1. The concept of a complicated simple sentence
2. Sentences with homogeneous members
3. Stylistic functions of homogeneous members of a sentence
4. Proposals with isolated members
5. Stylistic functions of isolated members
6. Sentences with introductory and plug-in constructions and their stylistic functions
7. Sentences with appeals and their stylistic functions
1. The concept of a complicated simple sentence
A complicated simple sentence includes:
a) homogeneous members of the sentence;
b) isolated members of the sentence;
c) introductory and insert elements;
d) appeals.
All of these cases are also called special phenomena in the syntax of a simple sentence. These constructions are distinguished by great variety and variegation, but they are united by the fact that they give the simple sentence they include additional predicativity, or semi-predicativity.
Semi-predicativeness is an additional message to the main one about the relevance of the statement to reality. Thus, a complicated simple sentence occupies an intermediate position between a simple sentence (with one predication) and a complex one (two or more predicative parts).
2. Sentences with homogeneous members
Homogeneous members are usually called word forms and their complexes that are connected within a sentence by a coordinative connection and perform one syntactic function in the sentence. Any members of a sentence can be homogeneous, both main and secondary - subject, predicate, definition, application, addition, circumstance. Note that the following constructions cannot be considered homogeneous:
1) words repeated for the purpose of reinforcement: I'm going, I'm going in an open field;
2) parts of phraseological combinations: Let's stand upneither light nor dawn; We talkedabout this and that;
3) combinations of verbs acting as a single predicate (simple verb complicated): I'll go have a look what children do; I'll take it and tell you All. Such simple verbal compound predicates are used in colloquial speech;
4) coordinating combinations like: reader and book, Chekhov and the Russian language .
Homogeneous main members of the sentence
Subject. Several subjects connected by coordinating conjunctions or a non-union connection are homogeneous. They can be morphologically of the same type or heterogeneous:
Flattery Andcowardice - the worst vices(expressed by nouns); Somehow in the summerbrothers Andtwo guys from a neighboring yard carelessly went deeper into the forest and soon realized that they were lost(expressed by a noun and a combination of a numeral with a noun).
Nouns in the I.p. form are not homogeneous: Silence , darkness , loneliness and this one is strange noise .
Predicate. The issue of homogeneity of predicates is resolved in a more complex and controversial manner.
Homogeneous predicates are combinations of either simple verbs, or compound predicates, or predicates of a mixed type.
Homogeneous predicates can be single and with dependent words, morphologically similar and heterogeneous, united by a conjunction or non-conjunction:
Linden tablewas recentlyscraped out Andwashed ;
Forestwas old , clean , without undergrowth ;
He will certainlywanted to become a hero and for thiswas ready to do anything , the worst thing is, no matter what they offer him.
Homogeneous minor members of the sentence
The secondary members of a sentence, forming a composed series of word forms, necessarily turn out to be subordinate, i.e. subordinates together. They depend on the same member of the sentence - main or secondary - or the entire sentence as a whole, if they occupy the position of a determinant. Homogeneous additions, circumstances, definitions and applications are distinguished.
Homogeneous additions have the form of one case: Hidefrom the rain Andwind there was nowhere; homogeneous objects are expressed by an objective infinitive: It was orderedappear on time for the exam andreport in front of the group.
Homogeneous circumstances are usually united by the same meaning: time, place, reason, purpose, etc.: His speech flowedhard , Butfree .
It is sometimes possible to combine opposite circumstances, provided that the meaning of the combined words is generalized: Somewhere , once upon a time I heard these words;For what AndWhy I need to be there?
Homogeneous circumstances can be morphologized or designed differently: The lady was explaining herselfin a quiet voice Andwithout looking up .
Homogeneous definitions. Definitions can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Distinguishing them is one of the most difficult issues of syntax. Homogeneous definitions depend on the same word and can be either consistent or inconsistent:
The newcomer threw back his hood, revealing a completelywet , with hair stuck to forehead head.
Homogeneous definitions can be distinguished based on several criteria: semantics, morphological properties, syntactic characteristics.
