REPEATING, GENERALIZING AND SYSTEMATIZING KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC “RUSSIAN LANDS IN THE MIDDLE”XIII-XIV C.
1. Arrange the events in chronological order.
A. The devastation of Ryazan by the Mongols
B. Capture of Kyiv by Batu’s horde
V. Siege of Kozelsk by the Mongols
G. Batu’s devastation of the Galicia-Volyn principality
D. Devastation of Batu Vladimir by the soldiers
Answer:
A-D-C-B-D
2. Match the names of the cities and the names of their defenders.
A. Evpatiy Kolovrat
B. Philip Nanny
V. Petr Oslyadyukovich
G. Voevoda Dmitry
Answer:
3. Match the concepts and definitions.
A. Organ of popular representation among some Turkic peoples
B. Preferential charter of the Mongol khans of the subject nobility
B. Representative of the Mongol khans in the conquered lands, in charge of collecting tribute and accounting for the population
D. Representative of the Mongolian nobility, secular ruler in Mongolia
Answer:
4. Match dates and events.
A. Battle on the Ice
B. Battle of Kalka
V. Battle of Kulikovo
G. Neva Battle
D. Battle of the Vozha River
Answer:
| 1 | 1223 | B |
| 2 | 1240 | G |
| 3 | 1242 | A |
| 4 | 1378 | D |
| 5 | 1380 | IN |
5. Match dates and events.
A. Capture of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality by the Mongols
B. Defense of Kyiv
B. Capture of Ryazan land by the Mongols
G. Capture of Pereyaslavl by Batu’s horde
Answer:
| 1 | 1237 | IN |
| 2 | 1238 | A |
| 3 | 1239 | G |
| 4 | 1240 | B |
6. Fill in the missing words.
1) According to legend, on the eve of the battle, Prince Dmitry visited (Troitsky) monastery where he received the blessing of the founder of this monastery (Sergius of Radonezh) . Moving towards Mamai, the Russian army crossed (Don), to the place where the Nepryadva River flows into it.
2) In 1257-1259. Mongol numbers spent in Rus' (population census) .
3) In 1327, an uprising broke out in Tver against violence perpetrated by people (Cholkhana). The rebels were supported by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander. I took advantage of this situation (Ivan Kalita) , which, together with the Horde detachment, attacked Tver.
7. Correct errors in the text.
In 1359, Dmitry Ivanovich, the son of (grandson) Ivan Kalita. At the beginning of his reign, Dmitry fought for a label for the great Kiev (Vladimir) reign with the Nizhny Novgorod and Tver princes. As a result, Dmitry managed to preserve the label and make it a hereditary privilege of the Moscow princes.
Meanwhile, the cunning and treacherous military leader Tokhtamysh came to power in the Horde (Mamai), who sought to strengthen his power with the help of a new campaign against Rus'. August 11, 1378 on the Nepryadva River (Vozhe) A battle took place, as a result of which the Horde were defeated. Tokhtamysh (Mamai) could not accept defeat, and in 1382 (1380) The battle took place on the Kulikovo Field. In honor of this victory, Dmitry was popularly nicknamed Nevsky (Donskoy). The forces of Moscow weakened after the Battle of Kulikovo, and the Khan of the eastern part of the Golden Horde, Mamai, took advantage of this. (Tokhtamysh). In 1383 (1382) he took Moscow, plundered it and burned it.
8. Correlate the causes and consequences of the Battle of Kulikovo.
A. The Rise of Moscow
B. Restoring people’s faith in their own strengths
V. Commandership of Dmitry Ivanovich
D. Transformation of Moscow into the center of the liberation struggle against Horde rule
D. Weakening of the Golden Horde as a result of strife
E. The desire for independence of Russian lands from Horde rule
G Acceleration of the process of collapse of the Golden Horde
Answer:
Test control
- The Mongols attacked Northern China in:
- 1209
- 1218
- 1211
- 1223
- Founder of the Mongol Empire:
- Genghis Khan
- Tamerlane
- Batu
- Mamai
- The conquest of Central Asia by the Mongols began in:
- 1211
- 1218
- 1215
- 1219
- Congress of the Mongolian nobility:
- that man
- kurultai
- The capital of the Mongol Empire, founded in 1220:
- Moscow
- Samarkand
- Karakoram
- Bukhara
- The Golden Horde State was founded by:
- Genghis Khan
- Batu
- Tamerlane
- Mamai
- At the beginning of the 13th century. the ruler of the Mongol state took the name:
- Temujin
- Genghis Khan
- Egudey
- destinies
- The Battle of the Kalka River took place in:
- 1206
- 1221
- 1211
- 1223
- In the battle on the Kalka River, the allied army of the Polovtsy and Russian princes:
- defeated the Mongols
- was defeated by Lithuanian troops
- was defeated by Mongol troops
- left the battlefield without starting battle with the enemy
- Batya's invasion of Rus':
- 1223-1240
- 1238-1242
- 1237-1241
- 1257-1259
- Batu’s troops delivered the first blow to:
- Principality of Vladimir
- Ryazan Principality
- Principality of Chernigov
- Moscow
- Batu called it an “evil city”:
- Torzhok
- Kozelsk
- Kolomna
- The Mongol invasion was largely avoided:
- Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
- Principality of Chernigov
- Novgorod land
- Ryazan Principality
- One of the reasons for the defeat of Rus' in the fight against the Mongol invaders:
- numerical superiority of Mongol troops
- Crusader campaigns that weakened the Russian lands
- inconsistency in the actions of the Russian princes
- constant Polovtsian raids
- The crusading knights invaded Russian lands with the aim of:
- convert Russians to the Catholic faith
- help the population get rid of Horde dependence
- capture Moscow
- turn Russians into your slaves
- Participants in the Crusaders' campaigns against Rus':
- Swedish and German knights
- tribes of Livs and Estonians
- Finnish and Lithuanian feudal lords
- Templars and the Order of Malta
- The battle that took place on Lake Peipus in 1242 was called:
- Battle of Novgorod
- Battle on the Ice
- Ice battle
- Battle of Neva
- During the Battle of the Neva there was a struggle between:
- Muscovites and Novgorodians
- Mongols and Novgorodians
- Novgorodians and Swedes
- Kyivians and Polovtsians
- To conquer the Baltic lands, the crusaders:
- created the Livonian Order
- entered into an alliance with Batu
- signed a peace treaty with Alexander Yaroslavich
- restored the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”
- As a result of the battles on the Neva River and Lake Peipus:
- the spread of Catholicism in Russian lands was prevented
- Rus' captured the entire coast of the Baltic Sea
- feudal fragmentation ceased
- the offensive of the Mongol troops against Rus' was stopped
- The following were exempted from paying Horde tribute:
- merchants
- peasants
- clergy
- boyars
- The main reason for the unrest in Russian cities in 1262:
- the arbitrariness of the Horde tribute collectors
- abuses of the grand ducal administration
- inclusion of Russian lands into the Golden Horde
- death of Alexander Nevsky
- Khan's charter, which gave the right to Russian princes to rule in their principalities:
- exit
- label
- Died in the Horde, refusing to perform Tatar pagan customs:
- Alexander Nevskiy
- Yaroslav Vsevolodovich
- Mikhail Chernigovsky
- Daniil Galitsky
- Batu founded a state called the Golden Horde with its capital in the city of Saray in:
- 1242 in the lower reaches of the Dnieper
- 1242 on the Lower Volga
- 1250 on the Lower Volga
- 1250 in the upper Dnieper
- The main occupation of the Mongols at the beginning of the 13th century:
- nomadic pastoralism
- irrigation farming
- arable farming
- craft and trade
- The first clash between the Russians and the Mongols took place in the river area:
- Kalki
- In an excerpt from a poem by K. Simonov: “And, only after waiting for the Livonians, // Having mixed their ranks, they were drawn into battle, // He, blazing his sword in the sun, // Led the squad behind him. // Raising swords made of Russian steel, // Bent down the spear shafts, // Novgorod regiments flew out of the forest screaming,” - we are talking about actions:
- Dmitry Donskoy
- Yuri Vsevodolovich
- Alexander Nevsky
- Olgerd Gediminovich
- Ryazan governor, who waged a partisan war against Batu, died heroically in battle:
- Philip Nanny
- Petr Oslyadyukovich
- Evpatiy Kolovrat
- Mstislav Udaloy
- One of the consequences of the Mongol invasion of Rus':
- isolation of Russian lands from Europe
- migration of people from southern lands to more distant and protected lands
- Rus' completely lost its statehood
- The Russian Orthodox Church was destroyed
- The Horde army during the Battle of Kulikovo was led by a khan:
- Uzbek
- Mamai
- Batu
- Tokhtamysh
- Overexposure and Fading are:
- warriors of Dmitry Donskoy who distinguished themselves in the Battle of Kulikovo
- monks-heroes sent by Sergius of Radonezh to battle with Mamai
- Russian princes - allies of Mamai
- people's militias who took part in the Battle of the Ice
- Russian Orthodox Church before the Battle of Kulikovo:
- did not support the Moscow prince, fearing that the Horde would force the clergy to pay tribute
- took a neutral position, but secretly hoped for the victory of the Russian troops
- provided great moral support to the Moscow militia, blessing Dmitry Ivanovich to fight the enemy
- supported the Horde, hoping to get new lands from them
We repeat and draw conclusions
The answers can be used in preparing a research and creative project “Russian lands in the middle of the XIII-XIV centuries.”
