Lesson topic: “family needs”

Tomsk State Pedagogical University, 1st year master's student

The purpose of the lesson: Explain to schoolchildren the essence of needs and introduce them to their diversity.

Lesson objectives:

Know what needs people may have, understand what human needs are

Be able to analyze your needs and build competent ways to meet them

Foster a respectful attitude towards work, develop a desire for reasonable needs

Material and technical equipment:textbook “Technology” 8th grade (edited by V.D. Simonenko), ICT – presentation of the topic.

1.Organizational part

2 Updating (checking homework, frontal survey of schoolchildren)

3 Presentation of new material, slide show.

Family needs

Types of family needs

Basic shopping rules

4. Consolidation of the presented material. Practical part.

5. Final instruction (grading, explanation of homework)

Organizational part.

Greetings. Checking the readiness of students for the lesson (I pay attention to how safety precautions are observed: whether their hair is collected, whether their bags are in their places, whether they are chewing gum). Next, I note those present in the lesson.

Updating (checking homework, frontal survey of schoolchildren)

Posting new material

The topic of today's lesson is “human needs.” In the last lesson we already touched on this topic a little, today we will continue it. Let's talk about needs and their types. At the end of the lesson we will do a little independent work.

A man lives in the world. He has everything. Everything suits him, he doesn’t dream of anything, doesn’t strive for anything. He just lives and does nothing. This situation looks almost fantastic. Why?

(guys answer the question)

I’ll summarize the guys’ answers: The situation is fantastic, because a person works all his life to satisfy his needs.

Today in the lesson we will learn what needs are, what needs exist, without which needs a person can live, and without which he cannot exist.

As you remember from the last lesson, what are needs? (students' answers)

Teacher: Let's find out what needs are.

There is such a science - psychology, which distinguishes between two concepts: “need” and “need”.

What is need? The human body constantly needs oxygen, which enters the blood through breathing. But this need becomes a need only when, when there is not enough oxygen (the respiratory organs become ill), then a person takes some action to eliminate it, rejoices when he can breathe deeply. And then the need becomes a need.

A need is something that a person needs, but he doesn’t think about it, while a need is something that a person realizes and experiences.

Need- a need for something that needs to be satisfied

This is a certain form of communication between living organisms and the outside world, necessary for the existence and development of an individual, a human personality, a social group, and society as a whole.

Human needs cannot be the same at all times; they change over time. Needs depend on the conditions in which people live and on the level of development of the economy.

The state of need for something causes discomfort, a psychological feeling of dissatisfaction. This tension forces a person to be active. Needs are satisfied in the process of human activity using any resources - equipment, technology, financial resources, materials, people, etc.

Resources are reserves, funds that the state, society, enterprise, individual or family possesses.

Satisfying a need– the process of returning the body to a state of balance.

The need becomes the goal of a person’s activity and motivates him to action. Action is aimed at satisfying a need.

The first person to understand the structure of needs and identify their role and significance was the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. His teaching is called hierarchical needs theory. A. Maslow arranged the needs in ascending order, from the lowest biological to the highest spiritual.

Animals also have biological needs. How do you think they differ from human needs? (after listening to the answers) They differ in how these needs are satisfied: a person can produce products himself to satisfy his needs (farms, sews clothes, etc.)

Biological, social and spiritual needs are interconnected. In humans, biological needs in their essence, unlike animals, become social. For most people, social needs dominate over ideal ones: the need for knowledge often acts as a means of acquiring a profession and taking a worthy position in society.

Reasonable needs- these are the needs that help the development in a person of his truly human qualities: the desire for truth, beauty, knowledge, the desire to bring good to people, etc.

Satisfying false needs only brings harm. These are the needs for smoking, drugs, alcohol, excessive consumption of sweets, etc.

Let's look at the classification based on rational need:

· Urgent and necessary: things that should be bought immediately (lack of necessities for life or sudden need).

· Required: things that ensure the normal life of the family and each of its members.

· Desirable: things of improved quality, increased comfort.

· Prestigious: things of high quality and comfort.

Needs are related to value orientations.

Value orientations- life guidelines that are especially important, significant, preferable for a person in the surrounding life and behavior of other people. Values ​​are a regulator of human behavior.

If the acquisition of things is especially important for a person, then material needs prevail. If he considers it preferable for himself to engage in creative activity, then he develops various spiritual needs.

Needs are the source of people's activity. The process of satisfying needs is a goal-oriented activity.

Consolidation of the presented material

Conversation with the class.

Question : At any time a person dreams. What can a modern person dream about? Can he get everything he dreams of?

Needs must match opportunities.

Teacher: No person can satisfy any need once and for all. It arises again, develops, forcing a person to create new objects necessary to satisfy it; a person must work

Question: Is work a need or a necessity?

For many people, work is just a necessity, and they work without much desire. But there are other people for whom work is a joy, a way to reveal their capabilities, for such people it is a need.

Work provides more opportunities to satisfy needs.

Teacher: in humans sometimes false needs arise.

What harm can they do to people? (the guys answer).

