The complement denotes the subject (object) to which the action is directed.
Between the complement and the complemented word there may be a relation of the subject to the action.
If the definition has the ability to extend the members of the sentence expressed by nouns, then the addition most often depends on the predicate and extends it.
We found all the proposals for examples in the stories of Evgeny Ivanovich Nosov “The Kingfisher”, “The Living Flame”, “The Forgotten Page”, “The Trickster”.
Nouns and different categories of pronouns with and without prepositions are used as additions. Let us recall the questions of indirect cases answered by the addition:
WHOM? WHAT? TO WHOM? WHAT? WHOM? WHAT? BY WHOM? HOW? ABOUT WHOM? ABOUT WHAT?
Every fisherman (WHO?) has (WHAT?) a favorite spot on the river. Here he builds (WHO?) a (WHAT?) attachment for himself. Hammers (WHAT?) stakes into the bottom of the river near the bank in a semicircle, braids (WHAT?) them with (WHAT?) a vine, and (WHAT?) covers the emptiness inside with (WHAT?) earth. It turns out something like a small (WHAT?) peninsula. Especially when the fisherman covers (WHAT?) the bait with green (WHAT?) turf, and the hammered stakes send out (WHAT?) young shoots.
Let us give examples of additions expressed by personal, reflexive, demonstrative, relative-interrogative, definitive, indefinite, negative pronouns: gave it to me, is building it for himself, I see it, what’s the matter, everyone wanted it, I found something, nothing can scare me.
In addition, other parts of speech can be additions if they acquire the meaning of a noun. For example, adjectives, participle, numeral, adverb, interjection: I’m glad to be alive, we’ll tell you about a successful one, divide forty by two, don’t dream about tomorrow, I heard “ay”.
Rarely do infinitives, indivisible phrases and phraseological units act as additions. For example: I didn’t think to ask, my grandfather and grandmother lived, bring two buckets, I solved a sore point.
There are two types of additions - direct and indirect. The direct object is expressed by a noun in the Accusative case without a preposition, a noun in the Genitive case with negation, and also a noun with the meaning of part of the subject in the Genitive case. Direct objects extend transitive verbs and stative category words.
Examples of direct additions:
He threw on his shoulders (WHAT?) backpack, straightened the knocked-down strap (WHAT?) cap...
Sometimes the frenzied mallow touched (WHAT?) floats, they shuddered, forced (WHO?) me be wary.
I hid and began to look at (WHO?) stranger.
I asked Aunt Olya for a small mushroom (WHAT?) box, threw it over his shoulder (WHAT?) double-barreled shotgun and walked into the forest.
A jasmine bush that had grown under the window dropped a lace (WHAT?) onto the desk. shadow.
And then, returning home, I collected more (WHAT?) some different flowers and knitted them into a small (WHAT?) bouquet.
Indirect objects are used with prepositions in the Accusative and Genitive cases, as well as in the Instrumental and Prepositional cases.
Examples of indirect objects:
Aunt Olya went out to water the flowerbed, but immediately returned, rattling an empty (WHAT?) watering can.
The freshly washed (WHAT?) floor smelled (WHAT?) cool.
I went out to look at (WHAT?) flowers.
The rains gave way to (WHAT?) winds.
My son wasn’t at home: he wasn’t expecting me so early and went to see (WHO?) a friend.
He threw his backpack over his shoulders, straightened his cap that had been knocked down by (WHAT?) strap...
I asked (WHO?) Aunt Olya for a small box of mushrooms, threw the double-barreled shotgun over my shoulder and walked into the forest.
Often students confuse additions with inconsistent definitions and circumstances. It must be remembered that a noun in the role of an inconsistent definition can be replaced by an adjective.
For example:
Late in the evening we went to bed and did not sleep for a long time, listening for the paws (WHOSE?) to plop on the floor. fugitive.
The floats were motionless white among the dark green burdocks (WHAT?) water lilies.
After a hot, tiring journey, it was pleasant to enter a quiet old house (WHOSE?) Aunt Olya.
Let’s not forget that, in contrast to an adverbial adverb, two questions can be asked: one of them is case, and the other is semantic.
For example:
Last fall I went to a distant forest lake for (WHAT PURPOSE? WHAT?) perches.
I opened my eyes and gasped (WHY? WHAT?) from amazement.
I leaned closer and was finally convinced that the magical musician was hiding in (WHERE? WHAT?) sink.
