Protection functions in electric drive control circuits Protection against short circuits Protection against short circuits Protection against unacceptable electric motor overloads Protection against unacceptable electric motor overloads Protection against excessive voltage deviations Protection against excessive voltage deviations Protection against spontaneous turning on and off of the electric motor Protection against spontaneous turning on and off of the electric motor Interlocks, preventing incorrect operator actions, ensuring the programmed order of operation of the control circuit. Interlocks, preventing incorrect operator actions, ensuring the programmed order of operation of the control circuit.
Devices for automatic control circuits of electric drives In automatic and automated control circuits, devices of different operating principles and design are used: - Limit switches - Command devices - Resistors - Thyristor converters
Limit switches are devices, Limit switches are devices designed for switching in control circuits depending on the path traveled by the moving element of the working machine. Command devices - designed for Command devices - designed for the operator to enter commands into control circuits Resistors - an electrical device that has resistance and is used to limit current Resistors - an electrical device that has resistance and is used to limit current
Thyristor Converters – Thyristor converters are bistable semiconductor devices that have three or more transitions and can be switched from an off state to an open state or vice versa. Distinguish between: Distinguish between: Controlled Uncontrollable Controlled Uncontrollable
Elements of radio engineering Radio components Radio components Electrovacuum and Electrovacuum and semiconductor devices Integrated circuits Integrated circuits Electroacoustic devices Electroacoustic devices Chemical current sources Chemical current sources
Active elements are designed to participate and transform electrical oscillations, these include: - Semiconductor and electrovacuum devices - Integrated circuits - Microprocessors - Electroacoustic devices - Chemical current sources - Antennas
Radio components Capacitors - a structure of two or Capacitors - a structure of two or more plates (electrodes) of conductive material separated by a dielectric. Depending on the possibility of changing their capacity, there are: - Constant capacity - Variable - Adjusted
Resistors - consist of a base with high Resistors - consist of a base with high insulating properties, but on which is applied a conductive layer made of a material with high resistivity. Depending on the possibility of changing their resistance, they are: - Constant - Variable
In household electronic equipment they use: Thermistors - resistors, resistance Thermoresistors - resistors whose resistance depends on temperature Varistors - volumetric resistors made of Varistors - volumetric resistors made of semiconductor material, the resistance of which changes when the voltage supplied to them changes. Photoresistors are resistors made of Photoresistors are resistors made of semiconductor material, their resistance changes depending on the lighting.
Transformers Devices for converting alternating current Devices for converting alternating current of one voltage into alternating current of another voltage. It consists of a frame with windings and a core. According to the functions performed, there are: - Power - Low-frequency - High-frequency
Semiconductor devices Diodes - have the properties of transmitting Diodes - have the properties of passing current in one direction, consist of two semiconductors with different types of conductivity. Also in household electronic equipment they use: - Zener diodes - Varicaps - Light-emitting diodes
Switching devices Switching devices include: Switches Switches Push-button starters Push-button starters Batch switches Batch switches Plug connectors Plug connectors Microswitch Microswitch Cam switch Cam switch
Switches - used as Switches - used as disconnectors for opening and closing an electrical circuit manually Push-button starter - three-pole Push-button starter - three-pole switch, the contacts are closed by pressing the "Start" button Batch switch - used for Batch switch - used to turn on and turning off electric motors
Plug connector - used for Plug connector - used for connecting portable and mobile electrical machines and electrothermal devices to the network Microswitch - intended for Microswitch - intended for turning on and off the electric motor under the influence of the force of this machine and its parts Cam switch - intended Cam switch - intended for formation of various contact closure options
Fuses - the main part Fuses - the main part is a fuse link, which instantly melts during short circuit currents. In this case, the electrical circuit is broken and the flow of current to the current consumers stops. By design: By design: - threaded - tubular
Automatic circuit breaker - used for Automatic circuit breaker - used to protect the electrical circuit from short circuit currents and overload currents Thermal relays - during prolonged overloads in Thermal relays - during prolonged overloads in the electrical circuit, thermal releases are triggered
Potentiometers Potentiometers are designed for measuring EMF and voltages in DC circuits using the compensation method. Automatic potentiometers – Automatic potentiometers – are intended for measuring EMF and voltages 2. Semi-automatic potentiometers with a device for autonomous verification – for measuring EMF and DC voltages
3. Portable potentiometers - for measuring EMF and voltages, for checking thermocouples and secondary technological devices working with thermocouples 4. Semi-automatic potentiometers with autonomous verification - for checking and calibrating DC voltmeters, ammeters and wattmeters 5. AC potentiometers - for measuring components complex resistance of phase angles, as well as EMF voltages
Shunts To measure currents above A, external shunts are used, connected to devices using potential clamps. External shunts and shunt stores provide measurement of currents in the range from 0.01 to 6000 A. The error of the shunts ranges from 0.005 to 0.5%.
