According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, political and ideological diversity is recognized; no ideology can be established as state or mandatory. According to the Federal Law: a political party is a public association created for the purpose of participation of citizens in the political life of society through the formation and expression of their political will, participation in public and political events, in elections and referendums, as well as for the purpose of representing the interests of citizens in government bodies and local government. Russia has a multi-party system. According to Russian law, political parties must be registered in order to have the right to participate in elections. The legislation does not provide for the possibility of creating electoral blocs. There are 72 political parties officially registered in the Russian Federation.
List of registered political parties
1. All-Russian political party “UNITED RUSSIA”;
2. Political party “COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION”;
3. Political party “Liberal Democratic Party of Russia”, LDPR;
4. Political party “PATRIOTS OF RUSSIA”;
5. Political party “Russian United Democratic Party “YABLOKO”;
6. Political party “A JUST RUSSIA”;
7. All-Russian political party “PARTY OF GROWTH”;
8. Political party “People's Freedom Party”, PARNAS;
9. Political party "Democratic Party of Russia";
10. All-Russian political party “People's Party “For Women of Russia”;
11. Political party "ALLIANCE OF GREENS";
12. Political party “Union of Citizens”;
13. All-Russian political party "People's Party of Russia";
14. Political party “Civil Position”;
15. All-Russian political party “Social Democratic Party of Russia”;
16. Political party “Communist Party of Social Justice”;
17. All-Russian political party “Party of Pensioners of Russia”;
18. Political party “Cities of Russia”;
19. Political party “Young Russia”;
20. All-Russian political party “Party of Free Citizens”;
21. Political party “Russian Ecological Party “Greens”;
22. Political party “Communist Party Communists of Russia”;
23. All-Russian political party “Agrarian Party of Russia”;
24. Public organization - Political party "Russian All-People's Union";
25. All-Russian political party “PARTY FOR JUSTICE”;
26. Political party “SOCIAL PROTECTION”;
27. Public organization All-Russian political party “Civil Power”;
28. Political party “Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice”;
29. All-Russian political party "PEOPLE'S ALLIANCE";
30. Political party “Monarchical Party”;
31. Russian political Party of Peace and Unity;
32. Political party “Civil Platform”;
33. All-Russian political party “Honestly”;
34. Political party “Party of Taxpayers of Russia”;
35. Political party “Democratic Choice”;
36. Political party “Labor Party of Russia”;
37. Political party “Against All”;
38. Political party “Russian Socialist Party”;
39. Political party “Party of Spiritual Transformation of Russia”;
40. Political party “PARTY OF VETERANS OF RUSSIA”;
41. Political party “Russian United Labor Front”;
42. All-Russian political party “PARTY OF CASE”;
43. Political party “NATIONAL SECURITY OF RUSSIA”;
44. All-Russian political party “RODINA”;
45. All-Russian political party “Union of Labor”;
46. Political party "Russian Party of People's Government";
47. All-Russian political party “Women’s Dialogue”;
48. Political party “Born in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics”;
49. All-Russian political party “Village Revival Party”;
50. All-Russian political party “DEFENDERS OF THE FATHERLAND”;
51. Political party “Cossack Party of the Russian Federation”;
52. All-Russian political party “DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA”;
53. Political party “United Agrarian-Industrial Party of Russia”;
54. Political party “Democratic Legal Russia”;
55. Political party “Party of SOCIAL SOLIDARITY”;
56. All-Russian political party “DIGNITY”;
57. All-Russian political party “Great Fatherland Party”;
58. All-Russian political party “Russian Party of Gardeners”;
59. Political party “Civil Initiative”;
60. Political party “Party of the Revival of Russia”;
61. Political party “National Course”;
62. All-Russian political party “PEOPLE AGAINST CORRUPTION”;
63. Political party “Native Party”;
64. Political party “Sports Party of Russia “HEALTHY FORCES”;
65. All-Russian political party “International Party of Russia”;
66. Political party “Party of Social Reforms”;
67. Political party “United Party of People with Disabilities of Russia”;
68. Political party “Good deeds, protection of children, women, freedom, nature and pensioners”;
69. Public organization - Political party “Revival of Agrarian Russia”;
70. Public organization Political party “Party of Support”;
71. Public organization - Political party “PARTY OF PARENTS OF THE FUTURE”;
72. Political party “Small Business Party of Russia”.
Until 1905, only underground revolutionary parties operated in the Russian Empire. The legal activity of political parties became possible only after the proclamation of the Manifesto on the improvement of state order on October 17, 1905. The same Manifesto announced elections to the State Duma, for seats in which the newly created party organizations began to fight.
"Russian Assembly"
The Russian Assembly began its activities in 1900 as a literary and artistic club for adherents of right-wing conservative views. Its first chairman was the prince and writer Dmitry Golitsyn. It only formed into a political party in 1906. The “Russian Assembly” never participated in the Duma elections, and its political influence, in contrast to its ideological influence, was small, but some leaders of other monarchist and Black Hundred parties emerged from it, such as Alexander Dubrovin, Vladimir Purishkevich, Vladimir Gringmut. At the beginning of World War I, the “Russian Assembly” interrupted its political activities, and in 1917 it ceased to exist.
The party program was based on the famous triad “Orthodoxy. Autocracy. Nationality." It stated that “the Orthodox faith must be dominant in Russia, as an immutable basis of Russian enlightenment and public education”, “tsarist autocracy is the most perfect form of government in Russia”, and “the tsar cannot be subject to any responsibility to anyone except God and History”, and “Russia is united and indivisible, no autonomies are allowed.”
Members of the “Russian Assembly” were representatives of the nobility, high clergy, officers (until 1906, when the military was prohibited from joining political organizations), and conservative publicists. Among them were the famous publisher Alexei Suvorin, the widow of the great writer Anna Dostoevskaya. Viktor Vasnetsov and Nicholas Roerich sympathized with the “Russian Assembly”.
"Union of the Russian People"
The “Union of the Russian People” arose in 1905 during the First Russian Revolution with the aim of counteracting it. At the origins of the “Union of the Russian People” were the doctor Alexander Dubrovin, the artist Apollo Maykov and his main ideologist, Abbot Arseny (Alekseev), whose radical views and actions more than once aroused the wrath of church hierarchs.
Due to disagreements in the leadership of the party, in 1908 the “Russian People's Union named after Michael the Archangel” under the leadership of Purishkevich separated from it, and in 1912 - the “All-Russian Dubrovinsky Union of the Russian People”, which was headed by the former chairman pushed aside from the leadership. However, there were no significant differences in the programs of these parties. A major landowner and famous publicist Nikolai Markov established himself at the head of the “Union of the Russian People”. Before the February Revolution of 1917, the Union of the Russian People was the most massive political party in Russia, but soon after the revolution it was banned.
The party program was based on the triad “Orthodoxy. Autocracy. Nationality." At the same time, government actions were often sharply criticized; in particular, the Union opposed attracting foreign capital. The members of the Union dreamed of building Russian society on the principles of conciliarity, rejecting both revolutionary upheavals and bourgeois democracy. The Union of the Russian People has been repeatedly accused of inciting anti-Semitism, organizing Jewish pogroms and political murders.
The attitude towards the “Union of the Russian People” in the highest circles was ambiguous. Emperor Nicholas II himself, Saint John of Kronstadt and many representatives of the higher clergy, including the future Patriarch Tikhon (Belavin), sympathized with his activities. However, Prime Minister Sergei Witte called the Union “an organization of ordinary thieves and hooligans” and believed that “a decent person will not shake hands with them and will try to avoid their company.”