Literature
1. Ilchenko O.S. Lesson on the topic “Addition” in VIII grade / Russian language at school. - 2003. - No. 4.
2. Nosov E.I. Doll: a collection of stories. - M., Eksmo Publishing House LLC, 2015.
complements usually refer to sentence members expressed by verbs or impersonal predicative words, i.e. predicate. Members of a sentence expressed by nouns may have additions, as a rule, if the nouns are formed from a verb ( distribute - distribution; convert - transformation) or correlate with them in meaning ( love is to love, hate is to hate). Wed: distribute magazines - distribute magazines; transform nature - transform nature; love for a friend - to love a friend; hatred of enemies - to hate enemies.
Additions with the meaning of an object in relation to which this or that attribute is manifested (a less common meaning) can refer to sentence members expressed by adjectives or adverbs; an adjective usually acts as a predicate or correlates with it in function (for example: We are proud of our achievements; The sound is pleasant to the ear; Sound that is pleasing to the ear); adverb - in the role of an adverb related to the predicate (for example: do it unnoticed by others).
Thus, entering into phrases expressing object relations, complements refer to those members of the sentence that are in one way or another connected with verbs: they can be expressed by verbs or other parts of speech, correlative with verbs in formation or meaning, and, finally, can relate to members of a sentence, the usual way of expressing which is a verb.
Additions to sentence members expressed by verbs and impersonal predicative words
With sentence members expressed by verbs and impersonal predicative words, direct and indirect additions are distinguished.
Direct object is an addition in the form of the accusative case without a preposition, referring to a member of the sentence expressed by a transitive verb. A direct object denotes the object to which the action is directly directed. For example: I remember very well the day when Akhmatova left her small room(Ard).
Predicates expressed by transitive verbs with negation can have a direct object in the form of the genitive case without a preposition. For example: But she can't return her days of yore(N.).
In the form of the genitive case without a preposition, there may be an addition denoting an inanimate object, with impersonal predicative words sorry, sorry; sorry for time, sorry for life(cf. sorry for the brother, sorry for the woman); AND we feel sorry for something bright(Bl.).
Depending on the specific meaning of the verb that expresses the member of the sentence explained by the object, the direct object can have different shades of meaning. It can denote an object that is the result of an action: I’ll come up with a plan - I’ll hide large rivers under ice for a long time, I’ll build ice palaces, the likes of which people will never build.(N.); affected object: Dumnov I killed a pike and barely got it(Priv.); object of feeling, perception: I love the lush wilting of nature, the forests dressed in crimson and gold (P.); Finally, I hear the speech not of the boy, but of the husband(P.); object of knowledge, development: He knew classical and many modern languages, ancient and modern philosophy, literature, art(Ard.).
The complement can denote the space overcome by the action: I I almost walked around the entire globe - and life is good, and living is good(M.), and also name the object of thought, desire: Now I remember you too(Ch.).
Indirect addition is an addition expressed by forms of the accusative case with prepositions, as well as forms of other indirect cases without prepositions and with prepositions. For example: The woman jumped up and began to peer into the distance with an air of concern.(L.); I ran up along the small staircase that led to the small room(P.), I press the call button(Ard.); In the end his efforts were crowned with success(Ard.).
Additions expressed by forms of indirect cases without prepositions, when included in phrases that convey object relations, can denote an object subject to action: Having picked mushrooms, we went home; object of removal, deprivation: Our hero lives in Kolomna, serves somewhere, shuns the nobles and does not worry about forgotten antiquities or deceased relatives(P.); object of touch, achievement; He is happy if he throws a fluffy boa over her shoulder or warmly touches her hand(P.); object to which the action is directed: Is it You command the lightning not to flow?!(M.); Tatyana believed the legends of the common people of old times, and dreams, and card fortune-telling, and moon predictions(P.); instrument or means of action: What is written with a pen cannot be cut out with an ax(last); They were driven back by ten times the enemy's strength.(A.N.T.). Complements can denote the subject of an action or state: Of course, I should be ashamed(T.); Killed I thought the bear was one of the big ones(Ars.).
Additions expressed by forms of indirect cases with prepositions, when included in phrases that convey object relations, can have different shades of meaning. They can indicate the material from which something is made: It seemed that the cathedral was built not of stone, but of variously and palely colored air masses(Paust.); the object in relation to which the action is performed, directed or extended: Baltic clouds float over the bay, and waves splash into the cold granite(Sim.); the object in relation to which the state is manifested: Mother was worried about her son; object of thought, statement, feeling: She began to talk about the merits of her institution(Ard.); the object for which the action is performed: She wanted to dig up and fertilize the soil for the garden herself.; may have a deletion value: At the power plant it was torn off from the railway(N. Ostr.); may denote the person with whom the action is performed: After the verdict, the sailors surrounded Schmidt and said goodbye to him(Paust.).