1. How was Rus' conquered by the Mongols? Name the main reasons for this conquest. Why Rus' in the XIII century. managed to repel the invasion from the west, but could not defend against the invasion from the east?
We can perceive the historical period we are considering in different ways and evaluate the cause-and-effect relationship of the Mongols’ actions. The facts remain unchanged that the Mongol raid on Rus' took place and that the Russian princes, despite the heroism of the city defenders, were unable or unwilling to see sufficient reasons for eliminating internal disagreements, unification and basic mutual assistance. This did not allow the Mongol army to be repelled and Rus' fell under the rule of the Mongol khans.
It is believed that the main goal of the Mongol conquests was to conquer all the “evening countries” down to the “last sea”. This was the behest of Genghis Khan. However, Batu’s campaign against Rus' is most likely more correctly called a raid. The Mongols did not leave garrisons; they did not intend to establish permanent power. Those cities that refused to make peace with the Mongols and began armed resistance were destroyed. There were cities, like Uglich, that paid off the Mongols. Kozelsk can be considered an exception; the Mongols dealt with it in revenge for the murder of their ambassadors. In fact, the entire western campaign of the Mongols was a large-scale cavalry raid, and the invasion of Rus' was a raid for the purpose of robbery, replenishing resources, and subsequently establishing dependence with the payment of tribute.
It’s probably worth saying that Rus', in that state of political and ethnic fragmentation, had no chance of stopping the Mongol invasion. There was no unity in Rus', no awareness of ethnic community. In addition, the Mongol army cannot be perceived as a horde of wild nomads. It was an exceptional military machine, with excellent discipline, weapons, tactics, battle-hardened.
Tactics of the Mongols. Pronounced offensive character. They sought to deliver swift blows to the enemy taken by surprise, to disorganize and create disunity in its ranks. If possible, they avoided large frontal battles, breaking up the enemy piecemeal, wearing him down with continuous skirmishes and surprise attacks. For battle, the Mongols lined up in several lines, having heavy cavalry in reserve, and formations of conquered peoples and light troops in the front ranks. The battle began by throwing arrows, with which the Mongols sought to cause confusion in the ranks of the enemy. They sought to break through the enemy's front with sudden attacks, to divide it into parts, making extensive use of enveloping the flanks, flank and rear attacks.
Weapons and military technologies. A composite bow that nails armor from 300-750 steps, battering and stone-throwing machines, catapults, ballistae and 44 types of fire attack weapons, cast iron bombs filled with powder, a two-jet flamethrower, poisonous gases, dry food storage technologies, etc. The Mongols took almost all of this, as well as reconnaissance techniques, from the Chinese.
Continuous leadership of the battle. Khans, temniks and commanders of thousands did not fight together with ordinary soldiers, but were behind the line, on elevated places, directing the movement of troops with flags, light and smoke signals, and corresponding signals from trumpets and drums.
Intelligence and diplomacy. Mongol invasions were usually preceded by careful reconnaissance and diplomatic preparations aimed at isolating the enemy and fanning internal strife. Then there was a hidden concentration of Mongol troops near the border. The invasion usually began from different sides by separate detachments, heading, as a rule, to one previously designated point. First of all, the Mongols sought to destroy the enemy’s manpower and prevent him from replenishing his troops. They penetrated deep into the earth, destroying everything in their path, exterminating the population and stealing herds.
The invasion of Batu's horde bled Rus' dry, which the Western knights did not fail to take advantage of. In difficult conditions after the devastating predatory raid of the Mongol-Tatar horde, North-Western Rus' also had to repel the onslaught of the Western crusaders. It was thanks to Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich that the people of North-Western Rus' managed to overcome internal divisions, show perseverance, courage and military valor and stop the onslaught of the crusaders. The victories of Alexander Nevsky, his sacrificial behavior, and disregard for the grievances inflicted on him not only preserved the independence and faith of the North-Western lands, but also laid the traditions of an alliance with the peoples of Asia, based on national and religious tolerance, which in turn formed the basis of the new Rus'.
We clearly see the role that the unity of the people can play. There is no unity - and we get defeat at Kalka, the ruin of Rus' by Batu and dependence on the Horde. There is unity - and we observe the victory over the Swedes and Germans, the military leadership of the prince, the courage and self-sacrifice of the soldiers. Of course, it was largely possible to defend the North-West of Rus' from the claims of Western knights due to the fact that Novgorod was not attacked by Batu’s horde and was able to prepare for an invasion from the West.
2. How was the dominance of the Golden Horde over Russia expressed? What are the consequences of the establishment of the Horde yoke for the development of Rus'? What areas of people's lives did the yoke affect most detrimentally?
The dominance of the Golden Horde was expressed in both political and economic subordination. All princes had to travel to the Horde to receive confirmation of their rights to reign. Each was given a label - a khan's charter to govern the principality. The princes were obliged to obey the khan, and their principalities had to pay tribute to the Horde.