Russian monarchical union
The prototype of the Russian monarchical union - the Russian monarchical party was founded in 1905. For a long time, this organization was close to the “Union of the Russian People,” and there was talk of their unification, but then disagreements between the organizations intensified, and in 1909 the Russian Monarchical Union was registered. At the first stage, the leader of the party was the ideologist of the Black Hundreds Vladimir Gringmut, and after his death - Archpriest John (Vostorgov) and Archimandrite Macarius (Gnevushev). The position of the monarchists was greatly shaken at the beginning of the First World War after the prohibition of clergy from being members of political organizations, as well as due to financial scandals in which the party leadership was involved. After the February Revolution, the party was banned, and its leaders were arrested and executed in 1918.
The party advocated an unlimited monarchy, against any concessions to parliamentarism, and classified liberals, along with revolutionaries, as enemies of Russia. At the same time, the monarchists sharply criticized the government (especially when it was led by Sergei Witte) and the state bureaucracy, which, in their opinion, stood between the sovereign and the people. The monarchists were proud of the name “Black Hundreds”: “The enemies of the autocracy called the “Black Hundred” the simple, black Russian people who, during the armed rebellion of 1905, stood up to defend the autocratic Tsar. Is this name honorable, “Black Hundred”? Yes, very honorable." At the same time, they rejected terror and violent methods of struggle.
The Union of October 17, Russia's largest liberal-conservative party, took its name from the Tsar's manifesto of October 17, 1905, which proclaimed certain civil liberties, including the organization of political parties. The base of the Octobrists were landowners, large entrepreneurs, bureaucrats and the right wing of the intelligentsia. Its leader was the prominent lawyer Alexander Guchkov, chairman of the 3rd State Duma, who was later replaced by large landowner Mikhail Rodzianko, chairman of the 3rd (after Guchkov’s resignation) and 4th State Duma. Among the members and supporters of the party were lawyer Fyodor Plevako, jeweler Carl Faberge, geographer and traveler Grigory Grum-Grzhimailo. The Octobrist Party in the Duma was considered the support of the government of Pyotr Stolypin. In 1913, a split occurred in the Octobrist camp, and the party soon practically ceased political activity. However, its leaders played a major role in the February Revolution of 1917 and contributed to the abdication of Nicholas II, and subsequently occupied important positions in the Provisional Government.
The key points of the program of the “Union of October 17” were the introduction of a constitutional monarchy, guarantees of civil liberties, the unity and indivisibility of Russia (the right to autonomy was recognized only for Finland).
Centrists
Progressive Party
The Progressive Party was founded in 1912. Its predecessors, the Progressive Economic and Commercial and Industrial parties and the Trade and Industrial Union, which appeared in 1905, did not last long. The Progressive Party was led by industrialist Alexander Konovalov and large landowner Ivan Efremov. One of the richest capitalists, the Ryabushinsky brothers, had great influence in it. After the February revolution, the left progressives, led by Konovalov, joined the ranks of the Cadets, and the right, led by Efremov, transformed into a radical democratic party.
The Progressive Party expressed, first of all, the interests of big business. In the political spectrum, its place was between the Octobrists and the Cadets. Progressives advocated moderate political reforms, and their ideal was a government system close to the British one, with a constitutional monarchy and a bicameral parliament, with a fairly high property qualification for deputies and voters. The Radical Democratic Party, organized by the remnants of the progressives after February 1917, already advocated a presidential form of government with a government system close to the American one.
Party of Constitutional Democrats (Cadets)
The Constitutional Democratic Party (other names are the “People's Freedom Party” and simply “the Cadets”) was the largest liberal party in the Russian Empire. It was founded in 1905 on the basis of the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists. The core of the party was the intelligentsia. Its leader was the historian Pavel Milyukov, and among its active members were scientists Vladimir Vernadsky and Pyotr Struve, a prominent lawyer, the father of the great writer Vladimir Nabokov and many other famous representatives of the intelligentsia. The party won the elections to the First State Duma, the chairman of which was elected its member, professor of law at Moscow University Sergei Muromtsev. The Second Duma was headed by another cadet, lawyer Fyodor Golovin. Cadets played an important role in the February Revolution of 1917 and occupied key positions in the Provisional Government. Soon after the October Revolution, the constitutional democratic party was banned. Subsequently, its leaders enjoyed great influence in emigrant circles.
The cadet program affirmed the equality of all citizens of Russia, regardless of gender, age, nationality, religion and social origin, parliamentary democracy, separation of powers, guarantees of personal freedoms, a federal structure of Russia with the right of nations to cultural self-determination, free school education, an 8-hour working day .
Labor People's Socialist Party
The People's Socialist Party (ENES) was formed in 1905. Its ideology was close to the populism of the 19th century - the party advocated a transition to socialism, relying on the peasant community, bypassing the stage of capitalism. At the same time, the Popular Socialists rejected terror and other violent methods. The People's Socialist Party consisted, for the most part, of left-wing intellectuals and peasants. Their leader was the famous economist Alexei Poshekhonov. After the dissolution of the Second State Duma in 1907 and until the February Revolution of 1917, the political activity of the party was almost invisible, until its remnants united with the Trudoviks in the summer of 1917 to form the Labor People's Socialist Party.
The labor group (trudoviks) arose as an association of deputies of the First State Duma who adhered to populist views. It mainly included deputies from peasants and leaders of the zemstvo movement, as well as some part of the left intelligentsia. Trudoviks positioned themselves as defenders of the interests of all workers: peasants, workers and the working intelligentsia. After the dispersal of the First Duma, some of the group's deputies were arrested, and some emigrated. In subsequent Dumas, the Trudoviks were no longer so numerous. In 1917, they united with the Popular Socialist Party to form the Labor People's Socialist Party. In 1918 the party was banned.
Anarchists
Among revolutionary-minded citizens of the Russian Empire, the ideas of anarchism enjoyed a certain popularity. But there was no large anarchist party in Russia - the rigid party organization contradicted the very essence of this freedom-loving teaching. Anarchists recognized only “the voluntary agreement of individuals into groups and groups among themselves.” They did not want to participate in the elections and activities of the State Duma. There were many anarchist groups of various directions, the unifying figure for which was Prince Peter Kropotkin, who enjoyed enormous authority among all anarchists.
The most influential anarcho-communist group, Bread and Freedom (Bread Volyas), was created by anarchist emigrants in Geneva in 1903. They dreamed not only of the overthrow of tsarism, but also of the abolition of the state in general, and saw the future of the country as a free association of free communes. The Grain Volunteers called for mass strikes and revolutionary uprisings, but at the same time rejected terror. In contrast to the Khlebovoltsy, the group “Black Banner” (Black Banner), whose leader was the writer Judas Grossman, considered expropriations and terror against any “bourgeois” to be the main means of revolutionary struggle.
The Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR), which grew out of the populist organizations of the late 19th century, was for a long time the largest and most radical of the socialist parties. The date of birth of the party can be considered 1901, but its program was finally formed only at the beginning of 1906. The leader of the Socialist Revolutionary Party was the professional revolutionary Viktor Chernov. After the February Revolution, the number of Socialist Revolutionaries exceeded a million, and the Socialist Revolutionary Alexander Kerensky became the head of the Provisional Government in July. They received a majority in the elections to the Constituent Assembly, which was dispersed by the Bolsheviks. After this, the right Socialist Revolutionaries fought with the Soviets, and the left Socialist Revolutionaries, who broke away from the party, led by Maria Spiridonova, actually joined the new government and remained relatively independent for several more years.
The program of the Socialist Revolutionaries is best characterized by the slogan “Land and Freedom.” They advocated the nationalization of land, the prohibition of its purchase and sale, and the provision of land plots to everyone in an amount that could be cultivated with their own labor. It is not surprising that this party gained the greatest popularity among the peasantry. The Social Revolutionaries advocated the broadest political freedoms and declared the right of peoples to self-determination.
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP)
The RSDLP was founded illegally in 1898. At its origins stood the prominent philosopher Georgy Plekhanov. In 1903, the party split into 2 groups - the Bolsheviks (who were in the majority at that congress) led by Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin and the more moderate Mensheviks, whose leader was Yuliy Martov. Plekhanov also joined the Mensheviks. The Bolsheviks were inclined towards revolutionary methods of struggle, while the Mensheviks preferred legal activities. The actual split into two parties occurred in 1912, but formally the Bolsheviks finally dissociated themselves from the Mensheviks and became a separate party in the spring of 1917.
