Presentation on the topic of bacterial physiology. Physiology, biochemistry of microorganisms (prokaryotes: bacteria, eukaryotes: protozoa, fungi, viruses). Pathways for breaking down glucose

Lesson plan. Lesson plan. Repetition of the material covered Repetition of the material covered (checking homework) (checking homework) 1. testing; 1. testing; 2. work with charts; 2. work with charts; 3. work with diagrams; 3. work with diagrams; 4. work in small groups. 4. work in small groups. Learning new material. Learning new material. Teacher's story with elements of conversation. Teacher's story with elements of conversation. Student reports. Student reports. Reinforcing the studied material Reinforcing the studied material textbook §10, questions 2,3,4,6. textbook §10, questions 2,3,4,6. Summing up Summing up

Learning new material. Learning new material. Habitat is a territory or water area occupied by a population with a complex of environmental factors inherent to it. Habitat is a territory or water area occupied by a population with a complex of environmental factors inherent to it. Stations are habitats for terrestrial animals. Stations are habitats for terrestrial animals. An ecological niche is the totality of all environmental factors within which the existence of a species is possible. An ecological niche is the totality of all environmental factors within which the existence of a species is possible. A fundamental ecological niche is a niche determined only by the physiological characteristics of an organism. A fundamental ecological niche is a niche determined only by the physiological characteristics of an organism. A realized niche is a niche within which a species actually occurs in nature. A realized niche is a niche within which a species actually occurs in nature. A realized niche is that part of the fundamental niche that a given species or population is able to “defend” in competition. A realized niche is that part of the fundamental niche that a given species or population is able to “defend” in competition.

Learning new material Interspecific competition is an interaction between populations that has a detrimental effect on their growth and survival. Interspecific competition is an interaction between populations that has a detrimental effect on their growth and survival. The process by which populations separate species of space and resources is called differentiation of ecological niches. Result The process of separating species of space and resources by populations is called differentiation of ecological niches. The result of niche differentiation reduces competition. niche differentiation reduces competition. Interspecific Competition for ecological niches Competition for resources.

Learning new material. Question: What is the consequence of interspecific competition? Question: What is the consequence of interspecific competition? Answer: In individuals of one species, fertility, survival and growth rate decrease in the presence of another. Answer: In individuals of one species, fertility, survival and growth rate decrease in the presence of another. Work according to the table. Work according to the table. Results of competition between flour beetle species in cups of flour. Conclusion: The result of competition between two species of beetles - flour beetles - depends on environmental conditions. Maintenance regime (t*C, humidity) Survival results First species Second species 34 *С, 70% 34 *С, 70% *С, 30% 34 *С, 30% *С, 70% 29 *С, 70% * С, 30% 29*С, 30% *С, 70% 24*С, 70% *С, 30% 24*С, 30%

Learning new material. Question. What are the ways out of interspecific competition? Question. What are the ways out of interspecific competition? (in birds) (in birds) Conclusion. The listed ways out of interspecific competition make it possible for ecologically similar populations to coexist in the same community. Exit routes Differences in methods of obtaining food Differences in the size of organisms Differences in activity time Spatial separation of food “spheres of influence” Separation of nesting sites

Studying new material Question: What is the danger of intraspecific competition? Question: What is the danger of intraspecific competition? Answer: The need for resources per individual decreases; as a result, the rate of individual growth and the development of the amount of stored substances decreases, which ultimately reduces survival and reduces fertility. Answer: The need for resources per individual decreases; as a result, the rate of individual growth and the development of the amount of stored substances decreases, which ultimately reduces survival and reduces fertility.

Studying new material Mechanisms of exit from intrapopulation Mechanisms of exit from intrapopulation competition in animals competition in animals Paths of exit Differences in ecological connections at different stages of development of organisms Differences in the ecological characteristics of the sexes in organisms of different sexes Territoriality and hierarchy as behavioral mechanisms of exit Settlement of new territories.

Consolidation of the studied material. Textbook, § 10, questions 2,3,4,6. Textbook, § 10, questions 2,3,4,6. Conclusions: Competition leads to natural selection in the direction of increasing environmental differences between competing species and the formation of different ecological niches by them. Conclusions: Competition leads to natural selection in the direction of increasing environmental differences between competing species and the formation of different ecological niches by them.