Objects expressed by an infinitive denote an action as an object to which another action is directed. The subject and object infinitive can act as a complement.
An infinitive is called subjective if the subject of the action it denotes coincides with the subject of the action denoted by the verb being explained. In a sentence They agreed to meet tomorrow the subject of the action indicated by the infinitive meet and the action indicated by the past tense form agreed is one and the same.
An infinitive is called objective if the subject of the action indicated by the infinitive does not coincide with the subject of the action indicated by the word being explained. In a sentence I ask you to read the article the subjects of the actions indicated by the verbs ask and read do not coincide (cf.: I request that you read the article).
Additions to sentence members expressed by adjectives
Additions to sentence members expressed by adjectives denote an object in relation to which one or another attribute is detected or manifested. An addition, for example, can denote an object that specifies the internal content of a feature: Satisfied with the festive dinner, the neighbor sniffles in front of the neighbor(P.); an object that limits the scope of manifestation of a trait: He [Frost] with a sad, tired, almost senile anger unknown to him, he thought that he was already twenty-seven years old, and not a single minute of his life could be returned to live it differently, and nothing good was visible ahead either, and he, maybe very soon he will die from a bullet, no one needs(Fad.); There are things that are completely unnecessary and impossible for robots, such as humor(Gran.); comparison object: Flowers are the last mile of the luxurious firstborns of the fields(P.).
Additions to sentence members expressed by adverbs
Additions to sentence members expressed by adverbs denote the object in relation to which the attribute expressed by the adverb is manifested, for example: He acted offensively to others; or object of comparison, likening: Valentina understood Andrey better than himself(G. Nik.).
Additions to sentence members expressed by nouns
Additions to sentence members expressed by nouns mainly denote the object of the action.
The meaning of the object of action appears most clearly in additions to verbal nouns. For example: He proved that flooding the catacombs has no effect(Paust.); One of the organization members was tasked with distributing leaflets. Wed: flood the catacombs, distribute leaflets.
Less common are additions with the meaning of the object of action for other nouns. These are nouns with the meaning of action and state: Thirst fame greatly excited this young and ardent soul(White); Every morning we went to the destroyer's rise(Paust.) (cf.: thirst for glory, raise a destroyer), as well as nouns with the meaning of producer of an action: But do not think, after this, that the author of this book ever had the proud dream of becoming the patron of human morals.(L.).
Less common are additions for nouns that are not related to verbs either by origin or semantics.
Such additions convey the relationship of the item to the manufacturer, manager, owner, etc. (in this case, the noun being explained has the meaning of a person): The resort people turn pale, call me a monster, they want to run to the port captain and demand help from Mukhin(Paust.); or the content of an abstract concept, which is the word being explained: ...The dawn of poetic immortality seemed to her the best goal of existence(White).
Additions related to sentence members expressed by nouns can acquire a defining connotation of meaning, i.e. combine the function of addition with the function of definition. Such functional complexity is observed with explained words - nouns with the meaning of a statement, mental activity, or with other meanings close to these. An explanatory word in this case denotes the subject or content of thought or speech: Chelkash began to make Gavrila think about the village(M.G.); He was overcome by a wave of memories of his village(M.G.); In their lion's roar a song about a proud bird thundered(M.G.); Both of them entertained each other with questions about personal experiences...(Fed.).
The objective meaning is complicated by the attributive and in some other cases, when the word being explained is a noun of abstract meaning: And the birds hear confidence in victory in this cry(M.G.); No more fear of fate(M.G.).
When combining the objective and defining functions, there is reason to talk about defining additions.
Along with the combination of two functions in one minor member of a sentence related to a noun, cases of a transitional nature are also observed (from addition to definition, but with a predominance of objective meaning). Such cases allow for two interpretations. For example: When he came alongside one of the groups of tramp loaders sitting in the shade under a pile of baskets with coal He marked the shortest route on the map with chips(Hump.); I picked a large bouquet of these flowers(Paust.).
Passive is a turn in which the subject denotes the person or thing that is being acted upon, and the complement denotes the actor or thing. For example: And the apple tree in the wild minefield will not be bypassed this day(Proc.); Tikhonov was quickly picked up by soldiers and taken to the regimental hospital.. Wed: The soldiers quickly picked up Tikhonov and carried him to the regimental infirmary.(Paust.).
When replacing an actual phrase with a passive one and a passive one with an actual one, the form of the predicate changes, in addition, a semantic shift occurs: the object takes on the form of the subject, and the subject takes on the form of the complement. For example: Fog enveloped the city. - The city is shrouded in fog; The wave washed the boat ashore. - The boat is washed ashore by a wave.