By the time of the February Revolution, the Mensheviks were more numerous and influential than the Bolsheviks. Their representatives were part of the Provisional Government. Together with the Social Revolutionaries, they controlled the majority of the councils of workers', peasants' and soldiers' deputies. The Bolsheviks refused to cooperate with the Provisional Government and set a course for preparing an armed uprising, which they carried out on October 25, 1917. The Mensheviks condemned the October Revolution. Subsequently, many of their leaders (Martov, Irakli Tsereteli, Pavel Axelrod) ended up in exile, and a significant part of the rank-and-file members chose to collaborate with the Bolsheviks. From 1918 to 1921, the Mensheviks were in power in Georgia.
The RSDLP combined legal activities (its representatives were in the State Duma) with revolutionary struggle. The party had 2 programs: a minimum program and a maximum program. The first provided for the establishment of a democratic republic, the expansion of workers' rights (the establishment of an 8-hour working day, social insurance), civil liberties, and the implementation of the right of nations to self-determination. The goal of the maximum program was a socialist revolution, the abolition of private ownership of the means of production and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat.
National
The political programs of the national parties of the Russian Empire, as a rule, differed little from the programs of the central parties, with the exception of emphasizing the issue of national autonomy or independence.
The Bund (General Jewish Workers' Union in Lithuania, Poland and Russia) operated mainly in the western provinces of the Russian Empire. The views of the Bundists were close to the program of the RSDLP, and for some time the Bund was part of it as an autonomous organization, at first leaning towards Bolshevism, and then switching to the side of the Mensheviks. The Bundists opposed the emigration of Jews to Palestine, opposing this to the creation of national-cultural autonomies in places where Jews lived compactly.
"Musavat"
The Muslim Democratic Party Musavat (translated as “equality”) was founded in Baku in 1911 and became the most influential Azerbaijani party, enjoying widespread support from various segments of the population. Its leader was the writer and journalist Mamed Emin Rasulzade. Initially, its members took the position of pan-Turkism and dreamed of creating a united Turanian Empire with Turkey, but subsequently moderated their demands and, after uniting with the “Turkic Federalist Party,” insisted only on autonomy within Russia. They also advocated a republican form of government, civil liberties, free universal education and social security.
"Dashnaktsutyun"
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation "Dashnaktsutyun" was created in 1890 in Tiflis. Its main goal was the liberation of Turkish Armenia from the rule of the Ottoman Empire or, at a minimum, the establishment of Armenian autonomy. To achieve this, it was planned to use all means, including terror. At the beginning of the 20th century, Dashnaktsutyun began to actively participate in the Russian revolutionary movement. Their demands included the establishment of democratic freedoms, the transfer of all land to peasants and the creation of national autonomy. In 1918-1921, before the establishment of Soviet power, Dashnaktsutyun was the ruling party of Armenia.
"Belarusian Socialist Community"
"Belarusian Socialist Community", the first political party of Belarus, was created in 1902 on the basis of national student circles. The goal of the party was the creation of Belarusian autonomy, and subsequently even the creation of a national state. The socio-economic program of the party was at first close to the Menshevik, and then to the Socialist Revolutionary.
"Ukrainian Social Democratic Labor Party"
The first Ukrainian political party was the Ukrainian Revolutionary Party, founded in 1900. But a few years later it split into several parts, the largest of which became the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labor Party (USDRP). Its leader was the writer and artist Vladimir Vinnichenko, and the leadership team included Simon Petlyura, who in those years worked as a teacher and journalist. The USDRP program was very close to the Menshevik one. After the October Revolution, the left wing of the party supported the Bolsheviks, and the right wing headed for the creation of an independent Ukrainian state.
According to information from the website of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, as of August 15, 2009, in accordance with the Federal Law “On Political Parties”, 7 political parties were registered:
1. All-Russian political party "UNITED RUSSIA"
2. Political party “Communist Party of the Russian Federation”
3. Political party “Liberal Democratic Party of Russia”
4. Political party "PATRIOTS OF RUSSIA"
5. Political party “Russian United Democratic Party “YABLOKO”
6. Political party A JUST RUSSIA
7. All-Russian political party “RIGHT CASE”
"United Russia"
"United Russia"- Russian center-right political party.
1. The process of creating the All-Russian political party “United Russia” began with a joint political statement by the Leaders of the organizations - the Unity and Fatherland Parties - S.K. Shoigu and Yu.M. Luzhkov dated April 12, 2001.
On December 1, 2001, the III Congress of the All-Russian public organization “Union “Unity and Fatherland”” took place in Moscow. Its delegates unanimously decided to transform the All-Russian public organization “Union “Unity and Fatherland”” into the All-Russian Party “Unity and Fatherland” - United Russia. S.K. were elected co-chairmen of the Supreme Council of the Party. Shoigu, Yu.M. Luzhkov and M.Sh. Shaimiev.
The IV Congress of the Party decided to rename the All-Russian political party “Unity and Fatherland” - United Russia” into the All-Russian political party “United Russia”.
2. The official ideological platform of the party is centrism and conservatism.
On November 23, 2009, at the XI Party Congress in St. Petersburg, the ideology of United Russia was clearly defined as conservative. Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Party Boris Gryzlov stated the following: “Today we are adopting the Party’s Program Document, in which, along with the tasks of improving the quality of life and economic development projects, our ideology - Russian conservatism - will be clearly outlined. This is the ideology of stability and development, constant creative renewal of society without stagnation and revolution.”
The corresponding program document was adopted by the party for a period of 10 years.
3. Party program:
1) Saving Russia is the basis of public harmony:
· further development of Russia as a country with a unique cultural and historical heritage and development potential;
· increasing the competitiveness of the economy through the implementation of an innovative development strategy;
· ensuring the quality of life of citizens;
· support for civil society institutions;
· strengthening the sovereignty of Russia.
2) Great power in a global world:
· ensuring defense and security
· strengthening the Armed Forces and special services
Equipping them with modern technology
· social security of military personnel.
· protection of citizens from the drug threat, terrorism, manifestations of extremism and organized crime.
3) Information society – freedom and responsibility of the media:
· development of information technologies
· modern communication systems and information technologies must be accessible to all segments of the population, all citizens of Russia
freedom of the media, their social responsibility to citizens and society
censorship is unacceptable, but an effective mechanism is needed to protect society from information that is harmful to its moral and mental health
4) Healthy society, healthy nation:
· development of the domestic medical and pharmaceutical industry
· increase in healthcare funding
· protection of patients' rights
· improvement of the system of guaranteed drug provision for citizens
5) Youth of Russia: its success is the success of the country:
· create conditions for self-realization of youth through improving personnel policy programs
· creation of jobs
· support for young families
· equalization of starting opportunities for personal development
6) Regional development: strengthen the unity of the country:
· create conditions that guarantee equal access to basic social services throughout Russia
· creation of modern infrastructure - transport, industrial, information and communication, financial, social
· territorial planning, which will allow for the development of its spaces
7) Agrarian power: sustainable rural development
· by 2020, almost double food production, primarily through import substitution of dairy products and meat. Russia will be freed from import dependence
· protection of domestic producers from discrimination
· rural development and solving demographic problems
· creation of normal living conditions in rural areas
· increasing the incomes of rural residents
· consolidation of youth in rural areas, emergence of new jobs
4. Party leader – V.V. Putin
5. The party consists of 2,055,602 people.
6. After the 2007 Duma elections, United Russia has a constitutional majority. The number of deputies in the United Russia faction was 315 people.
