See also: List of chemical elements by atomic number and Alphabetical list of chemical elements Contents 1 Symbols currently used ... Wikipedia

See also: List of chemical elements by atomic number and List of chemical elements by symbol Alphabetical list of chemical elements. Nitrogen N Actinium Ac Aluminum Al Americium Am Argon Ar Astatine At ... Wikipedia

The periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeleev's table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphic expression of the periodic law, ... ... Wikipedia

The periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeleev's table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphic expression of the periodic law, ... ... Wikipedia

The periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeleev's table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphic expression of the periodic law, ... ... Wikipedia

The periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeleev's table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphic expression of the periodic law, ... ... Wikipedia

Chemical elements (periodic table) classification of chemical elements, establishing the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphic expression of the periodic law established by Russian... ... Wikipedia

The periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeleev's table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphic expression of the periodic law, ... ... Wikipedia

The periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeleev's table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphic expression of the periodic law, ... ... Wikipedia

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Knowing the formulation of the periodic law and using D.I. Mendeleev’s periodic system of elements, one can characterize any chemical element and its compounds. It is convenient to put together such a characteristic of a chemical element according to plan.

I. Symbol of a chemical element and its name.

II. The position of a chemical element in the periodic table of elements D.I. Mendeleev:

1. serial number;
2. period number;
3. group number;
4. subgroup (main or secondary).

III. Structure of an atom of a chemical element:

1. charge of the nucleus of an atom;
2. relative atomic mass of a chemical element;
3. number of protons;
4. number of electrons;
5. number of neutrons;
6. number of electronic levels in an atom.

IV. Electronic and electron-graphic formulas of an atom, its valence electrons.

V. Type of chemical element (metal or non-metal, s-, p-, d- or f-element).

VI. Formulas of the highest oxide and hydroxide of a chemical element, characteristics of their properties (basic, acidic or amphoteric).

VII. Comparison of the metallic or non-metallic properties of a chemical element with the properties of neighboring elements by period and subgroup.

VIII. The maximum and minimum oxidation state of an atom.

For example, we will provide a description of a chemical element with serial number 15 and its compounds according to their position in D.I. Mendeleev’s periodic table of elements and the structure of the atom.

I. We find in D.I. Mendeleev’s table a cell with the number of a chemical element, write down its symbol and name.

Chemical element number 15 is Phosphorus. Its symbol is R.

II. Let us characterize the position of the element in D.I. Mendeleev’s table (period number, group, subgroup type).

Phosphorus is in the main subgroup of group V, in the 3rd period.

III. We will provide a general description of the composition of an atom of a chemical element (nuclear charge, atomic mass, number of protons, neutrons, electrons and electronic levels).

The nuclear charge of the phosphorus atom is +15. The relative atomic mass of phosphorus is 31. The nucleus of an atom contains 15 protons and 16 neutrons (31 - 15 = 16). The phosphorus atom has three energy levels containing 15 electrons.

IV. We compose the electronic and electron-graphic formulas of the atom, marking its valence electrons.

The electronic formula of the phosphorus atom is: 15 P 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 3.

Electron-graphic formula for the external level of a phosphorus atom: on the third energy level, on the 3s sublevel, there are two electrons (two arrows in the opposite direction are written in one cell), on three p-sublevels there are three electrons (one is written in each of the three cells arrows having the same direction).

Valence electrons are electrons of the outer level, i.e. 3s2 3p3 electrons.

V. Determine the type of chemical element (metal or non-metal, s-, p-, d-or f-element).

Phosphorus is a non-metal. Since the latter sublevel in the phosphorus atom, which is filled with electrons, is the p-sublevel, Phosphorus belongs to the family of p-elements.

VI. We compose formulas of higher oxide and hydroxide of phosphorus and characterize their properties (basic, acidic or amphoteric).

