The mood of a verb is a very important characteristic of it. During morphological analysis it must be indicated. Mood also affects other features of this part of speech, for example, time. We should not forget that this category is associated with certain spelling norms, which we will touch on in this article. We will also consider in detail what forms of mood the verb has, and give examples so that this constant morphological feature does not cause difficulties.

What does the mood category express?

The verb gives our speech vitality and makes it dynamic. It’s not for nothing that our Slavic ancestors used the word “verb” to describe their entire speech. Sentences without these parts of speech are very rare.

One of the characteristics of a verb is its ability to express the relationship of the subject of speech to reality: an action occurs with the subject in reality or simply desirable, imaginary. This characteristic is also called modality. It is precisely this that is realized through the mood of the verb.

Thus, it is this important category of predicate that contains the main meaning. What forms of mood does the verb have? We’ll give the answer right now: indicative, conditional and imperative. Each of them is designed to communicate the correspondence of the action to reality. Let's prove it.

For example, let's compare the sentences: I will drink tea. - I would like to drink tea. - Have some tea. It is easy to guess that all three verbs in these sentences are used in different moods. And if the first of them talks about a specific action that will happen in the future, then the other two talk either about the conditionality of the action or the incentive to action (events may not take place).

Indicative

The most common form of mood, speaking about the reality of what happens to an object, is indicative. A distinctive feature is the presence of a tense form, this indicates that the action occurred earlier or will be in the future, or maybe it is being performed at the present moment.

The verb form changes not only by tenses, but also by persons and numbers.

This type of mood is closely related to the type of predicate. So, they have all three time characteristics. Moreover, the future tense of such words is complex, i.e. formed by adding to the verb to be, used in the simple future, an infinitive containing the main meaning.

For example: I study for the exam all day long. (present tense) - I prepared for the exam all day long. (past tense) - I will be preparing for the exam in the next few days.

What forms of mood does it have? If we talk about the indicative, then such predicates are presented in two tenses: past and simple future.

I prepared very well for the exam. (past tense). - I will prepare for the exam very well.

The category of indicative mood is found in all types of speech in various speech situations. Reasoning, narration, description, dialogue or speech to a large audience - everywhere these predicates will be the main ones, they are universal and emotionally neutral.

Conditional mood

The verb form tells about an action that will happen if certain conditions are met. Otherwise it is impossible.

For example: With your help, I would cross the gorge. You should cross this small bridge yourself. The second sentence expresses not so much the presence of a certain condition as the desire for the action to be performed.

Forming the form of this mood is quite simple. It is enough to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would (b): I would call, I would come, I would escort, I would take.

The role of this is to logically highlight the necessary word. It can appear in any part of a sentence. For example, let’s compare: You should have delivered the goods today. - You should have delivered the goods today. Today you should deliver the goods. The first sentence logically places emphasis on the verb-predicate, the second on the subject, and the third on the adverbial tense.

Imperative mood

Speaking about what forms of mood a verb has, we should talk about the last one - imperative. From its name it becomes clear that such a predicate contains some kind of incentive for the listener to act. Depending on the formatting, grammatical and emotional, this meaning can range from a polite request to an order.

Please solve the problem. - Write the following example. - Get the notebooks!

If the imperative verb is preceded by the particle not, then such a sentence will express the undesirability of the action. For example: Don't hurt animals! Here the request is made that the action of “offending” should not be performed.

Formation of the imperative mood

To make a polite request, special introductory words are often added to imperative verbs: please, be kind, be kind. Do not forget that these constructions are separated by commas: Please provide your first and last name.

Also, to politely encourage action, it is necessary to put the verb in the plural person form: Ekaterina Valerievna, please pass the book.

From singular verbs, the imperative mood is formed using the suffix -i-. It joins the basis of the present tense: bring - bring, put - put, take - take. The use of this suffix is ​​optional: get up - stand up, pour - pour.

Particular attention should be paid to close - close - close; but close - close - close. In the first case, imperfective verbs are used, in the second - perfect.

The imperative mood can be formed and with the help of particles let, let: Let the boys clean the classroom today.

If you want to achieve a rude order, you should form this mood using the infinitive: Everyone get into bed!

