The norm of manganese content in water. Manganese in water from the well - what to do? Removal of manganese from water

Mamchenko A.V., Kiya N.N., Yakupova I.V., Chernova L.G., Chutko I.I.,

Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Water Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev

Anthropogenic human activity and continuous extension of water consumption led to high-quality degradation of fresh water sources (1, 2). The monitoring of the environmental state of natural waters (2-14) has shown the multiple excess of the environmental optimum in the waters of most countries - the widespread presence of compounds of iron, manganese, ammonium, fluorine in the waters of France (5), RF (6-9, 12, 13), China ( 14), the accumulation of large quantities of manganese in Kremenchug and below located along the flow of the reservoirs of Ukraine (11), the excess of the environmental optimum is three times for the river basin. Pripyat (4) (Ukraine and Belarus), etc.

The deterioration in the quality of surface sources made to turn to groundwater, the composition of which is more stable, is not subject to seasonal fluctuations and the influence of surface pollution in the nearby territories and does not contain the most complex in terms of water purification - organic substances, heavy metals, bacteria, viruses.

However, in most cases, groundwater due to unsatisfactory geochemical conditions of formation (in the earth's crust, the manganese content is about 0.1%) are not substandard for drinking needs. Despite the significant cleaning effect of filtration through the soil, selected from the artesian wells, water often has an elevated iron, manganese and rigidity salts. At the same time, there is a steady trend of the growth of their concentration and exceeding the PDC for drinking water. The risk of groundwater pollution by manganese, iron and other metals comes from the development of ore deposits and operating quarries (6,8,9,15). Existing technologies only partially solve this problem (16, 17).

According to the regulatory recommendations of WHO and SanPine (18, 19), the maximum permissible concentration of manganese in drinking water is 0.1 mg / dm 3; Iron - 0.3 mg / dm 3. Requirements of many industries: food, energy, electronics - significantly rigid (18, 20).

The need for the human body in manganese provides, as a rule, its content in water and food. The daily arrival of manganese with food is an average of 3.7 (from 2.2 to 9) mg, from the air - 0.002 mg, from drinking water to 0.064 mg (21). The manganese deficiency in the human body leads to failures in the functioning of the reproductive, nervous and hearing systems and disorders of the skeleton formation (22).

The excess of the norm has a mutagenic effect on a person. Possessing pronounced cumulative properties, the manganese accumulates in the liver, kidneys, brain, thyroid and pancreas, lymph nodes. In the risk management strategy, drinking water, although it is a minor source of penetration into the manganese organism, should be considered together with other potential sources of human impact. There is a close correlation between a large manganese content in drinking water and food and neurotoxication products in young children (23-25) and metallurgists (26), a state known as "manganism" and in many respects such as Parkinson's disease (27-29), neurological manifestations In residents of industrial areas of Greece (30), mental disorders, muscle tremor in residents of Japan (31), etc.

Consequently, the use of groundwater with an increased manganese content, etc. impurities are possible only if there are effective cleaning technologies from them.

Demanganation-Demuntary Demancating Define the nature of manganese and iron compounds - mineral or organic; pH, the concentration of free carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, redox potential, sulphides, organic substances, rigidity, total mineralization, dissolved gases (32-35).

In the water, manganese occurs in three dispersion areas: molecular, colloid and gravimetric. Molecular dispersion (D<1 ммк) не осаждаются, проходят через все фильтры, диализируют и диффундируют. Коллоидные системы – гидрофобные золи проходят сквозь фильтры тонкой чистки, но задерживаются фильтрами сверхтонкой очистки, заметно не осаждаются, не диализируют и весьма незначительно диффундируют, видны в ультрамикроскоп. Простые дисперсии или суспензии (d>100 MMK) are deposited after some time, not capable of dialysis and diffusion, do not pass through thin paper filters. The compounds of manganese and iron from colloidal dispersions are moving into a state of suspensions due to the coagulation of micelles (33).

The presence of manganese in water is due to the solubility of the compounds formed by them. At pH 4-7.5, Mn 2+ ions dominate in water, in the case of high values \u200b\u200bof the oxidation and reduction potential - precipitate of manganese dioxide, at pH\u003e 7.5, the manganese is isolated as hydroxide or oxides of various valence (35, 36). The solubility of Mn (II) can monitor the equilibrium of manganese oxide with manganese, located in other degrees of oxidation. In a strong reducing medium, the content of manganese depends on the formation of low-soluble sulphides (37). The humus compounds determine the colloidal state (10, 11, 36) and stable, difficult oxidized organic manganese complexes.

In surface water sources, under natural conditions, photocatalytic reduction is possible with the formation of Mn 2+ ions and accelerate the oxidative reactions due to the participation of manganese in the photosynthetic processes in the reproduction of algae, which reduces its concentration in water (38).

In the underground waters, the manganese is most often found in a well-soluble form of bicarbonate (0.5-4 mg / dm 3) or hydroxide, much less often - in the form of manganese sulfate. (10, 35). May form complexes with phosphate ions and some organic ligands (11). In groundwater with a low oxygen content of Mn (II) is oxidized chemically or biologically to Mn (IV) (37). Manganese is usually found in iron-containing water. Chemically, it can be considered a relative gland, because They have the same structure of the outer electronic layer.

The variety of factors caused by the composition of natural waters and their impermanence, eliminates the possibility of developing a single universal economically justified method, applicable in all cases of life. The entire range of water treatment technologies designed today is used. Often, when choosing technology for a particular water source combines several methods, since each of them has both advantages and disadvantages.

The removal of iron and manganese is often solved within the framework of a single technology, taking into account the specifics of extracting each component (33). Bivalent Iron and Manganese ions are oxidized, respectively, to the trivalent and tetravalent state, the reaction products are separated from the liquid phase (coagulation of colloidal compounds and detention in sumps or on filters as a result of adsorption, chemisorption or catalytic oxidation phenomena) (29, 39-41). As filtering material use crushed basalt and basalt gravel (2), quartz sand, dolomite, calcium carbonate, marble, manganese oxide (IV), anthracite, polymeric materials (35).

The oxidation of soluble Mn (II) oxygen is much slower than soluble Fe (II). Mn (ii) can not be oxidized by simple airing water. Special grainy boots of catalytic action are used to accelerate the process, on which oxidation with the simultaneous separation of oxidized substances (42-46) occurs.

The unhappy oxidation of air oxygen by vacuum ejection (47) or deep aeration (29, 39), high pressure (48), artificial oxygen saturation (49, 50) of the underground water lead to removal from it CO 2, H 2 S, CH 4 , change the medium with a reductive to oxidative, increasing the redox potential to 250-500 mV and pH to 7 or more. A layer Fe (OH) s is formed, the surface of which sorbs the FE (II), Mn (II) ions and molecular oxygen. The latter oxidizes dissolved iron and manganese ions to a few iron and manganese oxyhydrates soluble under normal conditions, which are easily separated by filtration. When a manganese dioxide is added or another catalytically active substance on a sandy filter, air dissolved in water provides catalytic oxidation and precipitation of manganese (51).

When oxidizing air oxygen according to the "Vedoccas" method, developed by the Finnish company, about 10% of the total water flow, rich in oxygen, is pumped back into the aquifer of several absorbing wells located around the circumference with a radius of 5-10 m around the operational well (52, 53 ). As a result of biochemical and chemical processes, the manganese enters the insoluble form and is distinguished to the sediment in the aquifer. However, with the simplicity and economy of the method, it does not always guarantee the proper degree of water purification from manganese and creates the risk of cologitating aquifer. Obviously, this method can only be applied in the presence of a hydrogeological justification. Such was performed for groundwater bay of Concepcion and the continental shelf adjacent to it (54), and the method provided the proper depth of the water demanganation.

Chemical oxidation is carried out by chlorine and its derivatives, ozone, permanganate potassium, etc.

With the help of chlorine, iron and manganese are removed, hydrogen sulfide is deceived, discolored (optimal pH\u003e 4) (55-57), combining cleaning with disinfection (pH 8) (57). Significant flaws of gaseous chlorine are considered increased requirements for the safety of its transport and storage and potential health risks associated with the possibility of trigalomethane formation (TGM): chloroform, dichlorombromomethane, dibromhloromethane and bromoform (58). The use of sodium hypochlorite or calcium instead of molecular chlorine does not reduce, and significantly increases the likelihood of TGM (55, 59).

Known technology of water demanganation, in which a joint action of deep aeration and chlorine acting as an oxidizing agent and as a catalyst for the oxidative effect of dissolved oxygen (20).

The strongest of the well-known natural oxidants is ozone that does not form chlorine-containing trigalomethane (60, 61) and the oxidizing Mn (II) at pH 6.5-7.0 for 10-15 min (30, 62, 63).

However, ozone is an unstable chemical compound with very high chemical activity, forming by-products (aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, bromine-containing trigalomets, bromates, peroxides, bromoacetic acid). For the removal of by-products, additional filters are needed and, therefore, high initial costs of equipment and subsequent ones for installation of installations (64). Studies to determine the effectiveness of water purification of the Dnipro River from Mn (II) ozonation showed that the necessary degree of water purification from Mn was achieved only with a combination of water ozonization, followed by treatment with coagulant, upholding and filtering through a sandy filter or a two-layer or coal filter in case of contact coagulation, In this case, effectiveness did not depend on the dose of ozone and coagulant (65). Ozonation is also used in combination with UV radiation (66).