Higher phosphorus oxide P 2 O 5 exhibits the properties of an acidic oxide. The hydroxide corresponding to the higher oxide, H 3 PO 4, exhibits the properties of an acid. Let us confirm these properties with equations of the types of chemical reactions:

P 2 O 5 + 3 Na 2 O = 2Na 3 PO 4

H 3 PO 4 + 3NaOH = Na 3 PO 4 + 3H 2 O

VII. Let's compare the non-metallic properties of phosphorus with the properties of neighboring elements by period and subgroup.

Phosphorus' subgroup neighbor is nitrogen. Phosphorus' period neighbors are silicon and sulfur. The nonmetallic properties of atoms of chemical elements of the main subgroups with increasing atomic number increase in periods and decrease in groups. Therefore, the non-metallic properties of phosphorus are more pronounced than those of silicon and less pronounced than those of nitrogen and sulfur.

VIII. We determine the maximum and minimum oxidation state of the phosphorus atom.

The maximum positive oxidation state for chemical elements of the main subgroups is equal to the group number. Phosphorus is in the main subgroup of the fifth group, so the maximum oxidation state of phosphorus is +5.

The minimum oxidation state for nonmetals in most cases is the difference between the group number and the number eight. Thus, the minimum oxidation state of phosphorus is -3.

Ether in the periodic table

The world ether is the substance of EVERY chemical element and, therefore, EVERY substance; it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end - the alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

In ancient philosophy, ether (aithér-Greek), along with earth, water, air and fire, is one of the five elements of being (according to Aristotle) ​​- the fifth essence (quinta essentia - Latin), understood as the finest all-pervading matter. At the end of the 19th century, the hypothesis of a world ether (ME) filling all of the world’s space became widely circulated in scientific circles. It was understood as a weightless and elastic liquid that permeates all bodies. They tried to explain many physical phenomena and properties by the existence of the ether.

Preface.
Mendeleev had two fundamental scientific discoveries:
1 - Discovery of the Periodic Law in the substance of chemistry,
2 - Discovery of the relationship between the substance of chemistry and the substance of Ether, namely: particles of Ether form molecules, nuclei, electrons, etc., but do not participate in chemical reactions.
Ether is particles of matter ~ 10-100 meters in size (in fact, they are the “first bricks” of matter).

Data. Ether was in the original periodic table. The cell for Ether was located in the zero group with inert gases and in the zero row as the main system-forming factor for building the System of chemical elements. After Mendeleev's death, the table was distorted by removing Ether from it and eliminating the zero group, thereby hiding the fundamental discovery of conceptual significance.
In modern Ether tables: 1 - not visible, 2 - not guessable (due to the absence of a zero group).

Such purposeful forgery hinders the development of the progress of civilization.
Man-made disasters (eg Chernobyl and Fukushima) would have been avoided if adequate resources had been invested in a timely manner in the development of a genuine periodic table. Concealment of conceptual knowledge occurs at the global level to “lower” civilization.

Result. In schools and universities they teach a cropped periodic table.
Assessment of the situation. The periodic table without Ether is the same as humanity without children - you can live, but there will be no development and no future.
Summary. If the enemies of humanity hide knowledge, then our task is to reveal this knowledge.
Conclusion. The old periodic table has fewer elements and more foresight than the modern one.
Conclusion. A new level is possible only if the information state of society changes.

Bottom line. Returning to the true periodic table is no longer a scientific question, but a political question.

What was the main political meaning of Einstein's teaching? It consisted of cutting off humanity’s access to inexhaustible natural sources of energy by any means, which were opened up by the study of the properties of the world ether. If successful on this path, the global financial oligarchy would lose power in this world, especially in the light of the retrospective of those years: the Rockefellers made an unimaginable fortune, exceeding the budget of the United States, on oil speculation, and the loss of the role of oil that “black gold” occupied in in this world - the role of the lifeblood of the global economy - did not inspire them.

