The morphology of the Russian language is multifaceted and interesting. She studies the features of parts of speech, their constant and variable features. The article discusses infinitive verbs in detail.
Infinitive
Not everyone knows what an infinitive is. in its initial form. It represents a verb in dictionaries. For example, there is no verb in the explanatory dictionary dating, since this is a personal form, the dictionary entry is devoted to the same verb, but in the initial form - meet. You can put a verb in this form by asking the question what to do? or what to do?: dating - what to do? dating, drawing - what to do? draw, call back - what to do? call back. The infinitive differs from other verb forms not only in the question. The suffixes of infinitives (verbs in the initial form) are special: -т, -ти, -ч. Therefore, the analyzed word is an infinitive if the verb contains such morphemes.
Verb and its indefinite form
Pupils and students who are especially keen on studying the Russian language are concerned with the question of why the infinitive is called the indefinite form of the verb. First, the word “infinitive” itself comes from a Latin word that translates as “indefinite.” Secondly, the infinitive does not determine the form of the verb, more precisely, its personal form, tense, mood, gender, number, and so on. The infinitive determines the constant features of the verb, such as aspect, conjugation, reflexivity and transitivity. They will be discussed below.
Invariable signs of a verb
When performing it, you need to identify its signs. Constant signs are indicated by the indefinite form of the verb.
View is a part-speech category that reflects the relationship of an action to its internal limit: completed/happening. Infinitive verbs that answer questions what to do? have a perfect form: say, cook, leave. Verbs in the initial form that answer the question what to do? have an imperfect appearance: talk, cook, go. There are species pairs, that is, words with the same meaning, but of different types: decide - decide, say - talk, sew up - sew up, bake - bake.
Traditionally determined by the initial form. The 2nd conjugation includes those that end in -it(exception shave, lay, rest), and verbs hold, drive, see, watch, hear, breathe, hate, endure, offend, twist, depend; to the first - all other verbs. The conjugation of not all verbs can be determined by the infinitive. A class is distinguished which, when changed, combines the endings of 1st and 2nd conjugations. These are the words give, eat, run, want.
Transitivity is the next constant feature. Infinitive verbs that can control a noun in the accusative case are called transitive, and those that cannot are called intransitive. For example, sew (what?) a button, record (what?) a movie, draw (who?) a child- transitional; surprise, call, shoot are not used with the accusative case, that is, intransitive.
Reflexive verbs are those that have the postfix -sya: to build, to wash, to make a reservation. Non-reflexive - those that do not have this affix.
Question about morpheme
The indicators of the initial form of the verb - the morphemes -ть, -ти, -ч - cause discussions among linguists. Many define them as endings, citing their ability to change: say - said, indicate - indicated. However, the infinitive is considered an unchangeable form, so it should not have endings. An increasingly common version is that morphemes denoting the infinitive are inflectional suffixes.
Impersonal form of the verb
Infinitives are non-finite verb forms. This is due to the fact that it is an unchangeable form in which the person, gender, and number are not determined. Infinitives do not carry nouns in the nominative case, unlike personal forms. They only name the action without its relation to the person. The infinitive is also not associated with the category of tense, which is determined by personal forms. Their inclination is also indeterminable. That is, the infinitive is unreal, it is timeless, it only names the action. Some students ask the question about the dependence of the infinitive on the verb. An infinitive is, in another way, a verb in its initial form.
In Russian grammar, other non-personal forms are distinguished - these are the participle and the gerund. They, like the infinitive, do not change according to persons. A gerund is an unchangeable form of a verb that combines the characteristics of an adverb and a verb and answers a question what did you do? doing what?: reading, publishing, pointing, chorusing. A participle is a form of a verb that denotes a characteristic by action, combines the characteristics of an adjective and a verb, and answers questions about adjectives: Which? surrounded, acting, watching, forgotten.
The role of the infinitive in a sentence
The peculiarity of the infinitive form of the verb is that it can play the role of any member in a sentence. Quite often the subject of an infinitive verb is in Russian. Examples: To seek the truth in everything was her goal in itself. Appreciating the work of others is worthy. There's no use talking to him. Denoting an action, the infinitive plays the role of a predicate: You won't see any rest! You can't understand him. She's unrecognizable. Often it comes in following an auxiliary verb: The family wanted to stay here for a month. Lena began working immediately after her appointment to the position. He stopped joking after the remark he received.
