Cases and their questions table. “Whom”, “what” - what case? Cases and their questions. How to distinguish the accusative and prepositional cases when prepositions coincide

Case is a variable characteristic of a word that is inherent only to nouns, adjectives, numerals or pronouns. Considering the above, we can determine the meaning of the term “case”.

Case- this is a characteristic denoting the type in which the noun is found, denoting its relationship with another object or person, defining its action, state or attribute.

A more complex concept of case sounds like this:

Case- a changing characteristic of the grammar of the Russian language, which corresponds to a noun, pronoun, numeral or adjective, as well as their hybrids, determining their meaning in a sentence regarding semantic or syntactic position.

Cases help connect parts of speech with each other, giving a sentence or phrase a certain thought. Visually, it is expressed using text through transformation of the form of the word. For clarity, you can compare:

• month, barns, yellow, face, sun, clear;

The moon hides its yellow face behind the barns from the blazing sun.

In the first case, a set of words is used that are not connected in any way and therefore represent a meaningless enumeration. In the second, the parts of speech are changed, the idea is presented clearly and clearly, this is facilitated by cases.

There are 6 cases in total, which are characterized by a specific ending. A particular case can be determined by asking the appropriate question, or recognized by the presence of certain prepositions. The table presented shows all existing cases, defining their questions and corresponding prepositions, if any.

Case table

Cases in Russian (table with questions and endings)

Before analyzing each case separately using specific words as an example, let us once again recall the terminology of this word and relate it to the noun.

Case is a form of a noun that modifies it and reveals its relationship to another object, person, action or event, creating a semantic connection in a sentence or phrase.

Noun cases. Case prepositions

Nominative

Nominative is the basic or initial form of the name of an object. Used to denote an object, in the nominative case the word will always express the answer to the question Who? or What?

• Who? mom-a, hare_, doctor_;
• What? pen, sun, pond, quiet.

Prepositions are not used when using words in the nominative case. It belongs to the direct case category (the rest are called indirect). In a sentence, a noun in the nominative case is the subject or part of the predicate.

• I really liked this book. (« book" in the nominative case, is the subject)
• A dog is man's best friend. (« Friend" - part of the predicate)

Genitive

Denotes the attraction or belonging of an object to another object or person, answers questions whom? what?

• (no) who? mothers, hare, doctor;
• (no) what? handles, suns, ponds, quiet.

This case belongs to the category of indirect and can be used with or without prepositions. Example:

• (missing what?) handles - the (what?) handle broke off.

To more accurately connect the meaning of a noun with another word, prepositions are used. If the noun is in the genitive case, then prepositions will correspond to it without, from, around, with, around, at, after, from, for, to.

• walk without a hat;
• learn from a book;
• walk around the building;
• ask a passerby;
• move away from the entrance;
• reach your shoulder.

Dative

Used in combination with verbs that denote an action in relation to a given subject; questions correspond to it: to whom? or what?

• I give (to whom?) mom-e, hare-y, doctor-y;
• I give (to what?) handle-e, sun-y, pond-y, quiet-y.

This case (which is also indirect) corresponds to the prepositions to (ko), by, according to, contrary to, following, like.

• Run up to your sister;
• act according to conviction;
• go towards the train;
• do against advice.

Accusative

A noun in the accusative case indicates the object of the action, is used in combination with a verb, and questions correspond to it: whom? or What?

• I blame (who?) mom-a, hare-a, doctor-a;
• I blame (what?) handle, sun, pond, quiet.

Prepositions used with a noun in the accusative case: with (with), through, in (in), about (about), on, through, under, about, through, by, for.

• Carry through the years;
• talk to yourself;
• peep through glass;
• dance to music;
• avenged his father.

Some of these prepositions ( on, under, behind, in) clarify the direction of the action being performed:

• hid (what?) in a box;
• put (for what?) on the box;
• put (for what?) per box;
• adjusted (under what?) under the box.

Instrumental case

A noun in the instrumental case denotes an object that produces an effect on another object; it is determined by the questions: by whom? or how?

• Satisfied (with whom?) mom-oh, hare-eat, doctor-oh;
• happy with (what?) pen-oh, sun-oh, pond-oh, quiet-oh.

Prepositions used with a noun in the instrumental case: for, with (co), between, under, above, in front of, together with, in connection with, according to s.