As a rule, in sentences with imperative verbs there is no subject, but this does not apply to those in which the form is formed using let/let. Let Natasha set the table. Subject Natasha, predicate - let him cover.

How to determine inclination?

To distinguish what forms of mood a verb has (we gave examples of them above), you need to follow the algorithm:

However, it should be remembered that one mood can be used in the form of another. For example, the indicative in the sense of the imperative: Brought me coffee! Take a newspaper with you. The opposite situation may also be true: Take it and jump out of your hands. In this case, what forms of mood the verb has are determined solely by the meaning of the entire sentence.

The concept of the category of mood. The facts of reality and their connections, being the content of a statement, can be thought of by the speaker as reality, as a possibility or desirability, as an obligation or necessity. The speaker's assessment of his statement from the point of view of the relationship of what is being communicated to reality is called modality. Modality is expressed in Russian by forms of mood, intonation, as well as lexical means - modal words and particles.

Mood category- this is the Civil Code in the verb system, which determines the modality of the action, i.e. denoting the relationship of action to reality. Expresses the relationship of action to reality established by the speaker. In the Russian language there are three moods: indicative, subjunctive and imperative.

Indicative expresses an action that is conceived by the speaker as quite real, actually occurring in time (present, past and future): Ural is goodserves, servedAndwill serveour Motherland. The expression of modality by the indicative mood can also be carried out by combining its form with modal words and particles: as if he had stepped, as if he had changed. The indicative mood differs from other moods in that it has tense forms.

Subjunctive mood expresses the action of a verb, which the speaker thinks of as desirable or possible, but dependent on some condition: Without you II wouldn't have gotten thereto the city andI would freezeon road(P.). This mood is formed by combining the past tense form of the verb with the particle would. Particle would can occupy different places in a sentence. A morphological feature of the subjunctive mood is the absence of tense and person forms. However, person can be expressed by attaching personal pronouns. Verb in the subjunctive mood in singular. h. varies by gender ( would go, would go, would go) and has one plural form ( would go). The most common and typical meanings of this mood are the conditionality and desirability of an action.

Imperative mood expresses the will of the speaker - a request, order or encouragement to perform an action indicated by a verb, and is characterized by a special imperative intonation: Heart friend, desired friend,come, come: I am your husband!(P.). The main meaning of the imperative mood - an inducement to perform an action - usually refers to the interlocutor, therefore the main form of this mood is the form of the 2nd person singular or plural.

The imperative form is formed from the basis of the present tense and has the following three varieties:

a) with final j after vowels (pure stem): build, come on, don't spit;

b) with the ending -And after consonants: carry, cut, repeat;

c) with a final soft consonant, as well as with a hard one and And w(clean base): leave, save, provide, anoint, eat.

Verbs I drink, I beat, I pour, I drink form shapes drink, hit, lay, vey; verb I'll go to bed has an imperative form lie down, lie down, and the verb eat - eat, eat; with the verb I'm going imperative forms are used go - go. The imperative form of the 2nd person plural is formed by adding the affix -te to the singular form: build, carry, leave. Reflexive verbs are attached to the indicated formations of the imperative form by affixes -xia(after a consonant and th) And -s(after -And And -those):don't be stubborn, get in shape, get your hair cut, get your hair cut.

In addition to the basic form of the 2nd person singular and plural, the imperative mood has forms expressing the action of the 3rd person and 1st person plural. 3rd person forms are expressed (analytically) by a combination of particles let, let, yes with the form of the 3rd person singular and plural present tense and future simple: Let it burnface like dawn in the morning(Ring); Let him serve and pullstrap(P.); Long live the muses, long liveintelligence!(P.). The 1st person plural imperative is expressed by the 1st person plural form of the present tense or, more often, the future simple, pronounced with a special intonation of invitation: Let's get started, perhaps(P.). Attaching this form of affix -those expresses an appeal to many people or gives the statement a hint of politeness: You, my brothers, are blood friends,let's kissYeslet's hugfor the last parting(L.).

Some verbs, for semantic reasons, do not form the imperative form of the 2nd person, for example, impersonal verbs, individual verbs with the meaning of perception ( see, hear), with state value ( rot, become ill).