In semantics, homogeneous definitions characterize one object according to different characteristics or different objects according to one characteristic:
At the bottomin blue , yellow , lilac the reflection of the city swayed rhythmically in the spots;
He handed it to mered , swollen , dirty hand.
Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one subject, but from different sides: Mom looked unusually beautiful in a light olive dress.
The semantic feature, as we have already noted, is not the only one, and to determine homogeneous definitions, the morphological criterion should also be taken into account. Homogeneous definitions include either only qualitative or only relative: They made noise above usbeautiful , slim trees; but: above us there was a mysterious oak forest.
When establishing homogeneous definitions, the syntactic criterion is considered essential, which is identified in three cases:
1. If each of the definitions is directly related to the word being defined, and the definitions themselves are connected by a coordinating connection that allows the insertion of a connecting conjunction And : He handed it to mered , dirty , swollen hand. In this case, the definitions are considered homogeneous.
Definitions are considered heterogeneous if one of them is directly related to the word being defined and forms a phrase with it, and the other definition refers to the entire phrase as a complex name.
2. The homogeneity and heterogeneity of definitions depends on their quantity. The more definitions, the brighter the intonation of the enumeration.
goodspreading , white-trunked , light green, cheerful birch.
3. In the postposition, definitions act as homogeneous. Compare:
Now we are building large stone houses; But: Now we are building housesbig , stone .
There is a lot of subjectivity in the distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, which is especially clearly manifested in artistic speech.
Definitions connected by explanatory relationships should be distinguished from homogeneous ones. See example: Completely different city sounds were heard outside; He translated our words into his own, incomprehensible language. Between such definitions you can insert a conjunction And, A that is or exactly. In such relationships, the second word explains the first, reveals its content, names the same concept, but more specifically. Thus, relations of explanation are not identical to relations of homogeneity. In these cases, only the first definition applies to the word being defined, and the second explains it.
Generalizing words with homogeneous members. Homogeneous members can be preceded or followed by words and phrases with such a nominative meaning, which seems to cover the entire range of phenomena, objects, features designated by homogeneous members.
Similar words and phrases that perform in a sentence, as a rule, the same syntactic functions as homogeneous members, are usually called generalizing. The role of generalizing words most often are pronouns, pronominal adverbs with a broad generalizing meaning: everything, everything, no one, everywhere, everywhere, etc.
Phrases and whole sentences can also be used as generalizing units:
On the table there was a bouquet of wildflowers: chamomile, lungwort, wild mountain ash.
Everything that surrounded me seemed extraordinary: the moon, the clouds, and the light.
In relation to homogeneous members, generalizing words can be in preposition and postposition. However, their function turns out to be fundamentally different. The generalizing word is used in postposition: In the steppe, across the river, along the roads - everywhere it was empty. If a word is in preposition, then it is itself explained, clarified by homogeneous members:
Everywhere: in the steppe, across the river, along the roads - it was empty.
Generalizing words are general designations of a final nature, closing a series of homogeneous members. These can be pronouns, pronominal adverbs. In relation to homogeneous members, generalizing words are postpositive.
The words being specified do not generalize, but are themselves specified, explained, and revealed by homogeneous members of the sentence. They are varied in morphological nature: pronouns, pronominal adverbs, nouns, adjectives, numerals, combinations of words: There was game in the basket: two black grouse and a duck. The words being specified are always in preposition in relation to homogeneous members of the sentence.
Stylistic functions of homogeneous members of a sentence. Homogeneous members of a sentence perform different stylistic functions. Let's indicate them:
1. With the help of homogeneous members of a sentence, a comic effect can be created if distant or incompatible concepts are compared:
At another table a man with a good name, but in thin boots (Gilyarovsky) sits with a scribe.
A comic effect can be created by stringing homogeneous members of a sentence: And above all this, majestically and ponderously leaning its elephant elbows on the frame, it rises... no, it doesn’t rise... it widens... no, it doesn’t widen... it is immeasurably present, it reigns , dominates, suppresses and terrifies the Polish general (Kataev) with his monstrous equipment.
2. Homogeneous members of a sentence give the narrative special expressiveness and tension if each subsequent homogeneous member enhances the meaning of the previous one, i.e., a semantic gradation arises:
Fascism robbed, corroded, and undermined Europe (Ehrenburg).
