Cargo turnover is determined. Determination of cargo turnover and cargo flows

Cargo turnover is an economic indicator of transport operation (an indicator of the volume of cargo transportation), equal to the product of the mass of cargo transported for a certain time by the distance of transportation.

structural discrepancies often arise between consolidated budgets of the same level.

Cargo turnover is measured in ton-kilometers. For example, if different ships transported 5 million tons of cargo during the year over an average distance of 150 km, then the annual cargo turnover is 5 × 150 = 750 million ton-kilometers.

To determine the freight turnover, the mass of the transported cargo in tons (separately for each political consignment of cargo) is multiplied by the transportation distance and the resulting products are summed up.

The freight turnover indicator is used in planning and statistics to measure the efficiency of labor in transport (the number of ton-kilometers per worker), the initial cost of transportation is also determined per 1 km, since transportation costs depend on its distance and the mass of cargo.

To assess the activities of transport enterprises, the indicator of freight turnover is not used, since the society is interested in the best satisfaction of transportation needs while minimizing transportation costs; for these purposes, the indicator of transportation (dispatch) of goods in tons, revenue from transportation, etc.

The dissemination of best practices, including by Belarusian railway workers, makes it possible to increase the volume of useful work of transport without increasing the number of employees.

To characterize the cargo turnover of a state, a certain territory, a certain direction, a river, etc. both units of measurement are used. And to characterize the turnover of any transport hub, station or other transport facility, only tonnage is used as a meter.

Freight turnover determines the level of development of relations, the development of trade, the degree of economic activity in a certain period, etc.

The unit of observation in freight traffic statistics is the shipment, i.e. a political consignment of cargo, the carriage of which is formalized by an appropriate document (contract of carriage). Primary documents on different modes of transport have different names:

· road list - for railway and river transport;

· bill of lading and manifest - for maritime transport;

· a waybill and a bill of lading for goods - in road transport;

· accompanying sheet - in air transport.

Freight Transportation Statistics has developed a system of indicators that provide an opportunity to comprehensively characterize the work of each enterprise and a single transport network of the country. These indicators are divided into two groups:

1. volumetric (total);

2. high quality.

The volume indicators of statistics on the transportation of goods include: dispatched (departure) of goods; arrived (arrival) of goods; transported (transportation) of goods;

transported in direct mixed traffic; the volume of transport work performed - freight turnover.

Freight turnover is the amount of work in the transportation of goods, calculated by summing the products of the mass of goods transported by the distance of transportation in kilometers (miles). It is one of the main indicators in evaluating the efficiency of a transport enterprise.

Qualitative indicators of freight traffic statistics include:

average transportation distance per 1 ton of cargo;

average density of transportation of 1 ton of cargo;

average duration of transportation of 1 ton of cargo;

average speed of advancement of 1 ton of cargo.

The distribution of freight traffic between individual modes of transport depends on their characteristics and economic advantages. For example, rail transport is used to transport large volumes of goods over long distances; road transport - in cities and regions for short, as well as for longer distances when transporting valuable and perishable goods; maritime transport - when transporting bulk cargo in areas gravitating towards inland water and sea basins; trunk pipelines are used to pump gas and crude black gold from fields to processing plants and to transport finished petroleum products from plants to consumption areas and terminals; air transport is used to transport goods over very long distances.

Table 4 shows the cargo turnover by mode of transport in the Tyumen region (billion ton-kilometers).

Table 4

Freight turnover by type of transport for 2009-2013.

Figure 5 shows a graph of the dynamics of freight turnover by mode of transport for 2009-2013.

Fig 5.

Figure 5 shows that rail and pipeline transport has the largest share in freight turnover.

When referring to information sources regarding transport systems, one can often come across such a term as “freight turnover”. It will be useful to find out what this concept is and what is its unit of measurement.

Freight turnover means the amount (total volume) of transported goods according to the object in question: be it an enterprise, type of transport, industry or the state as a whole.

The indicator of freight turnover is measured by such a unit as a ton-kilometer, however, the use of the indicator of the total tonnage of transportation performed is more common.

To measure the volume of traffic within a state or a selected region, two units of measurement are used at once. The process of evaluating the functioning of a transport object or a separate node involves the use of only the total weight of the cargo transported in tons.

On a large scale, the freight turnover indicator gives an assessment of the relationship between states or regions, and in the transport sector it determines the throughput of certain objects. The growth of interstate cargo turnover indicates the development of trade and economy. At the time of the crisis, there is a drop in freight turnover. The instability of cargo exchange between regions suggests difficulties in the main transport system, in the functioning of companies, as well as weak internecine economic ties.

