From history, children were killed for ritual purposes: it was believed that a killed child could help infertile women cope with illnesses, ensure health and youth; they were buried under the foundation of the building to make it stronger; children were bought and sold.
Violence is coercion, captivity, a shy, offensive, illegal, willful action. Domestic or family violence is understood as a certain system of behavior of one family member in relation to another (others), aimed at maintaining power, control and instilling fear. Domestic violence is a type of relationship between close people when one oppresses the other or causes him any harm. There is another definition: family violence is understood as systematic aggressive and hostile actions against family members, as a result of which harm, injury, humiliation or sometimes death can be caused to the target of violence. Violence also occurs among teenagers.
The purpose of violence, as a rule, is to gain certain rights and privileges, as well as dominance and control over a person through insult, intimidation, blackmail, etc. Domestic violence can have a different direction: on the part of the husband in relation to the wife; on the part of the wife in relation to the husband; on the part of one or both parents in relation to children; on the part of older children in relation to younger ones; on the part of adult children and grandchildren in relation to parents or elderly relatives; on the part of some family members in relation to others.
Scientific research has established that: violence in one form or another is committed in every fourth Russian family; Every year, about 2 million children under the age of 14 are beaten by their parents; for 10% of these children the outcome is death, and for 2 thousand - suicide; more than 50 thousand children leave home during the year, fleeing their own parents, and 25 thousand minors are wanted.
State protection of children Convention on the Rights of the Child; Law “On the Fundamentals of the System for the Prevention of Neglect and Juvenile Delinquency”; Law “On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation”; A group of deputies submitted to the State Duma a bill providing for strengthening guarantees of children’s rights to proper spiritual and moral education, as well as responsibility for cruelty to minors.
In addition, the authors of the bill draw attention to the fact that the current legislation provides for a more severe punishment for cruelty to animals - imprisonment for up to two years, than for cruelty to minors - only restriction of freedom for up to three years. It is proposed to introduce criminal liability for cruel treatment of minors - imprisonment for up to three years.
Consequences of child abuse in the family; leaving for religious sects; associations in informal groups with a criminal and fascist orientation; aggressive, criminal behavior of children; children who run away from home die from hunger and cold, become victims of other children who also escaped from domestic violence, etc.
Neglect Neglect of the basic needs of a child (moral cruelty) is the lack of basic care on the part of parents or persons in their stead, as well as the dishonest fulfillment of responsibilities for raising a child, as a result of which his health and development are impaired.
Sexual abuse of children American researchers define sexual abuse of children as any sexual experience between a child under 16 years of age (according to some sources - up to 18 years of age) and a person who is at least 5 years older than him. This type of violence is characterized either as the involvement of dependent, mentally and physiologically immature children and adolescents in sexual activities that violate social taboos of family roles, which they cannot yet fully understand and to which they are not able to give meaningful consent. Sexual abuse is considered a variant of particularly child abuse.
Psychological violence Emotional (psychological) violence is a single or chronic mental impact on a child or his rejection by parents and other adults, as a result of which the child’s emotional development, behavior and ability to socialize are disrupted.
Psychological violence includes threats against a child, manifested in verbal form without the use of physical force; insult and humiliation of his dignity; open rejection and constant criticism; depriving the child of the necessary stimulation, ignoring his basic needs in a safe environment, parental love; placing excessive demands on a child that are not consistent with his age or capabilities; a single gross mental impact that caused mental trauma in the child; deliberate isolation of the child, depriving him of social contacts; involving a child or encouraging him to engage in antisocial or destructive behavior (alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.).
The causes of violence lie within the family itself: financial difficulties; presence of an unemployed person in the family; unresolved housing problem; alcoholism and drunkenness among family members; presence of drug addicts in the family; single-parent family; stepfather or stepmother in the family; a child with a disability or health problems; unwanted child; difficult child; removal of many moral prohibitions; family conflicts; self-affirmation at the expense of the weak; a cult of cruelty propagated in society.