Secondary members of a sentence can also be expressed by the infinitive form of the verb. Thus, the infinitive acts as a complement in sentences: The captain ordered to advance. They agreed to meet. She quickly got used to working. The definition can be expressed by an infinitive: She had a desire to change the world for the better. He took the opportunity to leave. The hope of leaving by morning reassured them. Adverbial form represented by the initial form of the verb: Vera was going to go to the sea. Volunteers stopped by the lake to feed the birds. Children from all over the city come to study with her.
Infinitives in folklore and fiction
Infinitives have long been used by people in oral folk art, more precisely in proverbs. The indefinite form of the verb in them is necessary to create a generalization of the content: Promise less, sin less. Indulging a thief means stealing yourself. It's not hard to do, but it's hard to come up with. Infinitive verbs are widely used in fiction. Examples: “I can live on a dense stump,” “That’s why I called you - to find out,” “Let me come first,” “and no one cared about his worries, just to talk.”(Shukshin V.M. “Stoves and benches”); “No one wants to change... the balance,”"habit of smiling tIn this way... she slightly pulled the lower part of his... face to the side.""You could have asked not to sprinkle crushed peanuts on it"(Iskander F.A. “On a Summer Day”).
Any verb can be put into a form called initial. She is also called indefinite verb form or infinitive. The indefinite form of the verb received this name due to the fact that it does not show time, number, person, or gender, that is, these signs are not defined.
Verbs in the indefinite form answer the questions what to do? what to do? Verbs that answer the question what to do? are imperfective verbs. Verbs that answer the question what to do? are perfective verbs.
The infinitive form of the verb most often ends in - t or - you(sing, dance, walk, go out, find, drive, crawl). These are suffixes. The indefinite form can be obtained using other inflectional suffixes: -st (to steal), -sti (to carry, to row).
Sometimes the indefinite form of the verb ends in -ch, but these letters are part of the root: guard - guard (root guard-, guard-), prilyayu - lie down (root lie-, lie down-). In some elementary school textbooks, -ch is considered a suffix, and in high school they teach that -ch is included in the root.
In the infinitive form of verbs, if it does NOT end in –ti, it is always written ь. It is also written after the letter h (-ch) - this is a spelling for the rule: ь in the infinitive form of the verb.
The vowel letters in the indefinite form of verbs before -т are most often suffixes. They can be different: -a, -e, -i, -i, -o.
If they are unstressed, then there is always an orthogram in their place. These suffix letters cannot be determined by rule; they can only be recognized in a dictionary and remembered.
Suffix -a: hear, swim, jump, listen
Suffix –e: see, offend, depend
Suffix -i: build, iron, cook, glue, put, construct
Suffix –ya: bark, melt, winnow, sow
In verbs there is often a special suffix –sya or –sya. It is special because it is located after. To distinguish it from other suffixes, scientists gave it their name - postfix(“attached after”) Examples: swim, listen.
There is confusion with the indefinite form of the verb and verbs used in the complex future tense. The future complex tense is formed precisely from imperfect verbs and answers the questions what will I do?, what will they do?, formed from the verb to be (I will write, will smile). Although the infinitive remains an infinitive, elementary school teachers teach that it is the future tense, not the initial form. In the future complex tense, only the verb “to be” changes in persons and numbers.
Morphological features of the infinitive
The infinitive or indefinite form of a verb is an unchangeable, unconjugated form of the verb. It has only constant grammatical features of verbs:
View– perfect, denoting a completed action (rewrite, wash), imperfect (cook, give).
Repayment– returnable (listen, wrap up), non-returnable (fold, close).
Transitivity– transitive (read a book, see a picture), intransitive (have fun, live).
Conjugation– I conjugation (to do, mix) and II conjugation (to love, to draw).
Also the infinitive of the verb is inherent inflectional feature of voice: active voice (Mom decided to cook lasagna); passive voice (The lasagne should be ready soon).
We train in the formation of indefinite verbs
Let's find verbs in the indefinite form in the text.
It’s good in the summer to get up early (what to do?) and (what to do?) go to the lake. It’s nice (what to do?) sunbathe in the sun, (what to do?) swim in clear water, (what to do?) pick mushrooms and berries in the forest, (what to do?) listen to birdsong. It’s interesting (what to do?) to observe the behavior of insects, (what to do?) to play football with friends. It is useful (what to do?) to work in the garden and vegetable garden, (what to do?) to help elders with housework. I ( what will I do?) will Great conduct(complex future tense, singular, not n.f.) time in summer.
Let's put the verbs in the indefinite form.