• Speak with pride;
• fly above the ground;
• think before buying;
• look after the child;
• laugh with grandma;
• stand between trees;
• stop due to the rules.

Prepositional

When in the prepositional case, the noun answers questions about whom? about what?

• I think (about whom?) about mom, hare, doctor;
• Think about what?) about the pen, about the sun, about the pond, about silence.

Prepositions to use if the noun is in the prepositional case: by, on, about (about), in, at.

• Establish at the department;
• go to the museum;
• sit on a bench;
• talk about the film;
• sail on a boat.

In third grade, students are introduced to the concept of “case” and learn that nouns change according to case. Despite the fact that only 6 cases are studied in the school curriculum, for children this topic is one of the most difficult topics to study in elementary school. Children will have to learn cases and case questions, learn to ask the right questions in order to correctly determine the case of a noun in the text. Why define case? In order to subsequently write the endings of words correctly based on the case and declension of the noun.

Case- This fickle a sign of nouns, i.e. nouns change (decline) according to cases. Changing by case means changing nouns by question. There are six cases in Russian. Each case has its own name and answers a specific question. When a word changes by case, its ending changes.

Cases clarify the role of nouns and their relationship with other words in a sentence.

List of cases

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

Dry names of cases are very difficult for a child to remember. He needs associations. Therefore, a child’s acquaintance with cases can begin with a fairy tale.

Tale about cases

Once upon a time there lived Case.
He had not yet been born, but they were already thinking about what name to give him and decided to call him Nominative.
Born - became Parent. He liked this name even more.
He was a baby, he was given food and toys, and he became Dative.
But he was a big mischief-maker, they blamed him for all sorts of tricks, and he became accusative.
Then he grew up, began to do good deeds, and they called him Creative.
He began to offer his help to everyone, soon everyone started talking about him and now called him Prepositional.
That’s exactly what they said when they remembered him, they even sang a song:
Nominative, Genitive,
Dative, Accusative,
Creative, Prepositional.

To remember the order of cases, use the mnemonic phrase:

Ivan Gave Birth to a Baby Girl, Ordered to Carry the Diaper.

Table of cases of the Russian language

Please note that in almost all cases you can remember the reference word by the first letters.

Genitive - parents
Dative - gave
Accusative - I see, I blame
Creative - I create

Prepositions of cases and semantic questions

Nominative case - no prepositions. Semantic questions: who? What?

Genitive case: at, from, to, for, from, without, after, about (y), near (y), against, from under, because of. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases: p. Semantic questions: where? where? whose? whose? whose?

Dative case: to, by. Semantic questions: where? How?

Accusative case: about, through. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on, for. Semantic questions: where? Where?

Instrumental case: above, between, before. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases - under, for, with. Semantic questions: where? How?

Prepositional case: about, about, at. Prepositions that coincide with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on. Semantic questions: where?

Cases are divided into direct and indirect

Direct case– this is nominative. In a sentence, only a noun in the nominative case can be the subject.

Indirect cases– all others except the nominative. In a sentence, words in indirect cases are secondary members of the sentence.

To correctly determine the case of a noun, you must:

1. Find in the sentence the word to which the noun refers, pose a question from it;
2. Based on the question and preposition (if there is one), find out the case.

Seagulls circled above the waves. Circling (over what?) above the waves (etc.)

There is a technique that allows you to accurately determine the case only based on the questions asked. Let's formulate both questions. If we have an inanimate noun, replace it in the sentence with a suitable animate one and pose a question. For two questions we accurately determine the case.

I caught (who?) the cat. Replace the cat with an inanimate object: I caught (what?) a feather. Whom? What? - Accusative.

I couldn't reach (who?) the cat. Replace with inanimate: I couldn’t reach (what?) the branch. Whom? What? - Genitive

To correctly determine the case ending of a noun, you need to determine its case and declension.