Children are the main gift for the world, With them the earthly picture is more wonderful. They understand everything, they take on everything. Human life is best with them. Their hands are often weak and unskillful, But the guys have no time to think about boredom. In movements and worries, their time passes, Luck comes to the diligent over the years. Dreams blossom in childhood, but adults often don’t know about it. We need to explain the rights to the kids, we need to teach them a lot. The world will become a better place on our planet if all children are happy! Victor Pavlov
The presentation is dedicated to an acute social problem of modern society.
Contains:
Risk factors for child abuse.
Types of sexual violence in the family.
Children as offenders.
Psychological risk factors of the child.
How to protect a child?
Principles of rehabilitation of a child victim of violence.
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Violence in family
Domestic violence is a separate large topic to which many studies have been devoted. Most often, women and children are subjected to violence in the family; men, the stronger sex, are less likely to become victims of violence. Violence usually occurs in families with blurred boundaries between family members. It is usually the weakest family members who are unable to protect themselves who suffer from physical, psychological, and sexual violence.
Risk Factors for Child Abuse Psychological Risk Factors for Parents Parents who batter their children are characterized as impulsive, immature, rigid, abusive or chronically abusive parents, dependent and narcissistic, withdrawn from family and friends, and experiencing marital difficulties. V. Steele emphasizes the importance of parental identification with the harsh, rejecting mother, which is constant in child abuse. Most parents who abuse their children have frequently experienced physical abuse, rejection, deprivation and neglect from their parents during their childhood.
A. Bass points out 4 factors on which the strength of aggressive habits depends: the frequency and intensity of cases in which the individual was attacked, frustrated, irritated, frequent achievement of success through aggression, cultural and subcultural norms, temperament characterized by impulsiveness, intensity of reactions, high activity and addiction. According to numerous studies, in most cases, sexual violence occurs for the purpose of establishing power and control over the victim, and not for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification.
Types of sexual violence in the FATHER-DAUGHTER family. Passive-dependent relationships in the family: in relations with his wife, the husband feels like a dependent child who is neglected - he turns to his daughter as another wife in order to feel that he is a man. Aggressive - dominant relationships in the family: wife and daughter are isolated from social connections. The wife is emotionally defenseless and helpless, the husband is completely in control, but does not receive emotional support and emotional recognition from his wife. Sexual relations with a daughter as an exercise of the Narcissist's right. The wife dominates - the husband is suppressed. Relationship with daughter as compensation for suppressed need for dominance.
FATHER - SON Father in childhood (adolescence) had problems in relationships with the opposite sex. Perhaps the father was unsure of his sexual orientation. Perhaps the father was a victim of incest as a child.
MOTHER - SON A relationship of this kind indicates the presence of serious mental disorders in the mother, since a woman, compared to men, has to overcome greater resistance to commit sexual violence against her own child. This is prevented by: Social role barrier - the stereotypical sexual aggressor is a man. The psychological barrier is that the maternal instinct is deeper than the paternal one.
It should be emphasized that very often the sexual aggressor has himself been a victim of sexual violence in the past. In cases of incest, the rapists experienced deep psycho-sexual disturbances, sadism, fetishism, unusual forms of sexual intercourse, episodes of homosexuality and transvestism. The lack of desired satisfaction from these forms of sexual activity pushed them to commit incest.
Children as abusers Olweus gives characteristics of the family environment and conditions of parental education of abusers: Parents tend to show a negative attitude towards their parental role, giving insufficient warmth and care to the child. Adequate restrictions are not imposed on the child’s behavior, adequate control is not provided, and aggressive behavior towards family members and peers is tolerated. The family's tendency to practice corporal punishment or violent emotional outbursts. Children with poor impulse control and who are easily excitable are more likely to exhibit bullying behavior than children with more stable response patterns.