Let's take it - what do we do?, what do we do? take
Let's add - what shall we do?, what shall we do? add
Let's beat it - what will we do?, what will we do? beat
Let's pour it out - what do we do?, what do we do? pour out
Let's add - what should we do?, what should we do? add
Let's mix - what do we do?, what do we do? mix
We bake - what are we doing?, what to do? bake
It leaked - what did you do?, last century, what to do? leak (root flow-flow)
I'm cutting my hair - what am I doing?, present time, what to do?, cutting (root cut-cut)
I’ll save - what will I do?, bud.v., what to do?, save (root shore-save)
I’ll carry you away - what will I do?, b.v., what to do?, carry away (root attract-to attract)
Form infinitive verbs using these suffixes and prefixes.
Prefixes VZ-, PO-, PRI-, OT-. Roots –DREAM-, -COUGH-, -DANCE-. Suffixes –IVA-, -NU-, -YVA-, -A-, -I-, -SYA.
Take a nap - prefix vz-, suffix -well-,
take a nap – prefix po-, suffix –a,
cough – prefix po-, suffix –ya-,
clear your throat – prefix from-, suffix –я-,
dance – prefix po-, suffix –a-,
dance – prefix pri-, suffix –yva-,
dance – prefix from-, suffix –yva-.
In contact with
Indefinite verbs are used in dictionaries. What is an infinitive? Features are as follows:
- Verbs in the indefinite form answer the questions “what to do?” and “what to do?”
- Endowed with grammatical features of the form (perfect or imperfect).
- It can be returnable or non-refundable.
- Saved.
- When forming, suffixes of the indefinite form of the verb are used -т, -ти, -ч. For some verbs it is -st, -sti.
Important! Any verbal word form can be put into initial form using the question “what to do?” or “what should I do?”
Such word forms are called indefinite because it is impossible to determine their basic grammatical features: tense, person, mood, gender and number, which is how they differ from the rest.
Infinitive form of the verb: signs
Signs of the infinitive form of the verb
The main features are the endings of verbs in -ti, -t and -ch. Questions “what to do?” will help determine this. and “what to do?”
Examples of education
The infinitive ends with the suffix –ti if it is preceded by a consonant: come, crawl, shake. The suffix –т is used after vowels: write, fly, shoot, pull.
In some words ending in -ch, there is no ending in the initial form, and -ch is included in the structure of the root. For example, attract, bake, preserve, grind.
How to use the infinitive form of a verb
The infinitive is necessary to form other verb forms and check spelling.
Often the endings of verbs in personal word forms are unstressed, which raises doubts about their writing. To check your spelling, you need to know how to put a verb into the indefinite form.
For example:
- You are building - What to do? build. This means that the correct ending is -ish.
- Gluing, gluing - What to do? glue. The correct spelling is -it and -il.
- I hated it - What should I do? hate. Correctly write the vowel -e.
An unstressed suffix in an infinitive indicates its writing in the past tense, in the adverbial and participial form.
Gluing - gluing - gluing - gluing - gluing.
What is a reflexive or non-reflexive verb?
Sometimes after the word-forming suffix –ть, -ти, -ч, an additional postfix – ся or –сь is used. For example, pray, take care, ask, take shelter.
Postfix allows you to determine returnable and non-returnable forms.
The rule explains that word forms with -sya (-s) are considered reflexive and mean the action of someone or something directed towards oneself, contact or the position of an object. For example, capsize, deteriorate, equip, make your way.
Irreflexive infinitives express an action towards someone or something. For example, reeling, eavesdropping, stroking.
Reflexive verb
Signs of transitive and intransitive infinitive
Transitivity in an indefinite form allows us to identify an additional word indicating an object or phenomenon involved in the action.
The following is used as an additional word:
- A noun or pronoun used in the accusative case and without a preposition. For example, putting on a coat, preparing lunch.
- A noun (accusative or genitive) expressing an attitude or proportion of something and used without a preposition. For example, pouring tea, waiting for guests.
- A negative expression with an infinitive uses a genitive noun or pronoun. For example, not to have a chance, not to hurt her.
Additional words give meaning to the infinitive, and without them the essence of what is happening is lost. Some part of the action is transferred to objects or circumstances, they acquire a clear meaning.
In an intransitive infinitive, the action denotes one word.
Perfect and imperfect types
Verb words are classified into perfect and imperfect.
Imperfects characterize an action that lasts without a specific time reference. These actions can be called eternal; there is no indication of their completeness or incompleteness. They are approached by the question “What to do?”
- I'm going on a trip.
- The street lights began to go out.
Perfect infinitives indicate completed action or something that will definitely happen. The result can already be observed or is still expected. The question “What to do?” is used.
