For assimilation. That is why, by the way, it is accessible - according to the principle “the eye sees, but the tooth hurts.” It would seem, what a problem - go into the forest, open your mouth and eat! But it's not that simple.
- Firstly, plant cells are covered with durable membranes consisting of very poorly digestible carbohydrates (for example, cellulose). To get to the cytoplasm contained inside the cell, the membrane must be somehow destroyed, and this is very difficult to do.
- But even if some security guard opens the cellulose safe, he will be greatly disappointed - there is nothing interesting inside either. In plants relatively little protein, but this is the most delicious nutrient.
- And the protein that exists poor in some amino acids. For example, plants have little lysine - an essential amino acid that cannot be made in the animal's body, you can only eat it - but where can you find it? There is little of it in plants...
One can only sympathize with the herbivores: their life is continuous hard work. But the guys somehow cope; We'll talk further about how.
Method one, stupid: straining
The most ingenuous herbivores destroy cellulose membranes mechanically - with their jaws. This is how most leaf-eating insects work - caterpillars, grasshoppers, beetles. The problem is that no matter how thoroughly they chew their food, every cell they don’t succeed, so the effectiveness of such nutrition is low - many of the eaten cells fall out in the feces intact. To scrape together at least some of the proteins necessary for growth, caterpillars/grasshoppers pass enormous amounts of plant matter through their intestines.
Similarly, aphids and scale insects pass through themselves huge amounts of sweet water. These insects penetrate with their proboscis directly into the phloem vessels of the plant, from where they obtain sweet water under pressure (you don’t even need to suck). But sugar is only a source of energy, which aphids don’t really need - they are inactive. And here squirrels for building the body (and uncontrollable reproduction) - they are very necessary. We can say that the aphid “strains” the phloem sap in search of golden grains of protein; what it finds, it greedily leaves behind, and the disgusting sugar water it throws away.
This feature of aphids is taken advantage of by ants, who happily drink the sweet liquid secreted by aphids. Some species of ants go further - they go on long journeys after aphids, bring them closer to their anthill and release them on plants. Then they protect the aphids from their natural enemies - ladybugs, and when winter comes - they hide valuable animals in their anthill so that they do not freeze. In short, they look after them like people look after cows or goats.
And then, accordingly, they milk: in the books they write that the ant approaches the aphid, lightly taps it with its antennae, and the aphid obediently releases a drop of sweet liquid - eat, father ant. The beautiful idyll is destroyed by one simple question: where Do aphids secrete a sweet liquid? - From the anus, of course! We can say that the aphids simply crap themselves from fear. This is quite normal behavior on her part: many insects, when attacking them, secrete something similar.
Method two, intermediate: changing the diet
Bees, butterflies, bumblebees and other insects that feed on nectar, as adults, it turns out, receive only energy in the form of carbohydrates, and do not receive protein food at all. That's why they don't live long (damages accumulate in the body that cannot be repaired - there are no proteins). Larvae All these insects feed on plants - butterfly caterpillars eat leaves, and bee larvae eat a mixture of honey and pollen (breadbread), i.e. There are still proteins in their diet.
For children to grow and develop, it is highly desirable to receive food rich in proteins. In herbivores mammals such complete nutrition is milk: milk protein casein contains a complete set of essential amino acids. Where the mother-cow will get this complete set from is her problem, but the baby-calf will eat the same way as lions and wolves - complete protein food (cow's milk contains about 3% casein, human milk - about 0.7%).
What should herbivorous birds do? Don’t worry - after all, the initial stages of the chick’s development took place inside the egg, where there were no problems with amino acids. And after hatching from the egg, feed the children animal food - insects. (Insects make up about 15% of the diet of an adult sparrow, and about 60% of the diet of sparrow chicks. Thus, when raising offspring, granivorous sparrows destroy a huge number of insect pests and bring more benefit to agriculture than harm.)
Method three, tricky: symbiosis
Most herbivores use bacteria that have the necessary enzyme (cellulase) to destroy the cellulose cell wall of plants. In the digestive systems of such animals there are two sections: in one, bacteria digest grass, and in the other, animals digest bacteria (what low insidiousness!)