The population of Rus' had to pay tribute. The main taxes and fees were the poll tax, customs taxes and fees, “polozhnoe”, road, bridge, pit taxes, the obligation to provide warriors for the khan to conduct military operations, the obligation to provide feed and horses for the khan’s ambassadors or messengers, and a number of more specific taxes and fees . But the list of taxes and fees does not allow us to establish the significance that they had for the Horde tax system, as well as the size of these taxes and fees. We can judge the size of the tribute only from the reports of various witnesses. And this tribute was enormous. And in addition to annual payments, extraordinary payments were also possible. Often the collection of tribute was accompanied by robberies and violence. The payment of tribute placed a heavy burden on the population of Rus'. By and large, the Russian economy was undermined, established trade ties were disrupted, and agricultural land was abandoned. All this caused Rus' to lag economically behind European countries.
The consequences of the Horde yoke for Rus' were truly tragic: numerous casualties, burned and destroyed cities, abandoned agricultural lands, entire branches of handicraft were lost, stone construction ceased, huge tribute hampered the development of the lands, the princes were forced to undergo a humiliating procedure to confirm their right to a principality, a country was set back a century. However, today we already understand perfectly well that by that period the discord and strife of the Russian princes had divided the Russian lands to such an extent that the complete collapse of the state was inevitable. If this had happened in the middle of the 13th century or later, it would have happened. And in this regard, the Horde invasion and the subsequent yoke became the very drop that finally destroyed the old Rus', but served as the reason for the emergence of a new Rus', built on new principles, relying on people of a new formation with a broader mindset, thinking not only about their own benefit , but about the good of the state. Let's look at some of the assessments of historians of the Horde yoke. Using their examples we will see different positions.
V.V. Bartold: “Despite the devastation caused by the Mongol troops, despite all the extortions of the Baskaks, during the period of Mongol rule the beginning was laid not only of the political revival of Russia, but also of the further successes of Russian culture.”
B.D. Grekov: “The policy of the Horde khans not only did not contribute to the formation of a Russian centralized state, but even on the contrary - contrary to their interests and against their will. Tatar rule had a regressive character for Rus'.”
V.V. Kargalov: “The Tatar-Mongol yoke had negative, deeply regressive consequences for the economic, political and cultural development of Russian lands, and was a brake on the development of the productive forces of Rus', which were at a higher socio-economic level compared to the productive forces of the Mongol-Tatars. The Mongol-Tatar yoke led to increased feudal exploitation of the Russian people, who found themselves under the double oppression of their own and the Mongol-Tatar feudal lords. The Mongol-Tatar yoke, which lasted 240 years, was one of the main reasons for Rus'’s lag behind some Western European countries.”
G.V. Vernadsky emphasizes the fatefulness for the future of Russia of the reconciliation of Nevsky with Batu and his successors in the name of strengthening the fight against the Western invasion of the Germans and Swedes, for Mongolism brought slavery to the body, but not to the soul. Latinity threatened to distort the very soul. This is exactly what happened, Vernadsky believes, as a result of the orientation of Daniil Galitsky to the West, Latinism: southwestern Rus' for many centuries found itself in Latin slavery, which has not been eradicated to this day.”
P.N. Savitsky: “In Kievan Rus, after a short-lived (by historical standards) flourishing in the 10th - 11th centuries. moments of instability and a tendency towards degradation appeared, which could not lead to anything other than a foreign yoke. The only question was who would this stranger be? Great is the happiness of Rus' that at the moment when, due to internal decay, it had to fall, it fell to the Tatars and no one else. The Tatars, a neutral cultural environment that accepted all kinds of gods and tolerated any cultures, fell on Rus' as God’s punishment, but did not muddy the purity of national creativity.”
3. Can it be said that the struggle of the Russian people against the Horde conquerors had world-historical significance? Justify your answer.
Many believe that the struggle of the Russian people against the Horde conquerors was of world-historical significance. They say that the Mongol troops were bled dry during the invasion of Rus', and this did not allow them to completely capture Europe. But some historians believe this position is erroneous.
There are several reasons for this opinion. Before going to Europe, the Mongols left North-Eastern Rus' and replenished their troops. Their path to Europe passed along the southern borders of Rus', which were already weakened by internecine wars. Only Kyiv offered serious resistance to the horde. The goals of the Mongols in the Western Campaign are also called into question. Perhaps they did not intend to fulfill the behest of Genghis Khan at any cost, but simply ensured the security of their western borders. The completion of Batu's campaign, which reached the Adriatic Sea, is also associated not so much with the weakening of the army, although it was defeated near Olomouc in the Czech Republic, but with the death of the Great Khan Ogedei and the beginning of the internal struggle in the Horde itself. To guess whether the Mongol horde would have had enough strength to wage a war with the states of Western Europe means to speculate on what could or could not have happened.
I believe that the world-historical significance in the struggle of the Russian people against the Horde conquerors is not that the Russians stopped the Horde by defending Europe, but that it was the struggle for freedom that allowed the emergence of a single Great Russian ethnic group.
4. How did the revival of Rus' begin? Why did Moscow become the center of the unification of Russian lands? What works of art of that time indicate the beginning of the revival of Rus'?
The question of why Moscow became the center of the unification of Russian lands has always interested historians. Many saw the reason in the geographical position of Moscow, they say, it was in the center of the Russian land, at a crossroads. But Tver was in the center, and Uglich or Kostroma were in a much more advantageous position in relation to trade routes, but they did not become the capitals of the new Rus'.
Therefore, most likely the reason for the rise of Moscow is that it was the Moscow Principality that managed to attract many active and active people: Russians, Tatars, Lithuanians, Byzantines, Polovtsians - everyone who did not have wealth and power, but had excellent personal qualities. The rulers of the Moscow principality managed to unite all these people with a single Orthodox faith. At the same time, most of the people who went to Moscow were energetic and principled. In addition, Moscow managed to improve relations with the Golden Horde and receive full support from the Orthodox Church. The residence of the Metropolitan was moved to Moscow, which played a vital role in the unification of Russian lands. Also of great importance in the process of unification of Rus' was the fact that Moscow managed to avoid fragmentation, since thanks to the efforts of Metropolitan Alexei, a charter was received in the Horde that changed the order of transfer of power - the great reign in Rus' became the hereditary right of the Moscow princes from the dynasty of Ivan Kalita.
Ivan Kalita ensured mutually beneficial relations and received the support of the Horde, regularly paying tribute and fighting Westernization. This made it possible not only to stop the Horde raids and ensure several decades of quiet life for the population, but also to give Ivan Kalita the right to collect tribute from all over Rus'. Naturally, part of the collected tribute remained in the treasury of the Moscow principality, which increased the wealth of the principality and provided the economic prerequisites for the strengthening of Moscow.
In my opinion, it was for these reasons that the potential of Moscow prevailed over the riches of Novgorod, the prowess of Tver and the dynastic claims of Suzdal. And in the first half of the 14th century, it was the Moscow prince Ivan Kalita, relying on the power of the rulers of the Horde, who received the right to collect and pay tribute for all of Rus', which ensured several quiet decades.
With the rise of the Moscow principality, with its recognition as the center of the unification of Russian lands, the revival of Rus' began. Subsequently, Moscow became the center of the struggle against Horde rule. During the “great silence” established by Ivan Kalita, Russian people began to lose the habit of fear of the Horde. Accordingly, it now seemed humiliating to many to pay tribute to the Horde, and they were ready to defend their right with arms in hand. In addition, there was an understanding that, having united, the Russian lands could provide worthy resistance to the Horde. Victories over Lithuania, Tver, and Ryazan gave rise to confidence that it was possible to cope with the Horde, especially since by that time the Horde had weakened significantly due to internal strife.