7. Since 2001, the party published the newspaper United Russia, which was closed in 2008.
8. The headquarters is located in Moscow.
9. The symbol of the party is a white bear, outlined in blue. Above the image of the bear is a waving Russian flag, under the image of the bear is the inscription “United Russia”.
"Communist Party of the Russian Federation"
1. Communist Party of the Russian Federation(KPRF) is a left-wing political party in the Russian Federation, the most massive of the left-wing parties in Russia.
2. On February 13, 1993, the Second Extraordinary Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation opened in a boarding house near Moscow. After almost a year and a half of ban, the congress announced the resumption of the activities of the party, which became known as the “Communist Party of the Russian Federation.” Already in March of the same year, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation was officially registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation (registration certificate No. 1618).
3. The new edition of the party program, adopted in 2008, indicates the strategic goal of the party - building in Russia “renewed socialism, socialism of the 21st century.” The program of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation states that the party is guided by the Marxist-Leninist teaching and creatively develops it, based on the experience and achievements of domestic and world science and culture.
4. Minimum program of the “Communist Party of the Russian Federation”:
This program was supported by the broadest sections of workers at the People's Referendum, during numerous protests, demonstrations and meetings.
· establish the power of workers, people's patriotic forces;
· stop the extinction of the country, restore benefits for large families, recreate a network of public kindergartens, provide housing for young families
· nationalize Russia’s natural resources and strategic sectors of the economy, use the income of these sectors in the interests of all citizens
· return state financial reserves from foreign banks to Russia, use them for economic and social development
· break the system of total fraud during elections
· create a truly independent judicial system
· implement an urgent program of measures to combat poverty, introduce state control over prices for essential goods
· revise laws that worsen the financial situation of citizens and allow the country’s natural resources to be stolen, primarily the law on the “monetization” of benefits, the Labor, Housing, Land, Forestry and Water Codes
· Prevent raising the retirement age
· restore government responsibility for housing and communal services, establish fees for housing and communal services in the amount of no more than 10% of family income, stop eviction of people onto the streets, expand public housing construction
· increase funding for science, provide scientists with decent wages and everything necessary for research activities
· restore high standards of universal free secondary and higher education
· ensure universal accessibility and high quality of healthcare
· vigorously develop high-tech production
· ensure food and environmental security of the country, support large collective farms for the production and processing of agricultural products
· introduce a progressive tax scale, exempt citizens with low incomes from paying taxes
· increase the efficiency of the public administration system, reduce the number of officials, expand the rights of labor collectives and trade unions
· create conditions for the development of small and medium-sized businesses
· ensure the general availability of cultural goods, stop the commercialization of culture, protect Russian culture as the basis of the spiritual unity of multinational Russia, the national cultures of all peoples of the country
· protect society from the propaganda of vulgarity and cynicism in the media, provide access to state media for all political forces operating within the framework of the law, stop denigrating Russian and Soviet history
· take the most decisive measures to suppress corruption and crime, stop the practice of artificial bankruptcies, and put a stop to raider takeovers
· strengthen the country's defense capability, legislate the inadmissibility of using the Armed Forces against the people, creating a mercenary army of defenders of capital, expand social guarantees for military personnel and law enforcement officers
· ensure the territorial integrity of Russia and the protection of compatriots abroad
· pursue foreign policy on the principles of mutual respect between countries and peoples, promote the voluntary restoration of the Union State.
5. Party leader - G.A. Zyuganov.
6. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation has 152,926 party members.
7. According to the results of the 2007 elections, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation received 57 seats in the State Duma.
8. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation publishes a newspaper, Pravda.
9. The headquarters of the party is located at the address: 103051 Moscow, Maly Sukharevsky lane, building 3, building 1
10. The symbol of the party is a red banner depicting a book, hammer and sickle. Under the image there is an inscription - Communist Party of the Russian Federation.
"Liberal Democratic Party of Russia"
1. Liberal Democratic Party of Russia(LDPR) is a political party in the Russian Federation.
2. December 13, 1989 The first meeting of the initiative group to create the Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union (LDPSS). April 18–19, 1992. III Congress of the Liberal Democratic Party. A decision was made to establish and register the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) with the Ministry of Justice, to approve the LDPR Program and the LDPR Charter.
3. According to the official LDPR program, the party stands for liberalism and democracy. The LDPR categorically denies communist ideology and Marxism in general. Despite its name, the LDPR is generally described as a nationalist party.
4. Party program:
· LDPR advocates the creation of a social-legal, liberal-democratic unitary state, believes that a strong state is capable of ensuring the rights and freedoms of individual citizens
· The LDPR recognizes the principle of separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial. The LDPR sees the future of Russia in a presidential republic with a unicameral parliament - the State Duma
· LDPR advocates the establishment of a strict vertical of state power, which will allow the head of state to successfully carry out his activities, bearing responsibility for the officials he appoints
· The LDPR attaches great importance to local self-government. It is important to complete the local government reform
· It is necessary to protect our peoples; we must not create ethnic discord and national hostility. All interethnic conflicts must be resolved
· The LDPR considers it necessary to adopt a law on foreigners in order to stop the uncontrolled entry into Russia of citizens of the CIS and non-CIS countries, which seriously complicates the fight against crime
· Enterprises of different forms of ownership must have equal rights and opportunities
· The state must have a controlling stake in enterprises of the military-industrial and fuel-energy complexes, transport and communications, the metallurgical industry and heavy engineering, as well as extractive industries of a strategic nature.
· The state must take on the burden of developing capital-intensive industries, where costs are recouped in 5–10 years
· Direct all the economic power of the country to preserve and increase the achievements of Russian culture
· Formation of a clear long-term government policy to support industrial exports
· Coordination of regional national export programs
· Termination of any gratuitous assistance to other countries. Export gas, electricity, oil, including to all CIS countries - only at world prices
· Put the “shadow economy” under state control
· carrying out a general tax economic amnesty with the return of a reasonable part of past underpayments. This will allow the return to Russia of billions of dollars illegally exported due to high political risks in the post-perestroika period
· Make Russia not only a legal state, but also a social one
System of progressive taxation of persons with particularly large incomes
· No one should live below the poverty line. Salaries, pensions and benefits should not be below the subsistence level
· The state is obliged to take care of people with disabilities
· Restoration of the state free healthcare system while commercial healthcare is acceptable
· Along with free higher education for students, it is possible to introduce paid forms of education for those who wish and those who are better off
The party's goal is to create a development model in which youth will be provided with equality of opportunity. The place occupied by a young man in society will depend only on his own abilities, and not on the thickness of his parents’ wallet or the presence of Moscow registration.
5. The leader of the party is V.V. Zhirinovsky.
6. The party has 185,573 members.
7. After the 2007 elections to the State Duma, the party received 40 seats out of 450.
8. Newspaper published by the party - “LDPR”
9. The headquarters of the party is located at the address: 107045, Moscow, Lukov lane, 9, 1
10. The symbol of the party is a blue banner with the inscription - LDPR.
"Patriots of Russia"
- "Patriots of Russia"- moderate left political party in the Russian Federation.
2. Created on April 25, 2002. A significant part of the party members joined the “Patriots of Russia” party: “National-Sovereign Party of Russia”, “Russian Party of Labor” and “Eurasian Party - Union of Patriots of Russia”. The party was re-registered under a new name in July 2005.
3. The official ideology of this party is patriotism and socialism.
- Program of the Patriots of Russia party:
· create opportunities for freedom, development and self-realization of the individual
· the main value for a person, society and the state is family
· creation of civil society
· creation of a legal, democratic and social state
· the level and quality of life in Russia must correspond to the most developed countries of the world
· provide social guarantees to Russian citizens comparable to European countries
· create a high level of social protection for all citizens of the country. Social protection must be provided to everyone.
· high-quality public medicine and a healthy lifestyle for people
universal accessibility and high quality of domestic education
· powerful demographic growth and development of the nation
· providing modern and affordable housing to all citizens in need
· improving the lives of the older generation, people with disabilities, youth, rural residents and a number of other social groups experiencing the greatest difficulties today
· elimination of mass unemployment;
- Party leader - G. Semigin.