This method is best implemented in ruminants: first they have a department for bacteria and protozoa ( scar), which digest grass: bacteria destroy cellulose cell membranes and eat the cytoplasm, then protozoa eat the bacteria. Net(rumen growth) divides food: the finely chopped mass goes further into book, and the unchewed grass is regurgitated back into the mouth for additional chewing (what gum is best for tooth decay?)
The food, chewed a second time, goes straight into the book without further ado. Between its leaves, the food (what it has now turned into) is finally ground and goes into abomasum, which in its work corresponds to an “ordinary” (for example, ours) stomach. In the abomasum, the cow calmly digests the protozoa (and they were enjoying life! It was so good in the rumen - warm, humid, full of food! But you have to pay for everything...)
All other herbivores have not been able to find the same simple and clear solution as ruminants, so they have to be sophisticated in every possible way. With you and me at first our digestion takes place (stomach and small intestine), and in last department (large intestine) (mainly E. coli). In the large intestine is our digestion no longer occurs - this is a section for absorbing water, so all the grass processed by bacteria is taken over by the bacteria themselves. Thus, we do not use plant foods to their full capacity, and therefore cannot eat only grass, as cows do.
Termites eat wood, so they pose a great danger to wooden buildings - if termites are infested in a wooden house, then the house will soon be finished. (The word “termite” in Greek means “end,” and the word “Terminator” comes from the same root.) In the intestines of termites, symbiosis double: there live the flagellated protozoa hypermastigines, which digest wood at the expense of their own symbionts - bacteria. This zoo in termites, like ours, is located in the last section of the intestine (in which water is absorbed and feces are formed). Termites periodically move this feces back into the midgut, where the bacteria are digested. This entire operation takes place inside the body, unnoticed by others.
It didn't work out for the hares and rabbits. Bacterial digestion of grass (and bark in winter) also occurs in them after own - in the cecum, located on the border between the small and thick. During normal digestion, food from the cecum should go into the large intestine, then into the rectum and be thrown out, and hares do this. Well, what remains is to say a warm goodbye and release the well-fed bacteria into the wild, as we do? But hares can't be so kind because they don't have stores full of sausages at hand. Therefore, they, like termites, return feces to the stomach and intestines, and in a very simple way - they eat it. Consequently, they have two types of feces - one that passes through the digestive system once, and the other that passes through the digestive system twice. Hares naturally distinguish these two species well and eat only the first.
Where do symbionts inside an animal get nitrogen?
for extra proteins
The straining problem faced by the stupid aphids from the first method is, in fact, worth before all herbivores: they have an abundance of carbohydrates (a source of energy for running wildly in circles around the field), but they have nothing to pump up their biceps and triceps. This “nothing,” as indicated at the beginning of the article, consists of two parts: firstly, plants are poor in proteins, and secondly, plant proteins are poor in some amino acids.
But what about the symbiont bacteria in the stomach of a cow/termite - aren’t they magicians? - In such cases, the French have a proverb: “to make a hare stew, you must at least have a cat.” Theoretically, bacteria can make proteins on their own, but in practice, plant foods contain too little of what is needed for this nitrogen. Therefore, the problem is where to get nitrogen.
- Sift, sift, and sift: extract proteins from food, and throw away everything else with feces.
- Most herbivores will gladly eat something animal: domestic horses catch and eat rats, reindeer - lemmings and voles (and also happily gnaw on shed antlers)... But such little things, of course, do not save.
- Our atmosphere contains 80% nitrogen gas, but it is not suitable for protein synthesis - it is too stable a substance. The atoms in a nitrogen molecule hold onto each other with as many as three strong bonds, and breaking these bonds is not an easy task. Only a few can solve it nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes (bacteria and cyanides) - they are the main source of nitrogen atoms (and, ultimately, proteins) for the cow and others like her. Nitrogen fixers, just like in the nodules of legumes, “fix” (extract) nitrogen from the air contained in the cow’s stomach. The only minor difficulty is that the cow does not have too much air in her stomach.
vegetarians?© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2019
Incredible facts
Among all the strange plants in the world, there are even some that absorb flesh.