- After opening the can, the contents must be transferred.
- Have you received instructions on what to report?
Known a small part of ambiguous infinitives. They are used in both forms in one word form. They are defined by meaning. A standard question can be asked about dual verbs in the infinitive.
- The entire area should be cleaned tomorrow. - "What to do?".
- Remove trash from your desk and room. - "What to do?".
- You need to explore the city. - "What to do?".
- They were to explore the city at dawn. - "What to do?"
Perfect and imperfect appearance
The infinitive is the initial meaning of the verb. The peculiarity of the infinitive is that it denotes only a pure action, not tied to the person who performs it, does not indicate whether one or more persons perform the action, and also does not give the concept of the time the action was performed. That is, the infinitive does not have a definite past, present or future tense.
This part of speech is also called the “indefinite form of the verb” because it does not characterize any details of the action being performed, revealing only its original meaning. Latin word infintus, from which this term is derived, can be translated as "uncertain".
Indefinite verb form: rules and examples
The infinitive can only answer questions:
- "What to do?";
- "What to do?".
It is impossible, for example, to ask "Doing what?""What is he doing?",“What are we doing?”"What are they doing?""What you are doing?",“What did you do?”"What will you do?", since the infinitive is the infinitive form of the verb. The time and person remain unclear, and no reference is given to the details of what happened.
Infinitive suffixes
The infinitive ends with word-forming suffixes:
- -t - give birth, grow up, die;
- -whose, - to protect, burn, whip;
- -ti - carry, grow, row.
It can also be supplemented with a postfix -sya (-sya), by which we can judge which indefinite form of the verb is non-reflexive and which is reflexive:
-sya (-sya) - to toil, to pray, to beware.
Signs of the infinitive
The infinitive is a form of the verb that always remains the same. It cannot be conjugated or represented in another tense or person. Infinitives can only have constant verbal features that are present in any verbs, regardless of their form. Such characteristics include transitivity/intransitivity, recurrence/irrevocability, and perfection/imperfection.
Transitive and intransitive infinitives
The transitivity of a verb is determined in accordance with the presence of an additional word of an indefinite form of the verb, denoting an object or phenomenon to which the action is partially transferred. Intransitive verbs consist of one single word that directly denotes an action. The transitive infinitive may include:
- nouns or pronouns put in the accusative case without a preposition: give an injection, thread;
- nouns placed in the genitive case, without a preposition, which express a share of something, or participation: wait for trouble, pour water;
- nouns or pronouns placed in the genitive case, if the verb has a negative expression: not be able to, not notice them.
Thus, these words are part of the verb, filling it with meaning, and without them the essence of the action is lost. Part of the action, in turn, transfers to an object or circumstance, giving it a specific meaning.
Reflexive and irreversible infinitives
The infinitive form of a verb can also be reflexive or non-reflexive. Non-reflexive verbs express an action performed by someone or something in relation to someone or something. Reflexives express an action directed by someone or something towards itself, or mean another closed interaction or state of an object and have a postfix at the end -sya (sya). On -xia The reflexive indefinite form of the verb usually ends. The rule states that reflexive verbs cannot be transitive.
Examples of irreversible infinitives: put on, lower, peek. Examples of reflexive infinitives: to dress, to lower oneself, to sneak.
As we see from the above examples, some reflexive verbs can be obtained from non-reflexive ones by simply adding a postfix -xia(as in the case of a pair " lower-lower"). This only changes the direction of action, but the general meaning remains. In rare cases, according to the rules and norms for the use of verbs, it is impossible to use a verb in both of its word forms - perfect and imperfect, as, for example, the reflexive indefinite form of the verb is unacceptable for “put on” (example " put on - get dressed"). “Put on” denotes an action performed in relation to some object or person, while “dress” can be addressed exclusively to the object itself performing the action (it can be used in other word forms, but provided that this reflexive meaning is preserved) . Despite the fact that such a limited in use indefinite form of the verb is not often found, the rule remains the rule. Also, from some imperfect forms of verbs, we will not be able to create a perfect one, based on their key meaning, which we can see in the example of the verb “peep” - you cannot peek for yourself. By the same principle, in the Russian language there is no imperfect form of the verb “to sneak” - you cannot " sneak" anything.
Perfective and imperfective infinitives
Infinitives can also be perfective or imperfective. The indefinite form of the imperfective verb expresses actions that continue over time and do not have a specific connection - these are, as it were, eternal actions, and without additional instructions in the context it does not give us an idea of the completion or incompleteness of the action. A question would be appropriate here "What to do?". Examples:
Perfective infinitives indicate that the action has already been completed, or will certainly be committed, that the result has already happened, or will still happen (of course, in cases of negation or question, it can have a relatively vague connotation). A question would be appropriate here "What to do?". Examples:
- After reading the note, it was to be burned.