- The Patriots of Russia party consists of 84,995 people.
- According to the results of the 2007 vote, the Patriots of Russia party did not receive a single seat in the State Duma.
- The party publishes a newspaper - “Patriots of Russia”.
9. The headquarters of the party is located at the address: 119121, Moscow, Smolensky Blvd., 11
- The symbol of the party is a yellow banner with the inscription – Patriots of Russia.
"A Just Russia"
1. A Just Russia- center-left political party in Russia. Social Democratic Party.
2. The “Fair Russia” party was created from three parties: “Motherland Party”, “Russian Party of Life”, “Russian Party of Pensioners” on October 28, 2006.
3. Social democracy and democratic socialism are the main ideology of the party.
4. Party program:
· variety of forms of ownership
· effective state regulation of market economy
power based on the trust of the people
· realization of the vital interests of the majority of the population, fair distribution of society's income
· protecting people from poverty and arbitrariness of authorities
· basic social guarantees and decent pensions
· accessible education and healthcare systems
· reducing the distance between the government and the people
· the path to a free and solidary society
· enter progressive tax scale
raise the level of wages three times
introduce a luxury tax
· increasing pensions to 65% of previous earnings. Minimum pension should be 6 thousand rubles
· Provide free access for every Russian citizen to the riches of domestic and world culture
· Provide young families interest-free loan for the purchase of an apartment. At the birth of the first child, 25% of the loan is written off, the second - 50%, the third - the loan is repaid
· government spending on medicine must comply with the recommendations of the World Health Organization (at least 5% of GDP).
· Make medical care accessible to all citizens of Russia, regardless of income, social status and place of residence.
· Allow the use of maternity capital (in addition to the purchase of housing, education of children, investment in the Pension Fund in the mother’s savings account) for the treatment of children and mothers.
- "Party Leader" A Just Russia" - S. Mironov.
6. The party numbers 409,374 people.
7. According to the results of the 2007 elections, the A Just Russia party received 38 seats in the State Duma.
8. The headquarters of the party is located at the address: 107031, Moscow, st. Dmitrovka B., 32, 1
9.Party emblem is a composition of the following parts: a stylized image of a fluttering banner consisting of three horizontal stripes: upper white, middle blue and lower red (the ratio of the height of the stripes to the total height of the flag is: white - one fifth, blue - one fifth, red - three fifth), on the red stripe of the cloth there is a horizontal inscription in yellow capital letters in two lines - A Just Russia.
"Apple"
1. APPLE"- moderate left social-liberal political party of modern Russia.
2. Initially, the YABLOKO party arose as an electoral association, and became a party in the fall of 1993 after the September-October political crisis, which ended in bloody clashes in Moscow on October 3–4.
3. Having emerged as a social liberal party, YABLOKO is undergoing a certain ideological evolution towards greater “social democratization”, which is caused not so much by changes within the party, but by shifts in the content and direction of the political process in recent years.
4. Party program:
· Mass housing construction. YABLOKO proposes to expand the programs “A Home for Every Family” and “Family Estate”.
· Mass transfer of land into private ownership for development of family houses.
· Strengthen legislative guarantees of private property rights to land and real estate and abolish legislative opportunities to take them away from some individuals for transfer to ownership of others.
· The state provides partial or full reimbursement of interest on loans.
· Restoring the foundations of democracy, reforming the state apparatus and separating government from business.
· Creation of guarantees of the inviolability of private property.
· Establishment of compensatory bonuses to pensions and salaries of low-paid public sector employees (teachers, doctors, cultural workers).
· Investments in the construction of housing for people on the waiting list, defrauded shareholders, and young families, as well as investments in the restoration of social infrastructure in rural areas and gasification.
· Ensuring guarantees of labor rights of employees. Adoption of laws guaranteeing the rights of truly independent trade unions, minimum wages above the subsistence level, mandatory and stable employment contracts, a real right to strike, and a ban on the use of agency labor.
· An accessible system of nurseries and kindergartens is being created, ensuring the possibility of obtaining a place for each child. Child benefits in the amount of the subsistence minimum are paid until the child reaches school age.
· Medical care is divided into social and commercial. The first is financed from the budget according to standards that are gradually approaching international standards, the second - through insurance funds. Extortion in social medical institutions is prohibited.
5. Party leader - S. Mitrokhin (since 2008).
6. As of 2010, the Yabloko party consists of 57,341 people.
7. According to the results of the 2007 State Duma elections, the Yabloko party did not receive a single seat.
8. The headquarters of the party is located at the address: 119017, Moscow, Pyatnitskaya st., 31/2, building 2
"Just Cause"
1. Right Cause Party- center-right Russian political party.
2. The founding congress of the RIGHT CAUSE party took place in Moscow on November 16, 2008. On February 18, 2009, the party received official registration with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. The new organization included representatives of three parties: the Union of Right Forces, Civil Force and the Democratic Party of Russia.
3. The All-Russian political party “Right Cause” unites supporters of right-wing liberal ideology.
4. Party program:
· They stand for freedom, property and order.
· The state is for the person, not the person for the state.
· Protecting the interests of all social groups and the stability of society, not only the rights of the majority, but also the rights of the minority must be respected.
· Market development based on free competition and the fight against monopolism, protection of private property.
· The party opposes increasing the terms of office of the President and the State Duma.
· No elected official may serve more than two consecutive terms.
· Advocate for complete transparency and openness of the executive branch, including in the formation and expenditure of budgets at all levels and reserves of the country, for maximum openness, including defense, foreign policy budgets and budgets of law enforcement agencies.
· Transition from the principles of “control” to the principles of promoting business, increasing the effectiveness of the fight against corruption and administrative pressure.
· Increase the efficiency of education - primarily through the transition in higher education from the principle of budgetary financing of universities to a system of financing the best students and providing grants to universities for the implementation of specific projects needed by society.
· Voluntary health insurance, free medical care for socially vulnerable groups of the population. Budgetary spending on healthcare in Russia should increase to at least 5-7% of GDP.
· The basis of housing reform should be the stimulation of mortgages.
· Streamlining the process of attracting labor migrants to Russia.
5. Party leader - G. Bovt.
6. Right Cause has 61,919 party members.
7. The Right Cause party did not receive a single seat in the State Duma following the 2007 vote.
8. The headquarters of the party is located in Moscow.
9. The symbol is a white canvas with the image of a five-pointed star. To the right of the star image there is a blue inscription - a just cause.
Today there are 76 registered political parties in our country. Before this, there were 77 of them. Most recently, by decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the all-Russian political party “VOLIA” was liquidated. Now there are 76 of them. Each party has its own program, its own goals. Of course, they are all worthy of attention. The preponderance is made up of those parties whose program and policies are more relevant today. The State Duma currently includes four main political parties:
1) "United Russia"
2) Communist Party of the Russian Federation - communist party
3) LDPR - liberal democratic party
4) “A Just Russia”.
Let me give you the political goals of the United Russia party:
Strong State
strong presidential power as a guarantee of political stability and inviolability of the constitutional order;
carrying out administrative reform, improving the country's governance system and optimizing the functions of government bodies;
increasing citizens' trust in the state, creating a transparent and understandable state policy;
increasing the political responsibility of deputies at all levels.
Developing civil society
public control over power through parties and public associations;
development of self-organization of citizens, public self-government;
involving citizens in the management of public affairs;
improvement of legislation regulating the activities of public associations and their relationships with the state.
Land of free people
implementation of the principle of equal rights, freedoms and opportunities across different social groups, nationalities and religions;
formation of effective mechanisms for the protection of rights and freedoms.
Just Society
creating conditions in which the majority of the population will be able to independently solve their socio-economic problems;
social partnership;
an effective system of social guarantees, redistribution of benefits in favor of those in real need, targeted social assistance, the formation of a unified system of social insurance and security
health.