Well, maybe not exactly flesh, but insects, but, nevertheless, they are considered carnivores. All carnivorous plants are found in places where the soil is poor in nutrients.
These amazing plants are carnivorous, since they catch insects and arthropods, secrete digestive juices, dissolve the prey and in the process receive some or most of the nutrients.
Here are the most famous carnivorous plants that use different types of traps to lure your prey.
1. Sarracenia
© konmesa/Getty Images
Sarracenia or North American carnivorous plant is a genus of carnivorous plants that are found in areas of the east coast of North America, Texas, the Great Lakes, southeastern Canada, but most are found only in the southeastern states.
This plant uses trapping leaves in the shape of a water lily as a trap. The plant's leaves have become a funnel with a hood-like structure that grows over the hole, preventing rainwater from entering, which could dilute the digestive juices. Insects are attracted to the color, smell and nectar-like secretions at the edge of the water lily. The slippery surface and narcotic substance lining the nectar cause insects to fall inside, where they die and are digested by protease and other enzymes.
2. Nepenthes
© genphoto_art / Getty Images
Nepenthes, a tropical carnivorous plant, is another type of carnivorous trap plant that uses trapping leaves in the shape of a pitcher. There are about 130 species of these plants, which are widespread in China, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Madagascar, Seychelles, Australia, India, Borneo and Sumatra. This plant also received the nickname " monkey cup", as researchers have often observed monkeys drinking rainwater from them.
Most Nepenthes species are tall vines, about 10-15 meters, with a shallow root system. The stem often reveals leaves with a tendril that protrudes from the tip of the leaf and is often used for climbing. At the end of the tendril, the water lily forms a small vessel, which then expands and forms a cup.
The trap contains a liquid secreted by the plant, which may be watery or sticky, in which the insects that the plant eats drown. The bottom of the cup contains glands that absorb and distribute nutrients. Most plants are small and they only catch insects, but large species such as Nepenthes Rafflesiana And Nepenthes Rajah, can catch small mammals such as rats.
3. Carnivorous plant Genlisea
Composed of 21 species, Genlisea typically grows in moist terrestrial and semi-aquatic environments and is distributed in Africa and Central and South America.
Genlisea is a small herb with yellow flowers that use a crab claw type trap. These traps are easy to get into, but impossible to get out of because of the small hairs that grow towards the entrance or, in this case, forward in a spiral.
These plants have two different types of leaves: photosynthetic leaves above the ground and special underground leaves that lure, catch and digest small organisms, such as protozoa. The underground leaves also serve as roots, such as water absorption and anchorage, since the plant itself does not have any. These underground leaves form hollow tubes underground that look like a spiral. Small microbes are drawn into these tubes by the flow of water, but cannot escape from them. By the time they reach the exit, they will already be digested.
4. Californian Darlingtonia (Darlingtonia Californica)
Darlingtonia californica is the only member of the Darlingtonia genus that grows in northern California and Oregon. It grows in swamps and springs with cold running water and considered a rare plant.
Darlingtonia leaves are bulbous in shape and form a cavity with an opening underneath a balloon-like structure and two sharp leaves that hang down like fangs.
Unlike many carnivorous plants, it does not use trap leaves to trap them, but instead uses a crab claw type trap. Once the insect is inside, they are confused by the specks of light that pass through the plant. They land in thousands of thick, fine hairs that grow inward. Insects can follow the hairs deep into the digestive organs, but cannot return back.
5. Pemphigus (Utricularia)
Bladderwort is a genus of carnivorous plants consisting of 220 species. They are found in fresh water or moist soil as terrestrial or aquatic species on all continents except Antarctica.
These are the only carnivorous plants that use bubble trap. Most species have very small traps in which they can catch very small prey such as protozoa. Traps range from 0.2 mm to 1.2 cm, and larger traps catch larger prey such as water fleas or tadpoles.
Bubbles are under negative pressure relative to their surroundings. The trap's opening opens, sucks in the insect and surrounding water, closes the valve, and all this happens in thousandths of seconds.