Detailed table of cases and case endings of nouns of 1st, 2nd, 3rd declension

Russian Name Case	Latin Name Case	Questions	Prepositions	Ending
				Singular			Plural Number
				1 cl.	2 cl.	3 cl.
Nominative	Nominative	Who? What? (There is)	--- ---	And I	Oh, oh	---	Y, -i, -a, -i
Genitive	Genitive	Whom? What? (No)	without, at, before, from, with, about, from, near, after, for, around	Y, -i	And I		Ov, -ev, -ey
Dative	Dative	To whom? Why? (ladies)	to, by	E, -i	U, -yu		Am, yam
Accusative	Accusative	Whom? What? (I see)	in, for, on, about, through	U, -yu	Oh, oh	---	Y, -i, -a, -i, -ey
Instrumental	Instrumental	By whom? How? (proud)	for, above, under, before, with	Oh (oh) To her	Om, -eat		Ami, -yami
Prepositional	Prepositive	About whom? About what? (Think)	in, on, about, about, about, at	E, -i	E, -i		Ah, -yah

How to distinguish cases in words with the same endings, forms or prepositions

How to distinguish the nominative and accusative cases:

A noun in the nominative case is the subject of a sentence and does not have a preposition. A noun in the accusative case is a secondary member of the sentence, it can be with or without a preposition.

Mom (I. p.) puts cucumbers (V. p.) in the salad (V. p.).

How to distinguish the genitive and accusative cases:

If the questions in R. p. and V. p. (whom?) coincide, the cases are distinguished by the endings of the words: in R. p. the endings are –a (ya) / -ы (и). In V. p. the endings are –у (у).

Paw (who?) of a marten - R.p. / I see (who?) a marten - V. p.

If both questions and endings coincide, it is necessary to substitute any feminine word with the ending –a(ya) – instead of the words. Then in R. p. the ending will be -у(и), and in V. p. the ending will be -у(у).

The paw of (who?) a bear - I see (who?) a bear.

We check:

Paw of (who?) (fox) bear - R. p. - I see (who?) (fox) bear - V. p.

How to distinguish the genitive and instrumental cases with the preposition “with”:

If the preposition “s” coincides in R. p. and Tv. etc. distinguish them by case and semantic questions (from where? in R. p. and with what? in Tv. p.) and the endings of words in these cases.

Picked up (from where?) from the ground - R. p. / picked up a box (with what?) with earth - V. p.

How to distinguish the dative and genitive cases, which are the same in pronunciation:

A word without a preposition in D. p. will coincide in pronunciation with the word in R. p. (their endings in writing are different). To distinguish them, you need to understand the meaning of the phrase with this word.

D. p. - wrote a letter to grandmother Natasha [and] - grandmother’s name is Natasha

R. p. – wrote a letter to Natasha’s grandmother [and] – this is Natasha’s grandmother

How to distinguish the dative and prepositional cases if they have the same endings and semantic questions:

In this case, you need to pay attention to the prepositions that are different in these cases.

D. p. - floats (where?) on the sea - prepositions to, by

P. p. – located (where?) in the sea – prepositions in, in, on

How to distinguish the instrumental and accusative cases when semantic questions and prepositions coincide:

In case of coincidence of semantic questions and prepositions in TV. p. and v. p. you need to focus on case questions and endings.

TV p. – hid (where?, behind what?) behind the chest of drawers

V.p. – hid (where?, for what?) behind the chest of drawers

How to distinguish the accusative and prepositional cases when prepositions coincide:

If the prepositions of V. p. and P. p. coincide, it is necessary to focus on questions.

V. p. - ascended (where?, on what?) onto the pedestal

P. p. – stood (where?, on what?) on a pedestal

Poems about cases

I am Nominative case,
And I don’t have other people’s clothes on me.
Everyone recognizes me easily
And the subjects are called.
I don’t like prepositions since childhood,
I can't stand being around you.
My questions are WHO? So what?
No one will confuse it with anything.

And I case Genitive
My character is sociable.
WHOM? WHAT? And here I am!
Prepositions are often my friends.
Prepositions are often my friends.
I look like an accusative
I happen sometimes
But in the text you will discern
Always two cases.

I am called Dative,
I work diligently.
WHOM should I give it to? Call for what?
Only I can say.

And I am Accusative case,
And I blame it all on the ignorant.
But I love excellent students,
I catch “fives” for them.
Who to call, what to play,
I'm ready to give the guys some advice.
Don't mind making friends with pretexts,
But I can live without them.

And I am instrumental case
I am filled with all sorts of hopes.
Create! - How? Create! - With whom?
I'll tell you - no problem!

And I am the prepositional case,
My case is complicated.
Light is not nice to me without excuses.
ABOUT WHOM? ABOUT WHAT? I told?
Oh yes, we need excuses
I have no way without them.
Then I can tell
What is the dream?

Nominative, genitive,
Dative, accusative,
Creative, prepositional...
It's difficult to remember them all.
Always keep in your memory
Names. These are cases.