Presentation on the topic "Classification and morphology of bacteria" in the discipline Fundamentals of Microbiology and Immunology, specialty 02/34/01. Nursing is prepared to conduct theoretical classes. Covers one of the main sections of the discipline. Presentation sections: size of bacteria, shape of bacteria, structure of a bacterial cell, Bergey classification of bacteria, physiology of bacteria.

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Section 2: Bacteriology Topic 2.1: “Classification of bacteria. Morphology of bacteria".

Classification of microorganisms Non-cellular forms Cellular forms Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Viruses can exist in two forms: extracellular (virion) and intracellular (virus). Size: from 15–18 to 300–400 nm. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms of plant origin, lacking chlorophyll and lacking a nucleus. Size: from 0.3–0.5 to 5-10 microns. Protozoa are single-celled animal organisms. Size: from 2 to 50 microns Fungi are unicellular and multicellular microorganisms of plant origin, lacking chlorophyll, but having the features of an animal cell. Size: 0.2 to 100 microns

Basic concepts: Classification - distribution (association) of organisms in accordance with their common properties (similar genotypic and phenotypic characteristics) into various taxa. Taxonomy is the distribution of microorganisms according to their origin and biological similarity. Taxonomy is the science of methods and principles of distribution (classification) of organisms in accordance with their hierarchy. The most commonly used taxonomic units (taxa) are strain, species, genus. Subsequent larger taxa - family, order, class.

1. Morphological - shape, size, features of relative position, structure. 2. Tinctorial - relation to various dyes (nature of staining), primarily to Gram staining. On this basis, all microorganisms are divided into gram-positive and gram-negative. 3. Cultural - the nature of the growth of a microorganism on nutrient media.

4. Biochemical - the ability to form various biochemical products in the process of life due to the activity of various enzyme systems and metabolic characteristics. 5. Antigenic - depend mainly on the chemical composition and structure of the cell wall, the presence of flagella, capsules, are recognized by the ability of the macroorganism (host) to produce antibodies and other forms of immune response, are detected in immunological reactions. 6. Physiological - methods of carbohydrate (autotrophs, heterotrophs), nitrogen (aminoautotrophs, aminoheterotrophs) and other types of nutrition, type of respiration (aerobes, microaerophiles, facultative anaerobes, strict anaerobes).

7. Mobility and types of movement. 8. Ability to form spores, nature of spores. 9. Sensitivity to bacteriophages, phage typing. 10. Chemical composition of cell walls - basic sugars and amino acids, lipid and fatty acid composition. 11. Sensitivity to antibiotics and other drugs. 12. Genotypic.

Sizes of BACTERIA The sizes of bacterial cells range from 1 to 10-15 microns

Based on their shape, the following main groups of microorganisms are distinguished. Globular or cocci. Rod-shaped. Twisted. Thread-like.

Coccoid bacteria (cocci), based on the nature of their mutual arrangement after division, are divided into: 1. Micrococci. The cells are located alone. They are part of the normal microflora and are found in the external environment. They do not cause diseases in humans. 2. Diplococci. The division of these microorganisms occurs in one plane, pairs of cells are formed. Among diplococci there are many pathogenic microorganisms - gonococcus, meningococcus, pneumococcus. 3. Streptococci. Division is carried out in one plane, the multiplying cells maintain connection (do not diverge), forming chains. There are many pathogenic microorganisms that cause sore throats, scarlet fever, and purulent inflammatory processes.

4. Tetracocci. Division in two mutually perpendicular planes with the formation of tetrads (i.e. four cells). They have no medical significance. 5. Sarcins. Division in three mutually perpendicular planes, forming bales (packages) of 8, 16 or more cells. Often found in the air. 6. Staphylococci (from Latin - bunch of grapes). They divide randomly in different planes, forming clusters resembling bunches of grapes. Cause numerous diseases, primarily purulent-inflammatory (furunculosis)

Rod-shaped forms 1. Bacteria are rods that do not form spores. 2. Bacilli are aerobic spore-forming microbes. The diameter of the spore usually does not exceed the size (“width”) of the cell (endospore). 3. Clostridia are anaerobic spore-forming microbes. The diameter of the spore is larger than the diameter (diameter) of the vegetative cell, causing the cell to resemble a spindle or tennis racket.