The use of potassium permanganate (67) as an oxidizing agent of potassium permanganate (67), which oxidizes Mn (II) to a little soluble manganese oxide MNO (OH) 2. Melkodissess flakes of manganese oxide MNO 2, possessing a large specific surface area (about 300 m 2 / g), effectively sorbitates part of organic compounds and intensifies the coagulation process, having a pH 5-11 charge, opposite charges of coagulant hydrolysis products - aluminum or iron hydroxides (35).

With a joint presence of manganese and iron, including colloidal forms of compounds of these metals, under conditions of low temperatures, low-tie, reduced water rigidity, the degree of cleaning increases the sequential processing of KMNO 4 and H 2 O 2 (40). As the most efficient and least costly, the method of nanofiltration using H 2 O 2 (68) is recommended.

Catalyzing effect on the Demanganation process with the use of H2O2 are salted salts (69). It is known for the Fenton process (70), where H 2 O 2 is an oxidizing agent, Fe 2+ catalyst and a modified fentone process (66), additionally using UV radiation.

The oxidative destruction of groundwater contaminants is practiced directly in the wells where the reagents-oxidizers and transportation of reaction products and excess reagents with groundwater flow (71) are being discarded.

Biological methods (35, 72, 73) were widely used in water purification. On the grain of the filter loading through which water is filtered (36, 74), the manganese consuming type bacteria is evisted Bacteria Manganicus., MetalloNeum Personatum, Caulococeus manganifer, Leptothrix Lopholea, Leptothrix Echinata (35, 75, 76) pedomicrobium Manganicum (77), cyanobacteria ( Cyanobacteria.) (78, 79). As a result of assimilation from the water of manganese, a porous mass is formed, containing a large amount of manganese oxide serving the oxidation catalyst Mn (II) (75). Depending on the iron, manganese and presence of other ions, various types of filters are used (35, 80), incl. Two-stage (74), slow (81), etc.

As a medium for immobilization of bacteria, in addition to minerals, synthetic fibers are used, water insoluble in water, resistant to the action of microorganisms and having the most developed surface to consolidate natural biocenoses (82). As a bioadzorbent, the marine plant is used in the initial or chemically modified form with a large absorption capacity (83); Biocenosis of the biological treatment of alcohol production and dairy plants (84).

The effectiveness of the methods of biological removal of iron and manganese is significantly lower than reagent processing of groundwater (73, 85).

Satisfactory results on the removal of manganese gives coagulation salts of iron or aluminum, although the use of aluminum inevitably leads to water pollution by residual aluminum, which replaces calcium (29) in the bones.

Iron chloride in combination with hydrogen peroxide, followed by ultrafiltration, effectively removes iron and manganese from waters with elevated content of organic carbon (86, 87). Pre-treatment by oxidizing agents (chlorine dioxide and potassium permanganate) improves the purification quality and reduces the dose of coagulant (88).

The use of titanium coagulant (has a higher focusing rate) reduces the size of the sediment and the dose of the introduced reagent, therefore, reduce the level of secondary pollution by residual titanium.

Aluminum flocculant coagulant, operates in the pH range \u003d 5.5-10 and removes the ions of transition and heavy metals, tying them into insoluble silicates (89). Electro-generation allows not only the compounds of iron and manganese, but also silicon in the form of silicic acid (90). The effectiveness of manganese purification increases as the duration of the process increases, which is explained by the presence of an autocataotic reaction with MNO 2 and an increase in the concentration of organic components subjected to preliminary coagulation (91).

As a method for removing soluble manganese and iron from water, water treatment with polyphosphates (92) is considered.

As the last stage of demogenation in water treatment lines, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration are used (93-95). The membranes allow you to delay fine and colloidal impurities, macromolecules, algae, single-cell microorganisms of cysts, bacteria and viruses above 0.1 μm. With the proper use of the devices, you can make lightening and disinfection of water without the use of chemicals.

Mn with a concentration from 0.4 to 5.7 mg / l (96) is almost completely removed. On the membranes of hollow fibers with a pore size of 0.1 μm at pH\u003e 9.7,\u003e 93% Mn (97) is removed. To restore the initial productivity of the membrane several times a year, it is necessary to conduct chemical flushing of membrane devices with special acid and alkaline reagents to remove accumulated pollution. In addition, such filters cannot be supplied with a relatively high content of suspended substances. Anionactive surfactant when adding micelles to the water, the size of which is much higher than the pore size of the membrane. Metal ions form complexes with these micelles and are delayed when filtered by more than 99%.

The use of chelate membranes and membranes of polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyvinyl denfluoride, cellulose, regenerated cellulose, etc. allows other pollutants (98, 99) in addition to metal ions (98, 99), are effectively removed. The membranes obtained from synthetic (polyamides, polyesters, aromatic polyamides, polyacrylate), biological (proteins, calogen) of materials and activated coal in their actions are similar to reverse osmotic membranes (large anions delay, CA, MG cations, heavy metal ions, large organic compounds) and At the same time, there are greater permeability for small sodium ions, potassium, chlorine and fluorine. Membranes based on nanofibers have a greater performance (100). In order to extract heavy metal ions from surface and groundwater, a fundamentally new method of forming a filter element made on the basis of mining basalt rocks (101) was developed.

The method of ion exchange is advisable to apply with simultaneous deep softening of water and exempt it from manganese and iron (102). The process is carried out by filtering through the cationic loading of sodium or hydrogen-cationing during the softening of water. Anionic ochelotors allow minor amounts of iron associated with organic compounds that are not removed on catalytic load filters (103).

In a number of countries, including the United States (104, 105), received the distribution method of removing manganese with the help of manganese cation. The manganese cationis was prepared from any cationite in sodium form by a consistent pass through it a solution of manganese chloride and permanganate potassium. The processes occurring can be represented by the following reactions:

2NA [Cat] + MnCl 2 -\u003e

Mn [Cat] 2 + 2NACL

Mn [Cat] + ME + + KMNO 4 -\u003e

2ME [Cat] + 2mno 2,

where ME +. - Kation Na +. or K +..

Potassium permanganate oxidizes manganese with the formation of manganese oxides, which are deposited as a film on the surface of cationia grains. Regenerate (restore) film on cation with potassium permanganate solution. The flow rate of potassium permanganate on the regeneration of manganese cation is 0.6 g per 1 g of remote manganese (106). The manganese content of this method is reduced to 0.1 mg / dm 3. The method of removing manganese with the help of manganese cation in domestic practice has not found applications due to its high cost.

Analysis of the state of the issue of the demogenation of surface and groundwater during the preparation of drinking water indicates a geneant development and prospects of sorption methods (107-109). These are well-managed processes, allowing to remove pollution of extremely broad nature (regardless of their chemical stability) to almost any residual concentration and not leading to secondary pollution ..

Sorbents must have a developed or specific surface of natural or artificial origin (10). The sorption process is carried out by the method of adhesive volumetric filtering through the load in bulk vertical filters, while the important place is given to filters with a grainy loading (2).

According to modern theoretical ideas, the loading capacity has a maximum surface of the contact of particles with water and the smallest hydrodynamic power of the separation, as well as the greatest intergreasing and unlocked porosity. In addition, it should have increased resistance to mechanical wear in acidic, alkaline and neutral media (110-113).

Industrial microporous adsorbents usually have pores with efficient radii<1,5¸1,6 нм и с позиций современной технологии они могут быть названы ультрананопористыми. Именно такие адсорбенты обеспечивают высокую энергию и селективность адсорбции (114).

Historically, the use of sorbents is associated with microporous carbon materials - active coals. Until recently, the best sorbent for cleaning and fingering drinking water was activated coal (AU), including the best - American granulated activated coconut coal (GAU). Coal purifies water from a wide class of impurities - many organic contaminants, residual chlorine, many forms of organic carbon, heavy metal ions (115-118). However, its sorbing ability and resource is small. It is an expensive material, malstutable in aggressive media, bacteria well multiply in it, requires regeneration (107, 108, 119). To purify water from cations Mn 2+, the surface of activated carbon is impregnated with potassium permanganate (120, 121).

To purify drinking water, a sulfuehoagol or its oxidized form (122), a crushed anthracite of the "Puratalat" brand (coal is the highest degree of carbon, containing 95% carbon) and its modifications, oxidized in different ways (116, 123).

The study of adsorption Cu 2+, Ni 2+, CO 2+, Zn 2+ and Mn 2+ from aqueous solutions on coals obtained from different precursors and oxidized in different ways, and on carboxyl resin showed that the selectivity of materials does not depend on the method and The degree of oxidation, type of precursor and adsorbent, pore structure (124).

The latest achievement of science and technology are filters with a carbon mixture of high reactivity - USR (94, 125). They are well purified by water from insoluble impurities and microorganisms, absorb oil products and essential substances up to levels below the MPC (multiplicity of cleaning more than 1000), many cations (copper, iron, vanadium, manganese), organic and inorganic anions (sulfides, fluorides, nitrates are effectively removed ), reduce the concentration of suspended particles by more than 100 times. The nanostructures contained in the USR are graphenes (arranged in the form of hexagons carbon atoms), nanotubes, nanocolts, nanofractals. Partially broken covalent bonds form a huge number of unsaturated intelligent carbon ties around the perimeter of carbon hexogonals. Unsaturated intelligent carbon ties (free radicals) when contacting a very wide group of substances (all impurities insoluble and soluble in water) hold them in the mass, passing water molecules. The USRR holds the impurities as due to free radicals on the molecular and atomic levels, without entering into chemical reactions and purely mechanically.

UsvR is a representative of nanomaterials to which nanofolokna ALO (OH) and non-fibrous phases of other oxides and hydroxides, effective sorbents for removal of Ni 2+, Fe 2+, Mn 2+, Zn 2+ and anions AS 3+, AS 5+ , CR 6+ (94). However, well-purifying water from undisputed impurities is practically not removed soluble.