Nominative

He is the beginning case,
Questions – WHO? So what?
It contains mom, dad, elephant, playpen,
Both school and coat.

Genitive

Questions: No WHO? WHAT?
I don't have a brother
And not a single hamster...
It's all mom's fault!

Dative

This is an apple, tell me
I will give it to WHOM? WHAT?
Maybe Lena? Or Vitya?
No, probably no one...

Accusative

Oh! The toys are a mess!
I don’t understand it myself:
Blame WHOM? So what?
A doll? Cubes? Lotto?

Instrumental

I want to compose songs.
WITH WHOM? WHAT should I use to study sheet music?
Write to me with a pen or pen,
Or colored pencil?

Prepositional

I'm thinking about WHO? ABOUT WHAT?
About school, about verbs.
Or rather, I'm thinking about
I'm so tired of school...

But now all cases
I have firmly memorized it.
Try teaching it that way too,
After all, knowledge is POWER!!!

Polak Frida

Nominative is you
picking flowers
and the genitive is for you
the trill and clicking of the nightingale.
If it's dative, it's all for you,
happiness named in fate,
then accusative... No, wait,
I'm not simple in grammar,
want new cases
Shall I offer you? - Offer!
- The countercase is the case,
the recognition case is
loving, affectionate,
kissing is the case.
But they are not the same -
expectant and languid,
parting and painful,
and jealous is a case.
I have a hundred thousand of them,
but in grammar there are only six!

Kirsanov Semyon

The nominative exclaimed:
- My birthday boy is THAT,
Which is amazing
Learns science!
“TOGO,” said the PARENT, “
I deny who
Can't live without parents
Put on your coat.
“THAT,” answered the DATIVE, “
I'll give you a bad name
Who hasn't loved diligently
Do the lessons yourself.
“TOGO,” said the ACCUSETIVE, “
I will blame
Who read the book expressively
Can't read.
- WITH THAT, - said CREATIVE, -
I'm just fine
Who is very respectful
Refers to work.
“ABOUT THAT,” said the PREPOSITIONAL, “
I'll offer a story
Who in life can do
Useful for us.

Tetivkin A.

Spring cases

Everything has awakened from sleep:
SPRING is moving around the world.

It's like we're blooming
Feeling the arrival of SPRING.

And I wanted to go out
Towards young SPRING.

I'll drown in green leaves
And I’ll blame SPRING for this.

Nature breathes only one
Unique SPRING.

A starling perched on a pine tree
Bawling songs ABOUT SPRING.

Tell others about it
And you will repeat the cases.

Klyuchkina N.

Genitive

I ran away from home
I walked until evening
I dived from a tree into a snowdrift,
I dreamed of living without lessons.
For the snowflake collection
I collected with my tongue.
Dancing around the fire
And he jumped around the yard.
Do I need to do homework?
I don't care about that!
Here I am standing at the blackboard
And I sigh with sadness.
But the genitive case
I won’t forget, even if I kill you. (T. Rick)

Dative

If I had names
Gave to cases
I would then be a giver
DATIVE named!
And how I daydream,
Dressing up as Santa Claus
And I bring gifts to everyone:
Brother, sister, dog.
And WHO else? WHAT?
Chick, horse, catfish,
Cat, hare, hippopotamus,
Crocodile and elephant!
I'm in a hurry to get to the locomotive,
I'm flying along the ground, rushing!
I'll deliver gifts to everyone
And then I’ll return home! (T. Rick)

Accusative

I am the accusative case,
I blame everyone everywhere.
There's no hope
That I won’t make a mistake.
Substitute the word “see”
And define me.
- “If you want to know a lot,
Hurry up and learn to read!”
To remember the ACCUSATIVE,
I learned... to fly!
How can I fly to the ceiling?
Yes, I’ll wave over the threshold,
I fly out the window,
I'm heading for the meadow.
I hate to blame
I will list everything.
WHAT will I see and WHOM -
I'll name one!
I see a river, I see a garden -
I name everything!
I see a cherry, I see a plum.
How beautiful it is all around!
They are building a club not far away,
Painting a boat on the sand...
That's enough, I'm going back to school,
I fly into class lightly. (T. Rick)