Prosperous country
promoting the development of high-tech branches of science and industry;
improving the quality of state property management;
rational taxation of natural resources;
improving the business climate in the country, structural reforms, development of the financial market;
de-bureaucratization of the economy, development of small and medium-sized businesses;
uniform rules of competition between participants in economic life.
Safe country
increasing the country's defense capability, forming a professional army;
improving the activities of law enforcement agencies;
consistent implementation of judicial reform.
Modern Federation
promoting a clear delineation of economic, social and tax powers of the Center and the regions;
comprehensive development of local self-government, creation of its stable and independent financial basis - while increasing the responsibility of leaders for the situation on the ground.
Country of great culture
growth of the spiritual potential of society and each person, development of national cultures and preservation of the identity of peoples and historical regions;
creation of a state system for searching, selecting and supporting talent;
building up the country's scientific and technological potential, targeted government support for fundamental science.
Great Russia in a changing world
formation and support of international policy aimed at increasing Russia’s role in the world;
Russia's participation in international collective security systems that protect the world from international terrorism and extremism;
development of economic international relations beneficial for Russia;
active participation of Russia in the processes of European integration;
protection of the rights and interests of Russian citizens and compatriots abroad;
strengthening international public and humanitarian ties.
Responsible party
maintaining social stability;
formation of a personnel reserve for nomination to bodies of representative and executive power;
active participation in elections at all levels;
taking public opinion into account when preparing and making decisions.
Political parties of modern Russia
Political parties of modern Russia. 2 1. Party "Yabloko" 2 2. LDPR Party 4 3. All-Russian Political Public Organization - Party "Unity" 7 4. People's Socialist Workers Party 9 5. Party of Self-Government of Workers 9 6. Democratic Party of Russia 10 7. "Our Home Russia » 11 8. Party “Labor Russia” 17 List of used literature 19
Political parties of modern Russia.
There are many parties in Russia; democratic, communist-socialist, nationalist, etc. They all protect someone's interests. The first thing to do is answer the question, whose interests does the party protect? Parties are right, left, center. Some defend the interests of a certain class or classes, others are defenders of nations and peoples, there are parties at the top, there are parties at the bottom. Having considered all the known parties, we can conclude that democratic parties were created to protect the interests of the bourgeoisie, the rich and property owners. All these parties are conductors of the ideas of capitalism and, as a rule, express the interests of international financial groups, since in Russia most of the large capitals were created with the help of foreign countries. Parties of a class nature (communist-socialists) are not national parties, but narrow class ones, that is, they take into account the interests of only the working class. National parties defend the interests of the nation and people, reject the idea of a class structure of society, considering it an invention of Marx and others like him. Let's try to understand the ideology and goals of Russian parties.
1. Yabloko Party
Party goals: The party’s main goals are to make Russia a legal, and not a criminally corrupt, state. Create an effective market economy, as well as a strong social policy of the state. Preserve the integrity of the state on the basis of federalism and integration, prevent feudal fragmentation and punitive actions. Puts law and order and the safety of citizens first. Promises to provide state support to domestic science and culture, to prevent the barbaric waste of accumulated potential. The party strives to create an army that is combat-ready and respected by all states. Yabloko calls on people to preserve a healthy environment with clean air, water and land, and not turn Russia into a dumping ground for toxic waste. He advocates carrying out market and democratic reforms in Russia.
Yabloko still stands on the position of deepening the economic union with the republics of the former USSR. The party believes that the collapse of the USSR could have been avoided and, in any case, its consequences could have been significantly mitigated if the Treaty on the Economic Union of the Republics, developed by Epicenter Yavlinsky, had been concluded on time, back in 1991.
The Yabloko party critically evaluates the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the consequence of which has been the lack of federalism and the overconcentration of power in the hands of the President, to such an extent that the President cannot hold it, and it is picked up by random people. At the 1993 referendum, Yabloko called on its supporters to vote against the adoption of the Russian Constitution.
Opposes a military solution to the Chechen issue. Yabloko sees negotiations with Chechnya as an equal party as the only means of resolving the crisis. Russia at the negotiations must be represented by a person who understands and respects the Caucasus.
The party proposes to abandon the slogan of financial stabilization and move to a policy of carrying out institutional and structural reforms in the economy with a relatively stable and predictable monetary policy. “Yabloko” believes that even with inflation of 5-10% per month, provided that its sustainability is responsibly guaranteed, structural reform of the economy is possible. “Yabloko” advocates the creation of a land market that will help cope with inflation. To achieve this, private ownership of land with the right of inheritance must be guaranteed. However, in those areas where communal land ownership is preferred, Yabloko is ready to leave everything as it is.
Yabloko assesses the situation of the peasantry as difficult. The main problems of the village, from the point of view of the party, are: firstly, the imbalance of prices for agricultural, industrial products and services that is destructive for peasants; secondly, that the centers for processing agricultural raw materials are monopolized and are owned not by peasants, but by third parties, who dictate monopoly prices. All this makes the work of peasants unprofitable.
2. LDPR Party
History of the party: The Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) arose in the context of the collapse of the state, political and social structures of the USSR, the collapse of the one-party system and the disappointment of the masses in totalitarian socialism with its monopoly ideology - Marxism-Leninism. The LDPR was proclaimed on December 13, 1989. The founder of the LDPR is Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky.
The LDPR was the first of the new political forces to enter the political arena after seven decades of omnipotence of the CPSU. This is the only party in Russia that has nothing to do with the old nomenklatura.
As sociological studies show, the social support of the LDPR is mainly residents of small and medium-sized cities and towns with a predominant Russian population, the majority of whom are people of working age and students.
Since its inception, the LDPR has always taken a special position on fundamental issues and major events in the country and in the world. In 1991, she supported the State Emergency Committee and advocated the preservation of the Soviet Union.
In December 1993, LDPR supporters ensured the adoption of a new Constitution, providing for the maximum freedoms possible under the conditions of that time. This allowed Russia to begin the transition from the regime of the personal dictatorship of the President to a constitutional order. LDPR - parliamentary party; its task is to come to power through elections at all levels.
Objectives of the LDPR: The LDPR is a centrist democratic party. Unlike pro-Western democratic parties and social movements, this is a party of Russian democrats.
The main goal of the LDPR is the revival of the democratic Russian state. In modern conditions, the LDPR puts the principle of patriotism to the fore, which is associated, first of all, with the need to achieve the restoration of our state within its historical and geopolitical borders. This is also due to the fact that over the past decades there has been a process of oppression and reduction of the Russian population of the country.
In its activities, the LDPR is guided by the ideas of liberalism and democracy. In her understanding, liberalism is genuine, not imaginary freedom. This is, first of all, the protection of civil rights and freedoms of individuals. This is freedom of choice of economic, political, scientific, cultural and other activities, freedom of opinions and ideological views, tolerance of other views.
Democracy, as understood by the LDPR, presupposes a constitutional structure of the state oriented towards a presidential republic. The LDPR stands for the legal functioning of all branches of government - legislative, executive and judicial, as well as local governments. These include free elections, a multi-party system, and complete equality of citizens, regardless of nationality, social origin, religion and ideological and political views.
The party is a supporter of a society of social justice; it rejects not only communism, but also wild capitalism. The LDPR stands for the creation of equal conditions for every citizen to realize their abilities. Party members believe that in a society of social justice, people's desire to honestly achieve a high level of well-being should be encouraged.
The LDPR stands for establishing strict order in Russia and implementing the principle of the dictatorship of the law. The party believes that the law must be respected by both the authorities and individual citizens. No one has the right to rise above the law, no one has the right to ignore it.
The Liberal Democratic Party of Russia considers the primary task to be the strengthening of the Russian state as a unified, democratic, legal, social, secular state with a republican structure and strong presidential power (presidential republic).