An object is a minor member of a sentence that denotes an object associated with an action and answers questions of indirect cases, usually standing after the word that extends. The object can refer to verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, for example: They believed (in what?) in these scribbles (in these scribbles - complement). He knew the value (what?) of such conversations (such conversations are an addition).
Supplements can be expressed by nouns, pronouns, less often quantitative numerals, infinitives, substantivized words, syntactically indivisible phrases, for example: Subtract five from ten (from ten five is an addition). They asked him to figure it out (figure it out - addition).
Direct and indirect objects
Supplement denoting the object to which the action is directly directed called direct. The direct object in a sentence refers to a transitive verb and is expressed in the following forms:
- form of the prepositional accusative case of nouns, pronouns, substantivized words, for example: At night I saw (what?) birches (birches are an object). He saw (who?) me and froze (me - addition).
- the form of the prepositional genitive case: a) if the complement denotes a direct object (divisible substance), which is partially covered by the action (such a genitive case is called disjunctive), for example: But you are right: it’s better to drink (what?) some tea (seagull is an addition); b) with transitive verbs with negation not (genitive when negated), for example: But he did not consider (what?) the person (persons-object);
- dative form of a direct object with the preposition according (dative distributive), for example: give an orange, plant a tree, take an apple.
Additions expressed in forms of other cases are called indirect, for example: A forester shot at a bear (a bear is an addition). Tikhonov took the gun and carefully approached the person lying down (addition to the person lying down).
Circumstance
Circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that denotes place, direction, time, reason, purpose, condition, image and degree of action; usually characterizes the predicate and answers the questions where? Where? where? When? For what? Why? How? under what condition? and etc.
By meaning, circumstances are traditionally divided into circumstances of place, time, cause, purpose, condition, concession, manner and degree of action. Circumstances are expressed by adverbs, nouns in indirect cases with prepositions or syntactically indivisible combinations: an adverb with a noun and a cardinal number with a noun.
Types of circumstances
- circumstances of the place indicate the place of action or location of an object, the direction of movement and answer the questions where? Where? where?. They refer to a predicate verb or other sentence member denoting an action or state;
- circumstances of the time indicate the time of an action, its beginning, duration or end and answer the questions when? since when? How long? how long?;
- circumstances of the course of action denote a quality or mode of action and state, answer the questions how? how?;
- circumstances of degree actions give a quantitative description of an action or attribute, answer the question how many? to what extent? in what degree?;
- circumstances reasons indicate the reason or reason, the basis of an action or sign and answer the questions why? from what? due to what? For what? for what reason?;
- circumstances of the goal indicate the purpose of the action and answer the questions why? For what? for what purpose?;
- circumstances conditions indicate the prerequisite, condition under which the described event occurs, answer the question under what condition?;
- circumstances of the assignment indicate the condition contrary to which an event occurs, and answer questions in spite of what? no matter what?
§1.General concepts
The secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis. They distribute the main and other minor members and contain components of meaning necessary for more detailed transmission of information. Let's compare:
The boy is eating.
(information is presented without details)
A little boy slowly eats soup.
(information presented in more detail thanks to minor members)
Minor members:
- addition,
- definition,
- circumstance.
§2. Addition
Addition- this is a minor member of a sentence that depends on the predicate (or other members of the sentence) and answers questions about indirect cases. For example:
I love (what?) ice cream.
(addition: ice cream)
How is addition expressed?
1. By a noun in indirect cases without a preposition or with prepositions:
We met Anna on the square. I gave her flowers.
2. In addition to nouns themselves, it is common to express additions with words in the function of a noun: adjectives and participles formed by a transition to another part of speech, for example: sick, in love, participating, meeting, etc.:
The old man looked at the young people with a smile.
3. With a numeral:
Ten is divided by two.
4. Both nouns and words in the function of nouns can be replaced by the corresponding pronouns:
The old man looked at them with a smile.
5. Verb:
The doctor advised him to walk a lot.
6. Syntactically indivisible phrases or stable lexical combinations (=phraseological units) can act as additions:
We read several books.
(some books- a syntactically indivisible phrase, one cannot say: We read books. Or: We read some)
We ate a ton of salt together.
(peck of salt- phraseological unit)
It is necessary to distinguish between direct and indirect addition.
Direct and indirect object
Direct object- this is an addition in the form of V.p. without pretext. It refers to a verb and is used after transitive verbs:
I wash my hands.
A direct object can also be in the form of R.p. if:
- denotes a part of an object, a certain amount, for example, a little: drink water, eat soup;
- a transitive verb has a negation Not:did not build a new building, did not complete homework.