In the designation of persons, the imperative form is distinguished by great diversity. This form is characterized by a generalized personal meaning, especially in proverbs and sayings: Twist it, don't twist it(verbal). If there are different shades of modality, it is combined with all faces of both numbers: Lose my cart(government); If they had arrived earlier, nothing would have happened.

Depending on the context, as well as the addition of pronouns and particles, the imperative form receives additional expressive coloring: Don't take it awayyou are my will, dear(A. Ost.); Don't break it, Look(T.); Go and see, old woman, visit my daughter-in-law(Nick.).

Present tense shows that the action expressed by the verb coincides with the moment of speech: Henceforth II seebirth flows(P.) - visual perception of flows ( I see) occurs at the very time when the poet talks about it.

Past tense denotes the action preceding the moment of speech: I ran for many hours...(L.) - verb form ran expresses an action that was performed by the speaker before the speech began.

Future expresses an action that will take place after the moment of speech: It seemed to me... that she would die soon(M.G.).

Time expressed in verbal forms in relation to the moment of speech is called absolute time.Relative time verb form is the time determined in this form not by the moment of speech, but by the relationship with the time of another action, for example: wrote that it works(the present tense of the verb works indicates the coincidence of the time of the action not with the moment of speech, but with the time of the action expressed by the verb wrote).

Meanings and uses of tense forms . Present tense. Present tense forms have the following types of meaning and use: a) the meaning of a specific action that is carried out at the moment of speech and has a limited duration: There are the masonspavingstreet(A.N.T.); b) the meaning of an action of indefinite duration, constantly occurring:

Verbsconjugate, and nounsbow down, or actions ordinary, characteristic of a person or thing - ...Poetsings, scientistthinks, painter, sculptor, architectcreateAndare based, artisanworks(P.). The present tense form is used to pictorially depict events of the past, as well as in all cases where expressive speech techniques are used. This form of the present tense corresponds to both the past imperfect and the past perfect and is called the historical present: Getting acquaintedthey, thenmake friends, then they can’tbreake downand wholecarry outdays together(Kr.). The present tense form of verbs of motion sometimes expresses action in the near future: We're leavingtomorrow at sea.

Past tense. Features of the meaning of past tense forms are associated with their belonging to the perfective or imperfective form. The past tense of imperfective verbs expresses action as a fact of the past and is used when describing: Throughout the first half of Maywalkedrains(Garsh.). The past tense of perfective verbs has several meanings that are not strictly delimited: a) completion of an action in the past: DiedPoet! - slave of honor -fellslandered by rumor(L.); b) the sequence of completed actions, the replacement of one such action by another: Prince Bagrationsuspendedhis horse, recognizing Prince Andrei,noddedhis head(L. T.); c) saving in the present the result of a completed action: Look how dark it is in the depths of the valleyslay down(Polonsky).

Special cases of expressing the past tense include: a) repetition of an action with a connotation of prescription (“long past tense”): And here is the fireplace; here the master sat alone. Here with himhad lunchin winter the late Lensky, our neighbor(P.); b) repetition of action: It happenedwrotewith her blood in the albums of tender maidens...(P.); c) an action started but interrupted: Here he iswas out, but stopped at the door...(P.); d) sudden-instant action, expressed by interjective verbs (such as sniff, grab, slap and etc.): Lighter than a shadow Tatyanajumpto the other entrance(P.); e) instantaneous voluntary action: I put him on the table to perform the operation on him, and hetake itAnddieI'm under chloroform(Ch.).

Future. The forms of the future tense differ both in formation and in meaning. The future tense of imperfective verbs is formed by combining the future tense forms of the auxiliary verb be and the indefinite form of the conjugated verb ( I will wear) and is called future complex. The future tense of perfective verbs has the same endings as the present tense and is called the future simple ( I'll carry it).

The complex future is homogeneous in meaning: it always denotes an action that will occur after the moment of speech: HowmanageYouyou willunder a thunderstorm,stewmutiny,entangletreason?(P.).