This did not inspire other oligarchs - the coal and steel kings. Thus, financial tycoon Morgan immediately stopped funding Nikola Tesla’s experiments when he came close to wireless energy transfer and extracting energy “out of nowhere” - from the world’s ether. After that, no one provided financial assistance to the owner of a huge number of technical solutions put into practice - the solidarity of financial tycoons is like that of thieves in law and a phenomenal nose for where the danger comes from. That is why against humanity and a sabotage was carried out under the name “Special Theory of Relativity”.

One of the first blows came to Dmitry Mendeleev’s table, in which ether was the first number; it was thoughts about ether that gave birth to Mendeleev’s brilliant insight - his periodic table of elements.

Chapter from the article: V.G. Rodionov. The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D.I. Mendeleev

6. Argumentum ad rem

What is now presented in schools and universities under the title “Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D.I. Mendeleev,” is an outright falsity.

The last time the real Periodic Table was published in an undistorted form was in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition). And only after 96 years of oblivion, the original Periodic Table rises for the first time from the ashes thanks to the publication of a dissertation in the journal ZhRFM of the Russian Physical Society.

After the sudden death of D.I. Mendeleev and the passing away of his faithful scientific colleagues in the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, the son of D.I. Mendeleev’s friend and colleague in the Society, Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin, first raised his hand to Mendeleev’s immortal creation. Of course, Menshutkin did not act alone - he only carried out the order. After all, the new paradigm of relativism required the abandonment of the idea of ​​the world ether; and therefore this requirement was elevated to the rank of dogma, and the work of D.I. Mendeleev was falsified.

The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the “zero group” of the Table to its end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "periods". We emphasize that such (only at first glance, harmless) manipulation is logically explainable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev’s discovery: the periodic system of elements at its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, must have a zero group and a zero row, where the element “X” is located (according to Mendeleev - “Newtonium”), - i.e. world broadcast.
Moreover, being the only system-forming element of the entire Table of Derived Elements, this element “X” is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. The transfer of the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of ​​this fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.

To confirm the above, we will give the floor to D.I. Mendeleev himself.

“... If the argon analogues do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that it is impossible to include any of the groups of previously known elements, and for them a special group zero should be opened... This position of argon analogues in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly incorrect) was accepted not only by me, but also by Braizner, Piccini and others... Now, when it has become beyond the slightest doubt that before that group I, in which hydrogen should be placed, there exists a zero group, whose representatives have atomic weights less than those of the elements of group I, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.

Of these, let us first pay attention to the element of the first row of the 1st group. We denote it by “y”. It will obviously have the fundamental properties of argon gases... “Coronium”, with a density of about 0.2 relative to hydrogen; and it cannot in any way be the world ether.

This element “y”, however, is necessary in order to mentally get close to that most important, and therefore most rapidly moving element “x”, which, in my understanding, can be considered ether. I would like to tentatively call it “Newtonium” - in honor of the immortal Newton... The problem of gravitation and the problem of all energy (!!! - V. Rodionov) cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it an elementary substance; elementary substances are now unthinkable without their subordination to periodic law” (“An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether.” 1905, p. 27).

“These elements, according to the magnitude of their atomic weights, took a precise place between the halides and the alkali metals, as Ramsay showed in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized by Errere in Belgium in 1900. I consider it useful to add here that, directly judging by the inability to combine elements of group zero, analogues of argon should be placed before elements of group 1 and, in the spirit of the periodic system, expect a lower atomic weight for them than for alkali metals.

This is exactly what it turned out to be. And if so, then this circumstance, on the one hand, serves as confirmation of the correctness of the periodic principles, and on the other hand, clearly shows the relationship of argon analogs to other previously known elements. As a result, it is possible to apply the analyzed principles even more widely than before, and expect elements of the zero series with atomic weights much lower than those of hydrogen.

Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, first before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Yong’s coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group, there is a limiting element with an negligibly small atomic weight, not capable of chemical interactions and, as a result, possessing extremely fast partial (gas) movement of its own.