Summarizing the students' answers, teacher:

Bad habits cause harm to a person - harm to his health, strength, and position in society. These and other habits hinder the development of personality, stop a person halfway and he can get into trouble.

Question: Do human needs influence the development of society?

(the guys answer):

The teacher summarizes : society generates certain human needs, which, in turn, influences the development of society itself.

So, we found out, 1) that a person has many needs: these are needs without which a person cannot live. What? (guys answer: air, water, food, roof over your head)

2) What needs is it possible to live without, but difficult?

(the guys answer: TV, computer, household appliances, dishes, furniture, etc.)

3) What can a person live without? (the guys answer: alcohol, drugs, smoking

Match.

Level of need

9) social needs are...

A) the need for food, shelter, clothing. They are the basis for all other needs.

B) the need for love, friendship, communication with people who have the same interests

C) the need for culture, communication, activities, art.

10. Match the types of needs with their characteristics:

Types of needs

11 . Human needs, determined by his biological nature, include the needs for:

a) self-preservation; b) self-realization; c) self-knowledge; d) self-education.

12.What is the most important social need of a person we are talking about:

Exchange between people of certain results of their mental activity: learned information, thoughts, judgments, assessments, feelings.

13. Match:

Types of human needs

Introduction

Activity is a universal way to satisfy human needs through an active transformative attitude towards the world. Activity is the exclusive privilege of a person, a sign of his tribal essence.

The fundamental difference between human activity and the adaptive activity of animals is that not a single form of activity, not a single ability to act is inherited along with the biological structure of the body; they are all the result of social inheritance (training, upbringing, practical experience). This, however, does not mean that activity is carried out independently of the biological basis, which is the substrate and objective prerequisite for activity. Activities aimed at the normal functioning of the human body and its functioning in the world are called life activities. It represents the sphere of satisfaction of a complex of physiological needs.

The concepts of “work” and “activity” are often used as unambiguous. Indeed, in most cases the distinction between labor and activity is immaterial. We can say that activity is a broader definition of labor, and labor is one type of activity that determines all its other types.

Labor activity as a means of satisfying needs.

1. Human activity and its diversity.

Compare the two definitions. The first is from the philosophical dictionary: “Activity is the form of existence of human society; manifestation of the subject’s activity, expressed in the expedient change of the surrounding world, as well as in the transformation of a person himself.” The second is from the psychology dictionary: “Activity is a form of mental activity of the subject, consisting in the motivational achievement of a consciously set goal of cognition or transformation of an object.”

It is easy to notice that both definitions speak of the activity of the subject in an expedient (consistent with the goal) change (transformation) of the surrounding world. However, the philosophical definition treats activity in the same way as a form of existence of society, and psychology places emphasis on mental activity, that is, manifested in a person’s subjective experiences, in his feelings, thinking, and will. As you can see, viewing an activity from different perspectives allows you to understand it more fully.

2. The essence and structure of work activity.

Let us turn to the first definition of activity given above. Being one of the aspects of human existence, activity reproduces social connections. It realizes the strengths and abilities of a person, which are embodied in the products of activity. This chain of connections reveals the social essence of the activity.

In the structure of labor activity, its subject and object are distinguished. The subject of labor activity is the one who carries out labor activity, the object is what it is aimed at. For example, a farmer (subject of labor activity) works on the land and grows various crops on it (object of activity). For the Ministry of Education as a subject of labor activity, all educational institutions of the country are an object in relation to which management activities are carried out.

So, the subject of labor activity can be a person, a group of people, an organization, or a government body. The object can be natural materials, various objects, spheres or areas of people's lives. The subject’s labor activity can also be directed at another person. For example, a coach influences an athlete (trains him). The object of the artist's activity is the public in the hall (audience). Finally, the subject’s labor activity can be directed towards himself (a person consciously trains his body, hardens it, cultivates his will, engages in self-education, etc.).

A goal is a conscious image of an anticipated result towards which work activity is aimed. For example, in the mind of an architect, before the construction of a house begins, an image of it appears. In fact, is it possible to start building a building without imagining what it will be like (an apartment building or an office building, a village hut or a temple, a barracks or a palace)? Its image can be shown in a drawing, drawing, three-dimensional model, but first it appears in the mind of the architect.

So, a goal is what is presented in the mind and expected as a result of a certain way of directed work activity.

When the goal is determined, its achievement or failure of work depends on the means. To build a house, you need building materials, mechanisms, tools and other means of production. To grow a crop, you need seeds, tools, a system of agricultural techniques, etc. To teach students to read and write, you need textbooks, notebooks, effective teaching methods, etc. The means must correspond to the goal. When they say: “Fire a cannon at sparrows,” it means that the means do not correspond to the goal.

3. Needs and interests.

Psychologists study human experiences that motivate him to activity. Such human experiences are called motive. The word “motive” is of French origin and literally means “motivating reason, reason for some action.” In psychology, motive is understood as what motivates human activity, for the sake of which it is performed. The role of motives can be needs, social attitudes, beliefs, interests, drives and emotions, and people’s ideals.