The future simple has a variety of meanings. The main meaning of the future simple is to designate the result of an action regardless of the moment of speech: So if this unknown tramp crosses the Lithuanian borderwill move, a crowd of madmen approaches himwill attractDemetrius resurrected name(P.). In this productive meaning, the future tense is used in proverbs and sayings: You'll get hungry, and get breadyou'll guess(verbal). In addition to the main meaning, the future simple can denote an action related to the present or past time. The synonymy of the future simple with the forms of the present tense is more often observed in descriptions when a number of forms of the present and future tense are used: Storm hazy skycovers, whirling snow whirlwinds. The way she is like a beastwill howl, Thatwill crylike a child(P.). To denote actions performed in the past, the future simple is used in combination with the past tense of imperfective verbs: Gerasimlooked, looked, but howlaughsall of a sudden(T.), and also with the particle it happened and the particle as (in an exclamatory sentence): But mother used towill coverblue eyes yeswill startsong to great heights(M.G.); Like a queenwill jump away, yes, like a penwill swing, yes, just like in the mirrorwill slam, like a heelwill stomp(P.).

History of past tense forms in the Russian language.

In the DRY, past tense forms were divided into simple (aorist, imperfect) and complex (perfect and plusquaperfect). The existence of 4 forms was explained by the presence of differences in the system of these forms.

Meanings: Aorist – action in the past. Imperfect is a long repeated action in the past (emphasis on the circumstances of the action). Perfect – past in the present (result. Very different from all tenses – denotes a state). Plusquaperfect is a thing of the past.

Simple forms were formed from the stem of the infinitive + connecting vowel + suffix + connecting vowel + ending.

The imperfect and the aorist were lost (first the imperfect). Remnants of the aorist are considered: particle would, chu, some forms in phraseological units. The loss of forms was accompanied by their confusion and semantic indistinction. The loss of the imperfect led to the development of new verb forms with the meaning of repetition: from the 14th century. - they say bullshit; from the 16th century - he used to say.

The perfect was formed using the verb BE in the present tense + elic participle. In the written period, the perfect became the only past tense form with the meaning SV/NV. Lost contact with the present tense due to the proliferation of personal pronouns as subjects. The participle became a personal verb form, which lost its gender distinctions in the plural. The perfect was preserved in dialects.

Verb mood category

Mood is an inflectional grammatical category of a verb, denoting the relationship of a process to reality. This meaning is expressed in the forms of the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods.

The indicative mood represents a process as real in the past, present or future ( read - read - will read). Unlike the imperative and subjunctive moods, the indicative mood does not have a special morphological indicator of mood: morphemes of time and person are used in this capacity.

The meaning of the actual process can be combined with additional modal characteristics - determination, readiness, threat and others introduced by lexical semantics, syntax and intonation: I'll go home now!; She will definitely come; So I'll ask him!

The imperative mood expresses the will of the speaker - a request, order or encouragement to action: Bring documents; Give back the tickets; Let's go to the theater. The imperative mood has no tense forms. The system of forms of the imperative mood includes forms of 2 l. units and plural and 1 l. plural (forms of joint action). The imperative forms are formed from the present tense stem of perfective and imperfective verbs.

Form 2 l. units is formed using the ending -And or zero ending. In this case, the final paired-hard consonant of the base alternates with the corresponding soft one. For the correct formation of the form, it is necessary to know the place of emphasis in the form of 1 l. units present or future indicative mood. If the stress falls on the ending, then the form is 2 l. units is usually formed with the help of the ending -and: I write - write, I'm going - go, I study - study.

In verbs beat, twist, pour, drink, sew, as well as in verbs with the basis of the present or future simple tense in [ j] and the infinitive is not on -it form 2 l. units formed by a null ending: hit - hit, wey - wey, pour - pour, drink - drink, sew - sew(with simultaneous alternation of zero sound in the generating stem and vowel e in the form of the imperative mood), as well as stand — I'm standing — stop, sing — I sing — sing, chew — I'm chewing — chew.

If the accent is in the form 1 l. units the present or future simple tense falls on the stem, then the imperative form is formed using a zero ending and is equal to the stem (spelling in the imperative form th after a vowel, b after soft and sizzling): read — I'm reading — read, sit down — I'll sit down — sit down, cut — I cut — cut.