6. Butterwort (Pinguicula)
Butterweed belongs to a group of carnivorous plants that use sticky, glandular leaves to lure and digest insects. Nutrients from insects supplement mineral-poor soil. There are approximately 80 species of these plants in North and South America, Europe and Asia.
Butterwort leaves are succulent and usually bright green or pink in color. There are two special types of cells found on the upper side of leaves. One is known as the pedicel gland and consists of secretory cells located at the top of a single stem cell. These cells produce a mucous secretion that forms visible droplets on the surface of the leaves and acts like Velcro. Other cells are called sessile glands, and they are found on the surface of the leaf, producing enzymes such as amylase, protease and esterase, which aid in the digestive process. While many butterwort species are carnivorous all year, many types form a dense winter rosette that is not carnivorous. When summer comes, it blooms and produces new carnivorous leaves.
7. Sundew (Drosera)
Sundews constitute one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants, with at least 194 species. They are found on all continents except Antarctica. Sundews can form basal or vertical rosettes from 1cm to 1m in height and can live up to 50 years.
Sundews are characterized by moving glandular tentacles, topped with sweet sticky secretions. When an insect lands on the sticky tentacles, the plant begins to move the remaining tentacles in the direction of the victim in order to further trap it. Once the insect is trapped, small sessile glands absorb it and the nutrients are used for plant growth.
8. Byblis
Byblis or rainbow plant is a small species of carnivorous plant native to Australia. The rainbow plant gets its name from the attractive slime that coats its leaves in the sun. Although these plants are similar to sundews, they are in no way related to the latter and are distinguished by zygomorphic flowers with five curved stamens.
Its leaves have a round cross-section, and most often they are elongated and conical at the end. The surface of the leaves is completely covered with glandular hairs, which secrete a sticky mucous substance that serves as a trap for small insects that land on the leaves or tentacles of the plant.
9. Aldrovanda vesiculosa
Aldrovanda vesica is a magnificent rootless, carnivorous aquatic plant. It is usually feeds on small aquatic vertebrates using a trap.
The plant consists mainly of free-floating stems that reach 6-11 cm in length. Trap leaves, 2-3 mm in size, grow in 5-9 curls in the center of the stem. The traps are attached to the petioles, which contain air that allows the plant to float. It is a fast growing plant and can reach 4-9mm per day and in some cases produce a new whorl every day. While the plant grows at one end, the other end gradually dies.
The plant trap consists of two lobes that slam shut like a trap. The trap's openings point outward and are covered with fine hairs that allow the trap to close around any prey that comes close enough. The trap slams shut in tens of milliseconds, which is one example fastest movement in the animal kingdom.
10. Venus flytrap (Dionaea Muscipula)
The Venus flytrap is perhaps the most famous carnivorous plant that feeds mainly on insects and arachnids. It is a small plant with 4-7 leaves that grow from a short underground stem.
Its leaf blade is divided into two areas: flat, long, heart-shaped petioles capable of photosynthesis and a pair of terminal lobes hanging from the main vein of the leaf, which form a trap. The inner surface of these lobes contains red pigment, and the edges secrete mucus.
The leaf lobes make a sudden movement, slamming shut when its sensory hairs are stimulated. The plant is so developed that it can distinguish a living stimulus from a nonliving one. Its leaves slam shut in 0.1 second. They are lined with thorn-like cilia that hold prey. Once the prey is caught, the inner surface of the leaves is gradually stimulated, and the edges of the lobes grow and merge, closing the trap and creating a closed stomach, where the prey is digested.
All points for seven tasks are summed up into the final grade. The maximum number of points is 25.
Task 1. “Interaction of organisms” (5 points)
Animals, eating plants, can bring them not only harm, but also benefit. Describe such examples.
Correct answer :
Pollinating insects (butterflies, wasps, bumblebees, etc.) promote cross-pollination flowering (angiosperm) plants; feeding on fruits, birds (thrushes, pigeons, bullfinches, waxwings, etc.) and mammals (orangutans, gibbons, lorises, lemurs, fruit bats, some bats and rodents) promote the spread seeds; animal waste products serve as fertilizer for the soil in which plants live (organic nutrition).