The motives of activity reveal human needs. And a need is a person’s experienced and perceived need for what is necessary to maintain his body and develop his personality.

Human needs can be divided into three groups:

1. Biological needs (experience of the need for breathing, nutrition, water, normal heat exchange, movement, self-preservation, preservation of the species and other needs associated with the biological organization of man, his belonging to nature).

2. Social needs generated by society. They embody the need of the individual, for example, in diverse relationships with other people, in self-realization, self-affirmation, and public recognition of one’s merits.

3. Ideal needs: to understand the world around us as a whole and in its particulars, to realize one’s place in it, the meaning and purpose of one’s existence. The need for knowledge was noted in ancient times. The philosopher Aristotle wrote: “All people by nature strive for knowledge.” Many people devote their leisure time to reading, visiting museums, concert halls and theaters. Some people's ideal needs revolve around entertainment. But even in this case they are diverse: some are interested in cinema, some in dancing, and some in football.

Biological, social and ideal needs are interconnected. Biological needs in humans, in contrast to animals, become social. In fact, on hot days many people are thirsty, but no one (unless he is in an extreme situation) would drink from a puddle on the road. A person chooses a drink that quenches his thirst and makes sure that the vessel from which he drinks is clean. And eating food for a person becomes a need, the satisfaction of which has many social facets: culinary subtleties, the decor, the table setting, the quality of the dishes, the presentation of the dish, and the pleasant company sharing the meal are all important.

For most people, social needs dominate over ideal ones. The need for knowledge often acts as a means to acquire a profession and take a worthy position in society.

In some cases, it is generally difficult to separate the biological, social, and ideal. An example is the need for communication.

The above classification of needs is not the only one in the scientific literature. There are many others. One of them was developed by the American psychologist A. Maslow. He identified the following basic needs:

Physiological: in reproduction, food, breathing, clothing, housing, physical movements, rest, etc.;

Existential (from the Latin word meaning literally “existence”): in the security of one’s existence, comfort, constancy of living conditions, job security, accident insurance, confidence in the future, etc.;

Social: in social connections, communication, affection, care for others and attention to oneself, participation in joint activities with others;

Prestigious: in self-esteem, respect from others, recognition, achieving success and high praise, career growth;

Spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression.

According to Maslow's theory, the first two types of needs are primary (innate), and the next three are secondary (acquired). The needs of each subsequent level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.

Along with needs, the most important motive for activity is social attitudes. They mean a person’s general orientation towards a certain social object, expressing a predisposition to act in a certain way regarding this object. Such an object could be, for example, a family.

Depending on the assessment of the importance of family life and its usefulness for oneself, an individual may be predisposed to creating a family, preserving it, or, on the contrary, may not be inclined to create and preserve family ties. His actions, his behavior depend on this.

An important role in the motives of activity is played by beliefs - stable views on the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to bring them to life through one’s actions and deeds.

In human activity, will is of great importance, i.e. the ability to act in the direction of a consciously set goal, while overcoming one’s own desires and aspirations that are opposite in direction.

3.1. Human needs in activity.

Man, like other living beings, also needs for his existence and activity certain conditions and means drawn from the external environment.

Needs are the internal states experienced by a person when he experiences an urgent need for something.

The characteristic features of the needs are:

· The specific substantive nature of the need, usually associated either with an object that one strives to possess, or with any activity that should give a person satisfaction (for example, a certain job, game, etc.); in this regard, a distinction is made between objective and functional needs (for example, the need for movement);

· More or less clear awareness of a given need, accompanied by a characteristic emotional state (attractiveness of an object associated with a given need, displeasure and even suffering from unsatisfied needs, etc.);

· An emotional-volitional state of motivation to satisfy a need, to find and implement the necessary ways for this; thanks to this, needs are one of the most powerful motives for volitional actions;

· Weakening, sometimes complete disappearance of these states, and in some cases even their transformation into opposite states (for example, a feeling of disgust at the sight of food in a state of satiety) when a need is satisfied;

· Re-emergence, when the need underlying the need again makes itself felt; the repetition of needs is an important feature of them: a one-time, episodic and never repeated need for something does not turn into a need.

Human needs are diverse. They are usually divided into material, related to bodily needs (needs for food, clothing, housing, warmth, etc.), and spiritual, related to human social existence: needs for social activity, for work, for communicating with each other, for acquiring knowledge, in the study of sciences and arts, the need for creativity, etc.

The greatest importance in human life and activity are the needs for work, learning, aesthetic needs, and the need for communication with other people.

Need for labor. Man satisfies his material needs through labor. He satisfies these needs in the process of life, mastering a certain system of actions necessary for this.

Modern man, in order to feed and clothe himself, does not prepare the food he needs and does not make fabric for the clothing he needs, but receives all this from society, participating in the work of satisfying other needs of society. Social labor has become a condition for human existence and at the same time his most important need.

In different social formations, among representatives of different classes of society, the need for work in connection with the characteristics of people’s social life takes on a different character and is expressed to varying degrees.