The meaning of gradation is maintained not only at the level of the meaning of homogeneous members, but of morphemes, for example prefixes: Much has been changed, revised, and revalued during the war years.
3. In artistic speech, homogeneous terms are used in descriptions of objects and surroundings; and also when creating portraits, to characterize a person or an object:
In poetry: Everything is evil, as it was then, that summer: the harsh rustle of dusty grasses, and the wind breathing ash, and the roar of bombs at the crossings, and the faded brushwood of camouflage, and the hot, greedy progress of cars, and a wounded man on foot on the edge, and he's probably not alone...
In prose: His appearance was very noticeable: tall, lean, somewhat stooped; long flat hair thrown back, almost to the shoulders, a small light mustache above a shaved chin (Teleshov).
4. In official business and scientific styles, homogeneous members of a sentence are used for classifications, detailed descriptions of phenomena and objects:
So, by the beginning of the 30s, only 4 characters participated in the atomic show: electron, proton, neutron and photon.
The use of homogeneous sentence parts in speech, especially common ones, gives speech expressiveness, intonation smoothness or sharpness. Such sentences have a certain rhythmic and melodic pattern. So, for example, sentences with a generalizing word are divided into two parts: in the first part there is a gradual rise in voice, in the second there is a sharp decrease at the beginning of the sentence, then a pause.
In Russian, a sentence consists of main and secondary members. The subject and predicate are the basis of any statement, however, without circumstances, additions and definitions, it does not so widely reveal the idea that the author wants to convey. To make the sentence more voluminous and fully convey the meaning, it combines the grammatical basis and secondary members of the sentence, which have the ability to be isolated. What does it mean? Isolation is the separation of minor members from the context by meaning and intonation, in which words acquire syntactic independence. This article will look at separate definitions.
Definition
So, first you need to remember what a simple definition is, and then start studying the separate ones. So, definitions are the secondary members of a sentence that answer the questions “Which?” and “Whose?” They indicate a sign of the subject being discussed in the statement, are distinguished by punctuation marks and depend on the grammatical basis. But isolated definitions acquire a certain syntactic independence. In writing they are distinguished by commas, and in oral speech - by intonation. Such definitions, as well as simple ones, are of two types: consistent and inconsistent. Each type has its own characteristics of isolation.
Agreed Definitions
An isolated agreed definition, just like a simple one, always depends on the noun, which is the defining word for it. Such definitions are formed by adjectives and participles. They can be single or have dependent words and stand in a sentence immediately after the noun or be separated from it by other members of the sentence. As a rule, such definitions have a semi-predicative meaning; it is especially clearly visible in the case when the sentence construction contains adverbial words that are distributive for this definition. Single definitions are also distinguished if they appear after a noun or pronoun and clearly indicate their characteristics. For example: the child, embarrassed, stood near his mother; pale, tired, he lay down on the bed. Definitions expressed by short passive participles and short adjectives are necessarily excluded. For example: then the beast appeared, shaggy and tall; our world is burning, spiritual and transparent, and it will become truly good.
Inconsistent definitions
Like simple inconsistent definitions, conditional in a sentence, they are expressed by nouns in indirect case forms. In a statement, they are almost always an additional message and are meaningfully associated with personal pronouns and proper names. The definition in this case is always isolated if it has a semi-predicative meaning and is temporary. This condition is mandatory, because proper names are sufficiently specific and do not require constant features, and the pronoun is not lexically combined with features. For example: Seryozhka, with a worn spoon in his hands, took his place by the fire; Today he, in a new jacket, looked especially good. In the case of a common noun, a characterizing meaning is required to isolate the definition. For example: In the middle of the village stood an old abandoned house with a massive tall chimney on the roof.
Which definitions are not excluded?
In some cases, even in the presence of relevant factors, the definitions are not isolated:
- In the case when definitions are used together with words that do not have an inferior lexical meaning (Father looked angry and menacing.) In this example there is a defining word “appearance”, but the definition is not isolated.
- Common definitions cannot be isolated when connected with the two main members of a sentence. (After mowing, the hay lay folded in bins.)