A new and promising sorption material suitable for water purification, although little studied is the natural mineral shungite (126-130). Shungitis - Precambrian rocks saturated with carbon (shungite) substance in non-crystalline state. Differ in the composition of the mineral base (aluminosilicate, silicon, carbonate) and the number of shungite substances. According to the second, the sign is divided into small-carbon (up to 5% C), medium carbon (5-25% C) and high carbon (25-80% C). They are an unusual natural composite in structure - the uniform distribution of highly dispersed crystalline silicate particles with a size of about 1 μm in an amorphous carbon matrix.

The shungites are burned at a temperature of 1100 ° C are used as aggregates of filter cassettes of coastal watering wells. Light granular and lump materials are promising on the basis of shungitis (under the condition of their insignificant water absorption, 10-13%) obtained by calcining at 500-550 ° C for 2-3 hours, as a result of which closed-cellular challenges are formed.

The sorption properties in relation to heavy metals and heavy oil fractions are the scenters and their heat treatment products (131). Shale - rocks with parallel (layered) location of minerals. The mineral part - calcite prevails, dolomite, hydroslides, montmorillonite, kaolinitis, field spasps, quartz, pyrite, etc. The organic part (kerogen) is 10-30% of the mass of the breed and only in the shale of the highest quality reaches 50-70% . Presented by biocoa and geochemically transformed substance of the simplest algae, which preserved (talomoalgin) or losing (colloalgin) cell structure. In the form of impurities there are changed residues of higher plants (show-windows, fusenite, lipoidin).

Recently, non-harmonic sorbents of natural and artificial origin are increasingly used to clean the water from heavy metals compounds - mineral aluminosilicates (various clays, citches, zeolites, silica, etc.). The use of such sorbents is due to their selectivity, a fairly high sorption capacity, cation exchange properties of some of them, relatively low cost and availability (as a local material) (107, 108, 132-135). They are characterized by a developed structure with micropores of various sizes depending on the type of mineral. They have a developed specific surface area, high absorption capacity, resistant to environmental impacts, ability to accelerate the reaction during the reaction and can serve as excellent carriers for fixing on the surface of various compounds during their modification (136, 137).

The mechanism of sorption of pollution on these materials is sufficiently complicated, includes van der-Waals interactions of hydrocarbon chains with a developed surface of silicate microcrystals and the Coulomb interaction of charged and polarized sorbate molecules with positively charged areas of the sorbent surface containing ions H + and A1 3+. Under certain conditions, clay materials are effectively sorbed by almost all studied viruses: arboviruses, mixing, enteroviruses, plant viruses, bacteriophages and actinophages.

Thus, the layers (microporous rocks folded by amorphous silica with an admixture of the clay substance, skeletal parts of organisms, mineral risen quartz, field spa, etc.) in the sorption capacity of more than 1.5 times superior to "black sand" (138).

Activated aluminosilicate adsorbent "Mlintest" has proven well established when cleaning real underground water with a content (mg / dm 3): Fe 2+ - 8.1; Mn 2+ - 7.9; H 2 S - 3.8 (135). The sorption capacity of the composite humino-aluminum sorbent reaches 2.6 mmol / g of FE 3+ and Mn 2+, 1.9 to 3+ SG (139).

In the technology of water purification, montmorillonite clay minerals (140), as well as silica (141), were used.

Sorbs metal ions and dyes of various nature chemically modified by the neutral chitosanferrricy-anid complex vermiculite - mineral from the group of hydrosluts having a layered structure (142).

Natural zeolites have unique adsorption, ion exchange and catalytic properties. Zeolites are aqueous aluminosilicates of calcium frame structure containing voids occupied by ions and water molecules that have significant freedom of movement, which leads to ion exchange and reversible dehydration. The voids and channels in the zeolite structure can be up to 50% of the total mineral volume, which causes their value as sorbents. The shape and size of the inlet channels of channels formed by rings from oxygen atoms determine the values \u200b\u200bof ions and molecules that can penetrate the cavity of the zeolite structure. Hence their second name - molecular sieves.

The primary construction units of zeolites are silicic acid (SiO 4) and aluminocisologenic (ALO 4) tetrahedra, interconnected by oxygen bridges. In tetrahedra centers, silicon and aluminum atoms are placed. Aluminum atom carries one negative charge (it is in sP 3. Tetrahedral hybridization), which is usually compensated by a positive charge of alkaline or alkaline earth metal cations. There are more than 30 types of natural zeolites (143).

Natural zeolites are used in powders and filtering materials for water purification from surfactants, aromatic and carcinogenic organic compounds, dyes, pesticides, colloid and bacterial contaminants. Zeolites are capable of performing the functions of a selective filter to extract cesium, arms and strontium from water (144). Zeolite-clinoptilolite of the brand (Na 2 K 2 1OAI 2 O 3 10SIO 2) of the Tovuz field (Azerbaijan) was successfully used to clean the groundwater from iron and manganese, having previously subjected to its exposure to the electrical discharge of the barrier type (145). Zeolites can be used with additives and diethylaminoethyl cellulose in industrial and household filters (146). The MANGANESE Greensand (green sand) filter material is widely known, which was pre-treated with a manganese chloride solution, which serves as a source of oxygen, oxidizing the ions of bivalent manganese and iron to triumphant and precipitated (103).

The high mechanical strength of natural zeolites makes it possible to exclude the adsorbent granulation operation, which makes its cost several times less than the cost of synthetic zeolites. The sorption capacity of zeolites increases with an increase in water temperature (147).

In relation to manganese and iron ions, natural and modified minerals are with sorption and catalytic properties - Brusit, Rhodotrozit, Xilomelan (148).

Brusit - mineral, magnesium hydroxide with sometimes those present by isomorphic impurities Fe (ferrobrusitis) or Mn (manganobrusite). The crystal structure of Brusit typically layered. On-ions form a density hexagonal packaging, in which each layer consists of two flat sheets, parallel planes (0001). Octahedral voids between the hydroxyl ions are filled with ions of me, thus, the gear coordination (connected with three ions it is one sheet and with three ions of another sheet). Proved the technological advantage of the adsorption properties of natural brusit Mg (OH) 2 in front of zeolites, as an active sorbent for promising technologies for the purification of natural and sewage (149). Thermal modification of the natural mineral at 400-600 0 С causes surface structural changes occurring in the dehydration of the sorbent, which increase the sorption activity of Brusit in relation to manganese ions in the presence of bivalent iron (150). Ultrasonic processing intensifies the kinetics of sorption of metals on Brusite. The desorption of metals and the regeneration of the sorbent is effectively carried out by treatment with solutions of hydrochloric acid and ammonia (151).

Filtering through grain loads with catalytic properties is currently considered the most promising method for cleaning water from manganese. The bivalent manganese ions contained in the original water are oxidized by dissolved air oxygen in the presence of a catalyst, turn into insoluble manganese compounds and separated by a layer of loading.

Catalysts most often serve as the highest manganese oxides, applied in one way or another on the grain matrix of filters (152-158). On the matrix of natural origin (quartz sand, dolomite, ceramzite, aluminosilicate, natural and artificial zeolites or other materials) are applied by the film of manganese or iron oxides, or the specified oxides are introduced into the structure. On the grains of such downloads there is oxidation with simultaneous detention of oxidized substances.

The oxygen contained in water turns out to be sufficient for the oxidation of minor amounts of iron when the water is passed through the catalytic load of type BIRM, GREENSAND, etc. The resulting hydroxide remains on the load layer. In the absence of oxygen in water, the oxidation of iron occurs due to the restoration of iron oxides and manganese from the surface of the particles.

The manganese is removed at high concentrations and independently of the form in which it is located both from the well and from the tap water. At the same time, suspended particles and natural organic matter (159) are removed from the water. The effectiveness of the catalyst falls as a result of a washed with oxide particles. If simultaneously with manganese in water and iron is also present, the pH level should not exceed 8.5. Some granular downloads do not need to restore properties, it is necessary for some. So BIRM is little subject to physical abrasion and remains effective in a wide range of source water temperatures (29). Oxidized substances are removed by reverse flushing.

The catalytic properties of the oxidation process of soluble manganese to manganese oxide has the loading of the manganese ore of carbonate type, thermally modified at 400-6000c for at least 30 minutes. Loading does not require chemical regeneration, which simplifies and reduces the cost of process (160).

Catalytic properties also have manganese ores of oxide types and inorganic ion exchangers based on thermally modified manganese oxides (III, IV) (161-163). The filter material containing two components is known: natural mineral (ore) with at least 80% of manganese dioxide and limestone, the surface of which is impregnated with manganese oxide (164).

Loading from crushed pyrolyzit and administration under pressure of the air allow us to jointly remove Mn 2+ and NH 4 + (165). The process is effective due to oxygen penetration into all zones along the filter reactor profile. Increased sorption characteristics (exchange capacity) and improved performance properties (helicability, mechanical strength) have inorganic sorbents based on mixtures of manganese oxides (III, IV) and TITAN (III, IV) (166).

The catalyst for oxidation of manganese and / or iron to low-soluble oxides is Ppislélin (167). It provides guaranteed quality of water purification within MPC, simplifies and reduces the process due to the exclusion of the objective operation and more economical filter loading mode.

Domestic catalytic falling materials MZhF and DAMF are manufactured based on natural dolomite material containing calcium and magnesium carbonates. They are a solid buffer system, corrective pH of water and supporting a weakly alkaline reaction that is optimal for the deferrization process.