Need for learning. Along with labor, in the process of work itself, the need for learning and the acquisition of knowledge develops. To characterize a person, it is important to take into account both the degree of development of this need and its characteristics. For example, some people strive to satisfy this need through independent scientific work, others - through the assimilation of ready-made knowledge.

Aesthetic needs. An important personality trait is the need for aesthetic pleasure and corresponding creative activity in the field of one or another art. This need appeared already at the dawn of the historical development of man, who had just emerged from the animal world. As soon as a person began to engage in labor, he began to give aesthetically pleasing forms to the objects, tools, and utensils he made, decorating them first with simple, and then with more and more artistic ornaments, thus satisfying not the natural needs immediately necessary for life, but the aesthetic need in enjoying the beautiful.

Along with the development of society, human aesthetic needs also developed, which led to the emergence of numerous and complex types of art: painting, sculpture, architecture, music, literature, theater, cinema, etc.

To characterize a person, both the content and degree of development of aesthetic needs, as well as the method of satisfying them, are important. Some people have the most pronounced aesthetic needs in music, others in painting, in dance; Some are well versed in perfect works of art, others are satisfied with mediocre and primitive ones. According to the method of satisfying aesthetic needs, some people can be classified as passive, or contemplative, type, others - as active, or creative.

Needs are formed in a person throughout life. Concerns about the correct organization of needs are one of the important issues in the education of a person’s personality.

4. Labor activity.

Labor activity is a multifaceted phenomenon. Various aspects of work have become the subject of study in several social sciences.

From the point of view of economic science, labor is considered as a planned, conscious activity with the aim of processing what nature provides into consumer goods. Economics studies labor as one of the factors of production, examines the mechanism of action of economic laws in the sphere of labor, labor costs at all stages of the production cycle, and the relationship between wages and its results. Psychology studies the psyche of the worker, the distinctive personality traits of workers, the formation of work attitudes and motives of behavior, the psychophysiological characteristics of various types of work activity. Legal scholars study problems related to the legal status of workers, legal registration of labor relations between employees and employers, and labor protection. Sociology views labor activity as a relatively rigidly fixed in time and space expedient series of operations and functions performed by people united in production organizations. The sociology of labor studies the structure and mechanism of social and labor relations, as well as social processes in the world of work. Philosophy comprehends labor as the process of people creating conditions and means of existence, in which human strength, skills, and knowledge are embodied. For philosophy, it is important to determine how a person who realizes himself in work manifests himself in this process.

The sciences that study labor are in many cases closely related and often overlap. Comprehensive knowledge about such a phenomenon as labor can only be provided by its comprehensive research, which combines the efforts of various sciences. The content of this paragraph integrates some results of the study of labor activity by the social sciences, mainly sociology.

5. Labor as a type of human activity.

The needs and interests of people are the basis that determines the purpose of work. Labor in the proper sense of the word arises when human activity becomes meaningful, when a consciously set goal is realized in it - the creation of material and spiritual values ​​necessary for people's lives. In this way, work activity differs from educational activity, aimed at acquiring knowledge and mastering skills, and gaming activity, in which it is not so much the result that is important, but the process of the game itself.

Sociologists characterize work activity, regardless of the method, means and results, with a number of general properties.

Firstly, a set of labor operations prescribed to be performed at certain workplaces. In each specific type of labor activity, labor operations are performed, which include various labor techniques, actions and movements. As a result of the introduction of new equipment and modern technologies into the content of the labor process, the relationship between physical and mental labor, monotonous and creative, manual and mechanized, etc. is changing.

Secondly, labor activity is characterized by a set of relevant qualities of the subjects of labor activity, recorded in professional, qualification and job characteristics. Let us remind you that qualifications should not be equated with professionalism. It is a necessary but not sufficient condition for effective work. To become a professional, a person needs to gain experience, he must be characterized by commitment, self-discipline, business integrity, and responsibility.

Thirdly, work activity is characterized by material and technical working conditions. To achieve a goal in work activity, as in any other activity, various means are used. These are, first of all, various technical devices necessary for production, energy and transport lines and other material objects, without which the labor process is impossible. All of them together constitute the means of labor. During the production process, there is an impact on the subject of labor, i.e., on materials undergoing transformation. For this purpose, various methods are used, which are called technologies. For example, you can remove excess metal from a workpiece using metal-cutting equipment, but using the electric pulse method allows you to achieve a similar result 10 times faster. This means that labor productivity will increase 10 times.

The modern technical base of enterprises is a complex combination of different types of labor tools, therefore there is a significant differentiation in the level of technical equipment of labor. This entails its significant heterogeneity. A large number of workers are engaged in monotonous, uncreative work. At the same time, many perform work that requires active mental activity and solving complex production problems.

Fourthly, labor activity is characterized by the method of organizational, technological and economic connection of labor subjects with the means and conditions of their use. The most important feature of people’s work is that it usually requires joint efforts to achieve their goals. However, collective activity does not mean that all members of the team creating a product do the same work. On the contrary, there is a need for division of labor, due to which its efficiency increases.