- If the definition is expressed in a complex comparative form or has a superlative adjective. (More popular songs appeared.)
- If the so-called attributive phrase stands after an indefinite, attributive, demonstrative or possessive pronoun and forms a single whole with it.
- If the adjective comes after a negative pronoun, such as no one, no one, no one. (No one admitted to the exams was able to answer the additional question.)
Punctuation marks
When writing sentences with separate definitions, they should be separated by commas in the following cases:
- If the isolated definitions are a participle or an adjective and come after the qualifying word. (The perfume given to her (which one?) had a divine aroma, reminiscent of spring freshness.) This sentence has two definitions, expressed by participial phrases. For the first turn, the defining word is perfume, and for the second, aroma.
- If two or more definitions are used after a defining word, they are separated. (And this sun, kind, gentle, was shining right through my window.) This rule also applies in cases of using inconsistent definitions. (Father, wearing a hat and a black coat, walked quietly along the park alley.)
- If in a sentence the definition indicates an additional circumstance (concessive, conditional or causal). (Tired by the hot day (reason), she fell on the bed exhausted.)
- If in a statement the definition depends on the personal pronoun. (Dreaming of a vacation at sea, he continued to work.)
- A separate definition is always separated by commas if it is separated from the defining word by other members of the sentence or stands in front of it. (And in the sky, accustomed to the rain, a raven circled senselessly.)
How to find isolated definitions in a sentence
In order to find a sentence with a separate definition, you should pay attention to punctuation marks. Then highlight the grammatical basis. By asking questions from the subject and predicate, establish connections between words and find definitions in the sentence. If these minor members are separated by commas, then this is the desired construction of the statement. Quite often, isolated definitions are expressed by participial phrases, which, as a rule, come after the defining word. Also, such definitions can be expressed by adjectives and participles with dependent words and single ones. Quite often there are isolated homogeneous definitions in a sentence. It is not difficult to identify them; in a sentence they are expressed by homogeneous participles and adjectives.
Exercises for consolidation
To better understand the topic, you need to consolidate the acquired knowledge in practice. To do this, you should complete exercises in which you need to find sentences with separate definitions, place punctuation marks in them and explain each comma. You can also take dictation and write down sentences. By performing this exercise, you will develop the ability to identify isolated definitions by ear and write them down correctly. The ability to place commas correctly will come in handy both during your studies and during entrance exams to a higher educational institution.
| Complicated | Definition | Separation | Example |
| 1. Homogeneous members of the sentence | members of a sentence that answer the same question and are associated with the same word | usually separated from each other by commas. | Pushkin collected songs and fairy tales and in Odessa, and in Chisinau, and in the Pskov province. |
| 2. Definitions | a minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of an object and answers the questions what? whose? what? and under. Adjectives or pronouns with and without a dependent word; Participle or participial phrase; Rarely numeral |
definitions that appear after the word being defined or refer to a personal pronoun are isolated. | 1) Road, cobblestone, climbed onto the shaft (separate definition) 2) Shy and timid by nature, she was annoyed at her shyness (a separate definition related to a pronoun) 3) On a window silver with frost chrysanthemums bloomed overnight (non-separate definition) |
| 3. Applications | definition expressed by a noun, which gives another name that characterizes the object (Frost- voivode patrols his possessions). | are separated: Any with personal pronouns, Common applications after the defined word; With a union like A dash is placed instead of a comma if the application is at the end of the sentence |
1) Here it is, the explanation. 2) The mighty Lion, the thunderstorm of the forests, lost his strength. 3) You, How the initiator must play a major role. 4) There was a closet nearby - directory storage. |
| 4. Additions | a minor member of a sentence that denotes the subject and answers questions about indirect cases | phrases with words are conventionally considered as separate additions besides, apart from, including, apart from, over, excluding, along with, instead of and etc. | 1) I didn't hear anything except leaf noise. 2) I really liked the story, with the exception ofsome details. |
| 5.