Curved forms 1. Vibrios and campylobacters - have one bend, can be in the shape of a comma, a short curl. (Vibrio cholera) 2. Spirilla - have 2-3 curls. 3. Spirochetes - have a different number of whorls. Of the large number of spirochetes, representatives of three genera are of greatest medical importance - Borrelia, Treponema, Leptospira.

The structure of a bacterial cell.

Mandatory organelles: nuclear apparatus - nucleoid - cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membrane. 1. In the center of the bacterial cell there is a nucleoid - a nuclear formation, most often represented by one ring-shaped chromosome. Consists of a double-stranded DNA strand. The nucleoid is not separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane. 2. Cytoplasm is a complex colloidal system containing various inclusions of metabolic origin (grains of volutin, glycogen, granulosa, etc.), ribosomes and other elements of the protein synthesizing system, plasmids (extranucleoid DNA), mesosomes (formed as a result of invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm, participate in energy metabolism, sporulation, formation of intercellular partition during division).

3. The cytoplasmic membrane limits the cytoplasm on the outer side, has a three-layer structure and performs a number of important functions - barrier (creates and maintains osmotic pressure), energy (contains many enzyme systems - respiratory, redox, carries out electron transfer), transport (transfer of various substances into and out of the cell). 4. Cell wall - inherent in most bacteria (except for mycoplasmas and some other microorganisms that do not have a true cell wall).. It consists of two main layers, of which the outer one is more plastic, the inner one is rigid.

The structure of the cell wall of gram (+) microorganisms (left) gram (-) microorganisms (right)

Classification of microorganisms according to Bergey

The surface structures of bacteria (optional, like the cell wall) include a capsule, flagella, and microvilli. A capsule or mucous layer surrounds the shell of a number of bacteria. There are a microcapsule, detected by electron microscopy in the form of a layer of microfibrils, and a macrocapsule, detected by light microscopy. The capsule is a protective structure.

Flagella. Motile bacteria can be gliding (move along a solid surface as a result of wave-like contractions) or floating, moving due to thread-like spirally curved protein formations - flagella.

Based on the location and number of flagella, a number of forms of bacteria are distinguished. A. Monotrichous - have one polar flagellum. (Vibrio cholera, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). B. Lophotrichs - have a polarly located bundle of flagella. C. Amphitrichy - have flagella at diametrically opposite poles. D. Peritrichous - have flagella along the entire perimeter of the bacterial cell. (E. coli, salmonella typhoid, paratyphoid A and B).

Fimbriae or cilia are short filaments, in large numbers surrounding the bacterial cell, with the help of which bacteria are attached to substrates (for example, to the surface of mucous membranes).

Sporulation is a way of preserving certain types of bacteria in unfavorable environmental conditions. Endospores are formed in the cytoplasm; they are cells with low metabolic activity and high resistance (resistance) to drying, chemical factors, high temperature and other unfavorable environmental factors. Bacteria produce only one spore

Survival of bacteria during drying Vibrio cholera up to 2 days Plague bacillus up to 8 days Diphtheria bacillus up to 30 days Typhoid bacillus up to 70 days Tuberculosis bacillus up to 90 days Staphylococcus bacillus up to 90 days

Spores can be located: in the center of the cell - centrally (the causative agent of anthrax) 2. closer to the end - subterminal, (the causative agent of gas gangrene) 3. at the very end - terminally, (the causative agent of tetanus and botulism)

BACILLUS - spores do NOT exceed the diameter of the cell of Bacillus anthracis - the causative agent of anthrax

CLOSTRIIA - spores larger than the diameter of the cell Clistridium, Cl. b otulinum – botulinum clostridium Clostridium tetani – tetanus clostridium

RICKETSIOSES Genus Rickettsia, species are divided into two groups: 1) typhus group: a) R. provacheka - the causative agent of epidemic (louse) typhus; b) R. typhi – the causative agent of endemic (rat-flea) typhus; 2) a group of tick-borne rickettsioses: a) R. rickettsi – the causative agent of rocky mountain fever; b) R. conori – the causative agent of hemorrhagic fever

Typhus Typhus is a common acute infectious disease caused by Provacek's rickettsia, transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person through lice; it is characterized by predominant damage to the vascular and nervous systems, a typical temperature curve and a skin rash. Typhus is one of the varieties of a large group of human rickettsial diseases, which, in particular, include: - endemic (rat) typhus, - tick-borne typhus.