Dolomite is usually a dual carbonate mineral with an ideal CAMG formula (CO 3) 2. It is believed that it is formed by the substitution of calcium carbonate (calcite), as a result of which pores are formed and persisted, since Saco 3 has a smaller molar volume (168). The prospects for the use of dolomite as a filter loading is reported in (168-171). Dolomite, heated at 700-800 ° C under the conditions of the "boiling layer" intensifies the extraction of metals from the water (172-174). Dolomite-based sorbent under air atmosphere at 500-900 0 s for 1-3 hours and treated with a solution with a bivalent manganese ion content (Mn 2+ ~ 0.01-0.2 mol / dm 3), has a high sorption Capacity and effectively purifies water from manganese and iron to values \u200b\u200bmuch lower than permissible sanitary standards (175).

As a sorbent, the carbonate breed of the TB-Baserian field, processed in order to increase the sorption capacity of magnesium salts (176).

As studies have been shown at present at the Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Water Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (177), the sorbent catalyst obtained from the oxide-carbonate manganese ore of Nikopolskoye (Dnepropetrovsk region, Ukraine) by its heat treatment at a temperature of 450 -800 0 s, followed by modifying solution of potassium permanganate with a concentration of 0.2-0.5 wt.%. Large-scale tests of the synthesized sorbent in the process of the demogenation of groundwater on the current wells of Chernyshevsky water intake of Mukachevo (Mn 1.77-1.83 mg / dm 3) and in p. Rusanov Kiev region (Mn 0.82-0.88 mg / dm 3) showed its high sorption capacity and the possibility of complete extraction of manganese from the water.

There are reports of the prospects for the use of highly dispersed sorbents with magnetic properties (178,179). With a non-recent magneto-sorption method, the water is mixed with a finely excrucified paramagnetic material forming complexes with metal ions. Subsequent treatment with a high-grade magnetic field or filtering through a thin steel wire layer with some level of magnetization, removes formed complexes. The pH shift method: the pH of the purified water in front of the cleaning steps is locally changing, and the contamination is departed on various sorption levels of purification, which are regenerated by reverse change of the pH of the medium.

For all the numerous messages about the diverse methods of the demogenation of natural waters, they are based on the oxidation of bivalent manganese ions to a tetravalent state and separation of reaction products from the liquid phase, mainly on filtering loads as a result of adsorption, chemisorption or catalytic oxidation. As recent studies have shown, the most promising filtering material for removing manganese compounds from purified water is natural minerals, thermally or chemically modified inorganic compounds. Given the need-increasing need for the use of groundwater, attracting cheap domestic raw materials for these purposes, (for example, oxide-carbonate ore of the Nikopolskoye deposit, Transcarpathian Kleoptilolite, etc.) is of interest both due to their effectiveness and from an economic point of view.

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Heavy metals are very dangerous toxic substances. Nowadays, monitoring of the level of different substances is particularly important in industrial and urban areas.

Although everyone knows that such heavy metals are not everyone knows what chemical elements are still included in this category. There are a lot of criteria for which, different scientists determine heavy metals: toxicity, density, atomic weight, biochemical and geochemical cycles, distribution in nature. According to the criteria, the number of heavy metals includes arsenic (metalloid) and bismuth (fragile metal).

General Facts about Heavy Metals

More than 40 elements are known that belong to heavy metals. They have an atomic mass of more than 50 A.E. How it is not strange that these elements have a large toxicity even with a small cumulation for living organisms. V, CR, MN, FE, CO, NI, CU, ZN, MO ... PB, HG, U, TH ... All of them are included in this category. Even with their toxicity, many of them are important trace elements, except for cadmium, mercury, lead and bismuth for which they did not find a biological role.

On another classification (namely N. Reymmers), heavy metals are elements that have a density greater than 8 g / cm 3. Thus, there are fewer such elements: PB, Zn, Bi, SN, CD, CU, NI, CO, SB.

Theoretically, heavy metals can be called the entire table of Mendeleev's elements since Vanadium, but researchers prove to us that it is not quite so. Such a theory is caused by the fact that not all of them are present in nature in the toxic limits, and confusion in biological processes for many minimal. That is why in this category many include only lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic. The UN Economic Commission does not agree with this opinion and believes that heavy metals are zinc, arsenic, selenium and antimony. The same N. Reimers believes that removal of rare and noble elements from the Mendeleev table remain heavy metals. But this is also not a rule, others add and gold, platinum, silver, tungsten, iron, manganese add to this class. That's why I tell you that not still understandable on this topic ...

Discussing the balance of ions of various substances in the solution, we find that the solubility of such particles is associated with many factors. The main solubilization factors are pH, the presence of ligands in solution and redox potential. They are involved in the oxidation processes of these elements with one oxidation degree to another, in which the solubility of the ion in the solution is higher.

Depending on the nature of the ions, various processes may occur in solution:

• hydrolysis,
• complexation with different ligands;
• hydrolytic polymerization.

Because of these processes, ions can be precipitated or remain stable in solution. The catalytic properties of a particular element, and its availability for living organisms depends on it.

Many heavy metals form quite stable complexes with organic substances. These complexes are included in the migration mechanism of these elements in ponds. Almost all chelated heavy metals complexes are resistant in solution. Also, complexes of soil acids with salts of different metals (molybdenum, copper, uranium, aluminum, iron, titanium, vanadium) have good solubility in neutral, weakly alkaline and weakness medium. This fact is very important, because such complexes can move in a dissolved state over long distances. The most susceptible water resources are low-mineralized and surface reservoirs, where other such complexes do not occur. To understand the factors that regulate the level of the chemical element in rivers and lakes, their chemical reaction capacity, biological accessibility and toxicity, it is necessary to know not only gross content, but also the share of free and related metal forms.

As a result of migration of heavy metals in metal complexes in solution, such consequences may occur:

1. In the first, the cumulation of the chemical element ions increases due to the transition of these from bottom deposits into natural solutions;
2. Secondly, it is possible to change the membrane permeability of the obtained complexes in contrast to ordinary ions;
3. Also, the toxicity of the element in a comprehensive form may differ from the usual ion form.

For example, cadmium, mercury and copper into chelated forms have less toxicity than free ions. That is why it is not correct to talk about toxicity, biological accessibility, chemical reactivity only on the total content of a certain element, while not considering the share of free and related forms of the chemical element.

Where do heavy metals come from our habitat? The reasons for the presence of such elements may be waste water from different industrial facilities engaged in black and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, galvanization. Some chemical elements are included in pesticides and fertilizers and thus can be a source of pollution of local ponds.

And if you enter the secrets of chemistry, then the most important culprit of raising the level of soluble heavy metals salts is acidic rain (acidification). A decrease in the acidity of the medium (reducing pH) is drawn by the transition of heavy metals from low-soluble compounds (hydroxides, carbonates, sulfates) to more well soluble (nitrates, hydrosulfates, nitrites, hydrocarbonates, chlorides) in soil solution.

Vanadium (V)

It should be noted primarily that the contamination by this element is unlikely to be unlikely, because this element is very distant in the earth's crust. In nature, it is found in asphalt, bitumens, coals, iron ores. An important source of pollution is oil.

Vanadium content in natural reservoirs

Natural reservoirs contains an insignificant amount of vanadium:

• in rivers - 0.2 - 4.5 μg / l,
• in the seas (on average) - 2 μg / l.

In the processes of the vanadium transition in a dissolved state, anionic complexes (V 10 O 26) 6- and (V 4 O 12) 4- are very important. Also, soluble vanadium complexes with organic substances, such as humus acids are also very important.

Maximum permissible concentration of vanadium for an aquatic environment

Vanadium in elevated doses is very harmful to humans. The maximum permissible concentration for the aqueous medium (MPC) is 0.1 mg / l, and in fishery ponds, PDK Rykhoz is even lower than 0.001 mg / l.

Bismuth (BI)

Mostly, bismuth can flow into rivers and lakes as a result of the leaching processes of minerals containing bismuth. There are technogenic sources of pollution by this element. These can be enterprises for the production of glass, perfume products and pharmaceutical factories.

Bismuth content in natural reservoirs

• Rivers and lakes contain less bismuth microgram per liter.
• But groundwater may contain even 20 μg / l.
• In the seas bismuth as a rule does not exceed 0.02 μg / l.

Maximum permissible bismuth concentration for aquatic environment

PDC bismuth for an aqueous medium - 0.1 mg / l.

Iron (FE)

Iron - chemical element is not rare, it is contained in many minerals and rocks and thus in natural reservoirs the level of this element is higher than other metals. It can occur as a result of the weathering processes of rocks, the destruction of these breeds and dissolution. Arriving different complexes with organic substances from the solution, iron can be in colloidal, dissolved and in suspended states. It is impossible not to mention the anthropogenic sources of pollution with iron. Waste water with metallurgical, metalworking, paints and textile plants are sometimes excavated due to excess iron.

The amount of iron in rivers and lakes depends on the chemical composition of the solution, pH and partly on temperature. Weighted forms of iron compounds have a size of more than 0.45 μg. The main substances that are part of these particles are suspension with sorbed gland compounds, iron oxide hydrate and other iron-containing minerals. Smaller particles, that is, colloidal iron forms are treated together with dissolved iron compounds. The iron in the dissolved state consists of ions, hydroxamplexes and complexes. Depending on the valence, it is noticed that FE (II) migrates in ion form, and Fe (III) in the absence of different complexes remains in a dissolved state.