It is obvious that the work of an entrepreneur, characterized by a high degree of independence and financial responsibility for the decisions he makes, differs from the nature of the work of an employee, who, under the terms of the employment agreement, is obliged to carry out the orders of production managers. In 2001 in Russia, the share of employees was 93% of all employees, the share of employers was 1.4%, and the share of individuals engaged in self-employment was 5%.

Fifthly, labor activity is characterized by the structure of organization and management of the labor process, norms and algorithms that determine the behavior of its participants. In particular, the concept of discipline is very important. Normal work activity is impossible without the voluntary, conscious observance by each employee of the rules and procedures of behavior in the team, which are mandatory for all its members. Labor laws and internal labor regulations require productive use of working time, conscientious performance of one's duties, and high quality work. Fulfillment of these requirements is labor discipline.

Working conditions are of great importance. They include the degree of danger or safety of the object and means of labor, their impact on the health, mood and performance of a person. Potentially dangerous factors are physical (noise, vibration, increase or decrease in temperature, ionizing and other radiation), chemical (gases, vapors, aerosols), biological (viruses, bacteria, fungi).

Work culture plays a big role. Researchers identify three components in it. Firstly, it is the improvement of the working environment, i.e. the conditions in which the labor process takes place. Secondly, this is the culture of relationships between labor participants, the creation of a favorable moral and psychological climate in the work team. Thirdly, the participants in the work activity understand the content of the labor process, its features, as well as the creative embodiment of the engineering concept embedded in it.

Labor activity is the most important field of self-realization in the life of any person. It is here that a person’s abilities are revealed and improved, it is in this area that he can establish himself as an individual.

6. Satisfying needs with work.

People have different attitudes towards their work. Some do not overburden themselves with work and work coolly. Others are literally “burning” at work. When they come home, they continue to think about what they did not manage to do during the day. The latter are tied to work, while the former are alienated from it. It is for those who are “burning” at work that work becomes the central vital interest.

The concept of “central life interest” was introduced in 1956 by a prominent specialist in industrial sociology, Robert Dubin. The idea turned out to be so fruitful that an entire concept arose based on it. It includes the following provisions:

1. The center of a working individual’s life is his work; everything that happens at work affects every other aspect of his life.

2. People constantly strive for satisfaction, no matter what they do: if a job does not bring satisfaction, they change it.

3. People work only for satisfaction, and nothing more.

4. A satisfied employee is the most productive; on the contrary, those who are dissatisfied with their work are less productive.

5. People can be motivated by increased satisfaction.

6. A satisfied worker is highly integrated both within and outside of work.

7. A satisfied worker usually does not experience depressive emotions such as disappointment, fear, depression, guilt, vindictiveness, horror and envy.

8. Contentment equals happiness; Therefore, every effort should be directed towards making the existence of the worker in the field of his occupation as happy as possible...

Job satisfaction does not really have the meaning that is given to it. Work is only one aspect of a person’s life, but not his only goal, the justification of his entire existence. But this is true until the person loses his job. At this moment we realize that work is something that a person cannot do without. If without work human existence loses meaning, it means that work turns into the first vital need, that is, the central life interest.

Conclusion

Activity is a form of existence of society, a characteristic way for a person to relate to the outside world, a manifestation of the activity of the subject, expressed in the expedient change of the surrounding world, as well as in the transformation of a person himself. In the process of activity, the development of society and the person himself occurs. In any activity there are motives, a goal, means of achieving it, actions aimed at achieving the goal, and a result. Motives can be needs, interests, social attitudes, beliefs, ideals, drives and emotions.

Creative activity plays a special role in the development of man and society, in the process of which something new is created that has never existed before. The variety of manifestations of human creative activity is expressed in such activities as play, study, and work. In creative activity, human abilities are developed, and its result is culture, renewal of all aspects of social life.

Labor is a purposeful human activity aimed at creating, using the means of labor, material and spiritual values ​​necessary for people’s lives. It is a way of satisfying human needs; source of public wealth; factor of social progress. Labor activity is characterized by a set of labor operations; quality of labor subjects; material and technical working conditions; the way of connecting labor subjects with the means and conditions of their use; structure of the organization of the labor process and its management. The transformation of the technical factor of production significantly increases the role of the human factor.

List of used literature

1. Spirin A.D., Maksyukova S.B., Myakinnikov S.P. Man and his needs: Textbook. Kemerovo: KuzGTU, 2003.

2. Rubinstein S. L. Fundamentals of general psychology. - M., 2004.

3. Heckhausen H. Motivations and activities. - M.: Pedagogy, 1986.

4. Orlov S.V. Man and her needs. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.

5. Berezhnoy N.M. Man and his needs. Edited by V.D. Didenko. Moscow State University of Service. 2000

6. Marchenko T.A. Need as a social phenomenon. – M.: Higher school, 1998.

7. Kaverin S.V. Psychology of needs: Educational and methodological manual, Tambov, 2006.

8. Berezhnoy N.M. Man and his needs / Ed. V.D. Didenko, SSU Service – Forum, 2001.

9. Marchenko T.A. Need as a social phenomenon. – M.: Higher School, 2005.

10. Orlov S.V., Dmitrenko N.A. Man and his needs. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.

11. Ilyin E.P. Motivation and personality. 3rd ed. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003.

Man and labor are two categories inextricably linked.