Assessment: 1 point for each of the three correct points in the answer. 2 points for correct examples given (at least one for each example).
Total – 5 points.
Task 2. The influence of factors on the body. (3 points)
The graph shows the effect of water salinity on the biological activity (survival) of three different species of fish. Analyze the graph and describe how each of the three species responds to different water salinity levels.
Correct answer :
Crucian carp and flounder can live in a narrow range of salinity (they are stenobionts). At the same time, crucian carp prefers fresh or very slightly salty waters, while flounder, on the contrary, avoids them and is found exclusively in salt water. In contrast, stickleback lives in a very wide range (eurybiont) of salinity, which overlaps the ranges of crucian carp and flounder.
Assessment: 1 point for describing each of the three types.
Total – 3 points.
Task 3. “Communities of organisms” (2 points)
Steppe- This is a vast treeless, flat space with grassy vegetation in a dry climate zone. What will happen to this ecosystem if all the ungulates living there are destroyed?
Correct answer :
The steppe will gradually become overgrown and turn into forest-steppe, and then, possibly, into forest communities ( this is the short answer). This is due to the fact that as a result of the accumulation of litter and the formation of a thick layer of turf, more moisture-loving types of cereals, young shrubs and trees, which were previously constantly eaten by ungulates, will immediately begin to actively grow. The first plus the second part - this is the complete answer.
Assessment: 2 points for a complete correct answer. 1 point for short answer.
Total – 2 points.
Task 4. “Interaction of species” (5 points)
It is known that many plant flowers are pollinated by insects. What other animals can do this? What helps them get nectar and pollen from a flower?
Correct answer :
Pollination may also involve:
- birds (hummingbirds, sunbirds and honeyeaters);
- the bats;
- rodents;
- some marsupials in Australia (cuscus or glider);
- lemurs in Madagascar.
They are helped to get nectar and pollen from a flower by the ability to fly up to the flower (birds, bats), a long muzzle or beak (rodents, marsupials and birds), a long tongue (bats) and tenacious toes (rodents, lemurs, marsupials).
Assessment: 5 points for a correct answer that identifies at least 4 groups of animals and describes their adaptations. 4 points for incomplete answer – at least 3 examples or not all the devices. 2 points for 2 examples. 1 point – only one example and description (for example, only about hummingbirds).
Total – 5 points.
Task 5. “Adaptations of organisms to their environment” (2 points)
Very low and very high temperatures are often detrimental to microorganisms. Explain why in hospitals and clinics instruments are sterilized by boiling or heating in autoclaves at high pressure, and not by freezing?
Correct answer :
In nature, natural low temperatures affect organisms regularly. P quiescent stages (spores, cysts) were formed as an adaptation to withstand deep freezing. When heated to boiling temperatures kill both active microorganisms and protozoa and their dormant stages.
Assessment: 2 points for a complete correct answer. 1 point for an insufficiently accurate answer or for 1 correct point (freezing or heating).
Total – 2 points.
Task 6. “Adaptations of organisms to their environment” (3 points)
Small planktonic plants and animals have very diverse and often bizarre body shapes. Look at the picture and decide what common feature they all have that is related to their external structure and helps them live in water.
Drawing “Small planktonic plants and animals”
Correct answer :
All planktonic animals have increased area surface due to various outgrowths on the surface of the body or great length, which allows them to float in the water column. In addition, they often have gas bubbles and oil droplets in the cytoplasm, which help reduce body density.
Assessment : 2 points for a complete correct answer. 1 point for an answer that is not accurate or correct enough. One additional point is given for indicating exactly how they increase body area (crustaceans - with branched antennae, algae - with highly branched thallus).
Total – 3 points.
Task 7. “Nature and man” (5 points)
Explain why in the city the incidence of tree diseases is higher and their life expectancy is shorter than in nearby rural areas?