Circumstances |
a minor member of the sentence, which is the place, time, reason, manner of action and answers the questions where? When? Why? How? | are always separated: Participles and participial phrases; Despite + noun |
1) Smiling, he fell asleep. 2) Having seen off her comrades, Tonya stood silently for a long time. 3) Despite on carrot blush, she was pretty. |
| 6. Appeals and introductory structures | An address is a word or combination of words that names someone or something that is addressed in speech. Introductory constructions are words, sentences and sentences with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (un/confidence, feelings, source of the statement, order of thoughts, ways of expressing thoughts) |
Separated by commas. Introductory structures can be separated using brackets or dashes. |
1) Winter, it seems (of course, according to weather forecasters, firstly), It will be snowy. 2) One day - I don't remember why- there was no performance. 3) Melody of a Belarusian song (if you heard it) somewhat monotonous. 4) O first lily of the valley, from under the snow you ask for the sun's rays. |
| 7. Clarifying members of the sentence | Clarifying members of a sentence are those members of a sentence that explain other, clarifying, members of the sentence. Most often, the circumstances of place and time are clarifying factors. Definitions often act as clarifying members. |
Separated by commas. They can be entered with the words that is, or (= that is), otherwise, exactly, etc. | Ahead, right next to the road, the fire was burning. The storm started in the evening at ten o'clock. Gavrik examined the little schoolboy from all sides, in a long, to toe, overcoats. |
Algorithm of actions.
Sometimes it can be very difficult to find what is required in a task. Perhaps the following algorithm will help, which focuses on punctuation marks (in task B5 you need to find isolated, that is, separated by commas, parts of the sentence).
1. Eliminate those sentences where there are no punctuation marks.
2. Highlight the stems and exclude those sentences where all punctuation marks separate the stems from each other.
3. In the remaining sentences, try to reason why certain punctuation marks are placed: homogeneous members, participial or participial phrases, introductory words, etc.
Analysis of the task.
Among the offers, find an offer with a separate common application. Write the number of this offer.
And I, first in kindergarten and then at school, bore the heavy cross of my father’s absurdity. Everything would be fine (you never know what kind of fathers anyone has!), but I didn’t understand why he, an ordinary mechanic, came to our matinees with his stupid accordion. I would play at home and not disgrace myself or my daughter! Often confused, he would groan thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile would appear on his round face. I was ready to fall into the ground from shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.
Let's highlight the basics:
And I, first in kindergarten and then at school, bore the heavy cross of my father’s absurdity. Everything would be fine (you never know what kind of fathers anyone has!), but I didn’t understand why he, an ordinary mechanic, came to our matinees with his stupid accordion. I would play at home and not disgrace myself or my daughter! Often getting confused, he would groan thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile would appear on his round face. I was ready to fall into the ground from shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.
So, we exclude sentences No. 6 and 8, where homogeneous members of the sentence are separated by commas.
In sentence 10, commas highlight the participial phrase and grammatical bases. Let's exclude him too.
In sentence No. 9, the adverbial phrase and the qualifying circumstance are separated by commas (subtly (how exactly?) in a feminine way).
Sentence No. 7 remains. An insertion construction is presented in parentheses; two commas indicate the boundaries of grammatical bases. Remains isolated ordinary mechanic, which is a separate common application (is a noun, indicates a sign, has a dependent word ordinary).
Thus, write down the offer number 7 .
Practice.
1. Among sentences 1 – 4, find a sentence with a separate circumstance. Write the number of this offer.
(1) Today, every now and then the voices of new prophets are heard that it is time to stop experiments, scientific experiments, that excessively daring curiosity has led humanity to the abyss: if you take just one wrong step, the entire civilization will collapse into the abyss.
(2) Let's remember the ancient myths, in which the ancient wisdom of earthlings is accumulated. (3) Despite the diversity of mythological plots, the red thread running through them is the idea of the limits of human capabilities. (4) Yes, a person can do a lot, but not everything.
2. Among sentences 1 – 6, find a sentence with a separate agreed application(s). Write the number(s) for this sentence.
(1) As a child, I read books about Indians and passionately dreamed of living somewhere on the prairie, hunting bison, spending the night in a hut... (2) In the summer, when I graduated from the ninth grade, my dream unexpectedly came true: my uncle invited me to guard the apiary on the skinny but fishy river of Sisyava. (3) As an assistant, he imposed his ten-year-old son, Mishka, a sedate, economical guy, but gluttonous, like a little jackdaw. (4) Two days flew by in an instant; we caught pikes, patrolled our possessions, armed with bows and arrows, and swam tirelessly; Vipers lurked in the thick grass where we picked berries, and this gave our gathering the edge of a dangerous adventure.