Signs of an abuser: Teases, ridicules, pushes; Physically stronger than peers; Loves to have his superiority over others recognized; Impulsive, irritable, intolerant, aggressive, coercive, belligerent; Shows little empathy towards others; Early involvement in antisocial behavior (drinking, etc.); Lagging behind peers in the number of completed classes. The so-called “risk groups” are especially dangerous as a source of crime. They clearly show the characteristics of adolescence and adolescence; The consumption of alcoholic beverages and drugs, prostitution, and the actions of such groups become more aggressive. The process of subordinating youth “risk groups” to organized crime is actively underway.
Child Psychological Risk Factors Evidence shows that most cases of physical maltreatment of children occur in the first two years of life. Excessive, incessant crying and irritability of the infant often lead to a decrease in the mother's attachment to him. At the same time, researchers have observed that infants who are passive and developmentally delayed may also frustrate mothers and contribute to their physical abuse. Children with physical and mental disabilities are also vulnerable to abuse. Disabled children with visible physical defects, congenital anomalies, mental retardation, or chronic psychological illnesses are not only a burden to the parents, but are also viewed by narcissistic parents as a symbol of their own damaged self-image.
Child victims tend to have less physical strength than their abusers. They are anxious and insecure, more sensitive and passive. These children often have symbiotic relationships with their parents and have little social experience or support. So, the characteristics of the victim: Subject to ridicule; Subject to pushes, kicks; Gets into fights that he tries to avoid; His things are taken away or destroyed; He has "unexplained" cuts and torn clothing; Excluded from peer groups; Selected last for games; Stays close to the teacher.
Women subjected to domestic violence Psychologists describe the classic cycle of interaction between partners when a woman is subjected to violence and insults, consisting of three phases: Tension - individual outbursts of insults. Women usually react calmly, trying to defuse the situation or trying to protect their position in the family. Both partners may justify the man's behavior as his reaction to stress due to work, money, etc. As stress increases, a woman's ability to balance becomes weaker. It is at this stage that it is most necessary and effective for women to find support and help.
Basic prevention of violence: In marital relationships, this is the establishment of rules that do not allow aggressive forms of resolving conflict situations. If, when meeting you, you feel that your partner can be rude and hot-tempered, if in his past there are cases where he raised his hand against someone, then this is a danger signal, indicating that this person may behave the same way in your relationship . If a person exhibits a certain behavior in one aspect of his life, then this same behavior will easily transfer to other aspects of life. In this case, you have to decide for yourself whether you can connect your future with such a person.
How to protect a child? First of all, your child should know not to engage in conversations or follow strangers on the street. You should also not allow strangers to look at or touch your private parts. If a child complains about ridicule in the kindergarten or at school from peers, if someone regularly offends him, then the parent must intervene in this situation and solve the problem by discussing it with the children, teachers and parents of the child’s offenders.
Principles for the rehabilitation of a child victim of violence An analysis of the problems associated with abuse, as well as the problems that preceded the abuse, is necessary. The clinician may be forced to intervene in environmental and environmental conditions to provide the child with comprehensive and individualized care. A child should never be seen in isolation from his or her family or caregivers or immediate environment. Therapy should focus on the child's development. Treatment should be aimed at developmental consequences. Abuse or neglect can impair a child's ability to meet developmental milestones and have a significant impact on the achievement of subsequent developmental goals. Therefore, a psychologist or psychotherapist should assess and, if necessary, treat developmental consequences associated with maltreatment.
Treatment should be appropriate to developmental stages. Treatment strategies and therapeutic interventions must be relevant to the child's developmental skills and abilities. For example, a therapeutic approach that relies primarily on verbal communication will not be effective with a child who has impaired or undeveloped skills in receiving information and expressing feelings through speech. Trying to consistently use purely verbal communication would create intense frustration and feelings of unfitness in a child already suffering from low self-esteem. Here, play therapy is a good example of a developmentally sensitive treatment approach. The main goal of therapy for child victims of abuse is to help them recognize and adaptively express all of their feelings regarding the experiences associated with abuse and neglect.