Correct answer :
It's connected with increased content of harmful compounds in the atmosphere and soil cities; heavy dustiness, which impairs photosynthesis; disruption of air and water exchange in the soil during road construction and asphalt laying; soil salinity; With lack of the required amount of nutrients in the soil due to disruption of the cycle of elements.
Assessment : 1 point for formulating each of the 5 correct points (highlighted by a line) in the answer.
Total – 5 points.
Cats and dogs often chew flowers and grass. This may be caused by a lack of certain substances in the body, or sometimes by simple curiosity. At the same time, there is an opinion that animals instinctively sense danger. But over the years of living next to humans, they have lost the ability to recognize what is useful and what is poisonous.
Eating or, for example, licking toxic plants can cause serious poisoning, allergies, and even death in cats, dogs, parrots, hamsters and other pets. Here's what an expert veterinarian thinks about this.
Cat owners should be especially careful about growing flowers at home. These animals love to eat cereal plants, such as cyperus and pogonaterum. But there are cases when cats eat poisonous flowers that are not dangerous to humans. At first, after chewing a leaf, the cat feels great, but the poisons can have a delayed effect and accumulate in the animal’s body. Therefore, it is better not to keep dangerous flowers in an apartment where there are cats.
Anna Kondratieva
This is where the most dangerous plants are included.
| Plant | The dangerous part | Plant type |
| Abrus prayer | Seeds | tree liana |
| Whole plant | Cultivated and wild shrub | |
| Wolfsbane, or fighter | Roots, leaves, seeds | garden flower |
| Arizema, or one-cover | The entire plant, especially the leaves and roots | wild flower |
| Forest aster | Whole plant | wild flower |
| Astragalus | Whole plant | wild flower |
| Whole plant | garden flower | |
| Belladonna or belladonna | The whole plant, especially the seeds and roots | garden grass |
| Common privet | Leaves, berries | Ornamental shrub |
| Bobovnik, or laburnum | Flowers, seeds, beans | Bush |
| Hemlock spotted | Leaves, stems, fruits | Field grass |
| Black elderberry | Leaves, roots, buds | Tree |
| Woolly milkweed | Leaves | Field grass |
| Veh poisonous, or hemlock | The whole plant, especially the rhizome | Wild flower, grass |
| Voronets | Berries, roots | Grass |
| Wolfberry, or wolfman, or wolf's bast | Leaves, berries | Bush |
| Gelsemium evergreen | Flowers, leaves | Ornamental plant |
| Heteromeles arborescens, or toyon | Leaves | Bush |
| Hyacinth | Bulbs | Wild and garden plant |
| Wisteria or wisteria | Pods, seeds | Ornamental shrub |
| Highlander, or buckwheat | Juice | Grass |
| Mustard, or synapis | Seeds | wild flower |
| Common wolfberry, or Berber wolfberry | Leaves, shoots | Decorative liana |
| Dieffenbachia spotted | Whole plant | Home plant |
| Dicentra capulata | Roots, leaves | Wild and garden flower |
| Curly wood pliers | The whole plant, especially the berries | Liana |
| Oak | Shoots, leaves | Tree |
| Datura ordinary, or stinking datura | Grass | |
| Larkspur, or delphinium, or spur | The whole plant, especially the shoots | wild flower |
| Zygadenus | Leaves, stems, seeds, flowers | Grass |
| morning glory | Seeds, roots | decorative flower |
| Iris, or iris | Leaves, roots | garden flower |
| Whole plant | Home plant | |
| Potato | Sprouts | Garden culture |
| Castor bean | The whole plant, especially beans | Home plant |
| Field bug | Seeds | Grass |
| Colocasia | Whole plant | Home plant |
| Horse chestnut, or acorn, or aesculus | Crown, nuts and seeds | Tree |
| Crotalaria | Whole plant | wild flower |
| Kukol, or agrostemma | Seeds | Wild flower, weed |
| Laurel | Leaves | Bush |
| American Lakonos, or American Phytolacca | Roots, seeds, berries | field plant |