3. Among sentences 1–9, find a sentence with a generalizing word with homogeneous members. Write the number of this offer.
(1) Kutuzov saw not only the general picture of the battle: it was clearly not in our favor! (2) He, unlike others, saw the eyes of the soldiers. (3) To the wise, experienced Barclay, who soberly assessed the situation, it seemed pointless to fight a stronger opponent, and this chess logic has its reason. (4) But she does not take into account one thing: people are not soulless figures subordinate to the fatal will of the grandmaster. (5) A soldier can throw down his weapon and raise his hands, or he can stand to death. (6) Kutuzov saw clearly: the fighters were fighting and were not going to yield to the enemy. (7) It’s impossible at such a moment to approach an artilleryman or a grenadier and say: “That’s it, guys, let’s stop the massacre! (8) We lost!” (9) On the battlefield, it was not the logic of military tactics that ruled, but personal qualities: will, determination, perseverance.
Separation of definitions- this is highlighting them with intonation in oral speech and with commas in written speech.
Separating agreed definitions
Separation of agreed definitions is necessary in the following cases:
1. The definition is expressed by adjectives or participles that have dependent words and come after the defined word expressed by the noun.
2. Several single (two or more) agreed definitions, standing after the defined word expressed by a noun.
3. The definition is separated from the word being defined by other words.
4. Single or common definitions may be isolated, standing before the word being defined, expressed by a noun, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed, for example, reason, concession, time.
Proper names are often used as qualifying words in sentences with additional adverbial meaning.
5. The agreed definition refers to the personal pronoun.
Doesn't matter:
- prevalence - non-prevalence definition
- its place in relation to the defined pronoun
They are not isolated, i.e. are not separated by commas:
1) adjectives and participles that are part of a compound predicate.
2) adjectives or participles that have dependent words and stand before the defined word expressed by a noun (except for cases when additional adverbial meaning is expressed.
3) definitions that appear after the word being defined, but are so closely related to it in meaning that if you try to exclude them from the sentence, the meaning is lost.
Separating inconsistent definitions
Separation of inconsistent definitions is necessary:
1) if the inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the indirect case has semantic independence, for example, when they complement or clarify the available information.
2) if inconsistent definitions are separated from the defined word by other words.
3) if there is a number of homogeneous definitions: consistent and inconsistent.
4) if the inconsistent definition is expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective.
Dedicated Applications
They are separated, i.e. are distinguished in oral speech by intonation, and in written speech by commas, only common applications. Separation occurs if:
1) the application refers to a common noun or pronoun; its location in a sentence before or after the word being defined is not significant.
2) application refers to a proper name and comes after it.
3) the application refers to a proper name, stands in front of it, but expresses an additional connotation of causality (it can be replaced by a phrase with the word being).
Note:
If the application is at the end of a sentence, it may be separated by a dash rather than a comma, for example:
Andrey made a report - best student in class.
Applications are not isolated
if they include the conjunction as and express the meaning of quality, for example:
Olga, as my neighbor, can come to my place without an invitation.
(Olga is my neighbor. Synonymous: as a neighbor)
Separation(emphasis added by commas) agreed upon definitions depend on several factors:
a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the definition in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the definition (adverbial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and method of expression of the definition.
Conditions for separating agreed definitions
A) The word being defined is a pronoun
1. Definitions that refer to personal pronouns ( I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they), are separated. The degree of distribution of the definition, the method of its expression (participle, adjective), position in relation to the main word usually do not play a role:
I , taught by experience, I will be more attentive to her. She's tired she fell silent and looked around. AND, tired of your happiness, He fell asleep immediately.
2. Definitions that refer to negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing), indefinite pronouns ( someone, something, someone, something), are usually not isolated, since they form a single whole with pronouns:
Can't compare to this novel nothing previously written by the author. A flash appeared on his face something similar to a smile.