The balance of iron compounds in an aqueous solution is very important and the role of oxidation processes, so chemical and biochemical (ferruplate). These bacteria are responsible for moving iron ions Fe (II) to the state Fe (III). The compounds of trivalent iron have a tendency to hydrolyze and fall out of FE (OH) 3. Both Fe (II) and Fe (III) slopes to the formation of type hydroxocomplexes -, +, 3+, 4+, +, depending on the acidity of the solution. Under normal conditions, in rivers and lakes, Fe (III) are due to different dissolved inorganic and organic substances. At pH, more than 8, Fe (III) goes to Fe (OH) 3. Colloidal forms of iron compounds are the most poorly studied.

Iron content in natural reservoirs

In rivers and lakes, the iron level ranges at N * 0.1 mg / l, but may increase near the marshes to several mg / l. In the swamps of iron concentrates in the form of salts of humate (slices of humic acids).

Underground reservoirs with low pH contain record amounts of iron - up to several hundred milligrams per liter.

Iron - an important trace element and different important biological processes depend on it. It affects the intensity of the development of phytoplankton and the quality of microflora in reservoirs depends on it.

Iron level in rivers and lakes has a seasonal character. The highest concentrations in reservoirs are observed in winter and summer due to the stagnation of water, but the level of this element due to the mixing of the aqueous mass is significantly reduced in the spring and autumn.

Thus, a large amount of oxygen leads to oxidation of iron from a bivalent shape in trivalent, forming iron hydroxide, which falls into the precipitate.

Maximum permissible concentration of iron for the aquatic environment

Water with a large amount of iron (more than 1-2 mg / l) is characterized by bad taste. It has an unpleasant astringent taste and unsuitable for industrial purposes.

Iron MPC for an aqueous medium - 0.3 mg / l, and in fishery ponds PDC fishoz - 0.1 mg / l.

Cadmium (CD)

Pollution by cadmium may occur during the leaching of soils, with the decomposition of different microorganisms that accumulate it, as well as due to migration from copper and polymetallic ores.

Man is also to blame for pollution by this metal. Wastewater from various enterprises engaged in erecting, electroplated, chemical, metallurgical production may contain large amounts of cadmium compounds.

Natural processes to reduce the level of cadmium compounds are sorption, its consumption by microorganisms and the precipitate of a low-soluble cadmium carbonate.

In solution, cadmium is, as a rule, in the form of organo-mineral and mineral complexes. Sorbed substances based on cadmium are the most important weighted forms of this element. The migration of cadmium in living organisms (hydrobionits) is very important.

Cadmium content in natural reservoirs

The cadmium level in pure rivers and lakes fluctuates less than a microgram per liter, in contaminated waters, the level of this element comes to several micrograms per liter.

Some researchers believe that cadmium, in small quantities, can be important for the normal development of animals and humans. Increased cadmium concentrations are very dangerous for living organisms.

Maximum permissible concentration of cadmium for the aquatic environment

The MPC for the aqueous medium does not exceed 1 μg / l, and in the fishery ponds, the PDC fishoz is less than 0.5 μg / l.

Cobalt (CO)

Rivers and lakes can be contaminated with cobalt as a consequence of leaching copper and other ores, from soil during the decomposition of extinct organisms (animals and plants), and of course as a result of the activity of chemical, metallurgical and metalworking enterprises.

The main forms of cobalt compounds are in dissolved and suspended states. Variations between these two states can occur due to changes in pH, temperature and solution composition. In a dissolved state, cobalt is contained in the form of organic complexes. Rivers and lakes have the characterity that cobalt is represented by a bivalent cation. If there are a large amount of oxidizing agents in the solution, cobalt can oxide to the trivalent cation.

It is part of plants and animals, because he plays an important role in their development. Is among the main trace elements. If the cobalt deficiency is observed in the soil, then its level in plants will be less than usual and, as a result, problems with health in animals may appear (the risk of anemia arises). This fact is observed especially in the Taiga-Forest Non-Black Zone. It is part of vitamin B 12, regulates the absorption of nitrogenous substances, increases the level of chlorophyll and ascorbic acid. Without it, plants cannot increase the required amount of protein. Like all heavy metals, it can be toxic in large quantities.

Cobalt content in natural reservoirs

• The level of cobalt in rivers varies from several micrograms to milligrams per liter.
• In the seas, on average, the cadmium level is 0.5 μg / l.

Maximum permissible cobalt concentration for an aquatic environment

PDC cobalt for an aqueous medium - 0.1 mg / l, and in fishery ponds PDC fish farms - 0.01 mg / l.

Manganese (MN)

The manganese enters the river and lakes along the same mechanisms as iron. Mostly, the release of this element in the solution occurs when leaching minerals and ores, which contain manganese (black ocher, brownit, pyrolyzit, psychoshelan). Also, the manganese can come as a result of the decomposition of different organisms. Industry has, I think, the greatest role in the pollution of manganese (wastewater from mines, chemical industry, metallurgy).

A decrease in the amount of digestible metal in the solution occurs, as in the case of other metals in aerobic conditions. Mn (ii) is oxidized to Mn (IV), as a result of which falls into a precipitate in the form of MNO 2. An important factors at such processes are the temperature, the amount of dissolved oxygen in solution and pH. The decrease in dissolved manganese in the solution may occur when using algae.

Migrating the manganese mainly in the form of suspension, which, as a rule, talk about the composition of the surrounding rocks. It is contained as a mixture with other metals in the form of hydroxides. The predominance of manganese in colloidal and dissolved form suggest that it is associated with organic compounds forming complexes. Stable complexes are noted with sulphates and bicarbonates. With chlorine, the manganese forms complexes less often. Unlike other metals, it is weaker to hold in the complexes. The trivalent manganese forms such compounds only in the presence of aggressive ligands. Other ionic forms (Mn 4+, Mn 7+) are less rare or not at all occur under normal conditions in rivers and lakes.

Manganese content in natural reservoirs

The most poor in the manganese is considered to be 2 μg / l, its contents are more to 160 μg / l, and the underground reservoirs and this time are record holders - from 100 μg to several mg / l.

For manganese, seasonal oscillations of concentration, as well as in iron, are characteristic.

Many factors have been revealed that affect the level of free manganese in the solution: the connection of rivers and lakes with underground reservoirs, the presence of photosynthesising organisms, aerobic conditions, biomass decomposition (dead organisms and plants).

The important biochemical role of this element is it in the group of trace elements. Many processes in the manganese deficiency are oppressed. It increases the intensity of photosynthesis, participates in nitrogen metabolism, protects cells from the negative effects of Fe (II) at the same time oxidizing it in a trivalent shape.

Maximum permissible manganese concentration for an aquatic environment

MANGAND MANGAND for water bodies - 0.1 mg / l.

Copper (CU)

Such an important role for living organisms has no trace element! Copper is one of the most sought-after trace elements. It is part of many enzymes. Without it, almost nothing works in a living organism: the synthesis of proteins, vitamins and fats is disturbed. Without it, plants cannot multiply. Still, the excess amount of copper causes large intoxication in all types of living organisms.

Copper level in natural reservoirs

Although copper has two ionic forms, the Cu (II) is found in the solution. Usually, Cu (I) compounds are difficult soluble in solution (Cu 2 S, CUCl, Cu 2 O). Different copper aquaeons may occur if any ligands have.

In today's high consumption of copper in industry and agriculture, this metal can cause environmental pollution. Chemical, metallurgical plants, mines can be sources of wastewater with high copper content. Pipeline erosion processes also have their contributions to copper pollution. Malachit, Bornete, Halcopyrite, Halcozin, Azurist, Bronctin are considered the most important minerals with a large content of copper.

Maximum permissible copper concentration for aquatic environment

Copper MPC for an aqueous medium is considered to be 0.1 mg / l, in the fishery ponds of the PDC fish farm reduces to 0.001 mg / l.

Molybdenum (MO)

During the leaching of minerals with a high content of molybdenum, different compounds of molybdenum are exempt. The high level of molybdenum can be seen in rivers and lakes that are located next to the enrichment factories and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. Due to different processes of deposition of hard-soluble compounds, adsorption on the surface of different rocks, as well as use by aqueous algae and plants, its amount may significantly decrease.

Basically in solution, molybdenum may be in the form of anion Moo 4 2-. There is a possibility of the presence of molybdenumorganic complexes. Due to the oxidation of molybdenite, loose finely dispersed compounds are formed, the level of colloidal molybdenum increases.

Molybdenum content in natural reservoirs

The molybdenum level in rivers varies between 2.1 and 10.6 μg / l. In the seas and oceans, its content is 10 μg / l.

At low concentrations, molybdenum helps the normal development of the body (so vegetable, like an animal), because it is included in the category of microelements. It is also an integral part of different enzymes as xanthinoxylase. With a lack of molybdenum, this enzyme deficiency arises and thus negative effects may appear. The excess of this element is also not welcome, because the normal metabolism is disturbed.

The maximum permissible concentration of molybdenum for the aquatic environment

Molybdenum PDC in surface reservoirs should not exceed 0.25 mg / l.

Arsenic (AS)

The arsenic is polluted mainly areas that are close to mineral mines with a high content of this element (tungsten, copper-cobalt, polymetallic ores). A very small amount of arsenic may occur during the decomposition of living organisms. Due to water organisms, it can be assumed by these. Intensive learning of arsenic from the solution is noticed during the rapid development of plankton.

The most important pollutants of arsenic are the processing industry, enterprises for the production of pesticides, dyes, as well as agriculture.

Lakes and rivers contain arsenic in two states: in suspended and dissolved. The proportions between these forms may vary depending on the pH of the solution and the chemical composition of the solution. In a dissolved state, arsenic can be trivalent or fifty, entering the anionic forms.