Prepared by: Marina Nikolaevna Vershinina,
technology teacher at MKOU "Secondary School No. 4"
Ashi
Chelyabinsk region
Household electrical appliances in the kitchen
Domestic
fridge
Plate
Multicooker,
double boiler
Mixer,
blender
Microwave
bake
Electric kettle
Dishwasher
car
Coffee machine,
coffee maker
Household refrigerator
Household refrigerator– used for storing food and cooked food.
Fridge- not just an electrical appliance in which you can maintain a low temperature, it is a complex system where conditions have been created for the best preservation of food.
Refrigerators come in three types:
Medium temperature chambers for storing food for several hours or days.
Low temperature
freezers for
long-term food storage
Double-chamber refrigerators that include both components.
Such refrigerators are most often installed in home kitchens.
To increase the shelf life of food and ready meals
it is necessary to comply with the rules of sanitation and hygiene
requirements for storing food in the refrigerator.
Portable refrigerator
- Portable (mobile) refrigerator - used mainly in the warm season;
- The main task of any refrigerator is to preserve food (cool it) for as long as possible.
- Portable refrigerators are indispensable for summer residents, for holidays outside the city, for those who like to travel by their own transport.
- Sometimes the journey to the dacha takes several hours due to traffic jams and in this case portable refrigerators are simply irreplaceable.
The main function of a modern refrigerator is storage of food and ready meals.
For this purpose, the latest generation refrigerators have an antibacterial coating and a special antibacterial filter.
Antibacterial coating prevents microorganisms from multiplying;
The filter purifies the air and eliminates unpleasant odors.
Installing a special ionizer device in the refrigerator allows you to purify the air, kills harmful microorganisms, and is safe for food and humans.
Caring for the refrigerator - using special detergents.
Kitchen stoves
There are kitchen stoves gas, electric and combined kitchen stoves.
Kitchen stoves
They can be built-in or have a classic design. Each type of plate has its own characteristics.
TYPES OF ELECTRIC STOVES
From the point of view of electrical equipment, an electric stove is an electrical heating system.
By heating type they can be divided into the following types:
- Plates with tubular electric heater
- Plates using a simple spiral
- Plates with tape heater
- With infrared halogen heater
- Induction
By type of design heating surface can be divided into electric kitchen stoves: ceramic and with a cast iron heating plate
TYPES OF ELECTRIC STOVES
KITCHEN STOVES WITH CAST IRON BURNERS
(BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION)
TYPES OF ELECTRIC STOVES
CERAMIC KITCHEN STOVES
(BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION)
Disadvantages of electric ceramic types of stoves
- Unlike other stoves, ceramic stoves, in particular their upper part, do not have high edges; if food accidentally spills during cooking, there is a high probability that it will spill further - onto the floor.
- The cost of such stoves is higher than that of gas stoves.
- It requires dishes with a perfectly flat bottom.
TYPES OF ELECTRIC STOVES
(BY HEATING TYPE)
Classic spiral stove with pancake burners. The heating elements in them heat up quickly and cool down slowly.
TYPES OF ELECTRIC STOVES
(BY HEATING TYPE)
Spiral models with glass ceramics, which also heat up quickly. The disadvantage of such stoves is the need to use only flat-bottomed cookware.
TYPES OF ELECTRIC STOVES
(BY HEATING TYPE)
Induction electric cookers
They work faster than all other types of stoves. Pots and pans on such stoves are heated using radio waves.
But you should only use special cookware for induction cookers that can be attracted by a magnet.
Microwave
(microwave oven) - one of the most common household electrical appliances .
Functions:
- quick heating of food;
- defrosting food;
- cooking with grill and convection functions.
Action diagram
When connected to the network, a special device begins to emit invisible microwaves; they are shown in the diagram as red rays.
Microwaves are reflected from all the metal walls of the oven and fall into its center, where the food is placed. Under the influence of microwaves, the water molecules in the product begin to move, causing the food to heat up, while the dishes remain cold.
There are three types of control :
mechanical
Types of microwave oven controls
Push-button
Types of microwave oven controls
Touch
Utensils for microwave oven
You cannot cook or heat food in
metal utensils
or dishes with metal coating
"golden rim"
Forms for preparing egg dishes in the microwave oven
The form for preparing eggs takes up little space in the kitchen, is simple, convenient and safe when preparing egg dishes.
