (auxiliary) languages: 1) graphs, drawings, drawings, 2) mathematical, physical symbols, 3) names of chemical elements, mathematical symbols, etc. For example: – infinity, – integral, – sum, – root, etc.
Symbol language– one of the most informative languages of science.
Text, on the one hand, and formulas, symbols, graphic illustrations and photographs, on the other, are in a certain relationship in different fields of science.
§2. Linguistic features of the scientific style of speech
Lexical features of scientific style of speech
1. The abstract, generalized nature of a scientific text is manifested at the lexical level in the fact that it widely uses words with abstract meaning: function, disposition, sequestration. Words of an everyday nature also acquire a generalized, often terminological meaning in a scientific text; these are technical terms coupling, glass, tube and many others.
2. A characteristic feature of the scientific style is its high terminology - saturation with terms (as discussed above).
3. The language of science is characterized by the use of borrowed and international models ( macro-, micro-, meter, inter-, graph etc.): macroworld, intercom, polygraph .
4. In the scientific style, nouns and adjectives with a certain type of lexical meaning and morphological characteristics are frequent. Among them:
a) nouns expressing the concept of a sign, state, change in -nie, -ost, -stvo, -ie, -tion (frequency, culmination, construction, property, inertia, wateriness, exemplary);
b) nouns ending in - tel, denoting a tool, instrument, producer of an action ( land surveyor);
c) adjectives with suffix -ist in the meaning of “containing a certain impurity in small quantities” ( clayey, sandy).
Morphological characteristics of the scientific style of speech
The abstractness of the scientific style of speech is also manifested at the morphological level - in the choice of forms of parts of speech.
1. Specifically used in a scientific style verb. Scientific texts often use imperfective verbs. From them forms of the present tense are formed, which have a timeless generalized meaning (for example: in this industry used this is the connection). Perfective verbs are used much less frequently, often in stable forms ( consider …; let's prove, What…; let's do it conclusions; we'll show you with examples and so on.).
2. In scientific style, reflexive verbs are often used (with the suffix -xia) in a passive (passive) meaning. The frequency of use of the passive form of the verb is explained by the fact that when describing a scientific phenomenon, attention is focused on it itself, and not on the performer of the action: In modern philosophy and sociology the norm is defines Xia as a means of regulating the activities of society as a whole; In this sense, the norm understands Xia as a law of activity, a rule.
3. Short passive participles are widespread in scientific texts, for example: Theorem proof on ; The equation composition But right .
4. In scientific speech, short adjectives are used more often than in other styles of speech, for example: Diversity us And ambiguous us functions of these elements.
5. The category of person manifests itself in a unique way in the language of science: the meaning of person is usually weakened, vague, and generalized. In scientific speech it is not customary to use the 1st person singular pronoun. h. I. It is replaced by a pronoun We(author's We). It is generally accepted that the use of a pronoun We creates an atmosphere of authorial modesty and objectivity: We researched and came to the conclusion...(instead of: I researched and came to the conclusion...).
6. In scientific speech, there are often plural forms of nouns that are not found in other types of speech: they are used to denote a) a type or type of material nouns ( clay, steel, resin, alcohol, oil, petroleum, teas); b) some abstract concepts ( power, capacity, mathematical transformations, culture) and concepts expressing quantitative indicators ( depth, length, warmth); c) orders and families of the animal and plant world ( artiodactyls, predators).
Syntactic features of scientific style
1. Modern scientific style is characterized by a desire for syntactic compression - compression, increasing the volume of information while reducing the volume of text. Therefore, it is characterized by phrases of nouns in which the genitive case of the name acts as a definition ( exchange substances, box gears, device for installation ).
2. Typical for this style is the use of a nominal predicate (rather than a verb), which helps create the nominal character of the text. For example: Saving – Part disposable income that is not spent on final consumption of goods and services; A promotion is security .
3. Widely used in scientific syntax are sentences with short participles like can be used (this method can be used in the production of "smart bombs").
4. Interrogative sentences perform specific functions in scientific speech related to the writer’s desire to draw attention to what is being presented ( What are the advantages of using plastic cards?)
5. The style under consideration is characterized by a wide distribution of impersonal sentences of various types, since in modern scientific speech the personal style of presentation has given way to an impersonal one ( You can say, there is an unspoken competition of projects for future social reconstruction. For modern man this easy to understand on the model of transition to the market).
6. Scientific texts are characterized by clarification of cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, therefore they are dominated by complex sentences with various types of conjunctions ( despite the fact that, in view of the fact that, because, due to the fact that, whereas, meanwhile, while and etc.).