The level of arsenic in natural reservoirs

In rivers, as a rule, arsenic content is very low (at the level of MKG / L), and in the seas - on average 3 μg / l. Some mineral waters may contain large quantities of arsenic (up to several milligrams per liter).

Most arsenic can contain underground reservoirs - up to several tens of milligrams per liter.

Its connections are very toxic for all animals and for humans. In large quantities, oxidation processes and oxygen transportation to cells are disturbed.

Maximum permissible concentration of arsenic for the aquatic environment

PDC arsenic for an aqueous medium - 50 μg / l, and in fishery ponds PDC fishoz - also 50 μg / l.

Nickel (Ni)

The content of nickel in lakes and rivers are affected by local rocks. If the fields of nickel and iron-nickel ores are located near the reservoir, there may be even more normal. Nickel can go into lakes and rivers when placing plants and animals. Blue-green algae contain record amounts of nickel compared to other vegetable organisms. Important waste water with a high content of nickel is exempt in the production of synthetic rubber, during nickelory processes. Also, nickel in large quantities is released during coal burning, oil.

The high pH may cause nickel's precipitation in the form of sulfates, cyanides, carbonates or hydroxides. Live organisms can reduce the level of mobile nickel by using it. The processes of adsorption on the surface of rocks are important.

Water may contain nickel in dissolved, colloidal and suspended forms (the balance between these states depends on the pH of the medium, temperature and composition of water). Iron hydroxide, calcium carbonate, clay is well sorbed compounds containing nickel. Dissolved nickel is in the form of complexes with fulvic and humic acids, as well as with amino acids and cyanides. The most stable ion form is considered Ni 2+. Ni 3+ is usually formed with a large pH.

In the mid-50th anniversary, Nickel was listed in the list of trace elements, because it plays an important role in different processes as a catalyst. In low doses, it has a positive effect on hematopoietic processes. Large doses are still very dangerous for health, because nickel is a carcinogenic chemical element and can provoke different diseases of the respiratory system. Free Ni 2+ is more toxic than in the form of complexes (about 2 times).

Nickel level in natural reservoirs

Maximum permissible nickel concentration for aquatic environment

Nickel PDC for an aqueous medium - 0.1 mg / l, but in fishery ponds PDC fishoz - 0.01 mg / l.

Tin (SN)

Natural sources of tin are minerals that contain this element (stannin, cassiteritis). Anthropogenic sources are factories and factories for the production of different organic paints and the metallurgical industry working with the addition of tin.

Tin - low-toxic metal, which is why using food from metal canned we risk their health.

Lakes and rivers contain less than a tin microgram per liter of water. Underground reservoirs may contain several tin micrograms per liter.

Maximum permissible tin concentration for the aquatic environment

PDC tin for an aqueous medium - 2 mg / l.

Mercury (HG)

Mostly, the elevated level of mercury in water is noticed in areas where there is mercury deposits. The most frequent minerals - Livingstonite, cinnabar, metacinnabarite. Sewer water from enterprises for the production of various drugs, pesticides, dyes may contain important amounts of mercury. Another important source of pollution of mercury is thermal power plants (which use as fuel coal).

Its level in the solution decreases mainly due to marine animals and plants that accumulate and even concentrate mercury! Sometimes the mercury content in marine inhabitants rises several times more than in the marine environment.

Natural water contains mercury in two forms: weighted (in the form of sorbed compounds) and dissolved (complex, mineral mercury compounds). In certain areas of the oceans, mercury may appear in the form of methyl price complexes.

Mercury and its connections are very toxic. At large concentrations, it has a negative effect on the nervous system, provokes changes in the blood, affects the secretion of the digestive tract and the motor function. Mercury processing products are very dangerous by bacteria. They can synthesize organic substances based on mercury, which are many times toxic inorganic compounds. When drinking fish, mercury compounds can get into our body.

Maximum permissible concentration of mercury for the aquatic environment

PDC of mercury in ordinary water - 0.5 μg / l, and in fishery ponds PDC fishoz - less than 0.1 μg / l.

Lead (PB)

Rivers and lakes can be contaminated by lead natural way when washing the lead minerals (galvanit, english, cerussite) and anthropogenic way (coal burning, the use of tetraethylswin in fuel, discharges for eating factories, wastewater from mines and metallurgical plants). The deposition of lead compounds and the adsorption of these substances on the surface of different breeds are essential natural methods for lowering its level in solution. From biological factors, hydrobionts are conducted to reduce the level of lead in solution.

Lead in rivers and lakes is located in suspended and dissolved form (mineral and organic and mineral complexes). Also, lead is in the form of insoluble substances: sulfates, carbonates, sulphides.

Lead content in natural reservoirs

We are heard about the toxicity of this heavy metal. It is very dangerous even with small quantities and can cause intoxication. The penetration of lead in the body is carried out through the respiratory and digestive system. Its selection from the body proceeds very slowly, and it is able to accumulate in the kidneys, bones and liver.

Maximum permissible lead concentration for aquatic environment

PDC lead for an aqueous medium - 0.03 mg / l, and in fishery ponds MPK fishoz - 0.1 mg / l.

Tetraethylswin

It serves as an anti-knock at motor fuel. Thus, the main sources of pollution by this substance are vehicles.

This compound is very toxic and can accumulate in the body.

Maximum allowable concentration of tetraethylswin for an aquatic environment

The maximum permissible level of this substance is approaching zero.

Tetraethylswisen is not allowed in the composition of water.

Silver (AG)

Silver mainly falls into the rivers and lakes from underground reservoirs and as a result of wastewater discharge from enterprises (photopripses, enrichment factories) and mines. Another source of silver can be algicide and bactericidal agents.

In solution, the most important compounds are halogen salts of silver.

Silver content in natural reservoirs

In pure rivers and lakes, silver content - less than a microgram per liter, in the seas - 0.3 μg / l. Underground reservoirs contain up to several dozen micrograms per liter.

Silver in ionic form (at certain concentrations) has a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect. In order to be able to sterilize water with silver, its concentration must be greater than 2 * 10 -11 mol / l. The biological role of silver in the body is still not known enough.

Maximum allowable silver concentration for the aquatic environment

Maximum allowable silver for an aqueous medium - 0.05 mg / l.

Manganese prevalence is quite large, it ranks 14th among common minerals. There is its presence in many products and naturally in water, as it is perfectly soluble. And, as any element coming into food, can benefit or harm. So, cleaning water from manganese and holding it in a satisfactory norm, acquires high significance.

GOST: Manganese in drinking water

• in centralized systems - ≤ 0.1 mg / l;
• manganese in water from wells and other open sources - ≤ 0.5 mg / l.

In nature, the manganese can form up to 8 species of oxides, from MNO to MN5O8, and is part of copper and iron ore. The formation of oxides depends on the composition of the medium and external physical parameters. The most steady oxide - MnO2, it is the most encountered in the depths of the Earth, received the name pyrojit.

In view of the widespread use of the mineral in metallurgy and chemical production, special attention is paid to its content in industrial drains. The amount of manganese in wastewater should not exceed 0.01 mg / dm3.

Manganese in water: influence on the body and visual determination of its availability

As is well known from medical practice - even a poisonous substance, in small quantities, can have a beneficial effect on the body, but the excess of its norm will lead to irreparable consequences.

Useful fungan functions in the body

Depending on age, permissible daily doses differ and are:

Manganese can be obtained from both water and food. The territory of Russia does not have areas with the poor content of Mn, there is even an excess of manganese in water. The participation of the mineral in the physiological processes of living organisms is indispensable. Its main functions:

• adjustment of the glucose level, prompting to ascorbic acid synthesis;
• deterrence of diabetes mellitus;
• support for the activity of the nervous system and the brain;
• generation of cholesterol and assistance in the functioning of the pancreas;
• the formation of connective, cartilage and bone tissue;
• lipid exchange regulation and preventing the obesity of the liver;
• involvement in the division and updating of cells;
• covering cholesterol activity and preventing the growth of "plaques";
• activation of enzymes for assimilating vitamins B1, C and biotin.

It is possible to use as an antioxidant when interacting with Fe and Cu. The manganese in the body P and Ca is delayed. Eating food with a large content of carbohydrates leads to a rapid hovering of MN in the body. The amount of manganese in water, the influence can have both positive and negative. In some states, a lack of manganese is formed, the norm in water does not cover its daily need for nursing mothers and athletes.

Harm to exceed manganese in water

The danger of manganese in water for physiological functions, it reduces the digestibility of iron and competes with copper, and this anemia and drowsiness. Considerable harm is applied and CNS, expressed in reducing the performance and development of early amnesia. The heavy metal MN is capable of damaging the lungs, liver and heart in large doses, and in lactating women to stop lactation.

Health, one of the main aspirations of a person, but also the household problems created by manganese compounds, can make a lot. The visual definition of manganese in drinking water is carried out by conducting inspection of plumbing devices and dishes, long in contact with the plumbing liquid.

Most often, the mineral accompanies bivalent iron and forms insoluble compounds with it. On the plumbing, the food dishes are formed black raids, it is rapidly growing in the electrical appliances, the patency of pipes decreases. Too high levels of contamination, already visible when the water tap is set, and even felt the smell. In these cases, it is necessary to immediately make water analysis, manganese and iron should be the main parameters in it.

Water purification from iron and manganese

In plumbing or artesian water, the mineral is in the form of a bivalent positive ion (Mn2 +), well dissolved in liquids. To remove manganese from the water, it is translated into insoluble forms - three or twisted. A dense sediment is removed by grainy catalytic media or ion exchange resins.