Dishwasher
Benefits of using a dishwasher:
Cleans dishes cleaner;
All pathogenic microbes die;
Dries dishes with hot air
(this is more hygienic than natural drying)
Saves the housewife's time;
Saves water.
The dishwasher has up to 12 washing programs.
- Quick wash mode – for lightly soiled dishes;
- Economy mode – used for medium pollution;
- Intensive mode - used for heavy contamination.
Electrical appliances - helpers in the kitchen
Devices for preparing hot drinks
Electric kettle,
electric samovar
Filter for cleaning
water
Coffee machine, coffee maker
preparing hot drinks?
Household electrical appliances
Multicooker – a multifunctional appliance for preparing a wide range of dishes.
+ healthy tasty food; + no need to stand nearby, possibility of delaying the start of cooking;
- some dishes require additional cooking; frying takes up a lot of space; - high price.
Household electrical appliances
Double boiler – prepares all kinds of steamed dishes.
The undeniable benefits of steamed dishes; + possibility of simultaneous preparation of several dishes; + delicious healthy food; - takes up a lot of space; - difficult to wash.
Household electrical appliances
deep fryer – deep-fried potatoes, vegetables and meat.
+ delicious crispy dishes; - expensive; - takes up little space; - high oil consumption; - rarely used.
Household electrical appliances
Grill – cooking grilled meats and grilled vegetables.
Ease of use; + delicious dishes; + takes up little space; - the grill function is installed in almost all modern ovens; - rarely used.
Household electrical appliances
Coffee maker – brews coffee, cappuccino, mochaccino and all kinds of coffee drinks depending on the model of the coffee maker.
Delicious fresh aromatic coffee and other drinks; - a good device has a high price; - small parts often break.
Household electrical appliances
Yogurt maker – makes yogurt, kefir.
+ homemade fermented milk products; + takes up little space; + inexpensive; - gets boring quickly.
Household electrical appliances
Freezer – makes ice cream and sorbet.
Homemade ice cream and sorbet; - takes up a lot of space; - must be placed in the freezer; - makes noise; - narrow assortment range.
Whipping devices, grinding products
Explain the benefits of whipping
products manually using
whisk and using
equipment: mixer, blender
Household electrical appliances
Electric meat grinder – processing meat into minced meat, working with dough, sometimes equipped with a juicer.
Simplicity and ease of use; + always fresh minced meat that you make yourself; - takes up a lot of space; - low-functional.
Household electrical appliances
Blender – whipping, chopping, stirring, crushing ice.
Takes up little space; + simple and easy to use; + may contain additional containers for whipping and grating; - when used for minced meat, knives quickly become dull; - many expensive models;
Household electrical appliances
Coffee grinder – grinds coffee beans, makes powdered sugar.
+ freshly ground coffee tastes better; + takes up little space.
Household electrical appliances
Mixer - whipping and mixing.
+ inexpensive; + takes up little space; + simple and easy to use; - a modern blender has replaced it.
Household electrical appliances
Food processor – everything at once, many functions and capabilities at the same time.
Combines all kinds of devices; + saves money on purchasing individual items, as it contains everything you need; - expensive; - takes up a lot of space.
Household electrical appliances
Juicer – devices for squeezing juice.
+ undeniable benefits of freshly squeezed juices; - used 2 seasons a year.
Tools for making sandwiches
Explain the benefits of using electrical appliances when
making sandwiches?
Household electrical appliances
Toaster – dries bread, makes it crispy, warms buns.
Delicious sandwiches and toasts; - practically not used in summer; - necessary for those who really love dried bread.
Household electrical appliances
Waffle iron – makes all kinds of waffles depending on the forms that come with the kit.
+ homemade baked goods; + takes up little space; - often breaks or burns out.
The influence of household appliances on human health
A simple way to protect your body:
1 . Replacing old equipment with new ones.
2 . Constant ventilation of the room.
3 . Walks in the open air.
Domestic
fridge
Plate
Multicooker,
double boiler
Mixer,
blender
Microwave
bake
Electric kettle
Dishwasher
car
Coffee machine,
coffee maker
Household refrigerator
Household refrigerator– used for storing food and cooked food.
Fridge- not just an electrical appliance in which you can maintain a low temperature, it is a complex system where conditions have been created for the best preservation of food.
Refrigerators come in three types:
Medium temperature chambers for storing food for several hours or days.
Low temperature
freezers for
long-term food storage
Double-chamber refrigerators that include both components.
Such refrigerators are most often installed in home kitchens.
To increase the shelf life of food and ready meals
it is necessary to comply with the rules of sanitation and hygiene
requirements for storing food in the refrigerator.