7. A group of introductory words and phrases containing an indication of message source (in our opinion, according to belief, according to concept, according to information, according to message, from the point of view, according to hypothesis, definition and etc.). For example: Answer, according to the author, always ahead of its true reason - the goal, and does not follow the external stimulus .
8. Scientific works are characterized by compositional coherence of presentation. The interconnectedness of individual parts of a scientific statement is achieved with the help of certain connecting words, adverbs, adverbial expressions and other parts of speech, as well as combinations of words ( so, thus, therefore, now, so, in addition, besides, besides, also, nevertheless, yet, nevertheless, meanwhile, besides, in addition, however, despite, first of all, in first of all, first, finally, finally, therefore).
Expressive means of the language of science
The language of scientists is often said to be “dry” and devoid of elements of emotionality and imagery. This opinion is erroneous: often in scientific works, in particular polemical ones, emotional, expressive and figurative means of language are used, which, being an additional technique, stand out noticeably against the background of a purely scientific presentation and give scientific prose greater persuasiveness: our outstanding linguists, when working with hydrocyanic acid you need to be extremely careful, you can check with very interesting experience and etc.
The linguistic means of creating an expressive, emotional tone of scientific speech are: 1) superlative forms of adjectives expressing comparison ( the brightest representatives of the species); 2) emotionally expressive adjectives ( Development, innovation , progress – wonderful , in essence, phenomena); 3) introductory words, adverbs, intensifying and restrictive particles ( Pisarev believed even that thanks to this Russia can recognize and appreciate Comte much more accurate than Western Europe); 4) “problematic” questions that attract the reader’s attention ( What is the unconscious?).
§3. Genre diversity of scientific style of speech
The scope of application of the scientific style is very wide. This is one of the styles that has a strong and diverse influence on the literary language. The scientific and technological revolution taking place before our eyes is introducing a huge number of terms into general use. Computer, display, ecology, stratosphere, solar wind – these and many other terms have passed from the pages of special publications into everyday use. If earlier explanatory dictionaries were compiled on the basis of the language of fiction and, to a lesser extent, journalism, now a description of the developed languages of the world is impossible without taking into account the scientific style and its role in the life of society. Suffice it to say that out of 600,000 words in Webster's most authoritative English dictionary, 500,000 are specialized vocabulary.
The widespread and intensive development of the scientific style led to the formation within its framework of the following varieties (substyles): 1) actually scientific (monographs, dissertations, scientific articles, reports); 2) popular science (lectures, articles, essays); 3) educational and scientific (textbooks, teaching aids, programs, lectures, notes); 4) scientific and business (technical documentation, contracts, test reports, instructions for enterprises); 5) scientific and informative (patent descriptions, informative abstracts, annotations); 6) scientific reference (dictionaries, encyclopedias, reference books, catalogs). Each substyle and genre has its own individual stylistic features, which, however, do not violate the unity of the scientific style, inheriting its general characteristics and features.
TOPIC 5. PUBLICIST SPEECH STYLE
§1. Journalistic style of speech (general characteristics)
In Latin there is a verb publicare- “make it a common property, open it to everyone” or “explain publicly, make it public.” The origin of the word is connected with it journalism . Journalism- this is a special type of literary work that highlights and explains current issues of socio-political life and raises moral problems.
The subject of journalism is life in society, economics, ecology - everything that concerns everyone.
Journalistic style used in the socio-political sphere of activity. This is the language of newspapers, socio-political magazines, propaganda radio and television programs, commentaries on documentaries, the language of speeches at meetings, rallies, celebrations, etc. Journalistic style is speech activity in the field of politics in all the diversity of its meanings. The main means of journalistic style are designed not only for message, information, logical proof, but also for the emotional impact on the listener (audience).
Characteristic features of journalistic works are the relevance of the issue, political passion and imagery, sharpness and vividness of presentation. They are determined by the social purpose of journalism - by reporting facts, forming public opinion, and actively influencing the mind and feelings of a person.
Journalistic style is represented by many genres :
1. newspaper– essay, article, feuilleton, report;
2. television– analytical program, information message, live dialogue;
3. oratorical– speech at a rally, toast, debate;
4. communicative– press conference, “no tie” meeting, teleconferences;
§2. Functions of journalistic style
One of the important features of the journalistic style is the combination within its framework of two functions of language: message functions(informative) and impact functions(expressive).
Message function is that the authors of journalistic texts inform a wide range of readers, viewers, and listeners about issues that are significant to society.
The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in the journalistic style lies in the subject and nature of the information, its sources and recipients. Thus, television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about the economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of the environment, about the everyday life of citizens.
The way of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, and sentiments of the authors, and contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information. Another difference in the provision of information is due to the fact that the publicist strives to write selectively - first of all, about what is of interest to certain social groups, he highlights only those aspects of life that are important to his potential audience.
Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - impact functions. The goal of the publicist is not only to talk about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open bias, polemicism, and emotionality (which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position).
In various journalistic genres, one of the two named functions can act as the leading one, while it is important that the influence function does not displace the information function: the promotion of ideas useful to society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience.
§3. Linguistic features of journalistic style of speech
Lexical features
1. In the journalistic style there are always ready-made standard formulas (or speech clichés), which are not of an individual authorial, but of a social nature: warm support, lively response, sharp criticism, bringing basic order etc. As a result of repeated repetitions, these cliches often turn into boring (erased) cliches: radical changes, radical reforms.
Speech patterns reflect the nature of time. Many clichés are already outdated, for example: sharks of imperialism, growing pains, servants of the people, enemy of the people. On the contrary, they were newfangled for the official press of the late 90s. became words and expressions: elite, struggle of elites, elite of the criminal world, top financial elite, promote, virtual, image, iconic figure, power pie, child of stagnation, wooden ruble, injection of lies.
Numerous examples of speech cliches are part of the so-called journalistic phraseology, which allows you to quickly and accurately provide information: peaceful offensive, the power of dictatorship, ways of progress, security issue, package of proposals.
2. The relationship between the sender and the addressee in a journalistic style is similar to the relationship between an actor and the audience. "Theatrical" vocabulary – the second striking feature of the journalistic style. It permeates all journalistic texts: political show , on political arena , behind the scenes struggle, role leader, dramatic events famous in politics trick, nightmare scenario and etc.
3. A characteristic feature of the journalistic style is emotional and evaluative vocabulary. This assessment is not individual, but social in nature. For example, words with a positive rating: asset, mercy, thoughts, dare, prosperity; words with a negative rating: instill, philistine, sabotage, racism, impersonality.
4. In the journalistic style, a special place belongs to book layers of vocabulary that have a solemn, civil-pathetic, rhetorical coloring: dare, erect, self-sacrifice , army, fatherland. The use of Old Church Slavonicisms also gives the text a pathetic tone: accomplishments, power, guardian etc.
5. Texts of journalistic style often contain military terminology: guard, height assault, front line, line of fire, direct fire, strategy, mobilization of reserves. But it is used, naturally, not in its direct meaning, but figuratively (in texts with these words we can talk, for example, about harvesting, commissioning new production facilities, etc.).
6. As an evaluative means in journalism, words of passive vocabulary – archaisms – can be encountered. For example: Dollar and his healers . Military profits grow .
Morphological characteristics
We include the frequency use of certain grammatical forms of parts of speech as morphological features of journalistic style. This:
1) singular number of a noun in the plural meaning: Russian man always had endurance ; Teacher always knows student ;
2) genitive case of a noun: time change, plastic bag proposals, reform prices, exit from crisis and etc.;
3) imperative verb forms: Stay with us on channel one!
4) present tense of the verb: in Moscow opens, April 3 begins ;
5) participles on -my: driven, weightless, drawn ;
6) derived prepositions: in the area, on the way, on the basis, in the name of, in the light, in the interests of, taking into account.
Syntactic features
The syntactic features of a journalistic style include frequently repeated, as well as types of sentences (syntactic constructions) that are specific in nature. Among them:
1) rhetorical questions: Will the Russian man survive? Do Russians want war?
2) exclamatory sentences: Everyone's off to the polls!
3) sentences with modified reverse order: The army is at war with nature(cf.: The army is at war with nature).The exception was mining industry enterprises(compare: Enterprises were an exception);
4) headings of articles, essays that perform an advertising function: Small troubles of a large fleet. Winter is a hot season.
Headlines often use a specific language device – " connection of the incompatible." It makes it possible, using minimal linguistic means, to reveal the internal inconsistency of an object or phenomenon: a toiling parasite, repeated uniqueness, gloomy gaiety, eloquent silence.
APPLICATION
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Functional styles of modern Russian language
| No. |
Functional style |
Sphere of communication |
Style genres |
Basic form of speech |
| scientific activity |
textbooks in the specialty, monograph, scientific article, annotation, essay, synopsis, theses, course work, lecture, thesis, dissertation, report |
written |
||
| Official business |
communication between citizens and institutions |
documents, business letters, reports, orders, instructions, contracts, decrees, business conversations |
written |
|
| Journalistic |
ideology, politics, propaganda and mass activities |
parliamentary speech, reports, interviews, essay, feuilleton, discussion speech, information note |
written and oral |
|
| Literary and artistic |
verbal and artistic creativity |
novel, story, short story, short story, essay, poem, poem, ballad |
written |
|
| Colloquial |
communication between people in everyday life |
conversations in the family, clarification of relationships, discussion of plans, friendly communication, anecdote |
|
|
|
List of used literature:
Blokhina N.G. Modern Russian language. Text. Speech styles. Culture of speech: textbook for universities / N.G. Blokhina. Tambov, 2006. 122 p.
Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language / I.B. Blue – 2nd ed., rev. M.: Rolf, 1999. 448 p.
Among the variety of varieties of language use, two main ones stand out: spoken language And literary language (book).
Colloquial language (colloquial style of speech) is usually used orally. Literary (book) language includes scientific, official business, and journalistic speech, hence their functioning in certain areas of activity. Depending on this, they distinguish between scientific, official business, journalistic and especially artistic style, or the language of fiction.
Word style began to mean the quality of what was written. That's the point stylistics– the ability to express one’s thoughts in different ways, using different linguistic means, which distinguishes one style of speech from another.
Functional speech styles
- these are varieties of language due to differences in the areas of communication and the basic functions of language.
The spheres of communication are usually understood as broad areas of human social activity, which correspond to certain forms of social consciousness: science, politics, law, art. Each of the identified spheres of communication is served by a certain functional style: scientific, journalistic, official business, artistic.
Sphere of communication a person with a small circle of people in various, usually everyday, situations allows us to highlight a conversational style.
Thus, based on differences in areas of communication, five main functional styles are distinguished.
To characterize functional styles, the second basis for their identification is also essential - taking into account the social function of language.
The most important function of language is communication function. Another function of language is connected with it and is its derivative - thought-formative, or message function. Due to the close connection of these two functions, many researchers assign the corresponding meaning to both of them to the term “communicative function”.
Language serves not only to express thoughts, but also to express feelings and will. Of course, manifestations of feelings are possible outside of language. Therefore, the functions of emotional and volitional influence are considered as additional functions of language.
Thus, language functions, defining the goals and objectives of communication, are as follows:
- communicative(communication, message),
- emotive,
-voluntary.
Or: communication, message, impact(emotional and volitional).
Different styles of speech implement the functions of language in different ways. These differences are related to the nature of style, to the fact that the tasks of communication are different in different spheres of communication. The functions of a language implemented by a style are its important characteristics.
Functional styles are stable varieties of speech, determined by sphere of communication and typical for this area communication task(function of language). The sphere of communication and the task of communication are extra-linguistic factors on which the linguistic originality of the style and, partly, the features of the content of speech within a particular style depend.
What is the linguistic structure of the functional style? What is the basis for that sense of stylistic integrity, unity, which allows us to intuitively distinguish scientific speech from artistic or colloquial speech?
Until recently, these issues were controversial. However, the application of the statistical method in stylistics has convincingly shown that one style differs from another not so much in linguistic matter as in the different frequency of linguistic units.
It is impossible to talk about the attachment of a linguistic device to a particular style, but it is necessary and possible to talk about a high probability of the appearance of a particular device in a certain style. Let's take, for example, terminological vocabulary. Words-terms can be used in any style - colloquial, official business, journalistic, artistic, but, of course, most often we use them in a scientific style. The likelihood (or frequency) of terms in scientific style will be highest. The “face” of a style is determined by the frequency of both marked and neutral units. Consequently, the so-called neutral means of language also participate in the formation of style; in the latter case, stylistic information is contained in the frequency of the linguistic unit.
Our statements depend on Where We are speaking, with whom And For what, i.e. from the speech situation.
Signs of a speech situation can be presented in the form of a diagram:
Speech situation - who are we talking to?, where?, for what purpose?
In different speech situations we speak or write differently, that is, we use different speech styles.
Colloquial speech used in casual conversations with familiar people, usually in a home (informal) setting (1 - 1, informal setting).
Book speech addressed to many people, to everyone who wants to know. It is used in books, newspapers, radio and television, in official speeches and conversations (1 - a lot, formal setting).
Plan for stylistic text analysis
I. Extralinguistic text analysis
1. Author, title; addressee of speech; subject of speech; the author's goal.
2. Type of speech (monologue, dialogue, polylogue).
3. Form of speech (oral or written).
4. Functional and semantic types of speech (description, narration, reasoning).
5. The sphere of social activity served by the proposed style.
II. Linguistic text analysis
1.Language features that determine the style of the text:
a) lexical;
b) morphological;
c) syntactic.
2. Means of creating imagery and expressiveness of the text.
III. Conclusion: functional style (substyle, genre).
When analyzing a text, remember that it is impossible and not necessary to consider all linguistic means based on the material of a specific text. The scope of analysis is determined by the nature of the text itself and its features.
Your text analysis should present a coherent text!
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