The LDPR is seeking to reform Russia from a federal to a unitary state without national autonomies. They reject the national-territorial principle of government, because they believe that it inevitably leads to an increase in interethnic conflicts and the destruction of the country.
The LDPR considers it necessary to increase territorial administrative units by uniting small federal subjects into larger entities. The LDPR proposed introducing in Russia from seven to fifteen equal and homogeneous provinces in their status with a population of approximately 10-20 million people in each province. These provinces should not have any of their own constitutions, national state languages and ruling ethnic groups. In a unified Russian state there must be a single state language - Russian. At the same time, we must not forget that all national minorities must be ensured the right to freely develop their culture, language and traditions. Cultural autonomy is the key to preserving the national identity of the Russian state created over centuries.
The LDPR believes that in order to effectively govern a state like Russia, the President, the State Duma, and local government bodies should be elected.
The LDPR strives to achieve full equality of Russian citizens, regardless of their nationality and religious affiliation. Privileges are unacceptable to any people or nationality.
LDPR for effective foreign trade carried out in the interests of Russia.
3. All-Russian Political Public
Organization - party "Unity"
History of the party: “Unity” as a political party was created on May 27, 2000, but the official registration of the party was preceded by a number of stages of its formation and development.
Unity was initially formed as an election association. The founding congress of the electoral bloc Interregional Movement "UNITY" (abbreviated as "Bear") took place on October 3, 1999.
The bloc was headed by the Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief Sergei Shoigu, Police Major General Alexander Gurov, and multiple world champion in Greco-Roman wrestling Alexander Karelin. This day is considered the “birthday” of “Unity”. The “Bear” electoral bloc, participating in the elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation on December 19, 1999, received 23.32% of the votes, which allowed it to form the second largest faction in the State Duma. On December 27, 1999, after the elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation and on the eve of the presidential elections of the Russian Federation (March 26, 2000), a meeting of supporters of the Unity electoral bloc was held, at which a decision was made to create the socio-political movement Unity.
On February 27, 2000, the first Founding Congress of the All-Russian Political Social Movement “Unity” was held in Moscow, which brought together 1,155 delegates elected at the founding conferences of the Movement’s branches. One of the most important tasks set at the Congress and stated from the rostrum by S.K. Shoigu was “participation in the election campaign for the election of the President of the Russian Federation and consistent support of our candidate Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin.”
On April 22, 2000, a meeting of the Political Council of the Movement was held, raising the question of transforming the Unity movement into the Unity party. S.K. Shoigu was unanimously elected as the leader of the Unity party and Chairman of the Supervisory Council, B.V. Gryzlov was elected Chairman of the Political Council, and S.A. Popov was elected Chairman of the Central Executive Committee.
In connection with the appointment of V.V. Gryzlova to the post of Minister of Internal Affairs on April 4, 2001 V.A. Pekhtin was elected head of the Unity faction in the State Duma. On April 3, 2001, F.A. became the acting Chairman of the Political Council. Klintsevich.
Today, Unity structures have been formed at the federal, regional and local levels. Regional organizations of the Party have been created in all subjects of the Federation. Local party organizations have been created in 2,270 municipalities out of 2,682 located on the territory of the Russian Federation. 4070 primary organizations of the Party were created. The number of citizens accepted as members of the Party as of August 1, 2001 was 145,215 people. Another 42 thousand applications from citizens for admission to Party membership are being considered by regional party organizations. In the State Duma, 83 deputies are members of the Unity faction.
4. People's Socialist Workers Party
Party history: The People's Socialist Workers' Party was registered on June 23, 1999 as an Interregional Political Public Organization (political party). Chairman of the party - Fedorov G.V.
The precursor to the emergence of the NSRP was the creation of the People's Orthodox Slavic Movement (NPSD) and the publication of the newspaper “Slavic Unity”. NPSD was created in 1995. The objectives of the Party do not include the struggle for power; it stands on the position of creating a single, opposition political bloc, standing outside the time frame of the election campaign and related political activity.
Objectives of N.S.R.P. The first task of N.S.R.P. sees the removal of anti-national forces in any of their manifestations from governing the state. And the main goal of the party is to establish a national socialist system in Russia and ensure the development of the state and nation on the basis of social and national justice.
5. Workers' Self-Government Party
Brief historical background: The Workers' Self-Government Party (WSP) was founded in the fall of 1994 on the initiative of the famous ophthalmologist, director of the Eye Microsurgery International Scientific and Technical Complex, Academician S.N. Fedorov. Registered on March 6, 1995.
From the first days of its activity, the party has advocated socialist positions. In 1995, over three million Russians voted for her in the State Duma elections. In 1996, at the request of labor collectives and numerous citizens, S.N. Fedorov ran for the post of President of the Russian Federation and took sixth place among 10 candidates.
Among the basic goals of the PST are the introduction of the principles of self-government into the most important areas of society, the elimination of mercenarism, and the establishment of socially just relations based on free labor.
Today the party has approximately 10,000 members in 64 regions of Russia, and has its branches in 56 regions.
PARTY SLOGAN “TOGETHER WITH EVERYONE FOR THE GOOD OF EVERYONE!”
6. Democratic Party of Russia
History: The organizing committee for the creation of the Democratic Party of Russia was formed between April 21 and May 3, 1990. The main goal of his activity was the creation of a mass political party capable of competing with the CPSU and destroying its monopoly on power. The base of the party was to be the Moscow Association of Voters, the Leningrad Popular Front and some part of the Democratic Platform in the CPSU and the Interregional Deputy Group. On May 26-27, the Founding Conference of the Democratic Party of Russia took place. 310 delegates from 85 regions of Russia took part in the conference.
The Democratic Party of Russia acts as a political force responsible to citizens and oriented not towards the ruling class, but towards the people. The party unites the political will of the emerging civil society and embodies it in specific policies aimed at protecting the interests of Russians who have made a choice in favor of establishing a democratic state.
Ideology: The highest goal of the party's policy is a society in which the free development of talents, abilities and initiatives of citizens is ensured, social peace, justice and order reign, the rule of law is strictly observed, and the security of the state and the individual is reliably protected. The party stands for a strong democratic state that is responsible to the people.
The DPR also believes that every citizen, in turn, is responsible for the productive work of the state body, consciously participating in the elections of their representatives to government bodies, paying taxes, contributing to the development of society and strengthening the state, and ensuring law and order.
The party promises to form a highly efficient and socially oriented market economy, in which state regulation ensures and controls the operation of market competition mechanisms, creates conditions for the development of the productive forces of society and scientific and technological progress, pursues a fair income policy and guarantees a decent level of social security.
We will firmly defend historically established Russian traditions. The national idea of the party is the spiritual revival of Russia.
DPR stands for strengthening the family, protecting motherhood and childhood. Creating conditions for restoring strong family traditions, raising children, caring for the elderly and disabled.
7. “Our Home Russia”
History: The creation of the NDR was preceded by a statement by the President of the Russian Federation B. Yeltsin on April 26, 1995 that at the beginning of the election campaign he ordered the creation of two centrist blocs: the center-right, which was entrusted to the formation of the head of government V. Chernomyrdin, and the center-left, responsible for the creation which was appointed Speaker of the State Duma I. Rybkin. And while difficulties immediately arose with the center-left bloc, the “Chernomyrdin bloc” was created with such a degree of efficiency that is only possible by using the entire complex of administrative, information and material resources available to the authorities. Already on May 12, the founding congress of the movement “Our Home is Russia” was held, in which mainly representatives of central and regional executive authorities took part. The congress unanimously elected V. Chernomyrdin as chairman of the NDR. And 10 days later – May 22, 1995 – the All-Russian socio-political movement “Our Home is Russia” was registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.