Verbs whose stem ends with several consonants, as well as verbs with a stressed prefix, deviate from this rule. You-(correlative verb without prefix You- has an accent on the ending): remember — I remember — remember, wince - wince — wrinkles, endure — I'll take it out — take it out, kick out — I'll kick you out — kick me out. In some cases, variant formations are possible, and forms with a zero ending are more often used in colloquial speech: clean — I'm cleaning — clean And clean, expose — I'll put it up — expose And put it out. Finally, some verbs form the 2nd form. units from a stem different from the present tense: -give- - -come on, get up - get up, create - create, -know - know, give - give, create - create, eat - eat, go - go.

Form 2 l. units used to encourage the interlocutor, the addressee of the speech, to take action: Alla, write a letter. In colloquial speech, in teams it is possible to use the 2 liter form. units with a secondary meaning to motivate a certain set of interlocutors or addressees of speech to action: All the way up! Listen to the command! Set the for-bom-bram-sit down!(A.N. Tolstoy).

Form 2 l. plural formed using a postfix -those, attached to the 2 l mold. units ( praise —praise, cut off — cut off, get up — get up). This form is used to motivate several persons, addressees of speech, to action ( Passengers, Be carefull) or one person in case of polite address to “You” ( Vladimir Nikolayevich, go into the room).

Forms 1 l. plural (forms of joint action) can be synthetic and analytical. The synthetic form of joint action is externally identical to the 1 liter form. plural indicative mood in perfective and imperfective verbs denoting unidirectional movement, but differs from them in the special intonation of motivation: let's go, let's run, we're flying.

This form may be appended with a postfix if politely requested. -te: Let's bet, Please, about something(A. Herzen). The analytical form of joint action is formed by the combination of a particle Let's(those) with the infinitive of an imperfective verb: Let's work up a sweat to increase the number, to improve quality(V. Mayakovsky). The form of joint action is used to encourage an action in which the speaker intends to take part.

A call to action can have different shades of meaning. To express an order or a categorical demand, perfect forms of verbs are more often used (sit down, buy, stand up). Imperfect forms of verbs denote the broadest invitation to action - request, advice, etc. ( sit down, buy, get up). When used with negation, the imperative mood of imperfective verbs usually expresses prohibition (Not put things in a corner). To express a warning with negation, verbs of the perfect form are used, denoting processes that are undesirable and are carried out against the will of the bearer of the procedural attribute: get lost, get sick, get infected, get dirty, catch a cold and so on. (It's windy outside, don't catch a cold; Be careful, don't stumble). In colloquial speech, in such constructions, to enhance the meaning of warning, the semantically empty form is often used look look, do not be late; Look, don't let it slip. Different shades of motivation are not morphologically expressed; they are created by the intonation and lexical meaning of the verb: the same form, pronounced with different intonation, can mean an order, a demand, advice, a plea, and a polite invitation to action.

Form 2 l. units can be addressed not only to the interlocutor, but also to the speaker himself or to a third party, and also used in a generalized personal meaning: Brother will play a trick, and I hold answer;

What a life — never lie (I. Goncharov); You and me, be at least we are state councilors, they won't let you in for anything(A. Chekhov). In this case, it is not the actual motivation in all its varieties that is expressed, but desirability, assumption, obligation.

With a similar meaning of desirability, assumption, obligation, particle combinations are often used let (let him) with 3 l molds. units and plural indicative mood ( let him read, let him come in). Such combinations are sometimes included in the paradigm of the imperative mood as analytical forms 3 l. units and plural Particle let (let him) can be combined with 1 and 2 l forms. indicative mood: Let you be the storyteller; May we rise to the occasion. The proximity of such combinations to free syntactic constructions does not allow them to be included in the paradigm of the imperative mood as full members.