Types of transport and cargo turnover

Usually, the entire freight turnover of transport is correlated with a specific transport sector.

Usually, the entire freight turnover of transport is correlated with a specific transport area in order to assess a certain type of freight exchange.

Rail transport is the largest and most budgetary. In Russia, the railroad network serves 4/5 of the country's total freight traffic. The laying and development of communication lines is constantly increasing the number of transported goods. A general assessment of the country's freight turnover allows us to state that the more developed the railway network, the lower the cost of transporting tonnage.

Rail transport is the largest and most cost-effective freight carrier

Water transport is also one of the most profitable options for transporting cargo, but it is not possible in every region, but only between territories adjacent to the sea or a wide river. In addition, river navigation is possible only in summer - in cold weather, rivers freeze. In the hot season, river transport takes on 10-15% of the total cargo exchange in Russia. Shipping by sea is usually interstate deliveries. They account for 4-7%.

Water transport is a profitable option, but not available to everyone

Pipeline transport is used only for the transfer of liquid and volatile mixtures. Gas, ammonia, oil and other chemical binders are transferred through pipelines. In the Russian Federation, most of the export deliveries of "oil and gas products" are made through pipelines. In this industry, the increase in cargo turnover is determined by the laying of new pipeline routes.

Road transport is completely dependent on the availability and quality of roads. Most autodeliveries are of local importance, i.e. they are carried out between enterprises, port and enterprise, etc. Such deliveries are faster. Motor transport does not require additional loading / unloading, which detracts from the economic benefits of transportation, and therefore is more profitable. With it, you can deliver the entrusted cargo to its destination without additional expenses and delays.

Mobility and variety of vehicles guarantees its demand for long-distance deliveries of any cargo volume.

Most autosupplies are local

Air transport is a costly approach to transporting goods. Its advantage is the urgency of delivery or the delivery of cargo to places where the routes are not equipped. For example, you need to quickly deliver goods to a taiga settlement. There are a lot of such places in Russia. For this reason, the turnover of air transport is quite high.

A summary assessment of cargo deliveries for each transport sector makes it possible to determine the level of development of the sector and its need for modernization and related equipment, plus the construction of new tracks. Also, a general assessment allows you to identify the importance of a particular industry in the freight exchange of the entire national economy.

Transport logistics

The task

Cargo turnover;

return on assets;

Profitability;

Profit;

labor productivity;

Number of employees;

Cost of transportation.

Table 4.1 Initial data for the solution

No. p / p	Index	railway	A/T	V/T	TC


	84 ()
Number of employees
	26 060 10 400	29 000 8700	11700 2340	66 700 21440
%
%	?0
	6,0	12,0	22,0	16,0
Financial investments, arb. million rubles, to fixed production assets, to working capital				108 20

Algorithm for solving the problem

Step 1, Cargo turnover calculation

Cargo turnover is the product of transported cargo tons by the average distance of the route; expressed in ton-kilometers, on the basis of which the total revenue from transportation is subsequently determined, since each kilometer along the route of transportation of goods brings income. In other words, an enterprise, for example, in a time frame, receives income from each working unit of time, and if we take transportation in particular, then from each kilometer (or from another unit inherent in a particular region, for example, the United States applies a unit of distance to miles).

Freight turnover is calculated according to formula 1:

Гp = W nep x l (1)

where W ne p is the total volume of traffic; l- average transportation distance.

Note: We understand the average distance from the business game condition as the average round-trip transportation distance, i.e.

How to calculate ton-kilometers correctly

e. transportation of goods, taking into account the return of transport to its original destination. And if the distance of transportation is given only in one direction, then this distance indicator must be multiplied by two.

Let's determine what freight turnover takes place in the transport complex:

For rail transport before capital investment:

Gy \u003d 2.8 x 240 \u003d 672 million tkm;

after investment:

Gr invest = 3.12 x 240 = 748.8 million tkm;

For motor transport before capital investment:

Gr \u003d 2 x 260 \u003d 520 million tkm;

Gr invest = 2.12 x 260 = 551.2 million tkm;

For air transport before capital investment:

Gy \u003d 0.2 x 390 \u003d 78 million tkm;

after capital investment:

Gr invest = 0.32 x 390 = 124.8 million tkm;

Throughout the shopping mall before investing:

Gy \u003d 5 x 250 \u003d 1250 million tkm;

after investing in railway:

Gr invest = 5.32 x 250 = 1330 million tkm;

after investing in A/T:

GR invest = 5.12 x 250 = 1280 mln tkm;

after investing in H/T:

Gr invest = 5.12 x 250 = 1280 million tkm.