Instrumental case

To keep up with everyone,
Be considered smart
We need to understand everything now
In the CREATIVE case.
What is there to say for a long time?
So I decided... to create!
Pencil, took paper
And I painted the landscape.
I am an artist, I am a creator!
Wow, what a great guy I am!
The bush is blooming in front of the castle,
A snake lives under a snag,
A falcon flies over the road,
Behind the fence the horse neighs.
I create with a pencil
On its big leaf.
I decorated the view with difficulty
A forest, a cloud over a pond.
Come on, I'll turn over the leaf.
And I’ll start creating again.
My hero goes to war
He wants to rule the country
Hit enemies with an arrow
Water them with resin from the tower.
Stop! Think with your head
Why go to war!
It's better to end things peacefully!
I'll close my album (T. Rick)

Prepositional

I'm bored in class.
Well, I'd rather dream.
I really like to dream!
I wish I could become a princess!
I dream of a crown:
I will sit on the throne in it.
I dream of an elephant
To ride in the moonlight.
I dream of earrings
I dream of boots.
In the evenings in the dark
I dream of an eagle:
I will fly with him in freedom.
I will go to school...
Oh, I'm already dreaming...
ABOUT THE PREPOSITIONAL case! (T. Rick)

All existing cases of the Russian language

1) Nominative case - who?, what?
2) Genitive case - no one?, what?
3) Dative case - give to whom?, to what?, determines the end point of the action.
4) Accusative case - I see who?, what?, denotes the direct object of the action;
5) Instrumental case - I create with whom?, with what?, defines the instrument, some types of temporary belonging (at night);
6) Prepositional case - think about whom?, about what?

7) Vocative case. From the Church Slavonic vocative case we only have the word “God!” (well, Father, mentor Ambrose, Panteleimon, etc. for those who read prayers). In modern Russian, this case occurs when we address: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, where it is formed by “cutting off” the ending or by specially adding the ending: Vanyush (Tanyush), come out!

8) Local case. Usually used with the prepositions “At”, “In” and “On”. Characteristic question: Where? What does it have to do with it? On what? - In the forest (not in the forest), On the closet (not on the closet), On the shelf (not on the shelf) - but what about in Holy Rus', in Ukraine?

9) Dividing case. It is formed as a derivative of the genitive case: Pour kefir into a glass (Drink kefir), Lie a head of garlic (eat garlic) Take a sip of tea (drink tea), Set the heat (not heat), Turn up the heat (not move), Young man, no fire is there?

10) Counting case - found in phrases with a numeral: Two hours (not even an hour has passed), Take three steps (not steps).

11) Positive case - determines the starting point of movement: From the forest, From home. The noun becomes unstressed: I came out of the forest; it was bitterly cold.

12) Deprivative case - used exclusively with verbs of negation: I don’t want to know the truth (not the truth), cannot have the right (not the right).

13) Quantitative-separation case - similar to the genitive case, but has differences: a cup of tea (instead of tea), set the heat (instead of heat), increase the speed (instead of adding speed).

14) Waiting case - It is also the genitive-accusative case: Waiting for (who? what?) a letter (not a letter), Waiting for (who? what?) mom (not moms), Waiting by the sea for weather (not weather).

15) Permutative (aka inclusive) case. Derived from the accusative case (in whom? in what?). It is used exclusively in figures of speech like: Become a pilot, Run for deputy, Take a wife, Be fit to be a son.

In Russian everything six independent cases, and nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns are declined (changed by case). But schoolchildren often have difficulty determining case. Students cannot always correctly put a question to a word, and this leads to mistakes. Particular difficulties arise when a word has the same form in different cases.

There are several techniques that will help you accurately determine the case of a word.

1. Statement of the question.

Please note that the question must be case, and not semantic. For questions where? Where? When? Why? case cannot be determined.

Both candidates(who? – R. p.).

What happened in 1812?(in what? – P. p.).

After the concert five(I. p.) spectators(whom? – R. p.) stayed in the hall(in what? – P. p.).

In ten minutes(through what? – V. p.) he (I. p.) returned.

She is happy with the new car(how? – etc.).

2. Exist auxiliary words, which can help in determining case:

Case	Auxiliary word	Case question
Nominative
Genitive		whom? what?
Dative		to whom? what?
Accusative		whom? what?
Instrumental
Prepositional	speak	about whom? about what?

To distinguish homonymous case forms, the following techniques are used.

3. Replacing the singular with the plural.

To go on the road(ending -e in both D. p. and P. p.).