Literature 1. Project "Trust" to provide assistance to child victims of violence, Internet resource: http://www.psyonline.ru/info/article/violence/84/. 2. From the brochure “For Family Safety.” Methodological materials from the experience of the center for socio-psychological assistance to families in the city of Arzamas, Arzamas, 1999, Internet resource: http://www.harmony.baikal.ru/center/cycle.htm. 3. A, Z. Varga “Domestic violence. Rapists in captivity”, Internet resource “Psychological Navigator”, http://www.psynavigator.ru/articles.php…. 4. "Violence, aggression, cruelty. Criminal psychological research." (VNII Research Problems (M. 1990)) 5. “Guide to preventing violence against children”, edited by N.K. Asanova (M. 1997) 6. “Children and the psychology of aggression” S.N. Enikolopov (magazine “School of Health” No. 3 1995) Cruelty to children and its possible long-term consequences Menshikova E.S. (Psychological Journal, Vol. 14 No. 6, 1993)
Physical violence is the actual or potential use of physical harm, which is understood as a violation of the anatomical and physical integrity of a person. By nature, it can be expressed in striking, beating, wounding and in other impacts on a person through the use of physical force, bladed or firearms, or other objects.
About 2 million children under 14 years of age suffer annually from the arbitrariness of their parents. Every tenth of them dies or commits suicide.
According to statistics, the most common manifestations of ill-treatment are deprivation of food, drink (%), locking in the dark (%), expulsion from home (12.6%).
Adults who are victims of violence experienced in childhood strive for loneliness, they are often suspicious, and have difficulty communicating with others. Many of them have low self-esteem, consider themselves unworthy, inadequate, and unloved. Rarely experiencing deep attachments in childhood, they often seek love and understanding from those who cannot meet their expectations, entering into marital or partnership relationships with people who have similar experiences of domestic violence. When they become parents, they demand from their children a reflection of their own competence and self-worth. All this causes them to have unrealistic expectations about the behavior, success and development of their own children. 21
Violence The use of force or various types of threats in relation to certain social entities or their property with the aim of intimidating and coercing certain actions
About 40% of all murders and serious bodily injuries in Russia occur in the family. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs for 2007, every 2 minutes (!) in Russia a husband beats his wife, and every hour a husband kills his wife. According to the UN, in Russia every year ( !) killed by husbands and partners 14,000 women 75% of husbands hit their wife at least once
Fleeing from domestic violence, every year 50,000 children leave home, and 2,000 children commit suicide Every seventh woman in Russia is afraid of her husband, expecting a “sudden breakdown” from him 57% of women systematically experience violence in the form of insults, humiliation, and bullying 30% women are forced to beg money from their husbands for every little thing and to account for purchases. About 70% of children in families where violence against their mother is practiced experience the same violence
Criteria for violence: intentional action, asymmetry of power, violation of human rights, action that causes physical pain and mental suffering to the victim of violence
Traits of violence ESCALATION ISOLATION CYCLICITY REPEATIBILITY
Types of violence Physical Psychological Economic Sexual Use of physical force or tools to harm another person Total control over another person Constant criticism Blackmail Insults Isolation of the victim Denial of access to livelihood Concealing income Spending family money alone Solving most financial issues on your own Forced sexual intercourse (rape) ) Sexual harassment Coercion