Read in the same book: Step 4. Calculation of the profit of the transport company | Step 5. Determination of profitability | Step 7. Changing the level of labor productivity | Step 9. Evaluation of economic efficiency | Individual tasks for independent solution | mybiblioteka.su - 2015-2018. (0.1 sec.)

How to calculate cargo turnover

Expert Tips - Business Consultant

Cargo turnover is the work of transport for the transportation of goods for an enterprise, industry, state, calculated in ton-kilometers, sometimes the tonnage indicator is used.

To characterize the cargo turnover of the state, any territory, a specific direction, river, etc. both units of measurement are used.

Just follow these simple step by step tips and you will be on the right track in your business.

Quick Step-by-Step Business Guide

So, let's get down to action, tuning in to a positive result.

Step - 1

Remember that to characterize the freight turnover of any station, transport facility, transport hub, only tonnage is used as a meter.

Cargo turnover shows the volume of economic connection between states, regions, enterprises, economic entities, it also indicates the capacity of transport facilities.

Freight Turnover of Transport - Economic Dictionary 12.11.2010 Freight Turnover of Transport

According to the cargo turnover, one can determine how communications, trade, economic activity are developed in a certain period, etc. An increase in freight turnover indicates an increase in trade and economic development, while a fall in freight turnover, on the contrary, indicates a decrease in economic activity. A significant drop in freight turnover is usually observed during periods of crisis. Having done this, we move on to the next steps.

Step - 2

Let's say that during the year cars transported 6 million tons of cargo over an average distance of 160 km, then the annual cargo turnover of this enterprise is 960 million ton-kilometers.

Freight turnover - Economic Dictionary 11/12/2010 Freight turnover Definition, meaning, concept, term, meaning in the Economic Dictionary is the main indicator of transport operation. It is calculated as the product of the amount of cargo transported and the distance traveled.

Freight turnover indicators are used in the distribution of income, in planning, in changing the costs of materials, labor, equipment, etc. Having done this, we proceed to the next steps.

Step - 3

Know that the entire cargo turnover is divided into 5 components, taking into account the mode of transport:

1. Freight turnover of railways. Rail transport is considered the most popular and cheapest mode of transport.

2. Turnover of water transport. It is also a cheap mode of transport, but there is a drawback, this is the seasonality of work.

3. Turnover of road transport.

Air transport cargo turnover. This is the most expensive type of transportation, but it is indispensable when you need to deliver goods to hard-to-reach places.

Port Cargo Turnover - Economic Dictionary 11/12/2010 Port Cargo Turnover Definition, meaning, concept, term, meaning in the Economic Dictionary, the amount of cargo in tons that passed through the port in a certain period of time. Economic definition

5. Turnover of pipeline transport. Today it is the most promising type of transport for the transportation of gaseous and liquid cargoes.

By the nature of the connections, the freight turnover is internal (regions, roads, nodes, stations, etc.; inside their import, export, transit, domestic transportation), external (import, export, international transit).

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Section 1. The main characteristic of cargo turnover.

Section 2. Methods for calculating the turnover.

Cargo turnover- this is an economic indicator of the work of transport (an indicator of the volume of cargo transportation), equal to the product of the mass of cargo transported for a certain time by the distance of transportation.

The main characteristics of cargo turnover

To determine the turnover, the weight of the transported cargo in tons (separately for each consignment) is multiplied by the transportation distance and the resulting products are summed up.

The freight turnover indicator is used in planning and statistics to measure the productivity of labor in transport (the number of ton-kilometers per worker), the cost of transportation is also determined per 1 km, since transportation costs depend on its distance and weight of cargo.

The dissemination of best practices, including by Belarusian railway workers, makes it possible to increase the volume of useful work of transport without increasing the number of employees.

Freight turnover determines the level of development of relations, the development of trade, the degree of economic activity in a certain period, etc.

The unit of observation in freight traffic statistics is the shipment, i.e.

consignment of cargo, the carriage of which is formalized by the relevant document (contract of carriage). Primary documents on different modes of transport have different names:

road list - for railway and river transport;

bill of lading and manifest - in maritime transport;

waybill and consignment note - in road transport;

accompanying sheet - in air transport.

Freight transportation statistics has developed a system of indicators that provide an opportunity to comprehensively characterize the work of each enterprise and the country's unified transport network. These indicators are divided into two groups:

volumetric (total);

quality.

Volumetric indicators of freight traffic statistics include:

sent (departure) of goods;

arrived (arrival) of goods;

transported (transportation) of goods;

transported in direct mixed traffic;

the volume of transport work performed - freight turnover.