These hopes for freedom were reflected in art, which also entered a revival stage. The idea of the unification of Rus', the heroism of the ordinary Russian person was embodied in works of oral folk art and literature. Changes in worldview also became noticeable in painting and architecture.
5. Why is the Battle of Kulikovo considered one of the most important events in the history of our country? What is its main historical significance?
The significance of the victory on the Kulikovo field turned out to be colossal. The people of Suzdal, Vladimir, Rostov, and Pskov went to fight on the Kulikovo field as representatives of their principalities, but returned from there as Russians, although living in different cities. And therefore, in the history of our country, the Battle of Kulikovo is considered the event after which the new ethnic community - Moscow Rus' - became a reality, a fact of world-historical significance.
The victory of the Russian squads on the Kulikovo field became possible primarily due to the fact that the Russians entered the battle as a single force. This allowed Prince Dmitry Donskoy to show his military leadership talents.
As a result of the victory on the Kulikovo field:
- Moscow's authority has increased;
- the process of unification of Russian lands accelerated;
- The Golden Horde began to avoid open clashes with Russian armies;
- in the minds of the people, faith in the inevitable fall of Horde rule grew stronger;
- Rus' was saved from defeat;
- The Russian people became convinced that the enemy could only be defeated by uniting their forces.
When the Russian-Polovtsian struggle was already on the decline, in the steppes of Central Asia, on the territory of present-day Mongolia, an event occurred that had a serious impact on the course of world history, including fate of Russia: the Mongol tribes that roamed here united under the rule of the commander Genghis Khan. Having created from them the best army in Eurasia at that time, he moved it to conquer foreign lands. Under his leadership, the Mongols in 1207-1222 conquered Northern China, Central and Central Asia, Transcaucasia, which became part of Mongol Empire created by Genghis Khan. In 1223, advanced detachments of his troops appeared in the Black Sea steppes.
Battle of Kalka (1223). In the spring of 1223, a 30,000-strong detachment from the troops of Genghis Khan, led by commanders Jebe and Subede, invaded the Northern Black Sea region and defeated the troops of the Polovtsian Khan Kotyan. Then Kotyan turned to his father-in-law, the Russian prince Mstislav the Udal, for help with the words: “Now they have taken our land, tomorrow they will take yours.” Mstislav Udaloy gathered a council of princes in Kyiv and convinced them of the need to fight the new nomads. He reasonably assumed that having subjugated the Polovtsians, the Mongols would add them to their army, and then Rus' would face a much more formidable invasion than before. Mstislav suggested not to wait for such a turn of events, but to unite with the Polovtsy before it was too late, go to the steppe and defeat the aggressors on their territory. The assembled army was led by the senior prince Mstislav of Kiev. The Russians set out on a campaign in April 1223.
Having crossed to the left bank of the Dnieper, they defeated the Mongol vanguard in the Oleshya region, which began to quickly retreat deep into the steppes. The persecution lasted eight days. Having reached the Kalka River (Northern Azov region), the Russians saw large Mongolian forces on the other bank and began to prepare for battle. However, the princes were never able to develop a unified plan of action. Mstislav Kyiv adhered to defensive tactics. He suggested that we fortify ourselves and wait for an attack. Mstislav the Udaloy, on the contrary, wanted to attack the Mongols first. Having failed to achieve agreement, the princes separated. Mstislav of Kiev camped on a hill on the right bank. The Polovtsy, under the command of commander Yarun, as well as Russian regiments led by Mstislav the Udal and Daniil Galitsky, crossed the river and entered into battle with the Mongols on May 31. The Polovtsians were the first to falter. They rushed to run and crushed the ranks of the Russians. Those, having lost their battle formation, also could not resist and fled back towards the Dnieper. Mstislav Udaloy and Daniil Galiky with the remnants of their squads managed to reach the Dnieper. Having crossed, Mstislav ordered the destruction of all ships in order to prevent the Mongols from crossing to the right bank of the river. But in doing so, he put other Russian units fleeing pursuit into a difficult position.
While one part of the Mongol army was pursuing the remnants of the defeated regiments of Mstislav the Udal, the other surrounded Mstislav of Kyiv, sitting in a fortified camp. The surrounded people fought back for three days. Having failed to take the camp by storm, the attackers offered Mstislav Kievsky a free pass home. He agreed. But when he left the camp, the Mongols destroyed his entire army. According to legend, the Mongols strangled Mstislav of Kyiv and two other princes captured in the camp under the boards on which they held a feast in honor of their victory. According to the chronicler, never before had the Russians suffered such a brutal defeat. Nine princes died at Kalka. And in total, only every tenth warrior returned home. After the Battle of Kalka, the Mongol army raided the Dnieper, but did not dare to move further without careful preparation and turned back to join the main forces of Genghis Khan. Kalka is the first battle between the Russians and the Mongols. Her lesson, unfortunately, was not learned by the princes to prepare a worthy rebuff to the new formidable aggressor.
Invasion of Khan Batu (1237-1238)
The Battle of Kalka turned out to be only reconnaissance in the geopolitical strategy of the leaders of the Mongol Empire. They did not intend to limit their conquests only to Asia, but sought to subjugate the entire Eurasian continent. The grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu, who led the Tatar-Mongol army, tried to implement these plans. The main corridor for the movement of nomads to Europe was the Black Sea steppes. However, Batu did not immediately use this traditional path. Knowing very well about the situation in Europe through excellent reconnaissance, the Mongol Khan decided to first secure the rear for his campaign. After all, having retired deep into Europe, the Mongol army left in its rear the Old Russian state, whose armed forces could cuta blow from the north along the Black Sea corridor, which threatened Batu with imminent disaster. The Mongol Khan directed his first blow against North-Eastern Rus'.
By the time of the invasion of Rus', the Mongols had one of the best armies in the world, which had accumulated a wealth of thirty years of combat experience. It had an effective military doctrine, a significant number of skilled and resilient warriors, strong discipline and coherence, skillful leadership, as well as excellent, varied weapons (siege engines, fire shells filled with gunpowder, easel crossbows). If the Cumans usually gave in to fortresses, the Mongols, on the contrary, were excellent at siege and assault art, as well as a variety of equipment for taking cities. The Mongol army had special engineering units for this purpose, using the rich technical experience of China.
The moral factor played a huge role in the Mongol army. Unlike most other nomads, Batu's warriors were inspired by the grandiose idea of conquering the world and firmly believed in their high destiny. This attitude allowed them to act aggressively, energetically and fearlessly, with a sense of superiority over the enemy. A major role in the campaigns of the Mongolian army was played by reconnaissance, which actively collected data about the enemy in advance and studied the expected theater of military operations. Such a strong and numerous army (up to 150 thousand people), carried away by a single idea and armed with advanced technology for those times, approached the eastern borders of Rus', which at that time was in the stage of fragmentation and decline. The collision of political and military weakness with a well-functioning, strong-willed and energetic military force produced disastrous results.
Capture (1237). Batu planned his campaign against North-Eastern Rus' in winter, when numerous rivers and swamps froze. This made it possible to ensure the mobility and maneuverability of the Mongol cavalry army. On the other hand, this also achieved surprise in the attack, since the princes, accustomed to summer-autumn attacks by nomads, were not prepared for a major invasion in winter.