Stage 1 – Increasing tension CYCLICITY OF VIOLENCE 1979 – Leonor Walker, The Abused Woman
Stage 2 – Act of violence CYCLICITY OF VIOLENCE
Stage 3 – “Honeymoon” CYCLICITY OF VIOLENCE
THE CYCLICITY OF VIOLENCE
THE CYCLICITY OF VIOLENCE
THE CYCLICITY OF VIOLENCE
VIOLATION OF IMAGE ABOUT SELF AND ABOUT THE WORLD VICTIMIZATION (trauma) Level I
Level I loss of a sense of security feeling like a small child desire to isolate oneself from the environment feeling of powerless anger VICTIMIZATION (trauma)
VIOLATION OF IMAGE ABOUT SELF AND ABOUT THE WORLD I level II level SECONDARY TRAUMA VICTIMIZATION (trauma)
Level II = secondary trauma questioning the idea of being a victim of violence denying or minimizing the experience blaming the victim for the violence refusal to help indifference to the problems of domestic violence VICTIMIZATION (trauma)
ACCEPTING THE IDENTITY OF A VIOLENCE VICTIM VIOLATION OF THE IMAGE OF SELF AND THE WORLD Level I Level II Level III SECONDARY TRAUMA VICTIMIZATION (trauma)
Level III: thinking about yourself as doomed to violence, blaming yourself for everything, questioning any personal difficulties, creating a philosophy of life characteristic of the victim, not recognizing your own rights, VICTIMIZATION (traumatism)
Alcoholism Drug addiction Physical defense Verbal defense Minimizing contact with the abuser Threats STRATEGIES OF VIOLENCE VICTIMS Fleeing Conversation Promises
ROLE OF SOCIETY FAMILY PARTNER FRIENDS Debunking stereotypes and prejudices associated with domestic violence
Myth: Only men who drink beat their wives
Fact: alcohol is not the cause of violence; alcohol can only be a contributing cause when a situation of violence already exists; alcohol can become a convenient excuse for violence; some women convince themselves that this would never have happened if the man had been sober.
Domestic violence is typical only for working-class families Myth:
The profession and business success of women do not influence the behavior of offenders. Women with brilliant careers and housekeepers are beaten. These studies showed that more than half of women have higher or incomplete higher education. Fact:
Probably, everything is not so bad, otherwise women would not stay with such men Myth:
They are ashamed to tell strangers about what happened They are afraid of being judged by others Some believe that children should grow up in a family where there are both parents Some women are afraid of being left completely without money (economic dependence) Fear that the offender will become more aggressive Nowhere to go (housing problems) Fact:
By their behavior, women themselves are asking to be beaten - they deserve to be beaten Myth:
No human being deserves to be beaten. An abuser will always find an excuse for his actions - no matter how the victim behaved. Fact:
A slap in the face does not seriously hurt Myth:
Even a single incident of violence brings pain and grief Remains a humiliating and humiliating event in a person’s life Becomes serious psychological trauma Fact:
WHY DOES A WOMAN STAY WITH AN ABUSER? EXPERIENCES A REAL FEAR OF ESCALATION OF VIOLENCE FROM PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE, THE VICTIM OFTEN KNOWS THAT AS SOON AS SHE TRY TO TAKE SOMEONE'S HELP, THE INTENSITY OF VIOLENCE INCREASES ISOLATION SUPPORTS HER BELIEF IN HIS OMNIPOTENTITY O CONSIDERS HIMSELF TO BE GUILTY FOR EVERYTHING
BELIEVES THAT THEY WILL NOT BE BELIEVE SHE IS EXPERIENCED OF SHAME THE WOMAN CAN BE CONFIDENT THAT ONLY SHE IS IN SUCH A DIFFICULT SITUATION ECONOMICALLY AND DEPENDS ON THE RAPIST ILLNESS, LONELINESS BELIEF IN TRADITIONAL VALUES SUCH AS THE INBREAKABILITY OF MARITALITY A - AT ALL COSTS WE SHOULD STRIVE TO SAVE THE FAMILY WHY A WOMAN STAYS WITH THE ABUSER?