Qualitative indicators of freight traffic statistics include:

average transportation distance per 1 ton of cargo;

average density of transportation of 1 ton of cargo;

average duration of transportation of 1 ton of cargo;

average speed of advancement of 1 ton of cargo.

The distribution of freight traffic between individual modes of transport depends on their characteristics and economic advantages. For example,

rail transport is used to transport large volumes of goods over long distances;

road transport - in cities and regions for short, as well as for longer distances when transporting valuable and perishable goods;

maritime transport - when transporting bulk cargo in areas gravitating towards inland water and sea basins;

trunk pipelines are used to pump gas and crude oil from fields to refineries and to transport finished petroleum products from factories to consumption areas and terminals;

air transport is used to transport goods over very long distances.

Railway transport.

During the period when navigation on the rivers is stopped, rail transport successfully replaces water transport.

2.9 Calculation of cargo turnover

A large volume of trade with other countries is carried out precisely by rail. It also ranks first among other main modes of transport.

1. Rail transport, cargo turnover

Automobile transport.

Road transport is the most mobile of all modes of transport. It is capable of transporting goods, both long-distance and short. Disadvantages - high cost and labor intensity, high level of environmental pollution.

2. Freight turnover of road transport

Pipeline transport.

The variety of pipeline transport, depending on the types of transported products, necessitates the use of grouping (classification). Main pipelines are divided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines. The former serve to pump crude oil from fields to refineries. The second - for the transportation of finished petroleum products from factories to consumption areas. Still others - for the transportation of gas. If the product pipeline is strictly specialized for the transportation of any one type of oil product, it is called accordingly: kerosene pipeline, gasoline wire, oil pipeline, fuel oil wire. The advantage of pipeline transport is that it has continuous transportation and does not depend on natural conditions. The big drawback is environmental pollution.

Sea transport.

Sea transport is able to transport any cargo, any type and size. Unlike other modes of transport, sea transport mainly export (46%) and import (70%) cargo. Disadvantages: dependence on weather conditions, the need for expensive port facilities and a high share of the cost of initial and final operations.

3. Sea cargo turnover

Inland waterways.

These include: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, channels suitable for navigation. On inland waterways, the movement of vessels is allowed not along the entire width, but only on the ways that are prepared for navigation and which are marked with navigational signs.

Statistical accounting of cargo transportation in inland water transport is carried out by inland water transport enterprises: ports, shipping companies, shipping companies, as well as enterprises of other sectors of the economy that carry out transportation work on a commercial basis.

Air Transport.

By air, goods are transported over very long distances, but this mode of transport is much less than others used to transport cargo. They carry, as a rule, the most expensive goods: precious furs, expensive clothes, weapons, medicines, etc. The main difference between aviation and other modes of transport is its high ground speed and long non-stop flight range.

4. Air transport, cargo turnover

Methods for calculating cargo turnover

All calculations are entered into a statistical table called statistical grouping.

Statistical grouping - allows you to characterize the size, structure and relationship of the studied phenomena, to identify their patterns.

7. Types of services included in the transport service system

Methods for calculation:

Series of dynamics (absolute and relative indicators, chain and basic and average values);

Selective observation;

Indicators of variation (dispersion);

Graphic construction (graphics).

Absolute indicators are named numbers that have a certain dimension and units of measurement. They characterize indicators at a point in time or over a period. Depending on the various reasons and goals of the analysis, natural, conditionally natural, monetary and labor units of measurement are used.

Absolute growth is the difference between the research level of the series and the previous (or base) level.

Relative indicators.

They characterize the change in the level of development of a phenomenon over time. Otherwise, the relative values of the dynamics are called growth and growth rates.

Sources

Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, WikiPedia

ekoslovar.ru - Economic Dictionary

academic.ru - Academic Dictionary

guskonstantin.narod.ru - Articles

bank24.ru - Dictionary of economic terms

kgau.ru - Educational and methodical complex

5. Freight turnover of NUTEP container terminal

6. Russian port

8. Cargo turnover of the dry cargo terminal for 2001-2011 (thousand tons)

9. Freight turnover in selected countries of the world

10. Cargo turnover in %

Step 1, Cargo turnover calculation

Transport logistics

The task

The transport complex delivers products to consumers in an average amount of 5,000 thousand tons, including:

Railway transport - 2800 thousand tons;

Road transport - 2000 thousand tons;

Air transport - 200 thousand tons.

It is required to determine the change in the main indicators of the operation of various modes of transport depending on capital investments, by calculating:

Cargo turnover;

return on assets;

Profitability;

Profit;

labor productivity;

Number of employees;

Cost of transportation.

Note. The period before investing is taken as the base period, and after investing - as the planned one.