In the late autumn of 1237, the army of Khan Batu numbering up to 150 thousand people invaded the Ryazan principality. The Khan's ambassadors came to the Ryazan prince Yuri Igorevich and began to demand tribute from him in the amount of a tenth of his property (tithe). “When none of us are left alive, then take everything,” the prince proudly answered them. Preparing to repel the invasion, the people of Ryazan turned to the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich for help. But he didn't help them. Meanwhile, Batu's troops defeated the vanguard detachment of the Ryazans sent forward and on December 16, 1237, besieged their capital, the city. The townspeople repelled the first attacks. Then the besiegers used battering machines and with their help destroyed the fortifications. Having burst into the city after a 9-day siege, Batu’s soldiers carried out a massacre there. Prince Yuri and almost all the inhabitants died.
With the fall, the resistance of the Ryazan people did not stop. One of the Ryazan boyars, Evpatiy Kolovrat, assembled a detachment of 1,700 people. Having overtaken Batu's army, he attacked it and crushed the rear regiments. They thought in amazement that it was the dead warriors of the land of Ryazan who had been resurrected. Batu sent the hero Khostovrul against Kolovrat, but he fell in a duel with the Russian knight. However, the forces were still unequal. Batu’s huge army surrounded a handful of heroes, who almost all died in the battle (including Kolovrat himself). After the battle, Batu ordered the surviving Russian soldiers to be released as a sign of respect for their courage.
Battle of Kolomna (1238). After the capture, Batu began to fulfill the main goal of his campaign - the defeat of the armed forces of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. The first blow was struck on the city of Kolomna, an important strategic center, by taking which the Tatar-Mongols cut the direct connection between the northeastern and southwestern regions of Rus'. In January 1238, Batu’s army approached Kolomna, where the advance detachment of the troops of the Grand Duke of Vladimir was located under the command of his son Vsevolod Yuryevich, who was joined by Prince Roman, who had fled from the Ryazan land. The forces turned out to be unequal, and the Russians suffered a severe defeat. Prince Roman and most of the Russian soldiers died. Vsevolod Yurievich with the remnants of the squad fled to Vladimir. Following him, Batu’s army moved, which along the way captured and burned, where another son of the Grand Duke of Vladimir, Vladimir Yuryevich, was captured.
Capture of Vladimir (1238). On February 3, 1238, Batu’s army approached the capital of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality - the city of Vladimir. Batu sent part of his forces to Torzhok to cut off the connection between the Vladimir-Suzdal principality and Novgorod. Thus, North-Eastern Rus' was cut off from help from both the north and the south. Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich was absent from his capital. She was defended by a squad under the command of his sons - princes Mstislav and Vsevolod. At first they wanted to go out into the field and fight Batu’s army, but they were restrained from such a reckless impulse by the experienced governor Pyotr Oslyadyukovich. Meanwhile, having built forests opposite the city walls and brought battering guns to them, Batu’s army stormed Vladimir from three sides on February 7, 1238. With the help of battering machines, Batu’s warriors broke through the fortress walls and broke into Vladimir. Then its defenders retreated to the Old City. Prince Vsevolod Yuryevich, who had by that time lost the remnants of his former arrogance, tried to stop the bloodshed. With a small detachment, he went to Batu, hoping to appease the khan with gifts. But he ordered to kill the young prince and continue the assault. After the capture of Vladimir, eminent townspeople and part of the common people were burned in the Church of the Mother of God, which had previously been plundered by the invaders. The city was brutally destroyed.
Battle of the City River (1238). Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich, meanwhile, was gathering regiments in the north, hoping for help from other principalities. But it was already too late. Having cut off Yuri's army from the north and south, Batu's troops were rapidly approaching its location on the City River (a tributary of the Mologa River), in the area of the junction of the roads to Novgorod and Belozersk. On March 4, 1238, a detachment under the command of Temnik Burundai was the first to reach the City and decisively attacked the regiments of Yuri Vsevolodovich. The Russians fought stubbornly and valiantly. Neither side could gain the upper hand for a long time. The outcome of the battle was decided by the approach of fresh forces to the Burundai army led by Batu Khan. The Russian warriors could not withstand the new blow and suffered a crushing defeat. Most of them, including Grand Duke Yuri, died in a brutal battle. The defeat at City put an end to organized resistance in North-Eastern Rus'.
Having dealt with the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, Batu gathered all his forces at Torzhok and on March 17 set out on a campaign against Novgorod. However, at the Ignach Krest tract, before reaching about 200 km to Novgorod, the Tatar-Mongol army turned back. Many historians see the reason for such a retreat in the fact that Batu was afraid of the onset of the spring thaw. Of course, the heavily swampy terrain crossed by small rivers, along which the route of the Tatar-Mongol army ran, could have done him a disservice. Another reason seems no less important. Probably, Batu was well aware of the strong fortifications of Novgorod and the readiness of the Novgorodians for a strong defense. Having suffered considerable losses during the winter campaign, the Tatar-Mongols were already far away from their rear. Any military failure in the conditions of the flood of Novgorod rivers and swamps could turn into a disaster for Batu’s army. Apparently, all these considerations influenced the khan’s decision to begin a retreat.
Defense of Kozelsk (1238). The fact that the Russians were far from broken and were ready to defend themselves courageously was evidenced by the heroism of the residents of Kozelsk. Its glorious defense was perhaps the most striking event in the tragic campaign of 1237/38 for the Russians. On the way back, the troops of Khan Batu besieged the city of Kozelsk, which was ruled by the young Prince Vasily. To the demand to surrender, the townspeople replied: “Our prince is a baby, but we, as faithful Russians, must die for him in order to leave a good reputation for ourselves in the world, and accept the crown of immortality after the grave.”
For seven weeks, the courageous defenders of small Kozelsk steadfastly repelled the onslaught of a huge army. In the end, the attackers managed to break through the walls and break into the city. But even here the invaders met with brutal resistance. The townspeople fought the attackers with knives. One of the detachments of Kozelsk defenders broke out of the city and attacked Batu’s regiments in the field. In this battle, the Russians destroyed the battering machines and killed 4 thousand people. However, despite desperate resistance, the city was taken. None of the residents surrendered; everyone died fighting. What happened to Prince Vasily is unknown. According to one version, he drowned in blood. Since then, the chronicler notes, Batu gave Kozelsk a new name: “Evil City.”
Invasion of Batu (1240-1241) North-Eastern Rus' lay in ruins. It seemed that nothing prevented Batu from starting his campaign in Western Europe. But despite significant military successes, the winter-spring campaign of 1237/38, apparently, was not easy for the khan’s troops. Over the next two years, they did not conduct large-scale operations and recuperated in the steppes, reorganizing the army and collecting supplies. At the same time, with the help of reconnaissance raids of individual detachments, the Tatar-Mongols strengthened their control over the lands from the banks of the Klyazma to the Dnieper - they captured Chernigov, Pereyaslavl, Gorokhovets. On the other hand, Mongolian intelligence was actively collecting data on the situation in Central and Western Europe. Finally, at the end of November 1240, Batu, at the head of hordes of 150 thousand, undertook his famous campaign to Western Europe, dreaming of reaching the edge of the universe and soaking the hooves of his horses in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.