Notes
1) With a less close connection, if there is a pause after an indefinite pronoun, the attributive phrase is isolated. For example: AND somebody , sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store(Panova).
2) Adjectives or participles with or without dependent words, associated with the attributive pronoun all, are not isolated if the adjective or participle acts as the main word, and the pronoun all acts as a dependent attribute. For example: Everyone late for the lecture stood in the corridor. (cf.: Late to the lecture stood in the corridor). If the main word is the pronoun all, and the attributive phrase explains or clarifies it, then such a phrase is isolated. For example: All , railway related, is still covered in the poetry of travel for me(cf.: All still filled with the poetry of travel for me).
B) The word being defined is a noun
1. A common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated if they appear after the noun being defined. Such definitions are usually not isolated if they appear before the noun being defined.
Wed: Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun. - Leaf-strewn meadows were full of sun; I especially liked eyes big and sad. - I especially liked big and sad eyes.
Notes
1) Common and homogeneous single definitions that appear after a noun are not isolated if the noun needs a definition, if without this definition the statement does not have a complete meaning. In oral speech, it is these definitions that the logical emphasis falls on, and there is no pause between the defined word and the definition. For example: Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me off to the side, deaf and distant (Pushkin). Somewhere in this world there is life pure, elegant, poetic (Chekhov).
2) A single adjective after a noun is usually not isolated. For example: To a young man the old man's worries are incomprehensible. A single definition can be isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning (it can be replaced with a subordinate clause with conjunctions if, when, because, although and etc.). In oral speech, isolated single definitions are necessarily pronounced with pauses. For example: Young a person in love, it’s impossible not to spill the beans(Turgenev). - It is impossible for a young man, if he is in love, not to spill the beans; People, amazed, became like stones(M. Gorky). - People have become like stones, because they were amazed. However, such a selection is always the author’s (!).
2. Before the defined noun there is a common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated only if they have an additional adverbial meaning (you can ask questions about them Why? in spite of what? and etc.; they can be replaced with adverbial clauses with conjunctions because although and etc.). In oral speech, such definitions are necessarily distinguished by pauses.
Wed: Always cheerful and lively, nurses Now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya (Cossacks). - Although the nurses were always cheerful and lively, now they moved concentratedly and silently around Tanya.
However, such separation is usually optional and not mandatory. And depending on the intonation (the presence of pauses or their absence), the same definition in the position before the main word - the noun will be isolated or not isolated.
Wed: Wounded in the head, scout couldn't crawl (Since the scout was wounded in the head, he couldn't crawl- pause after a noun to the head). - Scout wounded in the head couldn't crawl(pause after noun scout).
3. Common and single definitions are isolated if they are torn off from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are located before the main word or after it).
For example:
1. angry, gloomy, walked around the room(Chekhov). Homogeneous single definitions angry, gloomy refer to a noun Kashtanka and separated from it by predicates stretched, yawned.
2. To meet me clean and clear,, the sound of a bell came(Turgenev). Definitions clean and clear, as if washed by the morning coolness come before the defined noun sounds, but separated from it by other members of the sentence - the predicate brought.
Note!
1) If a separate definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides.
Glades, strewn with leaves, were full of sun.
2) The attributive phrase that comes after the coordinating conjunction ( and, or, a, but etc.), but not related to it, is separated by a comma from the conjunction according to the general rule.
Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, gloomy, walked around the room.
The conjunction connects homogeneous predicates and has nothing to do with separate definitions. Definitions can be removed, but the union can be retained: Kashtanka stretched, yawned and walked around the room. Therefore, a comma is placed after the conjunction and.
But a comma is not placed between the conjunction (usually the conjunction a) and the attributive phrase if, when the clause is omitted, a restructuring of the sentence is required.
The ball rests on the surface of the pool, A submerged, pops up quickly.
In this case, it is impossible to remove the attributive phrase without the conjunction a.
The ball floats on the surface of the pool and floats up quickly.
3) The adjective and participle associated with the predicate verb are not definitions, but the nominal part of the predicate. Such adjectives and participles do not obey the rules mentioned above.
Wed: To the hut we got there wet; She came running from the club excited and joyful.
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