These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-pervading (!!! - V. Rodionov) world ether. I indicated this idea in the preface to this publication and in a Russian journal article of 1902...” (“Fundamentals of Chemistry.” VIII ed., 1906, p. 613 et seq.)
1 , , ,

From the comments:

For chemistry, the modern periodic table of elements is sufficient.

The role of ether can be useful in nuclear reactions, but this is not very significant.
Taking into account the influence of ether is closest to the phenomena of isotope decay. However, this accounting is extremely complex and the presence of patterns is not accepted by all scientists.

The simplest proof of the presence of ether: The phenomenon of annihilation of a positron-electron pair and the emergence of this pair from a vacuum, as well as the impossibility of catching an electron at rest. Also the electromagnetic field and a complete analogy between photons in a vacuum and sound waves - phonons in crystals.

Ether is differentiated matter, so to speak, atoms in a disassembled state, or more correctly, elementary particles from which future atoms are formed. Therefore, it has no place in the periodic table, since the logic of constructing this system does not imply the inclusion of non-integral structures, which are the atoms themselves. Otherwise, it is possible to find a place for quarks, somewhere in the minus first period.
The ether itself has a more complex multi-level structure of manifestation in world existence than modern science knows about. As soon as she reveals the first secrets of this elusive ether, then new engines for all kinds of machines will be invented on completely new principles.
Indeed, Tesla was perhaps the only one who was close to solving the mystery of the so-called ether, but he was deliberately prevented from realizing his plans. So, to this day, the genius who will continue the work of the great inventor and tell us all what the mysterious ether actually is and on what pedestal it can be placed has not yet been born.

Periodic table of chemical elements (periodic table)- classification of chemical elements, establishing the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphic expression of the periodic law established by the Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleev in 1869. Its original version was developed by D.I. Mendeleev in 1869-1871 and established the dependence of the properties of elements on their atomic weight (in modern terms, on atomic mass). In total, several hundred options for depicting the periodic system (analytical curves, tables, geometric figures, etc.) have been proposed. In the modern version of the system, it is assumed that elements are summarized in a two-dimensional table, in which each column (group) defines the main physical and chemical properties, and the rows represent periods that are to a certain extent similar to each other.

Periodic table of chemical elements by D.I. Mendeleev

PERIODS RANKS GROUPS OF ELEMENTS I II III IV V VI VII VIII I 1 H 1,00795 4,002602 helium II 2 Li 6,9412 Be 9,01218 B 10,812 WITH 12,0108 carbon N 14,0067 nitrogen O 15,9994 oxygen F 18,99840 fluorine 20,179 neon III 3 Na 22,98977 Mg 24,305 Al 26,98154 Si 28,086 silicon P 30,97376 phosphorus S 32,06 sulfur Cl 35,453 chlorine Ar 18 39,948 argon IV 4 K 39,0983 Ca 40,08 Sc 44,9559 Ti 47,90 titanium V 50,9415 vanadium Cr 51,996 chromium Mn 54,9380 manganese Fe 55,847 iron Co 58,9332 cobalt Ni 58,70 nickel Cu 63,546 Zn 65,38 Ga 69,72 Ge 72,59 germanium As 74,9216 arsenic Se 78,96 selenium Br 79,904 bromine 83,80 krypton V 5 Rb 85,4678 Sr 87,62 Y 88,9059 Zr 91,22 zirconium Nb 92,9064 niobium Mo 95,94 molybdenum Tc 98,9062 technetium Ru 101,07 ruthenium Rh 102,9055 rhodium Pd 106,4 palladium Ag 107,868 Cd 112,41 In 114,82 Sn 118,69 tin Sb 121,75 antimony Te 127,60 tellurium I 126,9045 iodine 131,30 xenon VI 6 Cs 132,9054 Ba 137,33 La 138,9 Hf 178,49 hafnium Ta 180,9479 tantalum W 183,85 tungsten Re 186,207 rhenium Os 190,2 osmium Ir 192,22 iridium Pt 195,09 platinum Au 196,9665 Hg 200,59 Tl 204,37 thallium Pb 207,2 lead Bi 208,9 bismuth Po 209 polonium At 210 astatine 222 radon VII 7 Fr 223 Ra 226,0 Ac 227 sea ​​anemone ×× Rf 261 rutherfordium Db 262 dubnium Sg 266 seaborgium Bh 269 bohrium Hs 269 Hassiy Mt 268 meitnerium Ds 271 Darmstadt Rg 272 Сn 285 Uut 113 284 ununtry Uug 289 ununquadium Uup 115 288 ununpentium Uuh 116 293 unungexium Uus 117 294 ununseptium Uuо 118 295 ununoctium La 138,9 lanthanum Ce 140,1 cerium Pr 140,9 praseodymium Nd 144,2 neodymium Pm 145 promethium Sm 150,4 samarium Eu 151,9 europium Gd 157,3 gadolinium Tb 158,9 terbium Dy 162,5 dysprosium Ho 164,9 holmium Er 167,3 erbium Tm 168,9 thulium Yb 173,0 ytterbium Lu 174,9 lutetium Ac 227 actinium Th 232,0 thorium Pa 231,0 protactinium U 238,0 Uranus Np 237 neptunium Pu 244 plutonium Am 243 americium Cm 247 curium Bk 247 berkelium Cf 251 californium Es 252 einsteinium Fm 257 fermium MD 258 mendelevium No 259 nobelium Lr 262 lawrencia