The subjunctive mood denotes an expected, possible or desired process: Would say you're on time., nothing would have happened; I would read it he book. A special feature of the subjunctive mood is the absence of tense and person forms. The forms of the subjunctive mood are analytical; they are formed by combining the verb form in -l, which coincides with the past tense form, and the particle would and change according to numbers and genders (in singular): it would be shining, would shine, it would be shining, would shine. Particle would can be separated from the form with -l in other words, and also be part of conjunctions to, so that, if, as if and some others. If the particle is preceded by a word ending in a vowel, the particle can appear in the form b: If only for a vague attraction / Something thirsty soul, / I'm here I would have stayed — pleasure / Taste in unknown silence: / I would have forgotten everyone desires trembling. / With a dream b the whole world named (A. Pushkin).

Subjunctive forms can also be used to express desire or advice: Fine would He came Today; I would go you're off to the village. In complex sentences, subjunctive forms are used with a concessive meaning, usually in combination with conjunctions and allied words: No matter what, we are inseparable before eternity(Yu. Bondarev).

Scope of use of the particle would in Russian is very wide. This particle, even without combination with the verb form ending in -l, can express the meanings inherent in the subjunctive mood: It's so hot, kvass; I would like to get some sleep; If only I knew about this, bad luck for him. The possibility of combining particles can be noted as quite rare would with participle: Human, would gain confidence, looks to the future with great optimism. However, all these cases are not included in the morphological subjunctive mood.

Mood forms can express a wide variety of meanings and are used in figurative meanings, i.e. as a function of other moods.

For example, to express motivation, along with forms of the imperative mood in the Russian language, forms of the indicative and subjunctive moods are widely used. This use is typical for 2 liter forms. units and plural indicative mood, with incentive intonation playing an important role: Now will you go home and bring it me a book!; You immediately come back to your unit and about everything report commander! Past tense forms of verbs also have an incentive meaning. begin, to finish, go, go, fly, take, undertake and etc.: Well, together, together started!; I went Go away — that's what I'm telling you. The use of forms of the indicative mood with an incentive meaning enhances the categorical nature of the incentive: the speaker thus emphasizes confidence in the fulfillment of his expressed will. At the same time, in structures with a particle Not forms of the indicative mood can also express a softened impulse, a request:

You won't tell do we have anything, Ivan Fedorovich? WITH The forms of the subjunctive mood are also used with the same meaning of weakened impulse: Sergey, walked would you go home. But if there is a particle in the design so that, the impulse expressed by the form of the subjunctive mood is of a very categorical nature: So that returned the book to me immediately!

In the same way, the meaning of an expected or possible process can be expressed not only by the subjunctive mood, but also by the forms of the indicative and imperative moods. Past tense forms of the indicative mood are used to denote a possible, easily feasible action: He is not connected with Yermil by a rope, quit Yes went (A. Ostrovsky). Forms of the imperative mood are often used with a conditional or concessional meaning: Not even a word about this Tell; No matter what, everything falls out of hand; Come you before, everything would be fine; She will give , and he will kick you out of the hut.

A special case is the use of the 2 liter form. units imperative mood to denote an unexpected action, always combined with And, and: After all, Lady Matryona recognized me and recognized me, old, yes a complaint against me and serve (I. Turgenev); And I and remember about your offer. To enhance the meaning of surprise and unpreparedness of action in such constructions the form is often used take: And he take it yes and say it out loud. Carrying out the action named by the verb (give, remember, Tell) has nothing to do with the will of the speaker. This use of the form allows the speaker only to qualify the action as unexpected, unprepared. Form 2 l. units The imperative mood in this use is very close in meaning to the past tense form of perfective verbs.

Verbs change according to mood. Form moods shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs inindicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: I'm doing(present time) was studying(past tense), I'll study(Future tense).

Verbs in conditional mood do not indicate real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional forms are formed from an infinitive stem (or past tense stem) with the help of a suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and in the singular - gender) and particles would (b)(which can come before the verb, after it, or can be torn away from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Yu. Moritz).

IN conditional verbs vary by number and gender (there is no tense or person in this mood): passedwould, would have passed, would have passed, would have passed.

Verbs inimperative mood denote an incentive to action (request, order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. Verbs in the imperative mood change according to numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).

The most common forms are the 2nd person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 faces unit. numbers are formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense using a suffix -And- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present/simple future tense): speak, look, write, hold,Work(the basis of the present tense is pa6omaj-ym), rest (rest)-ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), stand up (will stand up).