In August–September 1995, the 2nd Congress of the NDR was held in two stages. At the first stage (August 12), the program and election platform of the movement were adopted, at the second (September 2-3) a federal list was formed (the first three are V. Chernomyrdin, film director N. Mikhalkov, General L. Rokhlin). It should be noted that in the elections of December 17, 1995, the electoral association “Our Home is Russia” did not live up to the hopes placed on it by its creators. Despite B. Yeltsin’s confidence that the two “centrist blocs” would receive at least two-thirds of the seats in the new parliament, the most successful of them, the NDR, had to be content with 10.13% of the votes.
The NDR faction in the State Duma included 55 people (45 elected on the federal list, 11 in single-mandate districts), which amounted to slightly more than 12% of the deputy corps. Subsequently (by the beginning of 1998), the size of the faction increased to 67 people (about 15%), which allowed it to become the second largest parliamentary association, but it was still more than twice as large as the Communist Party faction. The successes of “Our House” in the lower house of parliament were limited to obtaining the post of first vice-speaker of the State Duma (he was taken by A. Shokhin), as well as 4 (out of 23) chairs of the Duma committee chairmen - on nationalities affairs (he was taken by Vladimir Zorin), on defense ( Lev Rokhlin), on local government issues (Andrey Polyakov), on property and privatization (Pavel Bunich).
During the 1996 presidential campaign, the NDR unconditionally supported Boris Yeltsin, being one of the first to join the All-Russian Movement of Public Support for the President as a collective member, and after the elections - to the All-Russian Coordination Council for the election of heads of administrations in the constituent entities of the Federation. The diligence of the NDR in supporting Boris Yeltsin was rewarded to a greater extent than anyone else - in August 1996, the president proposed to the State Duma to approve the leader of the NDR, V. Chernomyrdin, as prime minister.
However, the most vulnerable point of Our House was that its very existence depended entirely on the official status of its leader. While V. Chernomyrdin was the second person in the state, complete unanimity reigned in the ranks of the NDR. As soon as B. Yeltsin pushed V. Chernomyrdin aside, inviting “young reformers” into the government, the NDR immediately found itself in an incomprehensible position - on the one hand, formally its Duma faction retained the status of pro-government, and on the other, the ideology of the new cabinet turned out to be alien to the overwhelming majority most of its members.
The resignation of V. Chernomyrdin in March 1998 and the invitation to the post of Prime Minister S. Kiriyenko completely confused the situation. The NDR faction continued to support government initiatives by inertia, but there could no longer be any talk of any unity of positions and interests with the cabinet. On August 21, 1998, the NDR faction, along with all other deputy associations, refused to support the government of S. Kiriyenko. The failure to return V. Chernomyrdin to the post of prime minister finally put an end to the prospects of the movement.
Beginning in the fall of 1998, the niche of representation of the “prosperous” part of the Russian bureaucracy was occupied, instead of the NDR, by Luzhkov’s “Fatherland”. At the end of January 1999, the “gubernatorial” bloc “Voice of Russia” began to claim the same role, and in April, the “All Russia” bloc also began to claim the same role. There was simply no place left for “our home” in this arrangement. This was felt by numerous representatives of the NDR both in the center and locally. In the regions, NDR organizations almost en masse switched to Fatherland; governors-members of the NDR either joined Yu. Luzhkov or announced their own political projects. In the center, the head of the Duma faction A. Shokhin openly called on V. Chernomyrdin to “make room” and cede leadership in the movement to a more promising politician, as well as urgently begin negotiations on cooperation with any possible partners. And although A. Shokhin’s “rebellion” was suppressed, and he himself was removed from his post and expelled from the faction, the validity of his warnings about the danger of completely eliminating the NDR from the political scene was obvious. Appointed leader of the faction, V. Ryzhkov, who, against his will, left the post of vice-speaker of the Duma, openly admitted that in the future parliamentary elections, “Our Home is Russia” can count on the support of no more than 2% of voters.
At the same time, it should be noted that after V. Ryzhkov began to speak more and more often on behalf of the NDR, the rating of the movement began to grow. Thanks to the efforts of the new faction coordinator, representing the wing of Our House that united people from Russia’s Choice, the image of the NDR acquired a more liberal hue. Associations such as “Right Cause”, “New Force” (S. Kiriyenko), “Voice of Russia” (K. Titov) began to consider the movement as a potential partner in the upcoming parliamentary elections. On July 2, 1999, at a meeting with representatives of these organizations, V. Ryzhkov and V. Chernomyrdin agreed to participate in negotiations on the creation of a “broad coalition of right-wing forces.” However, after it became clear that the initiators of the “broad coalition” want to see only V. Ryzhkov in the top three of the electoral list as a representative of the NDR, V. Chernomyrdin gave a “full back” and announced that the question of the form of participation of “Our House” in the upcoming elections has not yet been decided. V. Ryzhkov, in turn, did not have the courage to break with the leader of the NDR, especially since about 70% of regional organizations opposed the alliance with the “right”.
In July and August 1999, the leadership of the movement several times confirmed its readiness to independently participate in the elections, while at the same time not refusing to continue negotiations with possible allies. However, the latter meant not so much the “right” as “Fatherland” and “All Russia”, which, for their part, did not see any need for an alliance with the NDR and therefore did not make any advances to it. The participation in negotiations on the creation of a “broad center-right coalition” by S. Stepashin, who was dismissed from the post of prime minister in August 1999, also came to nothing. V. Chernomyrdin, who represented the NDR at them, spoke out categorically against the inclusion of the leader of the New Force movement, Sergei Kiriyenko, in the top three, as well as against participation in the “right bloc” of the Democratic Choice of Russia party. As a result, the electoral bloc “Union of Right Forces” was created without the participation of “Our House”, and the VII Congress of the NDR, held on August 28, 1999, decided to go to the elections independently. The top four of the list of “Our House”, in addition to the chairman of the NDR V. Chernomyrdin and his first deputies V. Ryzhkov and the Saratov governor D. Ayatskov, also included the leader of the movement “Forward, Russia!” Boris Fedorov, who the day before announced his withdrawal from the Just Cause coalition.
At the end of September 1999, the leadership of the NDR was invited to act as one of the co-founders of the electoral bloc “Interregional Unity Movement” (“Bear”). However, for this, “Our House” had to withdraw its lists from the Central Election Commission and thereby actually admit the impossibility of its existence. After some thought, the leaders of the NDR came to the conclusion that such a step was inappropriate (according to some information, the unexpectedly firm position of V. Ryzhkov played a special role here). As a result, on December 19, 1999, the list of the movement “Our Home is Russia” received only 1.19% of the votes in support. At the same time, 9 representatives of the NDR, including V. Chernomyrdin and V. Ryzhkov, entered the State Duma in single-mandate constituencies. In the lower house of parliament, most of them joined the Unity faction, but none of them, including the leaders, managed to occupy any prominent place there.
At the VIII Congress of the NDR, held on February 5, 2000, it was decided that the movement would retain the status of an independent political organization and not join the new favorite, Unity.
Program guidelines: From the very beginning, the ideology of the NDR was eclectic in nature and included simultaneously elements of liberalism, social democracy, and statist paternalism. The goals of the NDR in its program documents adopted at the first congresses in 1995 were declared: “to give a real chance to sensible and constructive forces in Russian politics and Russian society, to close the road to mediocrity, irresponsibility, demagoguery and extremism”; “to create a truly efficient Federal Assembly”; “to make government policy integral, open and consistent”; “strengthen interaction between the branches of government”; carry out “reform of society on the basis of legality, order, consistency and phasing of reform measures.”
In the field of economics, the following tasks were set: “to give the liberal principles of economic life in Russia a tangible social dimension”; make the “idea of national accumulation” the core of reforms; strengthen the role of the state in economic management; overcome the decline in investment activity; provide “reasonable protectionism towards Russian producers”, etc.
In the social sphere - to prevent “unreasonable distortions in market development (mass unemployment, sharp differentiation in living standards)”; “to ensure reliable social protection of pensioners, disabled and low-income groups of the population, anti-inflation protection and restoration of citizens’ savings”, etc.
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