Labor in the narrow sense of the word is an objective condition for maintaining the life of an individual, preserving its meaning. Labor activity, being conscious and purposeful, distinguishes man from the animal world. Human activity, carried out with effort, expenditure of mental or physical energy, allows a person to be a full-fledged, and not just a biological being. Labor activity connects the individual with other people, the outside world, and causes activity that supports life processes. This is the individual meaning of labor as a unique sign of life and as its condition.

Labor in the broad sense of the word is a way to ensure the existence of people, of humanity as a whole. Products of labor continuously consumed in life processes require their reproduction in the labor process. The increase and change in people's needs leads to a variety of types of work, improvement of its processes, and a variety of labor technologies. In this regard, labor activity is a necessary condition for the existence of both an individual and society as a whole.

Work is a means of satisfying the need for communication. The labor process presupposes the need for interaction between people, groups, and organizations in the process of joint activities that bring people together. The production team often becomes a reference group for the individual. Based on contacts in the process of common work, personal intimate feelings (friendship, love) arise, since people have the same level of education, social status, interests and spend a significant part of their time together. As a result, work unites disparate people into social communities. However, contradictions that arise in the process of work can give rise to acute conflicts.

Work can become a form of personal self-expression. By embodying his personal characteristics and merits in his work, a person can achieve social recognition. This can become a condition for self-affirmation and self-expression. For many people, work turns into an immediate need of life. Such people, by participating in work, prolong the active phase of their life and make it filled with meaning.

Labor is a way for people to fulfill their social duty. Since labor is a condition for the existence of society, the state, any able-bodied citizen must contribute his share to social labor. At the same time, the state, in the absence of direct coercion to work, should use various methods to increase the individual’s interest in work.

In economic psychology, three approaches have been substantiated that reflect the characteristics of employees’ perception of labor. The first two of them were developed by the American sociologist D. McGregor.

Theory X states that all people are lazy and every worker, with a few exceptions, is characterized by an aversion to work, lack of initiative, and irresponsibility. In order for an employee to work properly, he must be encouraged to work in every possible way, using administrative, psychological and economic methods, resorting to “carrot and stick” tactics.

According to Theory Y, work corresponds to a person's natural desire. People feel a natural need for work, show interest in work and its results, work initiative and creativity. But such commitment to work must be supported by monetary rewards.

The author of Theory Z, Japanese sociologist U. Ouchi, believes that the predisposition of employees to work depends, first of all, on the manager’s concern for the staff. By showing interest in the employee as a person, taking care of his needs, family, and career, managers ensure people’s stable interest in their work and its results.

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  Work How objective necessity And internal need person. Human And work- two categories inextricably linked. Work in the narrow sense of the word is objective a condition for maintaining the life of an individual, preserving its meaning.


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  Work How objective necessity And internal need person.
  The first approach is associated with substantive theories, which analyze what needs person cause one or another motive for behavior.


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  Work How objective necessity And internal need person.
  All People had to not only participate in labor, but is listed as a government employee. Otherwise, they were considered parasites and brought to justice.


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  Work How objective necessity And internal need person.
  Adaptation person To labor. Choice person profession is the initial stage of labor activity person, one of the def... more ».


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  ...guns labor and low productivity of people determined necessity
  The existence of social power is conditioned objective need society in
  The squad in the army on which the king relied in the implementation internal and external...


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  Psyche - a set of mental phenomena that make up interior world person
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  Necessity studying the personality of the criminal is dictated, first of all, needs crime fighting practices.
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  Classification needs: 1. Needs, Related labor (needs knowledge).
  Need – interior source of activity person, the motive is external.


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  Needs-objective need for something necessary to achieve life activity person and the development of his personality. Consumer behavior - the process of formation demand consumers for a variety of


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  This became possible due to: firstly, the flight person into space, secondly, the creation of atomic
  Science is a special type of cognitive activity aimed at developing objective
  Science arose from needs practice and implements it in a special way.