BELIEVE IN PARTNER'S PROMISES THAT HE WILL ACTUALLY CHANGE - CYCLES OF VIOLENCE LOVE FOR PARTNER AND BELIEF THAT IF YOU LEAVE HIM, SOMETHING TERRIBLE WILL HAPPEN CONFIDENCE THAT NO ONE IS ABLE TO HELP HER OR MAY BE IN THE PAST SHE MENTIONED ABOUT YOUR PROBLEM, HOWEVER, NO ONE HELPED HER HE DOESN'T THINK OF HIMSELF AS A VICTIM OF VIOLENCE WHY DOES A WOMAN STAY WITH AN ABUSER?
General characteristics of women victims of violence Low self-esteem; Commitment to traditional ideas about the family, the role of women in the family and society, “women’s destiny”; Taking responsibility for the actions of the offender; Feelings of guilt and denial of the anger they feel towards the offender;
General characteristics of women victims of violence Pronounced reactions to stress and psychophysiological complaints; The belief that sexual relationships can stabilize relationships as a whole; Feeling helpless and not believing that anyone can help them; Psychological dependence on a partner
Psychological characteristics of the rapist Low self-esteem; Low tolerance to frustration; Desire for power and control over another person; Emotional instability (inability to adequately cope with strong emotions); Potential for alcohol or drug abuse; Presence of traumatic events in the past (being a victim or witness of violence)
Consequences of domestic violence Self-confidence is destroyed Self-esteem decreases An irresponsible attitude towards one’s life develops, and at the same time one takes responsibility (self-accusation) for the violent behavior of the partner, for his tendency to offensive, violent behavior
Consequences of domestic violence Anxiety develops Noogenic neurosis is formed (loss of meaning in life) A realistic perception of the situation and surrounding reality is lost A distorted “portrait” of the partner and a distorted perception of oneself and one’s feelings are formed Decisions regarding one’s actions and satisfaction of various needs are made depending on the partner’s reactions
Consequences of domestic violence Evaluation of the actions of surrounding people occurs in accordance with the assessments of the partner A desire arises to “save” the partner when he finds himself in an unpleasant or difficult situation, and there is often joyful excitement as an expectation of a softening of the relationship as a response for caring (which in fact never not happening)
Consequences for children subjected to male violence: 1) immediately after the violence they experience a state of trauma; 2) the course of normal processes of child development changes; 3) they live in fear for themselves and their mothers and suffer from other stress-related problems; 4) their role models are violent men; 5) in later adult life may demonstrate a higher risk of developing problems such as physical and mental problems, chemical dependency, relationship problems including violence and child abuse, and involvement in criminal activity. Adapted from Barnett, Miller-Perrin, and Perrin, Family Violence Across the Lifespan.
first conversation police intervention first conversation with a specialist PLAN TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF THE VICTIM family friends referral to a help center help from social workers legal help police help medical help therapy self-help groups ongoing counseling CARE PLAN
NEVER BLAME THE VICTIM
THE RAPIST IS ALWAYS RESPONSIBLE FOR VIOLENCE
Recommended reading Moskalenko V.D. Addiction: a family disease - M.: PER SE, 2009 Savina E.A. The Return of Kai - M.: Adrus Publishing House, 2006 Savina E.A. “I love him...” -M.: Adrus Publishing House, 2008 Johnson V. Method of persuasion. How to help a drug addict or alcoholic make a decision - M.: IOI, V. Sekachev, 2007 Beatty M. Alcoholic in the family, or Overcoming codependency - M., “Physical Education and Sports”, 1997 Smith W. Grandchildren of alcoholics: problems of interdependence in family - M., Education, 1991 Emelyanova E.V. Crisis in codependent relationships. Principles and algorithms of counseling. – St. Petersburg, Speech, 2004 Emelyanova E.V. How to communicate with a drunk husband. Practical advice for women - St. Petersburg, Speech, 2008 Emelyanova E.V. Women are in trouble. Program for working with victims of domestic violence “Dignity of Love” - St. Petersburg. Speech, 2008
These books can be ordered by email: http://kseniya-steps.ucoz.ru/
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