Mycoplasmas Mycoplasmas are bacteria that belong to the class Mollicutes (soft-skinned). The smallest gram " - " bacteria (0.3-0.9 microns). The main feature is the absence of a cell wall. The cells are surrounded only by the CPM, so they have a variety of shapes: cocci, rods, flask-shaped, pear-shaped or filamentous. On the outside of the CPM there is a capsule-like layer, in the cytoplasm there is a nucleoid, ribosomes, and mesosomes. There is no dispute. They cause disease in humans as an acute respiratory infection (Mycoplasma pneumonia); affect the respiratory, genitourinary and central nervous system.

No. Forms and types of bacteria Features of the location and structure of the bacterial cell Diseases caused by this type of bacteria 1 spherical (cocci) 2 rod-shaped (rods) 3 convoluted forms Fill out the table: “Main forms of bacteria.”

Thank you for your attention! 

Slide 2

Energy in a bacterial cell is stored in the form of ATP molecules. In chemoorganotrophic bacteria, reactions associated with obtaining energy in the form of ATP are oxidation-reduction reactions coupled with phosphorylation reactions.

Slide 3

When glucose or other hexoses are used as a source of carbon and energy, the initial stages of glucose oxidation are common in both oxidative and fermentative metabolism. These include the pathways for converting glucose into pyruvate (when hexoses, or disaccharides other than glucose, are used as an energy source, they, as a result of chemical transformations, enter into a chain of reactions that convert glucose into pyruvate).

Slide 4

Pathways for breaking down glucose.

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid, one of the most important intermediate metabolic products, occurs in bacteria in 3 ways

Slide 5

Pathways for breaking down glucose

1) through the formation of fructose-1,6-diphosphate (by the FDP pathway, or glycolytic breakdown, or, according to the name of the researchers who studied it, by the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway); 2) through the pentose phosphate pathway (PP pathway); 3) through the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, or KDFG pathway (2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconic acid pathway).

Slide 6

Glucose in a bacterial cell is first phosphorylated by ATP and the enzyme hexokinase to the metabolically active form glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), which serves as the starting compound for any of the three pathways above.

Slide 7

FDF path.

G-6-P isomerizes to fructose-6-phosphate, which, under the action of phosphofructokinase, is converted to fructose-1,6-diphosphate, which is subsequently oxidized to pyruvic acid through the formation of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde. The balance of glucose oxidation along the FDF pathway consists of the formation of 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of reduced NAD.

Slide 8

PF way.

In this case, glucose-6-phosphate, through dehydrogenation and decarboxylation reactions, is converted into ribose-5-phosphate (Ru-5-P), which is in equilibrium with ribose-5-phosphate and xylulose-5-phosphate. Pu-5-P is cleaved to 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, an intermediate product in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate.

Slide 9

The resulting pentose phosphates are converted as a result of transketolase and transaldolase reactions into fructose-6-phosphate, closing the reactions into a cycle, and into 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, an intermediate product of the conversion of glucose to pyruvate along the FDF pathway. With one revolution of the cycle, 1 molecule of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, 3 molecules of CO2 and 2 molecules of reduced NADP are formed.

Slide 11

The process begins with the dehydrogenation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconic acid. Water is cleaved from it under the action of dehydrogenase and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconic acid (KDPG) is formed, which is cleaved by aldolase into pyruvate and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde. The latter is oxidized to pyruvic acid in the same way as through the FDF pathway.

Slide 12

For every molecule of glucose, 1 molecule of ATP, 1 molecule of reduced NAD and 1 molecule of reduced NADP are produced, which is equivalent to 1 molecule of ATP and 1 molecule of reduced NAD.

Slide 13

Oxidative metabolism in bacteria (respiration)