Walk on the roads(Why? – D. p., in P. p. – about roads).

4. Replacing the masculine gender with the feminine gender.

Met a friend(the ending -a in both R. p. and V. p.).

Met a friend(whom? – V. p., in R. p. – girlfriends).

5. The magic word is mom.

Particular difficulties arise when distinguishing the forms of accusative and genitive, accusative and nominative cases. As always, he will come to the rescue "Mother". This is the word that can be substituted into a sentence. Framed, look at the ending: mom A – nominative, mom Y – Genitive; mom U – accusative.

Perish yourself, and comrade(ending -a in both R. p. and V. p.) help out.

Die yourself, and mom(V.p.) help out.

6. Knowledge of characteristic prepositions also helps to determine case.

Case	Prepositions
Nominative
Genitive	without, at, from, to, with, from, near
Dative
Accusative	on, for, under, through, in, about,
Instrumental	over, behind, under, with, before, between
Prepositional	in, about, about, on, at

As you can see, there are prepositions characteristic of only one case: without– for genitive case (no hitch); by, to – for dative case (through the forest, towards the house), oh, oh, at – for prepositional case (about three heads, in front of you).

Let us remember that the case of the adjective is determined by the case of the word being defined. In order to determine the case of an adjective, it is necessary to find in the sentence the noun to which it refers, because the adjective is always in the same case as the word being defined.

I'm happy with the new coat. Adjective new refers to a noun coat in T. p., therefore, new – etc.

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Quite often, when performing one or another morphological analysis, it is necessary to indicate the case of the word being analyzed. Case is one of the most complex categories existing in the Russian language today, but it is necessary to know it in order to learn to understand the most complex issues and perform analyzes competently.

Cases in Russian

The inflectional category of case usually indicates the relationship of a noun or adjective to other words in a sentence or phrase that it forms together with these words. At the moment, there are only 6 cases in the Russian language: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional.

Previously, there were many more cases in the Russian language, which were abolished over time, just as echoes of these phenomena in the Russian language can still be observed, some words were formed from the vocative case forms of nouns and adjectives.

Nominative and all-all-all

A noun in the nominative case is contrasted with all others, since it has an independent grammatical position in the language; sometimes it is called direct case. The remaining 6 cases are indirect, they are constantly dependent on other words and can express different syntactic relationships to other word forms.

Cases are determined by questions. Answering the question “Who? What? - what case?”, you can immediately say that it is he who answers these questions. Each case has its own questions, which are convenient to use to determine the position of the word in speech.

How are cases expressed?

You can determine case not only by questions, but also by endings. Some cases have almost fixed endings, which depend on gender, number and declension (for the noun). So, for words in the feminine gender, singular, nominative case of the 1st declension, the endings “a”, “ya” will be relevant.

If you encounter homonymy, you can try to determine the case in a syntactic way (using compatible words and prepositions or by the order of words in a sentence). Other methods are also used, for example, the substitution technique is often used, when the noun “fox” or “Masha” is substituted for an existing word. To determine cases, it is also recommended to use both case questions.

Cases and their questions

Each case has certain questions. The nominative case answers the questions “who?” what?", genitive case - "whom? what?”, dative - “to whom?” what?", accusative - "who? what?”, instrumental - “by whom? what?", prepositional - "about whom? about what?". These questions can be used to determine the cases of nouns and adjectives.

Some cases also have additional prepositions, with which you can determine what place the word occupies in a sentence and how exactly it should be parsed. To determine cases, you can substitute additional constructions before the word being defined, for example, for the genitive case - “no” (there is no one? What?), for the dative case - “give”, accusative - “I blame”, instrumental - “I create”, prepositional - “ I say."

Case forms in Russian

The lexical meaning of cases is compiled based on the role they play in the sentence. If a case form can exist only with one word, it is called a conventional form. If the case form refers immediately to the entire sentence, it is called determinant.

The determinant form is usually found at the beginning of a sentence, it is not included in phrases, and sets the tone for the entire sentence. The question should be asked either from the basis of the entire statement, or from the entire sentence at once. It is quite easy to see it in a sentence; neither schoolchildren nor students usually have problems with this.

General lexical meanings of cases

The meanings of cases can be particular and general; their isolation from a sentence plays a huge role for syntax; with its help, it is possible to further analyze existing sentences and determine their grammatical structure. Answering the question “Who? What? - what case?”, it is important to remember two possible meanings.