Portable refrigerator
- Portable (mobile) refrigerator - used mainly in the warm season;
- The main task of any refrigerator is to preserve food (cool it) for as long as possible.
- Portable refrigerators are indispensable for summer residents, for holidays outside the city, for those who like to travel by their own transport.
- Sometimes the journey to the dacha takes several hours due to traffic jams and in this case portable refrigerators are simply irreplaceable.
The main function of a modern refrigerator is storage of food and ready meals.
For this purpose, the latest generation refrigerators have an antibacterial coating and a special antibacterial filter.
Antibacterial coating prevents microorganisms from multiplying;
The filter purifies the air and eliminates unpleasant odors.
Installing a special ionizer device in the refrigerator allows you to purify the air, kills harmful microorganisms, and is safe for food and humans.
Caring for the refrigerator - using special detergents.
Kitchen stoves
There are kitchen stoves gas, electric and combined kitchen stoves.
Kitchen stoves
They can be built-in or have a classic design. Each type of plate has its own characteristics.
TYPES OF ELECTRIC STOVES
From the point of view of electrical equipment, an electric stove is an electrical heating system.
By heating type they can be divided into the following types:
- Plates with tubular electric heater
- Plates using a simple spiral
- Plates with tape heater
- With infrared halogen heater
- Induction
By type of design heating surface can be divided into electric kitchen stoves: ceramic and with a cast iron heating plate
TYPES OF ELECTRIC STOVES
KITCHEN STOVES WITH CAST IRON BURNERS
(BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION)
TYPES OF ELECTRIC STOVES
CERAMIC KITCHEN STOVES
(BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION)
Disadvantages of electric ceramic types of stoves
- Unlike other stoves, ceramic stoves, in particular their upper part, do not have high edges; if food accidentally spills during cooking, there is a high probability that it will spill further - onto the floor.
- The cost of such stoves is higher than that of gas stoves.
- It requires dishes with a perfectly flat bottom.
TYPES OF ELECTRIC STOVES
(BY HEATING TYPE)
Classic spiral stove with pancake burners. The heating elements in them heat up quickly and cool down slowly.
TYPES OF ELECTRIC STOVES
(BY HEATING TYPE)
Spiral models with glass ceramics, which also heat up quickly. The disadvantage of such stoves is the need to use only flat-bottomed cookware.
TYPES OF ELECTRIC STOVES
(BY HEATING TYPE)
Induction electric cookers
They work faster than all other types of stoves. Pots and pans on such stoves are heated using radio waves.
But you should only use special cookware for induction cookers that can be attracted by a magnet.
Microwave
(microwave oven) - one of the most common household electrical appliances .
Functions:
- quick heating of food;
- defrosting food;
- cooking with grill and convection functions.
Action diagram
When connected to the network, a special device begins to emit invisible microwaves; they are shown in the diagram as red rays.
Microwaves are reflected from all the metal walls of the oven and fall into its center, where the food is placed. Under the influence of microwaves, the water molecules in the product begin to move, causing the food to heat up, while the dishes remain cold.
There are three types of control :
mechanical
Types of microwave oven controls
Push-button
Types of microwave oven controls
Touch
Utensils for microwave oven
You cannot cook or heat food in
metal utensils
or dishes with metal coating
"golden rim"
Forms for preparing egg dishes in the microwave oven
The form for preparing eggs takes up little space in the kitchen, is simple, convenient and safe when preparing egg dishes.
Dishwasher
Benefits of using a dishwasher:
Cleans dishes cleaner;
All pathogenic microbes die;
Dries dishes with hot air
(this is more hygienic than natural drying)
Saves the housewife's time;
Saves water.
The dishwasher has up to 12 washing programs.
- Quick wash mode – for lightly soiled dishes;
- Economy mode – used for medium pollution;
- Intensive mode - used for heavy contamination.
Electrical appliances - helpers in the kitchen
Devices for preparing hot drinks
Electric kettle,
electric samovar
Filter for cleaning
water
Coffee machine, coffee maker
preparing hot drinks?
Household electrical appliances
Multicooker – a multifunctional appliance for preparing a wide range of dishes.
+ healthy tasty food; + no need to stand nearby, possibility of delaying the start of cooking;
- some dishes require additional cooking; frying takes up a lot of space; - high price.
Household electrical appliances
Double boiler – prepares all kinds of steamed dishes.
The undeniable benefits of steamed dishes; + possibility of simultaneous preparation of several dishes; + delicious healthy food; - takes up a lot of space; - difficult to wash.
Household electrical appliances
deep fryer – deep-fried potatoes, vegetables and meat.