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mini essay

In terms of its meaning, work is an urgent need of a person, designed to satisfy his biological needs and cultural demands. The nature of satisfying this need is determined by both subjective and objective factors.
The first include the individual age and gender characteristics of people, their state of health, personal properties (temperament, character, abilities), as well as the level of general culture, professional experience of the subject of activity, his social status, that is, position in the sphere of public relations (position, profession , speciality). The second includes the features of the production in which a person works: working conditions and discipline, the form of its organization, the rationality of wage systems, training and retraining of personnel, the presence of innovations in the technology of labor processes and a number of other aspects of a socio-economic nature.
For man, as a biosocial being, labor is, of course, first of all, a necessity for survival in any historical era. Hence the priority of material production over all other types of human activity for many millennia. In this sense, labor is always (and first of all) a material need. The socially useful nature of work (even if it is carried out by an individual for purely personal purposes) at the same time makes it a spiritual need for a person (even if he does not realize it or does not want it). In fact, it is in the process of labor that a person expresses himself among his own kind, and the division of labor and its cooperation involve him, against his will, in the process of social reproduction.
Labor as a motive for human activity is probably one of the few motives (if not the only one) in which the material and spiritual principles, necessity and need, production relations at the level of the individual and society are inextricably fused together. Self-employment and hired labor, under certain conditions, can be forced in those cases where it is not free from external coercion by circumstances or someone (something), and in others (ownership of property) it can be free even under conditions of employment.
In other words, work as a motive for activity, which combines material and spiritual features, is always a necessity to provide a person with a decent existence. So, labor as a motive for activity is a necessity. Labor as an object of human need is a deeper phenomenon associated with the social essence of man.

Labor is a human need. When a person does not work, everything becomes boring and monotonous. Also, he is too lazy to start working! It's like a vicious circle, the more you idle, the more you don't want to do anything! But if you get out of this circle, start working. It becomes very easy and good!

P.S. I improvised, but all this is true, I personally experienced it!
I hope it helped! :)))

Personal and social need for work

We must agree with K. Marx that work is a primary type of human activity that has historically developed in human society and which is a conscious activity aimed at obtaining a result and is regulated by the will in accordance with its conscious goal. Labor is one of the basic conditions for human life and society, the development of the individual as a person. In the process of purposeful labor activity, an individual reveals and develops his abilities, forms and adjusts his ideals, beliefs and attitudes. Labor activity underlies any social relations and significantly influences the relationships and interactions of people.

The French philosopher Henri Bergson called the human species not (homo sapiens), but (working man), thereby defining the basic essence of man through the constant desire to work to improve the world around him and himself. A similar idea was voiced by K. D. Ushinsky in the book “Labor in its mental and educational meaning”, where he emphasized the self-organizing role of work in the life of every person, arguing that without personal labor a person cannot move forward, cannot stay in one place , but must go back.

In the narrow sense of the word, labor is an objective condition for maintaining the life of an individual, preserving the meaning of his life. Labor activity, being conscious and purposeful, distinguishes man from the animal world. Human activity is carried out with the application of effort, spending primarily mental or physical energy, which allows a person to be a full-fledged conscious person, and not just a biological being. Labor activity is not carried out in isolation from society, but in consolidation with it, connecting the individual with other people, the outside world, causing his activity, supporting the life processes of both the individual and society as a whole. In this context, we can say that work is a sign of life for individuals and human communities.

For a person as a biosocial being, labor, of course, is, first of all, a necessity for survival in any historical era. Hence the priority of material production over all other types of human activity for many millennia. In this sense, labor is primarily a material need. The socially useful nature of work (even if it is carried out by an individual for purely personal purposes) at the same time makes it a spiritual need for a person (even if he does not realize it or does not want it).

We must agree with L. S. Shakhovskaya that labor as a motive for human activity is probably one of the few motives in which the material and spiritual principles, necessity and need, and production relations at the level of the individual and society are inextricably fused together.

In the broad sense of the word, labor is a way to ensure the existence of people, of humanity as a whole. Products of labor continuously consumed in life processes require their reproduction, modernization and perfection, which can also be accomplished in the process of corresponding labor. The growth of individual needs and their changes create the prerequisites for the formation of various types of work, the improvement of its processes, and the diversity of labor technologies. Thus, work activity is a necessary condition for the existence of both an individual and society as a whole.

It should be noted that work is a means of satisfying a person’s affiliative need for communication. Labor activity as a process presupposes the need for interaction between people, groups, organizations, which in turn brings people together and strengthens social ties. The production team often becomes a reference group for the individual. Based on interaction in the process of joint work, informal relationships, personal likes and dislikes, and feelings (from friendship to love) arise. The nature of such socio-psychological phenomena in the process of work can be explained by the fact that the participants in the process have the same level of education, culture, social status, interests, and they spend a significant part of their time together. As a result, labor is a synergistic mechanism for integrating disparate people into social communities. At the same time, various contradictions and disagreements that arise in the process of work can provoke acute and sometimes insoluble conflicts.

Nevertheless, work can only become a form of self-actualization and self-expression of the individual, and in this aspect, work is not the same (just as its subject is individual), it is always different in quantity and quality, in degree of intensity, and always individual in the form of manifestation. By embodying his personal characteristics and merits in his work, a person gains public recognition. For the formation and development of a person’s personality, this is an important condition for self-affirmation and self-expression. For many self-organized people, work turns into an urgent need of life; by actively participating in the labor process, they prolong the active phase of their life, making it bright and filled with meaning.

In work, as a motive for activity, material and spiritual features are combined - this manifests itself as the need to ensure a decent existence for the subject of activity. Thus, labor as a motive for activity is a necessity, and as an object of human need, it is, as L. S. Shakhovskaya notes, a deeper phenomenon associated with the social essence of man. The need for work manifests itself as a person’s attitude to work, and it does not matter whether it is hired labor or “for oneself”, since at that stage of development of civilization, when it turns into the first vital need, it is no longer just work, it is activity, always creative and always socially significant.