The discovery made by the Russian chemist Mendeleev played (by far) the most important role in the development of science, namely in the development of atomic-molecular science. This discovery made it possible to obtain the most understandable and easy-to-learn ideas about simple and complex chemical compounds. It is only thanks to the table that we have the concepts about the elements that we use in the modern world. In the twentieth century, the predictive role of the periodic system in assessing the chemical properties of transuranium elements, shown by the creator of the table, emerged.

Developed in the 19th century, Mendeleev's periodic table in the interests of the science of chemistry provided a ready-made systematization of the types of atoms for the development of PHYSICS in the 20th century (physics of the atom and the atomic nucleus). At the beginning of the twentieth century, physicists, through research, established that the atomic number (also known as atomic number) is also a measure of the electrical charge of the atomic nucleus of this element. And the number of the period (i.e., horizontal series) determines the number of electron shells of the atom. It also turned out that the number of the vertical row of the table determines the quantum structure of the outer shell of the element (thus, elements of the same row are obliged to have similar chemical properties).

The discovery of the Russian scientist marked a new era in the history of world science; this discovery allowed not only to make a huge leap in chemistry, but was also invaluable for a number of other areas of science. The periodic table provided a coherent system of information about the elements, based on it, it became possible to draw scientific conclusions, and even anticipate some discoveries.

Periodic Table One of the features of the periodic table is that the group (column in the table) has more significant expressions of the periodic trend than for periods or blocks. Nowadays, the theory of quantum mechanics and atomic structure explains the group essence of elements by the fact that they have the same electronic configurations of valence shells, and as a result, elements that are located within the same column have very similar (identical) features of the electronic configuration, with similar chemical properties. There is also a clear tendency for a stable change in properties as the atomic mass increases. It should be noted that in some areas of the periodic table (for example, in blocks D and F), horizontal similarities are more noticeable than vertical ones.

The periodic table contains groups that are assigned serial numbers from 1 to 18 (from left to right), according to the international group naming system. In the past, Roman numerals were used to identify groups. In America, there was a practice of placing after the Roman numeral, the letter “A” when the group is located in blocks S and P, or the letter “B” for groups located in block D. The identifiers used at that time are the same as the latter the number of modern indexes in our time (for example, the name IVB corresponds to elements of group 4 in our time, and IVA is the 14th group of elements). In European countries of that time, a similar system was used, but here, the letter “A” referred to groups up to 10, and the letter “B” - after 10 inclusive. But groups 8,9,10 had ID VIII, as one triple group. These group names ceased to exist after the new IUPAC notation system, which is still used today, came into force in 1988.