+ delicious crispy dishes; - expensive; - takes up little space; - high oil consumption; - rarely used.
Household electrical appliances
Grill – cooking grilled meats and grilled vegetables.
Ease of use; + delicious dishes; + takes up little space; - the grill function is installed in almost all modern ovens; - rarely used.
Household electrical appliances
Coffee maker – brews coffee, cappuccino, mochaccino and all kinds of coffee drinks depending on the model of the coffee maker.
Delicious fresh aromatic coffee and other drinks; - a good device has a high price; - small parts often break.
Household electrical appliances
Yogurt maker – makes yogurt, kefir.
+ homemade fermented milk products; + takes up little space; + inexpensive; - gets boring quickly.
Household electrical appliances
Freezer – makes ice cream and sorbet.
Homemade ice cream and sorbet; - takes up a lot of space; - must be placed in the freezer; - makes noise; - narrow assortment range.
Whipping devices, grinding products
Explain the benefits of whipping
products manually using
whisk and using
equipment: mixer, blender
Household electrical appliances
Electric meat grinder – processing meat into minced meat, working with dough, sometimes equipped with a juicer.
Simplicity and ease of use; + always fresh minced meat that you make yourself; - takes up a lot of space; - low-functional.
Household electrical appliances
Blender – whipping, chopping, stirring, crushing ice.
Takes up little space; + simple and easy to use; + may contain additional containers for whipping and grating; - when used for minced meat, knives quickly become dull; - many expensive models;
Household electrical appliances
Coffee grinder – grinds coffee beans, makes powdered sugar.
+ freshly ground coffee tastes better; + takes up little space.
Household electrical appliances
Mixer - whipping and mixing.
+ inexpensive; + takes up little space; + simple and easy to use; - a modern blender has replaced it.
Household electrical appliances
Food processor – everything at once, many functions and capabilities at the same time.
Combines all kinds of devices; + saves money on purchasing individual items, as it contains everything you need; - expensive; - takes up a lot of space.
Household electrical appliances
Juicer – devices for squeezing juice.
+ undeniable benefits of freshly squeezed juices; - used 2 seasons a year.
Tools for making sandwiches
Explain the benefits of using electrical appliances when
making sandwiches?
Household electrical appliances
Toaster – dries bread, makes it crispy, warms buns.
Delicious sandwiches and toasts; - practically not used in summer; - necessary for those who really love dried bread.
Household electrical appliances
Waffle iron – makes all kinds of waffles depending on the forms that come with the kit.
+ homemade baked goods; + takes up little space; - often breaks or burns out.
The influence of household appliances on human health
A simple way to protect your body:
1 . Replacing old equipment with new ones.
2 . Constant ventilation of the room.
3 . Walks in the open air.
Consumer power Refrigerator 300 W Electric fireplace 1000 W Iron 1000 W Samovar 1250 W Microwave oven 1300 W Toaster 800 W Fan 20 W TV 75 W Hair dryer 1200 W DVD player 14 W Mixer, coffee grinder 80 W Electric razor 6 W Kettle W Blender 400 W Electric sorubka W Refrigerator Iron Fan Refrigerator Fireplace Electric Shaver Refrigerator Hair Dryer TV Coffee Grinder Microwave oven Fan Table lamp Samovar Microwave oven
Calculation of electricity consumption and its cost for the month P 1 – electric meter readings at the beginning of the month, P 1 = kWh P 2 – electric meter readings at the end of the month, P 2 = kWh A = P 2 – P 1 (electricity consumption for the month ), A = – = 166 kWh C – cost of energy consumed, C = 1.19 rubles*166 = 197.54 rubles.
Using energy-saving technologies in everyday life, do not turn on lighting and electric heating devices unless necessary; use the economical mode of operation of electrical household appliances; When leaving the apartment, make sure that all electrical appliances are turned off; use energy-saving lamps for lighting.
Safety rules when operating household electrical appliances 1. Do not pull the plug by the wire from the outlet. When turning off an electrical appliance, hold the socket body with your hand. 2. Make sure that the electrical cable (cord) is protected from accidental damage. 3. Make sure that cables or wires do not come into contact with metal, hot, wet or oily surfaces or objects. 4. Do not allow tension or twisting of the cable (cord). 5. Turn on electrical equipment only after it has been installed in its working position. 6. Protect electrical equipment from shocks, falls, dirt and water. 7. If there is an odor or smoke, strong noise or vibration, immediately disconnect the electrical equipment from the power supply. 8. It is prohibited to: independently open and repair live household electrical equipment; leave switched on electrical equipment unattended.
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