By its nature, labor is an enduring human need, where the labor process acts as a way to satisfy this need. Labor generates and creates the need to work. As a result, it determines the labor process itself. The need for labor is a product not of man’s biological nature, but of his historical development, the result of the cultural ascent of society.

Only a person can experience pleasure and satisfaction from work, be in a state of labor ecstasy, and only thanks to this he is able to affirm in himself the constantly mediated essence - the essence of man, the meaning of his life. Based on this, labor (the labor process) is, on the one hand, a consequence of a person, and on the other, nothing more than the conscious necessity of a person’s life itself, his manifestation as a person, which has turned into action.

In her scientific work, L. I. Chub argued that labor as a need is not something lying outside of labor, but its own moment of labor as an expression of the active, creative, social essence of a person. The formation of a person as an individual occurs through various types of activities and mainly through work. In the act of production, not only objective conditions change, but also the producers themselves, developing new qualities in themselves, developing and transforming themselves, creating new forces and new ideas, new ways of communication and new needs. Man is not only an agent and subject of social development, but also its product; he is continuously in the movement of becoming from the point of view of the development of his qualities and essential forces.

Thus, as has already been shown above, labor has a functional purpose both for the formation and manifestation of the personality of each person, and for the development of society as a whole. Research by Western scientists on the role of labor in the life of a person as an individual has made it possible to identify the following functions of labor:

• - ensures the position and prestige of a person in society;
• - creates his income;
• - provides employment and social activity for the individual and is a good way of serving society;
• - makes social contacts possible;
• - interesting in itself, brings joy and a feeling of deep satisfaction from labor achievements.

It should be added to this list that work makes a person’s life more conscious and gives meaning to his activities.

The social component of labor can be detected through the prism of the following social functions of labor activity.

Socio-economic the function is manifested in the fact that a person, as a subject of labor, has an impact on various objects of the natural environment, its resources, transforming them into material goods and services to satisfy their needs.

Productive the function of labor is manifested in satisfying the individual’s need for creative activity, actualization of one’s abilities and self-expression, due to which the cultural, scientific and technological heritage increases.

Social-structuring the function of labor lies, on the one hand, in the social division of labor, and on the other, in the integration of the efforts of people participating in the labor process. In the first case, certain labor functions are divided between different participants in the labor process, resulting in specialized types of labor. In the second case, the exchange of the results of private labor activity leads to the need to establish mutual connections between the subjects of the social labor process. Thus, this function reflects the need to build socio-economic ties between different people and social groups.

Socially controlling the function of labor demonstrates that through labor a complex system of social relations has been formed, regulated by a certain system of values, norms of behavior, standards, methods of influence, etc., representing the totality of social control of labor relations. This may include labor legislation, economic and technical standards, charters of organizations, collective agreements, job descriptions, informal norms, and key principles of organizational culture.

Socializing the function of labor is related to the fact that work activity allows one to expand the range of social roles, patterns of behavior, master their norms and identify the values ​​of interaction, which allows the individual to feel like a full participant in public life. This function allows a person to gain a certain status, feel social belonging and identity.

Social development the function of labor manifests itself as the impact of the content of labor on the personality of the performer himself, work collectives and society as a whole. This is explained by the fact that as the means of labor develop and improve, the content of labor as a process also develops. As a result, in almost all areas of the modern economy there is an increase in requirements for the level of knowledge and qualifications of the subject of labor. For this reason, one of the priority functions of personnel management in a modern organization is the function of employee training.

Social stratification the labor function, in fact, is a derivative of the social-structuring function with the difference that the results of different types of labor are rewarded and valued differently by society. In accordance with this, some types of work activities are recognized as more important and prestigious compared to others. Thus, labor activity contributes to the formation and strengthening of the dominant value system in society and performs the function of ranking participants in labor activity according to the levels of the social stratum.

The evolutionary, scientific and technological development of society leads to the improvement of the human labor process, significantly complicating it; the subject of the activity has to perform more complex and varied operations, while using increasingly organized and information-intensive means of labor. Modern man sets and achieves larger goals. His work became multifaceted, varied, and perfect. The substantive characteristics of modern labor include:

• - growth of the intellectual component of the labor process. The role of mental labor has increased many times over, and the requirements for a conscious and responsible attitude of the employee to the process and results of his activities have increased;
• - increasing the share of mechanized, automated and functional labor. This is due to the achievements of scientific and technological progress, the development of computer technologies, which make it possible to overcome the limitations of a person’s physical and psychological capabilities and serve as a decisive factor in the growth of productivity and labor efficiency;
• - a more relevant social component of the labor process. Thus, the factors for the growth of labor productivity today are considered not only by increasing the qualifications of a worker or increasing the level of mechanization and automation of his work, but also by the state of a person’s health, his mood, relationships in the family, the team and society as a whole.