Many groups received unsystematic names of a herbal nature (for example, “alkaline earth metals”, or “halogens”, and other similar names). Groups 3 to 14 did not receive such names, due to the fact that they are less similar to each other and have less compliance with vertical patterns; they are usually called either by number or by the name of the first element of the group (titanium, cobalt, etc.) .

Chemical elements belonging to the same group of the periodic table show certain trends in electronegativity, atomic radius and ionization energy. In one group, from top to bottom, the radius of the atom increases as the energy levels are filled, the valence electrons of the element move away from the nucleus, while the ionization energy decreases and the bonds in the atom weaken, which simplifies the removal of electrons. Electronegativity also decreases, this is a consequence of the fact that the distance between the nucleus and valence electrons increases. But there are also exceptions to these patterns, for example, electronegativity increases, instead of decreasing, in group 11, in the direction from top to bottom. There is a line in the periodic table called “Period”.

Among the groups, there are those in which horizontal directions are more significant (unlike others in which vertical directions are more important), such groups include block F, in which lanthanides and actinides form two important horizontal sequences.

Elements show certain patterns in atomic radius, electronegativity, ionization energy, and electron affinity energy. Due to the fact that for each subsequent element the number of charged particles increases, and electrons are attracted to the nucleus, the atomic radius decreases from left to right, along with this the ionization energy increases, and as the bond in the atom increases, the difficulty of removing an electron increases. Metals located on the left side of the table are characterized by a lower electron affinity energy indicator, and accordingly, on the right side the electron affinity energy indicator is higher for non-metals (not counting the noble gases).

Different regions of the periodic table, depending on which shell of the atom the last electron is located on, and in view of the importance of the electron shell, are usually described as blocks.

The S-block includes the first two groups of elements (alkali and alkaline earth metals, hydrogen and helium).
The P-block includes the last six groups, from 13 to 18 (according to IUPAC, or according to the system adopted in America - from IIIA to VIIIA), this block also includes all metalloids.

Block - D, groups 3 to 12 (IUPAC, or IIIB to IIB in American), this block includes all transition metals.
Block - F, is usually placed outside the periodic table, and includes lanthanides and actinides.

Element 115 of the periodic table, moscovium, is a superheavy synthetic element with the symbol Mc and atomic number 115. It was first obtained in 2003 by a joint team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of the four new elements by the Joint Working Group of International Scientific Organizations IUPAC/IUPAP. On November 28, 2016, it was officially named in honor of the Moscow region, where JINR is located.

Characteristic

Element 115 of the periodic table is an extremely radioactive substance: its most stable known isotope, moscovium-290, has a half-life of just 0.8 seconds. Scientists classify moscovium as a non-transition metal, with a number of characteristics similar to bismuth. In the periodic table, it belongs to the transactinide elements of the p-block of the 7th period and is placed in group 15 as the heaviest pnictogen (nitrogen subgroup element), although it has not been confirmed to behave like a heavier homologue of bismuth.

According to calculations, the element has some properties similar to lighter homologues: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. At the same time, it demonstrates several significant differences from them. To date, about 100 moscovium atoms have been synthesized, which have mass numbers from 287 to 290.

Physical properties

The valence electrons of element 115 of the periodic table, moscovium, are divided into three subshells: 7s (two electrons), 7p 1/2 (two electrons), and 7p 3/2 (one electron). The first two of them are relativistically stabilized and, therefore, behave like noble gases, while the latter are relativistically destabilized and can easily participate in chemical interactions. Thus, the primary ionization potential of moscovium should be about 5.58 eV. According to calculations, moscovium should be a dense metal due to its high atomic weight with a density of about 13.5 g/cm 3 .

Estimated design characteristics:

• Phase: solid.
• Melting point: 400°C (670°K, 750°F).
• Boiling point: 1100°C (1400°K, 2000°F).
• Specific heat of fusion: 5.90-5.98 kJ/mol.
• Specific heat of vaporization and condensation: 138 kJ/mol.