Capture of Kyiv by Batu's troops (1240). The princes of Southern Rus' showed enviable carelessness in this situation. Being next to a formidable enemy for two years, they not only did nothing to organize a joint defense, but also continued to quarrel with each other. Without waiting for the invasion, Prince Mikhail of Kiev fled the city in advance. The Smolensk prince Rostislav took advantage of this and captured Kyiv. But he was soon driven out of there by Prince Daniil of Galitsky, who also left the city, leaving the thousand-year-old Dmitry in his place. When, in December 1240, Batu’s army, having crossed the ice of the Dnieper, approached Kyiv, ordinary Kievans had to pay for the insignificance of their leaders.
The defense of the city was headed by Dmitry Tysyatsky. But how could civilians really resist the huge hordes? According to the chronicler, when Batu’s troops surrounded the city, the people of Kiev could not hear each other because of the creaking of carts, the roar of camels, and the neighing of horses. The fate of Kyiv was decided. Having destroyed the fortifications with battering machines, the attackers broke into the city. But its defenders continued to stubbornly defend themselves and, under the leadership of their thousand commander, managed to erect new wooden fortifications near the Tithe Church overnight. The next morning, December 6, 1240, a fierce battle began here again, in which the last defenders of Kyiv died. The wounded governor Dmitry was captured. For his courage, Batu gave him life. Batya's army completely destroyed Kyiv. Five years later, the Franciscan monk Plano Carpini, who visited Kyiv, counted no more than 200 houses in this formerly majestic city, the inhabitants of which were in terrible slavery.
The capture of Kyiv opened the way for Batu to Western Europe. Without encountering serious resistance, his troops marched through the territory of Galician-Volyn Rus. Leaving an army of 30,000 on the occupied lands, Batu crossed the Carpathians in the spring of 1241 and invaded Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic. Having achieved a number of successes there, Batu reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea. Here he received news of the death of the ruler of the Mongol Empire, Ogedei, in Karakorum. According to the laws of Genghis Khan, Batu had to return to Mongolia to elect a new head of the empire. But most likely, this was only a reason to stop the campaign, since the offensive impulse of the army, thinned by the battles and cut off from its rear, was already drying up.
Batu failed to create an empire from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, but he still founded a huge nomadic state - the Horde, centered in the city of Saray (in the lower Volga). This Horde became part of the Mongol Empire. Fearing new invasions, the Russian princes recognized vassal dependence on the Horde.
The invasions of 1237-1238 and 1240-1241 became the largest disaster in the entire history of Rus'. Not only the armed forces of the principalities were destroyed, but to a much greater extent the material culture Old Russian state. Archaeologists have calculated that out of 74 ancient Russian cities of the pre-Mongol period they studied, 49 (or two-thirds) were devastated by Batu. Moreover, 14 of them never rose from the ruins, another 15 were unable to restore their former significance, turning into villages.
The negative consequences of these campaigns were protracted, since, unlike the previous nomads (,), the new invaders were no longer interested only in booty, but also in the subjugation of the conquered lands. Batu's campaigns led to the defeat of the East Slavic world and the further separation of its parts. Dependence on the Golden Horde had the greatest impact on the development of the northeastern lands (Great Russia). Here Tatar orders, morals and customs took root most strongly. In the Novgorod lands, the power of the khans was felt less, and the southern and southwestern parts of Rus' a century later left the subordination of the Horde, becoming part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Thus, in the 14th century, the ancient Russian lands were divided into two spheres of influence - the Golden Horde (eastern) and Lithuanian (western). In the territory conquered by the Lithuanians, new branches of the Eastern Slavs formed: Belarusians and Ukrainians.
The defeat of Rus' after the invasion of Batu and the foreign rule that followed deprived the East Slavic world of independence and a favorable historical perspective. It took centuries of incredible efforts and persistent, sometimes tragic struggle of the “all-enduring Russian tribe” for it to be able to destroy foreign power, create a powerful power and become one of the great nations.
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The first blow of the Mongols to which principality? and got the best answer
Reply from???I?EL? ?[guru]
The first blow was dealt to the Ryazan principality.
Ryazan fell first. The Mongols, stopping at the far border of the Ryazan principality, the Sura River, sent an embassy demanding a tenth of all property. Having been refused, they went on the offensive. The Ryazan princes turned to the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich for help, but he chose to stay on the sidelines.
The Ryazan people could not provide serious resistance: they could field no more than five thousand soldiers. There were many more Mongols. Russian chronicles speak of a “countless army,” although, according to some estimates, Batu’s army numbered no more than 40 thousand. The fact is that each Mongol warrior brought with him at least three horses - riding, pack and fighting. It was not easy to feed so many animals in winter in a foreign country. After a five-day siege, the Mongols destroyed the city and most of its inhabitants.
Option 1
Choose the correct answer.
1. At firstXIIIV. the ruler of the Mongol state took the name:
a) Temujin b) Yesugei c) Genghis Khan d) Subedey
2. The Battle of the Kalka River took place in:
a) 1206 b) 1211 c) 1221 d) 1223
3. The Mongols struck the first blow against the principality:
a) Vladimirsky c) Chernigovsky
b) Ryazan d) Smolensky
4. Batu's first campaign ended:
a) the complete subjugation of Rus' to the Mongols
b) the terrible defeat of the northeastern landsRus'
c) the defeat of Batu
d) the conquest of not only Russian lands, but also the invasion of Western Europe
5. According to legend, the surviving residents of Ryazan, who were gathering in a squad to fight the Mongols, were led by:
a) Evpatiy Kolovrat
b) Prince Fyodor
c) Philip Nanny
d) Petr Oslyadyukovich
6. Batu's invasion of Rus' refers to:
A)XIV. b)XIIV. V)XIIIV. G)XIVV.
7. In the Baltic lands, German knights united into the Order:
a) swordtails (Livonian)
b) Templars
c) Hospitallers (Johnnites)
d) Dominicans
8. Baskak is:
a) a Mongolian official who conducted a population census in Rus'
b) Mongol warrior
c) military rank in the Mongol army
d) representative of the Horde Khan in Rus'
9. After the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the political center of Rus' moved to:
a) Novgorod c) Suzdal
b) Vladimir d) Smolensk
10. In the Lithuanian-Russian state, the Lithuanian prince on the annexed Russian lands:
a) established strict control over the lands
b) preserved their customs, traditions, and previous order of government
c) imposed a large tribute
d) forced the Russian population to supply soldiers to the Lithuanian army
11. Please indicate the correct statements:
b) Batu in the second campaign directed the main blow to the southern Russian lands
c) after the conquest of Rus', Batu Khan conquers the countries of Central Europe
d) at the endXIIV. The Pope declares a crusade against the inhabitants of the Baltic lands
e) the battle on Lake Peipsi went down in history as the Battle of the Ice
f) the Horde khans changed the established order of government in Rus'
g) after the uprising of 1262 in many cities of Rus' the right to collect tribute was transferred to the Russian princes
h) the Russian clergy was not freed from the Horde tribute
i) Russian and Lithuanian lands united into a single state in order to resist enemies from the west and east
j) Russian was the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
12. Choose the correct answers:
Economic consequences of Horde rule:
a) settlement of the outskirts of Rus' and their transformation into independent principalities
b) destruction of cities, many of which turned into villages or disappeared completely
c) disruption of trade relations between Russia and the West
d) dominance of subsistence farming
e) a sharp decline in population
e) many crafts have died out
g) severing ties between the southern and southwestern principalities and the northeastern principalities
13. Match:
1) 1237 d. a) the fall of Vladimir under the blows of the Mongols
2) 1238 d. b) return of the Mongol army to the Lower Volga
3) 1240 c) Battle of Lake Peipsi
4) 1242 d) the beginning of Batu’s campaign against Rus'
14. Place in chronological order:
a) formation of the Golden Horde
b) the beginning of Batu’s second campaign against Rus'
c) the battle of Russian and Mongolian troops on the City River
d) Alexander Nevsky’s suppression of the Novgorodians against the Horde
e) Mongol invasion of the Polovtsian steppe
15.