- Thank me that you didn't have to burn that note.
- Were you instructed to burn the note?
Only a small number of dual infinitives are found in the Russian language. The indefinite form of the verb, which refers to both the perfective and the imperfect, can be used either way, depending on the environment, without changing its word form. That is, she also answers the question "What to do?", and to the question "What to do?". Examples:
- An order was received to execute all traitors from now on. - "What to do?";
- An order was received to execute the traitor. - "What to do?";
- In the village they are used to getting girls married quickly. - "What to do?";
- By autumn, Marfa managed to marry all her girls. - "What to do?";
- It's hard to tell your heart. - "What to do?"
- How to tell your heart not to love? - "What to do?"
- Exploring caves is very interesting, but at the same time dangerous. - "What to do?"
- Tomorrow we will have to explore these caves. - "What to do?"
- You can attack them from any direction, while I will defeat them head-on. - "What to do?"
- You will have to attack them from the right, and I will come in from the flank. - "What to do?"
Conjugation of verbs
The conjugation of verbs reflects their change in accordance with person and number. Although infinitives themselves cannot have person, number or gender, and, therefore, cannot be conjugated, they nevertheless serve as a word-formation basis for other verbs, therefore they are classified into one of two verb groups according to the type of conjugation - either I , or to II. Indefinite verb endings belonging to the first group: -e, -yu(except exception verbs). The forms of these verbs have endings -u and -yu, -eat and -eat, -et and -et, -eat and -eat, -eat and -ete. Indefinite verb endings belonging to the second group: -And and on -I(except exception verbs). When conjugated, the forms of these verbs have endings -u and -yu, -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at and -yat.
Function of the infinitive in a sentence
Verbs, as usual, perform the function of a predicate in a sentence. Together with subjects, they form the grammatical basis of sentences. However, the infinitive, due to its peculiarities of use, can perform completely different functions in a sentence. Therefore, the role of any of the members of the sentence in this case can be played by the indefinite form of the verb. An example of using infinitives as different parts of a sentence:
Morphological analysis of the infinitive in a sentence
To carry out a morphological analysis of a verb in a sentence, you need to determine its part of speech, general grammatical meaning, ask it questions, determine the word form, indicate constant and inconstant morphological features, as well as its function in the sentence. Since the infinitive form of the verb does not change, the morphological analysis of the infinitive is carried out without indicating the inconstant verbal features.
A verb in its initial, or indefinite, form is called an infinitive. The infinitive always answers the question “what to do?” or “what to do?” You can never ask questions in relation to the initial form: “what is he doing?”, “What will he do?”, “What will he do?”, “What did he do?”, “What did he do?” " etc. That is, the infinitive, by definition, has a minimum number of morphological features.
Examples. The verb “go” answers the question “what to do?” Accordingly, it is a verb in an indefinite (initial) form, or an infinitive. However, the verbs “goes”, “will go”, “go” answer the questions “what is he doing?”, “what will he do?”, “?”. These verbs already have morphological features - persons, numbers and tenses - and are not infinitives.
Another example. The verb “write” answers the question “what to do?” and is an infinitive. From this initial form verbs are formed in the past and future tenses, first, second and third persons, singular and plural: “wrote”, “wrote”, “”, “”, “will write”.
In other words, a verb in the infinitive is always a zero (indefinite) form, from which it is always possible to form different forms of the same word in different persons and numbers. This process is called conjugation.
What signs of a verb can be determined by the initial form
If the infinitive is the initial, zero, indefinite form of the verb, is it possible to determine from it any features of this part of speech, or morphological features? Yes, you can define constant signs of a verb.
Firstly, by the indefinite form you can determine the types of the verb - perfect or. The imperfective verb in the initial form answers the question “what to do?” and denotes an unfinished action. For example, “walk”, “”, “sing”, “”, etc. The perfective verb in the infinitive answers the question “what to do?” and denotes a completed, completed action. For example, “take a walk”, “read”, “sing”, “compose”, “fly”, etc.
Secondly, you can determine by the infinitive. There are two conjugations – the first and the second. The first conjugation includes all verbs that in the infinitive end in –et, -at, -ut, -ot, -t, -yt, and several exception verbs end in –it. The second conjugation includes most of the verbs in –it, as well as some exception verbs in –at, -yat and –et.
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