Water filters from manganese and filtering methods

Methods used in Demanganation:

Aeration.Used in the presence of bivalent iron in water. Under the action of aeration, iron is oxidized and enters the hydroxide. The resulting connection connects a bivalent manganese and precipitates it. Solid impurities are filtered through quartz sand.

Catalytic oxidation.It is carried out by hydroxide of 4 valence manganese.

Oxidifier reagents.Ozone, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine itself and its dioxide are used here.

Ion exchange. It is performed by two types of resin: anion exchange (ON-) and cation exchange (H +).

Distillation. Based on the difference of water boiling water and impurities. Water mineralization is required after the procedure.

Depending on the results of the analysis on the volume of manganese in water, a filter is selected with a certain method of filtering. Or the water purification is carried out by a complex of filtering components, conductive a sequential decrease in liquid contamination.

The flow of water from the well is one of the most popular today options for organizing a home water pipeline in a private country house. True, unforeseen problems occur: water may not be appropriate to sanitary standards and have impurities of harmful chemicals. Manganese in water from the well is perhaps one of the most common troubles. In some cases, the concentration of the element turns out to be so critical that the water requires cleaning.

Causes of manganese in water from the well

The largest amount of manganese is contained in groundwater - hundreds and even thousands of micrograms on a cubic decimeter

Manganese is one of the most common elements in nature. According to this indicator, among other representatives of the Mendeleev table, he takes the fourteenth place. It can be found in plants, water, land, as well as in the body of animals and humans.

It is not surprising that sometimes its content exceeds acceptable norms. In the case of water from the well, such an increase is the result of the presence of a large amount of manganese salts in the soil. The element is systematically washed out and ultimately enters water sources, and then - and in water taps. However, at the emergence of manganese in water from the well there may be other reasons:

• entering the water decomposition of animals;
• the result of the decay of other living organisms (usually painted in a blue-green color);
• reset of enterprises reset related to chemical or metallurgical production;
• some agricultural fertilizers entered in the soil, and then falling into sewage;
• working near the production of ceramics.

Water analysis can be made in a sanitary station or private laboratory, results are provided after 3-7 days

The presence of manganese in water is the norm. It is important that its amount does not go out for certain boundaries. According to the standards operating in Russia, the presence of an element in drinking water should not exceed the figure of 0.1 milligrams per liter. A similar standard acts in relation to water intended for household needs.

At the same time, Sanpine norms for water from wells and wells are less strict. The water of non-centralized water supply should not have exceeding the manganese more than 0.5 mg / l.

With not very large (but, alas, already dangerous for a person), the excess of this norm of manganese in the water to discover it is difficult to find it on its own. Special signs for which the owner of the house can pay attention only to the forensic content of the element, among them:

• the yellowish tint appeared in the water from the crane;
• an unpleasant astringent taste of water before and after boiling, which is felt even in tea or coffee (and not only in water in its pure form);
• unusual smell;
• black precipitate, which is not difficult to notice in a standing water;
• dark spots of unknown origin appearing on plumbing;
• unexpected cooling in the apartment, related to everything with the blockage of pipes.

It should be borne in mind that the amount of manganese content in water depends on many factors, including even the time of year. In the cold months, the figure is slightly larger, and it is connected with seasonal waters. Whereas in the spring and summer the indicator decreases sharply.

For which you can use water with manganese

Manganese is less common than iron, but in its properties is very similar to it

Alas, the use of such water with benefit is practically no. Drinking water with manganese is undesirable. Even one cup can bring harm, not to mention the systematic reception.

One or two cups of tea with manganese per day can give a storage effect and over time will turn the poisoning or damage to the internal organs.

In everyday life, the use of such water is also undesirable. After all, the increased content of manganese is dangerous for almost all homework, because of it:

• the load on the water pipes increases (their permeability is significantly reduced, as well as the service life);
• the temperature in the rooms falls (this is the result of the appearance in pipes and radiators of a manganese reducing heat transfer);
• electrical appliances (water heaters, teapots, dishwashers and washing machines) are also in the risk zone.

Ultimately, the damage caused by the technique is reflected on the health of the owners of the house. For example, it can lead to colds due to problems with the heating system.

By the way, it is dangerous not only to drink water with a large content of manganese, but also just wash it, rinse the mouth and clean with such a water teeth.

Even the washing of things, as a rule, brings disappointment - a favorite thing can easily lose its familiar color and be corrupted by a brown or gray tinge, which appeared due to manganese compounds present in the water.

It is also worth abandoning watering water with water with an excavatory manganese content. Of course, plants can be glad to be a bitter, but do not forget that vegetables and fruits from the garden will soon turn out to be on the home table and they can also be unsafe.

It is impossible to give such water and brothers to our smaller: the increased content of the element can adversely affect the health of dogs and cats, reducing the life of their lives.

Perhaps one of the few options for using water with manganese - watering room plants, in which the decontamination of the Earth will occur and the protection of flowers from insects will be ensured. However, constantly watering such water flowers is also not worth it. The effect will give one-time events.

As for the reception of baths, allegedly possessing therapeutic effect, it is important to not confuse the baths with manganese from baths with medicinal manganese - permanganate potassium, which really has antibacterial, healing effect and is effective for fungal and bacterial diseases, as well as urological problems.

What is dangerous such water for man

When in water a lot of manganese, then after a long contact with her hands and nails, you will surely paint into the black color

Of course, in small quantities, the manganese can be needed and is even very useful for a person - for the operation of hypophus, blood-forming functions, as well as for the sex glands. The human body magnesium falls with animal and vegetable food. During the day, an adult is required from 2.5 to 5 mg of the element. Children who have not yet fulfilled one year - 1 mg. Children from year to 15 years - 3 mg.

However, the excess of the norm is extremely dangerous. 40 mg per day is such a daily dose that is already considered toxic. And especially dangerously with manganese poisoning, which continues weeks and months, day after day. Over time, this leads:

• to deterioration of the state of the skeleton of a person;
• reduce muscle tone;
• development of muscle atrophy;
• the emergence of allergies;
• the emergence of problems with the kidneys, liver, subtle intestine;
• increase the load on the brain.

In the list of the consequences of the systemic exposure of manganese, the threat of developing terrible diseases such as cancer and Parkinson's disease are also a threat.

Water with manganese can provoke poisoning in which the patient will complain:

• for dizziness and headache;
• cramps and sharp pains in the back;
• frequent mood shifts;
• apathy and general recession;
• unwillingness to eat.

For young children, water consumption with an increased manganese content is fraught with problems with intellectual development. No less dangerous element for adult psyche.

First, all violations associated with the nervous system are exceptionally functional. A person begins to feel more often feeling overwork and sleepy state. In addition, he appears:

• weakness in the legs and arms (they are periodically eaten);
• signs of vegetative dystonia;
• increased sweating and reduced muscle tone.

Changes affect and familiar lifestyle for humans:

• activity previously characteristic of the patient suddenly decreases sharply;
• limited and becomes extremely narrow area of \u200b\u200bhuman interests;
• there are failures in memory, which previously never had;
• the ability to associative thinking is reduced.

The person himself usually does not notice the frightening symptoms, and more often hesitate them, for example, on avitaminosis, or on bulging fatigue from stressful work. Because of this, in time to recognize the source of the disease - an increased concentration of manganese in the body - it does not work, while the problems in the body begin to increase.

Dissolved in water, manganese oxidizes slowly than iron, and it is much more difficult to remove from water

In the next, second stage, the human performance decreases even stronger.It is constantly clone in sleep. The speed of movement slows down, mimic is weakened, an involuntary muscle contraction begins to be observed.

In addition to external, there may be internal manifestations. The victim is disturbed by the work of the endocrine glands, which leads to numbness of the limbs.

Often it is at this stage that it is possible to establish the cause of the ailment. The arrival of manganese into the body is terminated, but to recover him after the suffered test it is for a long time. And, most likely, the patient is not so much for the complete recovery of the chance of the patient.

Moreover, the third stage of poisoning may begin in the body. This is a manganese Parkinsonism, in which the patient is observed:

• more important problems with motor activity;
• changing the characteristic gait, the appearance of the paresay stop - the features of walking, in which the stop is beginning to drag on the ground;
• difficulties of communication, the inhibition of speech.

Even the patient's handwriting changes.

The person's face becomes like a mask. Sharp changes occur in the psyche. They can be completely different: manifest itself both in the form of constant apathy, and, on the contrary, turn around the complacent euphoria. Hence the mood swings that happen in the patient - from laughter without a reason before crying.

In addition to these manifestations, the use of water with manganese can lead to other health care:

• the emergence of allergies to the manganese, as well as on other substances;
• development of urolithiasis;
• blockage of vessels;
• problems with the liver;
• violations of the vegue system;
• easy diseases.

How to clean the water from manganese

Steel plumbing pipe over time overgrowed with numerous layers of organic and inorganic sediments, which can cause its blockage

Purification of water from manganese is carried out by methods used in rusty water from the crane - increased iron content. Manganese is metal, so it is necessary to oxidize it and filter.

Before cleaning, you need to set the scale of the problem. For this purpose, water analysis is made and the element concentration level is determined.

Among the main efficient methods of water purification are manganese aeration. It is suitable for cases when the permanganate oxidation rate exceeds the figure of 9.5 mg02 / l and includes two stages:

• discharge from water free carbon dioxide, which occurs under vacuum and allows you to increase the pH to 8 units;
• filtration with a grain filler, which can perform quartz sand.

This method is considered one of the most affordable. You can make installation for this procedure even with your own hands. However, it is important that in water there is a bivalent iron, capable of turning into hydroxide when oxidation, and then soak up and oxidize a bivalent manganese.