2nd person plural form numbers are formed from the 2nd person singular form. numbers using endings -those: speak- those, hold- those, behind-remember- those And etc.

Forms 3rd person unit. and many more numbers express the motivation to action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed using particles let, let, yes + shapes 3rd person unit. or more indicative numbers: let them go, let them go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know descendants of the Orthodox land of their native land have suffered a past fate (A. Pushkin).

1st person plural form numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. It is formed using particles come on, come on + infinitive of imperfective verbs (Let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of 1st person plural. indicative numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): let's talk compliment each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words are like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); Comrade life, Let's quickly let's trample, trample According to the five-year plan, the days are left... (V. Mayakovsky).

Mood forms can be used not only in their literal meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.

For example, the imperative form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative mood (2): 1) Do not be It’s God’s will, we wouldn’t give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him Tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

Verb in the indicative mood can be used in the imperative sense: However, in the fielddark; hurry up! went, went, Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's wait today for Mother Empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave and sworn people” (A. Pushkin).

The conditional form can have an imperative meaning: Daddy, you I'd like to talk to Alexandra, she is behaving desperately (M. Gorky).

A fairly simple question, although it causes some difficulties for many. In fact, everything is much simpler than it seems at first glance.

What is this?

Before going into the rules regarding inclinations, you need to understand what they are. This is a special grammatical indication of the connection between action and reality. That is, it is not an independent part of speech, but a form of a verb that shows an action that already exists or is possible in the future.

Types and forms of verb moods

In linguistics, the following types of this category are distinguished:

• Indicative.
• Subjunctive.
• Imperative.
• Desirable mood (intermediate between subjunctive and imperative).
• Permissible.
• Prepositional.
• Intentional mood (expressing intention).
• Negative pleading (expression of a request that the action not be carried out).
• Unreal (characteristic of Indian and Pacific languages; it characterizes an action that has almost happened).
• Paraphrase (used in the Latvian language; exists to transform direct speech into indirect speech).

The first three of these moods will be examined in more detail, because they are the ones found in verbs in the Russian language. However, since there are a whole variety of types, in the Russian language each of the available ones has different characteristics of modality, that is, it combines several moods.

Indicative, subjunctive and imperative mood - features

The indicative mood or indicative is a category that expresses a process in any tense. This type does not have a morphological indicator; instead, tense and person morphemes of the verb are used.

Additional modal characteristics of this subtype of category are determination, readiness, threat and other intonation moments.

The imperative mood or imperative is a category responsible for expressing a request, order or encouragement to action. It is also called the incentive mood. This category does not have tense forms, but it is possible to distinguish the forms of 2nd person singular and plural and 1st person plural, that is, such a verb is combined with the pronoun “you”, “you” and “we”, respectively.

Additional modal characteristics of this subtype of category are desirability, assumption, obligation and others.

The subjunctive mood or subjunctive is a category denoting a desired, intended or possible process. This type does not have forms of time, but it varies in numbers and gender. A feature of this subtype is the presence of the particle “would”, that is, the question to the verb is not “what (to) do?”, but “what to (to) do?”. Therefore, this mood is also called conditional.

Other modal characteristics of this given subtype of category are desire, advice, regret.

Table with examples

Let us give examples for each type of verb mood in the table.

How to determine the mood of a verb?

It can be quite difficult to determine the grammatical category being described. But the table of verb moods that we bring to your attention will help you solve this problem. You need to ask questions from the first column and find the answers in the columns on the right. You can think of it as an algorithm that explains how to determine the mood of a verb.

There is another simple way. To determine the mood of a verb, you must first ask yourself the question, does the word carry an order or an impulse? Thus, the imperative will be eliminated. Next you need to find the particle “would”. If it is not there, then the subjunctive will also be removed from the possible options. In general, the indicative mood is the most frequently used among the other subtypes of the category, but sometimes it still doesn’t hurt to check.

As you can see, the topic of moods in the Russian language is far from the simplest, but not the most complex either. To correctly determine whether a verb belongs to this category, you just need to understand what meaning it carries and pay attention to the words surrounding the verb. Often this is what helps to draw the right conclusions.