Initial data of indicators of the enterprise by means of transport are presented in table. 4.1.

Table 4.1 Initial data for the solution

No. p / p	Index	railway	A/T	V/T	TC
Average transportation distance, km
Basic production assets, arb. mln rub.
(Current funds, conventional million rubles	84 ()
Number of employees
Operating expenses, including overheads, arb. thousand roubles.	26 060 10 400	29 000 8700	11700 2340	66 700 21440
The share of conditionally fixed costs, % of the total operating costs
The share of employees depending on the volume of work, %	?0
Income rate, arb. cop. per 1 tkm	6,0	12,0	22,0	16,0
Financial investments, arb. million rubles, to fixed production assets, to working capital				108 20
Growth in traffic due to additional investments, thousand tons

Algorithm for solving the problem

Freight volume Q(t) is the amount of cargo in tons that is planned to be transported or has already been transported.

Cargo turnover R(t-km) is the transport work, in tonne-kilometres, that is planned or expended to carry out the transport.

Freight traffic ( Ted. temp. ) - this is the number of tons of cargo transported in direct Q pr. and reverse Q arr. directions per unit of time (hour, work shift, day, month, year, etc.).

The direct direction is conventionally called the direction of cargo flows that have a large value. The relationship between P and Q indicators can be represented by the following expressions:

Q \u003d Q pr. + Q arr. and P = Q× lQ, where

lQ is the average distance of transportation of goods, km.

The volume of traffic, cargo turnover and cargo flows are characterized by size, structure, time of their development and coefficients of unevenness .

1) Structure determined by the name and class of cargo. The structure of the cargo flow is:

– branch(belonging to any industry: food, oil and gas, agriculture, etc.);

– group ( belong to a certain group of goods: food products, construction materials, etc.);

– by type of cargo(distribution of goods according to their properties only: grain crops, dairy products, reinforced concrete products).

2) Mastering time includes the date of commencement, end of transportation and its pace. Transportations are permanent, temporary and seasonal.
3) The coefficient of uneven traffic volume is defined as follows: = Qmax / Q cf.

4) Coefficient of non-uniformity of cargo turnover is defined as follows: = Pmax / P cf.

The uneven volume of traffic, and especially the turnover of goods, makes it difficult for the rhythmic work of the rolling stock. Motor transport enterprises should, as far as possible, equalize this unevenness by early delivery of goods, increasing the productivity of loading and unloading work, developing optimal schedules and routes for transportation and other organizational enterprises. It is also necessary to adapt the mode of operation of the rolling stock to fluctuations in the values of P and Q by changing the time of operation of vehicles on the line, maintenance and repair during periods of decline in traffic, the transfer of holidays, etc.

The values of the volume of transportation and freight turnover depend on the size of production and consumption, transportation distances and cargo delivery schemes. Many goods do not always follow from the place of production directly to the place of consumption, which leads to the repetition of transportation of the same goods. The repetition of transportation is associated with the type of cargo, its intended purpose, depends on the supply system, the location of warehouses and the consumers served, and the transportation planning system.

Most often, repeated shipments occur during the delivery of industrial and food products to the distribution network, when they are pre-delivered to warehouses or bases for sorting, packaging and distribution to stores. Reducing the repetition of transportation can be achieved through rational schemes for the delivery of goods. During the survey, the daily, monthly and annual volume of traffic and cargo turnover, directions and distances of transportation, the structure of cargo flows and cargo turnover are revealed.

Task 4.1

Intercity centralized transportation of goods is carried out along the BD route with a total length of 295 km. BV section with a length of 140 km; section VG with a length of 90 km; 65 km long GD section. The volume in tons, composition and direction of cargo flows are presented in Table 4.1. Calculate cargo turnover and cargo flows and build diagrams of cargo flows.

L b-c = 140 km, L c-d = 90 km, L g-d = 65 km, L b-d = 295 km

Freight turnover Р = Q × lQ (t-km)

Forward direction Reverse direction

Qb-c = 17600 t Qd-d = 8300 t

Qv-g = 26700 t Qg-v = 11900t

Qg-d = 25000t Qv-b = 12400t

Qtotal = 35600t Qtot. = 25700t

Pb-v = 2464000t-km Pd-t = 539500t-km

Pv-g = 2403000t-km P g-v = 1071000 t-km

Rg-d = 1625000t-km Pv-b = 17360000t-km

Task 4.2

Based on the data given in the tables, calculate the freight turnover, freight flows, the coefficient of uneven freight turnover, the coefficient of uneven freight traffic, build diagrams of cargo flows and cargo structure.

Exercise 1