Chemical properties

Element 115 of the periodic table is third in the 7p series of chemical elements and is the heaviest member of group 15 in the periodic table, ranking below bismuth. The chemical interaction of moscovium in an aqueous solution is determined by the characteristics of the Mc + and Mc 3+ ions. The former are presumably easily hydrolyzed and form ionic bonds with halogens, cyanides and ammonia. Muscovy(I) hydroxide (McOH), carbonate (Mc 2 CO 3), oxalate (Mc 2 C 2 O 4) and fluoride (McF) must be dissolved in water. The sulfide (Mc 2 S) must be insoluble. Chloride (McCl), bromide (McBr), iodide (McI) and thiocyanate (McSCN) are slightly soluble compounds.

Moscovium(III) fluoride (McF 3) and thiosonide (McS 3) are presumably insoluble in water (similar to the corresponding bismuth compounds). While chloride (III) (McCl 3), bromide (McBr 3) and iodide (McI 3) should be readily soluble and easily hydrolyzed to form oxohalides such as McOCl and McOBr (also similar to bismuth). Moscovium(I) and (III) oxides have similar oxidation states, and their relative stability depends largely on which elements they react with.

Uncertainty

Due to the fact that element 115 of the periodic table is synthesized experimentally only once, its exact characteristics are problematic. Scientists have to rely on theoretical calculations and compare them with more stable elements with similar properties.

In 2011, experiments were carried out to create isotopes of nihonium, flerovium and moscovium in reactions between “accelerators” (calcium-48) and “targets” (american-243 and plutonium-244) to study their properties. However, the “targets” included impurities of lead and bismuth and, therefore, some isotopes of bismuth and polonium were obtained in nucleon transfer reactions, which complicated the experiment. Meanwhile, the data obtained will help scientists in the future study in more detail heavy homologues of bismuth and polonium, such as moscovium and livermorium.

Opening

The first successful synthesis of element 115 of the periodic table was a joint work of Russian and American scientists in August 2003 at JINR in Dubna. The team led by nuclear physicist Yuri Oganesyan, in addition to domestic specialists, included colleagues from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Researchers published information in the Physical Review on February 2, 2004 that they bombarded americium-243 with calcium-48 ions at the U-400 cyclotron and obtained four atoms of the new substance (one 287 Mc nucleus and three 288 Mc nuclei). These atoms decay (decay) by emitting alpha particles to the element nihonium in about 100 milliseconds. Two heavier isotopes of moscovium, 289 Mc and 290 Mc, were discovered in 2009–2010.

Initially, IUPAC could not approve the discovery of the new element. Confirmation from other sources was required. Over the next few years, the later experiments were further evaluated, and the Dubna team's claim to have discovered element 115 was once again put forward.

In August 2013, a team of researchers from Lund University and the Heavy Ion Institute in Darmstadt (Germany) announced that they had repeated the 2004 experiment, confirming the results obtained in Dubna. Further confirmation was published by a team of scientists working at Berkeley in 2015. In December 2015, the joint IUPAC/IUPAP working group recognized the discovery of this element and gave priority to the Russian-American team of researchers in the discovery.

Name

In 1979, according to the IUPAC recommendation, it was decided to name element 115 of the periodic table “ununpentium” and denote it with the corresponding symbol UUP. Although the name has since been widely used to refer to the undiscovered (but theoretically predicted) element, it has not caught on within the physics community. Most often, the substance was called that way - element No. 115 or E115.

On December 30, 2015, the discovery of a new element was recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. According to the new rules, discoverers have the right to propose their own name for a new substance. At first it was planned to name element 115 of the periodic table “langevinium” in honor of the physicist Paul Langevin. Later, a team of scientists from Dubna, as an option, proposed the name “Moscow” in honor of the Moscow region, where the discovery was made. In June 2016, IUPAC approved the initiative and officially approved the name "moscovium" on November 28, 2016.