All other cases of complement are called indirect complement.
§3. Definition. Agreed and inconsistent definition. Application
A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, complement or circumstance, defines the attribute of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which? whose?
The definition can apply to words of different parts of speech: nouns and words formed from adjectives or participles by transitioning to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.
Agreed and non-agreed definition
Agreed Definition- this is a definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent words is agreement. For example:
A dissatisfied girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the open terrace.
(girl(which?) unhappy, ice cream(which?) chocolate, on the terrace(Which?) open)
Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the words being defined - nouns in gender, number and case.
The agreed definitions are expressed:
1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;
2) participles: laughing boy, bored girl;
3) pronouns: my book, this boy;
4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.
But the definition can be inconsistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connections:
- management
- adjoining
Inconsistent definition based on control:
Mom's book was on the nightstand.
Wed: mom's book - mom's book
(mom'sbook- this is an agreed definition, type of connection: agreement, and mom's book- uncoordinated, communication type - control)
Inconsistent definition based on adjacency:
I want to buy her a more expensive gift.
Wed: a more expensive gift - a giftExpensive
(a more expensive gift- inconsistent definition, connection type - adjacency, and dear gift
Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.
A five-story shopping center was built opposite.
Wed: five-story center - five-story center
(five-story center- inconsistent definition, type of communication - control, and five-story center- agreed definition, type of communication - agreement)
A girl with blue hair entered the room.
(girl with blue hair- inconsistent definition, type of communication - control.)
Different parts of speech can act as an inconsistent definition:
1) noun:
The bus stop has been moved.
(bus- noun)
2) adverb:
Grandma cooked the meat in French.
(French- adverb)
3) verb in an indefinite form:
She had a knack for listening.
(listen- verb in indefinite form)
4) comparative degree of an adjective:
He always chooses the easier path, and she always chooses the more difficult tasks.
(easier, harder comparative degree of adjectives)
5) pronoun:
Her story touched me.
(her- possessive pronoun)
6) syntactically indivisible phrase
Application
A special type of definition is application. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case.
Applications denote various characteristics of the subject, which are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:
I love my little sister.
A group of Japanese tourists lived in the hotel with me.
A variety of applications are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, printed publications, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Let's compare examples:
I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.
(Sukhony- agreed application, words rivers And Sukhony stand in the same case.)
My son read the fairy tale “Cinderella”.
("Cinderella"- inconsistent application, words fairy tale And "Cinderella" stand in different cases
§4. Circumstance
Circumstance- this is a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign of action or another sign. Usually the circumstance depends on the predicate.
Since the meanings of circumstances are varied, circumstances are classified by meaning. Each value has its own questions.
Categories of circumstances by meaning
The following categories of circumstances are distinguished by meaning.
- Mode of action - how? how?: The children laughed loudly.
- Measures and degrees - how? to what extent?: We are tired to the point of exhaustion.
- Places - where? Where? where from?: Everyone around was dancing. He looked into the distance. Father returned from work.
- Time - when? how long? since when? How long? What time?: We waited to see the doctor for about ten minutes.
- Conditions - under what conditions?: If desired, everyone can learn better.
- Reasons - why? why?: Masha missed classes due to illness. We didn't go into the forest because of the rain.
- Goals - why? for what?: She came to Yalta on vacation.
- Concessions - no matter what? in spite of what?: Despite the fatigue, the mother was cheerful.
Circumstances are expressed
1) adverbs: fast, loud, fun;
2) nouns in the form of oblique cases with and without preposition: in the forest, by Tuesday, a week;
3) pronouns: in it, above it, under it;
4) gerunds and participial phrases: lying on the stove, you won’t find good luck;
5) indefinite form of the verb: I came to talk;
6) phraseological turn: he worked carelessly;
7) the circumstances of the course of action are expressed in comparative phrases: Quartz sand sparkled like February snow in the sun.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Are the minor members of the sentence included in the grammatical basis of the sentence?
Is it true that the minor members of a sentence spread the main and other minor members?
What minor members of a sentence are there in Russian?
- predicate and circumstance
- circumstance, definition and subject
- addition, definition and circumstance
Can an addition be expressed by a numeral?
Is it true that an indirect object is an object in the form V.p. without an excuse?
What is the name of the definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent word is agreement?
- agreed definition
- inconsistent definition
What is the definition in the sentence: This is dad's jacket.?
- agreed definition
- inconsistent definition
What type of syntactic connection is in the phrase a more expensive gift in a sentence: I want to buy a more expensive gift.?
- coordination
- control
- adjacency
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