The objective meaning of the case means how the subject relates to the action that is directed at it. With the subjective meaning of the case, the action is performed by the object itself, which expresses the attitude towards it. A modifier can express a relationship between several objects. With the help of adverbial meaning, it is possible to determine the characteristics of the state of an object from the point of view of adverbial relations. Outside this category is an informative-filling meaning, which may require both words in combination to have the same case forms.

Particular meanings of cases: nominative

In addition to the main meanings, cases can also have private meanings, which can be clarified only by having university-level information. At school, students are asked to define the case only in its general meaning, sometimes this results in errors that even the teacher himself, who has long forgotten the university curriculum, cannot resolve.

The nominative case is capable of having a central, objective, predicative, appositive, attributive, informative, complementary and adverbial meaning. There is also a nominative representation here, when a word in a given case forms a theme for the further continuation of the narrative.

Particular meanings of oblique cases: genitive

Hearing the question “Who? What? - what case?”, few doubt that it is genitive. The particular meaning of the genitive case is divided into adjectival and verbal, the semantics in this case is quite clear, the first is typical in combination of a p. with a name, and the second with a verb.

The genitive adjective has a particular meaning of belonging, relationship, whole, assessment of quality, bearer of a characteristic, object. There is also an additional meaning of the subject of a state or action, and the presence of an informative and complementary meaning in the form of a partitive gender.

The genitive verb also answers the questions “whom?” what?”, what case is here is not difficult to determine. It has the meaning of a direct object when indicating a substance or negation, as well as the meaning of expectation (with the corresponding verbs: ask, desire, achieve, etc.).

Particular meanings of indirect cases: dative

The dative case has verb and adjectival meanings. In the first case, we are talking about the meaning of a third-party object to which a certain action indicated by the verb is directed. Also, a verb dative can have a subjective meaning when it names a person experiencing a state or performing an action.

The dative adjective is rarely used in modern Russian and, in fact, repeats the lexical meaning of the dative case of the adjective. In some cases, it can have a definitive meaning that has a connotation of purpose: fish food.

Particular meanings of indirect cases: accusative

The accusative is practically never found, so the verb is mainly used, meaning the expression of an object next to or the meaning of measure, space, time.

Particular meanings of oblique cases: instrumental

The instrumental case most often has a verb meaning as an instrument of action, a subjective meaning, content, and an adverbial meaning. All of them in one way or another indicate the completion of an action. Informative-filling and creative-predicative meanings are quite close to each other and are used with the verbs “to be considered, to be, to seem,” etc. The creative adjective is a rarity in the language; it usually repeats the verb meanings.

Particular meanings of indirect cases: prepositional

The prepositional case mainly has verbal objective and adverbial meanings, which are associated either with a state, feelings, thoughts or speech, as well as places near which the action will take place.

The prepositional adjective is rarely used and has a similar meaning to the verb. Most often it is used with the meaning of an attribute of an object, quality, property and is of a defining nature.

Conclusion

Cases and their questions can help determine not only but also its position within a sentence, which plays an important role when conducting morphological and syntactic analysis. If necessary, you can consult reference literature, which will tell you which case a particular word should be assigned to.

Nouns are very widely represented in the Russian language. They can act as main and secondary members of a sentence. By using noun cases, speakers and writers can relate these parts of speech to others in the context of a sentence. Another category of a noun is directly related to cases - its declension. By the way, the spelling correctness of what is written depends on the correct definition of which.

Case category

The case of nouns is a grammatical category that indicates the relationship of a given part of speech to other words in a sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation and even word order.

In modern Russian there are only 6 case forms.

Case name	Noun case questions
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?
Dative	To whom? Why?
Accusative	Whom? What?
Instrumental
Prepositional	About whom? About what?

Once upon a time in the Old Russian language there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it lost its significance during the development of linguistic culture. Echoes of the vocative case remain in common parlance. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the address: father, man. At the present stage of development of the Russian language, it is realized in the following colloquial addresses: Sing, Vasya, Tan, etc.

The meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative

In addition to grammatical meaning, the cases of nouns have a lexical meaning. Let's sort them out.

Nominative. This is the basic form of a noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case there is always a subject, as well as a word in them. p. can be an integral part of the predicate.

Example: The roses bloomed on time. Subject roses is in the nominative case.

Another example: This tree is birch. Subject tree(Name p., predicate birch- the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. P.).