| Lily of the valley | Leaves, flowers | wild flower |
| Lantana | Leaves | garden flower |
| Daylily, or red daylily | garden flower | |
| Long-flowered lily | The whole plant is dangerous for cats | garden flower |
| Daurian moonseed | Fruits, roots | Liana |
| wild flower | ||
| Lupine | Seeds, beans | Bush |
| Manchinella, or manzinilla, or manchinella | Juice, fruits | Tree |
| Melia acedarach, or klokochina | Berries | Tree |
| Euphorbia beautiful, or poinsettia | Leaves, stems, flowers | Home plant |
| Euphorbia fringed, or rich bride | Juice | Ornamental shrub |
| Black hellebore | Root shoots, leaves | garden flower |
| Foxglove, or digitalis | Leaves | garden flower |
| Narcissus | Bulbs | garden flower |
| Oleander | Leaves | Ornamental shrub |
| mistletoe | Berries | Bush |
| Holly or holly | Berries | Bush |
| Carolina nightshade | The whole plant, especially the berries | Weed |
| False pepper nightshade | Unripe fruits, leaves | Bush |
| Spring primrose, or spring primrose | Whole plant, especially leaves and stems | wild flower |
| Ivy | The whole plant, especially the leaves and berries | Decorative liana |
| Podophyllum, or nogolist | Unripe fruits, roots, leaves | wild plant |
| Poultry farmer | Whole plant | wild flower |
| Rhubarb | Leaves | Garden culture |
| Field radish, or wild radish | Seeds | wild flower |
| Robinia pseudoacacia, or Robinia pseudoacacia | The whole plant, especially the bark and shoots | Tree |
| Rhododendron | Leaves | Ornamental shrub |
| Ryzhik | Seeds | wild grass |
| Sago palm | The whole plant, especially the seeds | Ornamental shrub |
| Sanguinaria, or wolf's foot | The entire plant, especially the stem and roots | wild flower |
| Evergreen boxwood, or Caucasian palm | The whole plant, especially the leaves | Ornamental shrub |
| Simplocarpus stinky | The whole plant, especially the roots and leaves | marsh plant |
| Strelitzia, or strelitzia | Sepal | garden flower |
| Sorghum | Leaves | Cultivated and wild grass |
| Tobacco | Leaves | cultivated plant |
| Tevetia peruviana | The whole plant, especially the leaves | garden plant |
| Yew | Bark, leaves, seeds | Tree |
| Triostrennik, or sviten, or bolotnitsa | Leaves | swamp grass |
| Thousandheads | Seeds | wild flower |
| Philodendron | Whole plant | Home plant |
| Cercocarpus birch-shaped | Leaves | Bush |
| Hellebore | Roots, leaves, seeds | decorative flower |
| Bird cherry virginia | Leaves, berries, seeds | Bush |
| Late bird cherry, or American cherry | Leaves, seeds | Tree |
| Apple tree | Seeds | fruit tree |
| Jatropha | Seeds | Bush |
»
Most often, plants of the following families are dangerous for animals: amaryllis, aroids, kutraceae, nightshade and euphorbia.
Houseplants that emit volatile organic compounds include, for example, oleander. It is completely saturated with poison. Not only animals, but also people need to be very careful with it. Also among the flowering plants we should note gloriosa, sedum, adenium, coleus, azalea, cyclamen, ivy, caladium, philodendron and schefflera.
Anna Kondratieva
Veh " data-img-id="441898"> 
Azalea" data-img-id="441889"> 
Caladium " data-img-id="441896"> 
Larkspur " data-img-id="441899"> 
Buttercup " data-img-id="441891"> 
How to keep your pets safe
The first and obvious thing is to give up poisonous plants. Even if the pets don't show interest in them.
The second is to keep plants in separate rooms, for example on a balcony or loggia, and also teach your pets that green things in a pot are inviolable.
Offer your pets a safe alternative. For example, germinate seeds of cereal plants at home: oats, wheat, rye or barley. You can buy already sprouted grass at a pet store, but in this case you need to carefully choose a reputable supplier. In addition, make sure that your pet’s diet is balanced in microelements and vitamins, rich in fiber.
Loading...