Ryazan, Kolomna, Torzhok, Kozelsk
16. What is extra in the series?
The threat to Russian lands from the west came from the Danish kings, Swedes, the Polish kingdom, and the German knightly order
17. Who are we talking about?
... The prince galloped to the coastal rocks, climbing them with difficulty, he found a high ledge, from where he could see everything around.
And he looked back. Somewhere behind, Among the trees and stones, His regiments stand in ambush, Keeping their horses tied.
And ahead, on the ringing ice floes, Rattling with heavy scales, the Livonians ride in a formidable wedge - A pig's iron head...
Test on the topic “The era of the Mongol invasion”
Option 2
Choose the correct answer
1. In the battle on the Kalka River, the allied army of the Polovtsy and Russian princes:
a) won
b) neither side was able to gain the upper hand
c) was defeated
d) the troops dispersed, standing against each other without starting the battle
2. The Mongol invasion of Rus' began in:
a) 1227 b) 1237 c) 1239 d) 1240
3. Batu Khan called it an “evil city”:
a) Torzhokc) Kozelsk
b) KolomnaKiev
4. As a result of defeat in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars, the Russian lands:
a) became part of the Golden Horde
b) fell into vassalage from ZolotayaHordes
c) paid a large tribute, but retained independence
d) united into a single state-
5. The Lithuanian-Russian state was formed and reached its peak in:
A)XI - XIIIcenturiesV)XIII - XIVcenturies
b)XII - XIVcenturiesG)XIV - XVcenturies
6. The Lithuanian-Russian state reached its peak under the prince:
a) Mindovgec) Olgerda
b) Gediminasd) Jagiello
7. During the Battle of the Neva, the Russian army fought against:
a) Danish knights c) German knights
b) Swedesd) Poles
8. Khan's charter, which gave the right to Russian princes to rule in their principalities:
a) exit b) shortcut c) lesson d) churchyard
9. As a result of the annexation of western and southwestern Russian lands to Lithuania:
a) religious oppression of the population of these lands by the Catholic Church began
b) stone construction stopped for almost a hundred years
c) managed to jointly resist the threat from both the east and the west
d) the order of management of these lands has changed
10. The capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became the city:
a) Rigac) Revel
b) Vilnad) Grodno
11. Please indicate the correct statements. :
a) on the City River, the Russian army unexpectedly attacked the Mongols and defeated them
b) Batu’s invasion of Rus' did not affect the Novgorod and Pskov lands
c) the Mongols struck the first blow against the Principality of Chernigov
d) German knights captured the lands of the Baltic tribe of Prussians and founded the Livonian Order on them
e) the battle on Lake Peipsi went down in history as the Battle of the Ice
e) the most attractive thing for the princes was the label for the great reign of Vladimir
g) as a result of Horde rule, the nature of princely power in Rus' changed
h) Russian principalities were obliged to send soldiers to participate in the Mongol-Tatar campaigns
i) the establishment of the power of the Lithuanian princes in the Russian lands took place relatively peacefully
j) the Lithuanian tribute paid by the Russian population was as large as the Horde exit
12. Choose the correct answers.
Reasons for the defeat of the Russian princes from the Mongol-Tatars:
a) the absence of fortified fortress cities in Rus'
b) political fragmentation of Rus'
c) the transition to the side of the Mongol-Tatars of the Princes of the southern lands
d) endless strife between Russian princes
e) the need to combat the invasion of German and Swedish knights in the northwestern lands of Rus'
f) numerical superiority of the Mongol-Tatar troops
g) the Mongol-Tatars have one of the best armies
13. Set the correct match:
1) 1223 G.a) Battle of the Neva
2) 1237 G.b) Battle of the Kalka River
3) 1240 g.c) uprising against the Horde in North-Eastern Rus'
4) 1262 d) the beginning of Batu’s campaign against Rus'
14. Arrange in chronological order follower details:
a) Batu’s capture of Kyiv
b) siege and capture of Torzhok by the Mongols
c) Battle on the ice
d) fall of Ryazan
e) Mongolian officials conducting a population census in Rus'
15. Who are we talking about?
He subjugated everyone to his will, choosing a new name meaning “heaven-sent”; “all the Tatars, who had previously been at odds, became his single obedient army. He himself divided the Tatars into thousands, hundreds and tens, and he himself appointed his own thousand, centurion and tenth over them, rejecting the clan khans if he did not trust them.”
16. What are we talking about?
“...And he hastened to attack the enemy. At 6 o'clock in the afternoon there was a hot battle, and he beat countless of them, and stamped the king himself on the face with his sharp spear. Here 6 brave men appeared from his regiment. One, named Tavrilo Aleksich, seeing the prince, who was being dragged by the arms, attacked the ship, and rode along the plank all the way to the ship, along which they ascended with the prince to the ship; and ran away from him, and then turned around and threw him and his horse off the board into the water..."
17. On what principle is the series formed?
Lands of the Volga Bulgars, Polovtsian steppe, Crimea, Urals, Western Siberia, part of Central Asia
In 1237, the 75,000-strong army of Khan Batu invaded Russian borders. Hordes of Mongol-Tatars, a well-armed army of the Khan's empire, the largest in medieval history, came to conquer Rus': to wipe out rebellious Russian cities and villages from the face of the earth, impose tribute on the population and establish the power of their governors - the Baskaks - throughout the entire Russian land.
The Mongol-Tatars’ attack on Rus' was sudden, but not only this determined the success of the invasion. For a number of objective reasons, power was on the side of the conquerors, the fate of Rus' was predetermined, as was the success of the Mongol-Tatar invasion.
By the beginning of the 13th century, Rus' was a country torn into small principalities, without a single ruler or army. Behind the Mongol-Tatars, on the contrary, stood a strong and united power, approaching the peak of its power. Only a century and a half later, in 1380, in different political and economic conditions, Rus' was able to field a strong army against the Golden Horde led by a single commander - the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Ivanovich and move from a shameful and unsuccessful defense to active military action and achieve a devastating victory on the Kulikovo field.
Not about any unity of the Russian land in 1237-1240. there was no question, the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars showed the weakness of Rus', the invasion of the enemy and the power of the Golden Horde established for two and a half centuries, the Golden Horde yoke became retribution for internecine enmity and trampling of all-Russian interests on the part of Russian princes, too keen on satisfying their political ambitions.
The Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' was swift and merciless. In December 1237, Batu’s army burned Ryazan, and on January 1, 1238, Kolomna fell under enemy pressure. During January - May 1238, the Mongol-Tatar invasion incinerated the Vladimir, Pereyaslav, Yuryev, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Uglitsky and Kozel principalities. In 1239 it was destroyed by Murom, a year later the inhabitants of the cities and villages of the Chernigov principality faced the misfortune of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, and in September - December 1240 the ancient capital city of Rus' - Kyiv - was conquered.
After the defeat of North-Eastern and Southern Rus', the countries of Eastern Europe were subjected to the Mongol-Tatar invasion: Batu’s army won a number of major victories in Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic, but, having lost significant forces on Russian soil, returned to the Volga region, which became the epicenter of the powerful Golden Horde.
With the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars into Rus', the Golden Horde period of Russian history began: the era of the rule of Eastern despotism, oppression and ruin of the Russian people, the period of decline of the Russian economy and culture.
The beginning of the Mongol conquests of the Russian principalities
In the 13th century. the peoples of Rus' had to endure a difficult struggle with Tatar-Mongol conquerors, who ruled the Russian lands until the 15th century. (last century in a milder form). Directly or indirectly, the Mongol invasion contributed to the fall of the political institutions of the Kyiv period and the rise of absolutism.
In the 12th century. There was no centralized state in Mongolia; the unification of the tribes was achieved at the end of the 12th century. Temuchin, the leader of one of the clans. At the general meeting (“kurultai”) of representatives of all clans in 1206 he was proclaimed great khan with the name Genghis(“limitless power”).
Once the empire was created, it began its expansion. The organization of the Mongol army was based on the decimal principle - 10, 100, 1000, etc. An imperial guard was created that controlled the entire army. Before the advent of firearms Mongol cavalry prevailed in the steppe wars. She was better organized and trained than any army of nomads of the past. The reason for the success was not only the perfection of the military organization of the Mongols, but also the unpreparedness of their rivals.
At the beginning of the 13th century, having conquered part of Siberia, the Mongols began to conquer China in 1215. They managed to capture its entire northern part. From China, the Mongols brought the latest military equipment and specialists for that time. In addition, they received a cadre of competent and experienced officials from among the Chinese. In 1219, Genghis Khan's troops invaded Central Asia. Following Central Asia there was Northern Iran captured, after which Genghis Khan’s troops made a predatory campaign in Transcaucasia. From the south they came to the Polovtsian steppes and defeated the Polovtsians.
The Polovtsians' request to help them against a dangerous enemy was accepted by the Russian princes. The battle between the Russian-Polovtsian and Mongol troops took place on May 31, 1223 on the Kalka River in the Azov region. Not all Russian princes who promised to participate in the battle sent their troops. The battle ended in the defeat of the Russian-Polovtsian troops, many princes and warriors died.
In 1227 Genghis Khan died. Ögedei, his third son, was elected Great Khan. In 1235, the Kurultai met in the Mongol capital Kara-korum, where it was decided to begin the conquest of the western lands. This intention posed a terrible threat to Russian lands. At the head of the new campaign was Ogedei's nephew, Batu (Batu).
In 1236, Batu's troops began a campaign against the Russian lands. Having defeated Volga Bulgaria, they set out to conquer the Ryazan principality. The Ryazan princes, their squads and townspeople had to fight the invaders alone. The city was burned and plundered. After the capture of Ryazan, Mongol troops moved to Kolomna. In the battle near Kolomna, many Russian soldiers died, and the battle itself ended in defeat for them. On February 3, 1238, the Mongols approached Vladimir. Having besieged the city, the invaders sent a detachment to Suzdal, which took it and burned it. The Mongols stopped only in front of Novgorod, turning south due to muddy roads.
In 1240, the Mongol offensive resumed. Chernigov and Kyiv were captured and destroyed. From here the Mongol troops moved to Galicia-Volyn Rus'. Having captured Vladimir-Volynsky, Galich in 1241 Batu invaded Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Moravia, and then in 1242 reached Croatia and Dalmatia. However, Mongol troops entered Western Europe significantly weakened by the powerful resistance they encountered in Rus'. This largely explains the fact that if the Mongols managed to establish their yoke in Rus', Western Europe only experienced an invasion and then on a smaller scale. This is the historical role of the heroic resistance of the Russian people to the Mongol invasion.
The result of Batu's grandiose campaign was the conquest of a vast territory - the southern Russian steppes and forests of Northern Rus', the Lower Danube region (Bulgaria and Moldova). The Mongol Empire now included the entire Eurasian continent from the Pacific Ocean to the Balkans.
After Ogedei's death in 1241, the majority supported the candidacy of Ogedei's son Hayuk. Batu became the head of the strongest regional khanate. He founded his capital at Sarai (north of Astrakhan). His power extended to Kazakhstan, Khorezm, Western Siberia, Volga, North Caucasus, Rus'. Gradually the western part of this ulus became known as Golden Horde.
The first armed clash between the Russian squad and the Mongol-Tatar army occurred 14 years before Batu’s invasion. In 1223, the Mongol-Tatar army under the command of Subudai-Baghatur went on a campaign against the Polovtsians in close proximity to Russian lands. At the request of the Polovtsians, some Russian princes provided military assistance to the Polovtsians.
On May 31, 1223, a battle took place between Russian-Polovtsian troops and Mongol-Tatars on the Kalka River near the Sea of Azov. As a result of this battle, the Russian-Polovtsian militia suffered a crushing defeat from the Mongol-Tatars. The Russian-Polovtsian army suffered heavy losses. Six Russian princes died, including Mstislav Udaloy, the Polovtsian Khan Kotyan and more than 10 thousand militiamen.
The main reasons for the defeat of the Russian-Polish army were:
The reluctance of the Russian princes to act as a united front against the Mongol-Tatars (most Russian princes refused to respond to the request of their neighbors and send troops);
Underestimation of the Mongol-Tatars (the Russian militia was poorly armed and was not properly prepared for battle);
Inconsistency of actions during the battle (Russian troops were not a single army, but scattered squads of different princes acting in their own way; some squads withdrew from the battle and watched from the sidelines).
Having won a victory on Kalka, the army of Subudai-Baghatur did not build on its success and went to the steppes.
4. After 13 years, in 1236, the Mongol-Tatar army led by Khan Batu (Batu Khan), the grandson of Genghis Khan and the son of Jochi, invaded the Volga steppes and Volga Bulgaria (the territory of modern Tataria). Having won a victory over the Cumans and Volga Bulgars, the Mongol-Tatars decided to invade Rus'.
The conquest of Russian lands was carried out during two campaigns:
The campaign of 1237 - 1238, as a result of which the Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal principalities - northeast Rus' - were conquered;
The campaign of 1239 - 1240, as a result of which the Chernigov and Kiev principalities and other principalities of southern Rus' were conquered. The Russian principalities offered heroic resistance. Among the most important battles of the war with the Mongol-Tatars are:
Defense of Ryazan (1237) - the very first large city to be attacked by the Mongol-Tatars - almost all residents participated and died during the defense of the city;
Defense of Vladimir (1238);
Defense of Kozelsk (1238) - the Mongol-Tatars stormed Kozelsk for 7 weeks, for which they nicknamed it the “evil city”;
Battle of the City River (1238) - the heroic resistance of the Russian militia prevented the further advance of the Mongol-Tatars to the north - to Novgorod;
The defense of Kyiv - the city fought for about a month.
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