Meanings of the genitive case

Genitive. Can associate nouns with different parts of speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will mean:

• a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
• affiliation: mom's shoes b;
• object of some action: boiling water;
• definition relations: beauty of the fields.

The genitive case is used for the comparative degree of adjectives: stronger than (who?) a bull. With a cardinal number: thousand (what?) rubles.

As for the verb and verb forms, this case is used in the following cases:

• denotes a specific object when associated with a transitive verb: write out a receipt;
• used after verbs such as to fear, to achieve, to lose me and others: seek (what?) permission.

The genitive case is used when reporting an exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) March one thousand nine hundred and eighty-two.

Meanings of the dative and accusative cases

Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. Thus, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: to help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).

The accusative case indicates that we have a direct object: I'm writing a poem.

Instrumental and prepositional cases

A noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:

• weapon or method of action: punch (with what?)(way), hit (with what?) with a hammer(weapon);
• subject performing the action: written (by whom?) by mother; washed with (what?) a rag;
• is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (what?) a doctor.

The prepositional case is special, as is clear from its name. It always requires a preposition. May refer to:

• topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about Goethe's work; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
• temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
• used to indicate a date, but not a full date, but indicating the year: I was born (when?) in nineteen ninety.

Declension of nouns

To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a primary role. There are three types of declension in the Russian language, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender must be known first.

Nouns like homeland, earth, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and endings -а/-я. Also included in these declensions are the few masculine nouns: Vitya, grandfather, dad. In addition to gender, they are united by the endings -a/-я.

The group of masculine nouns is much larger: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have a zero ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.

If you have a feminine noun ending in a soft sign (zero ending), it will belong to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.

Nouns can have an adjectival declension, that is, they change by case like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, greeting.

To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.

For example, let’s determine the cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was riding on flat ground.

Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word, because it is the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the nominative case. We determine the declension: the zero ending and the masculine gender indicate that the word has 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by area depends on the word was driving. We ask a question: drove (where?) around the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. Terrain- feminine, ending in b, therefore the third declension.

Declension of singular nouns

To determine with what ending you need to write a noun, you must know gender, number, case and declension. Declension can be hard or soft: a word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.

Let's give examples of declension of singular nouns and pay attention to endings in some forms.

First declension

	Solid type	Soft type
Nominative			Provocation
Genitive			Provocations
Dative			Provocations
Accusative			Provocation
Instrumental			Provocation
Prepositional			About provocation

Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun ending in -iya, on the contrary, in these cases the ending -i should be written.

Second declension

	Masculine		Neuter gender
	Solid type		Solid type	Soft type
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If a noun ends in -й/-и, then it is necessary to write -и in this case.

Third declension

We pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after sibilants in the singular in this declension it is necessary to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.

Declension of plural nouns

Let's look at the cases of plural nouns.

	1st declension		2nd declension		3rd declension
	Solid type	Soft type	Masculine	Neuter gender
Nominative		Pots
Genitive		Pans
Dative	Pictures	Pots
Accusative		Pots
Instrumental	Paintings	Pots	Barracks
Prepositional	About the paintings	About pans	About the barracks

Nouns in the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have identical endings.

The endings -и/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be found in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.

To distinguish the lexical meanings of plural nouns, different endings are used: sheet, But leaves (of a tree) And sheets (of a book).

Nouns like treaties, elections, engineers, officers, designers You only need to write with the ending -ы. A different inflection is a violation of the norm.

Indeclinable nouns

The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changing by case, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word path.

	Singular		Plural
Nominative			stirrups
Genitive	stirrups
Dative	stirrups		stirrups
Accusative			stirrups
Instrumental	stirrup		stirrups
Prepositional	about the stirrup		about stirrups

Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.

Immutable nouns

Another special group of nouns is unchangeable. They are not put in number and case form. They always have the same form: without kimono(R.p.) - about kimono(P.p.); new kimono(units) - purchased kimonos(plural).

How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? We look at the number and case according to the word to which it refers. Examples:

1. Pedestrians were hurrying along the new highway.

2. New highways have been built.

In the first sentence we determine the number and case of the adjective new(units, d.p.). In the second - also by adjective new(plural, im.p.).

Unchangeable nouns are, as a rule, foreign words, like common nouns ( citro, cafe), and own ( Baku, Hugo). Complex abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also unchangeable. For example: Computer, nuclear power plant.