So that everything goes successfully, the ratio of manganese to the divalent gland must have a proportion - seven to one. At aeration, it is necessary to have an aeration column, additional filters and a special valve, which allows to remove excess gases.

The process of removing manganese is called Demanganization

Another option to deal with an increased manganese content - settling water with mechanical cleaning. With it in the course of cartridge systems. Such cleaning is considered coarse, it is capable of filtering only large particles of the element. Therefore, its use is suitable in combination with other types of cleaning.

Among the ways to solve the problem:

• the use of manganese (it causes the manganese falling into the sediment, and as a result turn into a catalyst for subsequent water purification);
• oxidation with catalysts (it is possible when using a pump-dispenser and installations that allow metal to the state at which it can no longer be dissolved);
• reagents in combination with reverse osmosis (in this case, ozone, chlorine or sodium hypochlorite) can perform as reagents that prevent the concentrations of the element in water.

Reverse osmosis is one of the most efficient ways. It removes almost all the impurities available, directing them into the drain, and clean water in the cranes and pipes. However, such a cleaning system has a number of minuses - from high cost to too much water consumption, at which up to two-thirds of the incoming fluid goes into the sewer. In addition, water under the action of the system is even too clean and similar in its properties and taste on distilled.

For people who are far from chemistry, salvation will be the installation of filter and systems in their households.

When choosing filters, it is important to consider two points:

• the current composition of water and the number of manganese;
• the desired composition of water, which should be after filtration.

To select the filter, you need to know the characteristics of the water pipeline: its water performance and pressure

Effective and ion cleaning exchange. With it, the problem with the composition of water is solved with the help of a resin mitigating it and delaying manganese along with iron. Ionic exchange is carried out within the framework of complex cleaning, which has a positive effect on the water immediately in all directions. This method requires regular replacement of reagent. Although the option in order to restore its properties, is. This is an ordinary food salt, thanks to the addition of which the filter can work from three to four years.

There is an option with a non-degree of water purification, which is carried out using a catalyst. It is carried out by washing with reverse flow. To achieve a result, it is important to relate the chemical composition of water, the depth of the well and the amount of the maximum consumable water.

The manganese in the water from the artesian well significantly worsens its taste, it is dangerous for the health of residents at home and for technology in the apartment. The element is very cunning: it is difficult to find it, and by the time of detection he has already done to make trouble. Water purification and control over its advance to ahead should be one of the first priorities of the host owner.

Conduct a water supply to a private house now it is not much difficulty - it would be time and financial opportunities. Many wells are used as a source of water. Well, if you are lucky, and water in the well corresponds to sanitary and other standards. And if not, there are harmful chemicals in it? The same manganese occurs in water is not so rarely. And if its concentration is too high, water must be cleaned. Today we will talk about how it is better to do.

From this article you will learn:

How an increased manganese in the water affects the human body

The danger of manganese in water, and what are the norms of its content

How can I define a manganese in water

What methods are carried out by water purification from manganese

What filters are used to purify water from manganese

What is the impact of manganese in water on the human body

To use for your own purposes, manganese people learned a long time ago. Another naturalist from the ancient Rome of Pliny Senior wrote about the variety of magnetic ironing, with which the glass can be lit. Perhaps the Plin would go in their research further, but he died during Vesuvius eruption. In the XVI century, the famous Albert Albert Great called this mineral magnesia. And only at the end of the eighteenth century, the Swedish scientist Karl Shell determined that there was no relation to the magnetic ironing of magnesia, but is a compound of an unknown metal. The first metal manganese in 1774 received a friend Shell - Chemist Juhan Gotlib Gunn.

Manganese is a very common element that occupies the fourteenth place in the prevalence on the planet. It is literally everywhere: in the ground, in water, in plants and animals. The properties of manganese are such that it can be used in a wide variety of spheres of life - from industry to medicine. Even in everyday life manganese is not uncommon.

In the human body, manganese is quite a bit, a microscopic amount, but it is difficult to overestimate it. For example, without manganese, we would not be absorbed by Vitamin B1, which is responsible for the work of the nervous and digestive systems of the body. Even the normal work of the heart depends on B1, and therefore from manganese. With its insufficient amount, the risk of diabetes is increased. Also, this trace element helps the normal development of the bone system.

Without a certain dose of manganese in the body, we can not do. And this quantity has long been calculated by medical scientists:

Norm per day for an adult - up to 5 mg;

For a child up to 15 years old - 2 mg;

For a child up to a year - 1 mg.

However, as Hippocrat said: "Everything has a medicine, and everything is poison - everything is in a dose." Just with manganese. A large quantity of this trace element in the body will not bring anything good to a person. If the manganese content is exceeded eight times - the brain functions are broken. The most dangerous systematic poisoning by manganese.

How does the manganese appear in natural waters

Safe water sources for drinking today are not so much. As a rule, any natural water has to be cleaned than and the water treatment stations are engaged. In some areas of our country, the soil is especially rich in the salts of manganese, and when using water from underground sources in these territories, an appropriate problem arises. Excess manganese from the water must be removed to keep the health of people.

Manganese is infrequently found in its pure form, but it is part of a large number of minerals. Some sour and glandular ores also contain manganese. It would seem, what does this have to do with the sources of water, how does the manganese fall into them? There are two main ways:

Natural. The manganese is washed out by water from its containing minerals. Also in very significant quantities, it can flow into water from decomposed aquatic animals and vegetable organisms (especially blue-green).

Technogenic. These are discharged waste of chemical enterprises and metallurgical plants. Some agricultural fertilizers also contain a manganese, which then enters the water.

How many manganese is contained in water? There is a lot depends on the terrain and what kind of water is meant. The least of all it in marine waters is the order of two micrograms on a cubic decimeter. In river - from 1 to 160 μg. But the absolute record holder here is underground water. They may contain hundreds and even thousands of micrograms on a cubic decimeter. Quite often, the manganese is contained in water together with iron, although its concentration is less.

The amount of manganese in water is a value of non-permanent, it varies depending on the season. In winter and summer, the content of heavy metals in reservoirs is more - due to water stagnation. But in the spring and autumn the situation is exactly the opposite. There are other factors on which the level of manganese in drinking water depends. For example:

Temperature;

Amount of oxygen;

pH (hydrogen indicator);

How active aqueous organisms are absorbed or, on the contrary, the manganese is distinguished;

Lie reservoirs with local lakes or rivers;

The volume of manganese that has fallen into the drains, etc.

According to the rules of the World Health Organization, the amount of manganese in water should not exceed 0.05 milligram per liter. Unfortunately, they are not everywhere observed. In the US, for example, the maintenance of manganese places ten times exceeds the permissible level. In Russia, the established rate for drinking water is not more than 0.1 milligram per liter. However, the same figure is relevant for the water of economic purpose.

What threatens the excess of manganese in water

When manganese in water is too much, it is poorly reflected not only on human health. It suffers and much more resistant to chemical impacts of household appliances and even a water supply system.

Impact of manganese on a water supply system and household appliances:

Because of the deposits of manganese, the passability of water pipes deteriorates, the duration of their service is reduced.

The same applies to the heating system: a rayan manganese in pipes reduces heat transfer.

Pipes can be completely blocked - "thanks to" manganese bacteria. Everything happens in the same way as in the case of actions of ferruk cell.

A large amount of manganese in water does not affect electrical appliances. Skip in the kettle or washing machine often formed just because of this substance.

If black spots appeared on plumbing or household appliances - this may be evidence that the water is too high a manganese content.

Human health is much more fragile than household appliances. That is why behind the water you use, you need to carefully follow. If suddenly the water appeared slightly yellowish tint and it became unpleasant to taste not only by itself, but even in tea or coffee - the correct sign that the concentration of manganese in it is unacceptable.

What exactly are the surplus of manganese in the human body? First of all, the negative influence on the nervous system. For children, this is especially dangerous. According to research conducted, the high concentration of manganese in the child's body can affect its intellectual abilities.

If the metal concentration in the body is too large, general poisoning may occur. Main symptoms Its following:

The person decreases appetite;

Hurts and spin the head;

Cramps arise, back pain;

Mood change occurs;

In the patient, the overall decline of strength and apathy.

If you constantly drink water with a high concentration of manganese, then:

The state of the skeleton may worsen;

It is possible to reduce muscle tone, even develop muscle atrophy;

Allergy is not excluded;

Kidney, liver, delicious intestines and even brain can suffer;

A large risk of developing cancer and Parkinson's disease.

How dangerously increased manganese content in water for human nervous system

Manganese is a heavy metal having a property to gradually accumulate in the body. With constant use of water with an excessive concentration of manganese, the nervous system of man will suffer sooner or later. Here you can highlight three stages of illness:

At the first stage of the nervous system, the nervous system is functional. The person is faster tires, he is periodically or even always want to sleep. Hands and legs weaken, symptoms of vegetative dystonia appear. There are increased sweating and salivation. Muscles of the face, on the contrary, can be weakened, which will inevitably affect the facial expressions. Muscle tone also decreases, numbness is felt in their hands or legs.

The mental activity of such a patient also changes, although it is not always noticeable for an outsider observer. It is expressed in the following moments:

The area of \u200b\u200binterests of such a patient becomes more limited;

Activity is also reduced;

Associative thinking ability is dulled;

The memory is weakened.

It is significant that the patient cannot adequately assess its condition. Therefore, the focal neurological symptoms of intoxication is quite difficult to diagnose even by a specialist. In this case, if it does not identify the cause of the disease on time (namely: a high concentration of manganese in the body), then a disease can be launched. Then damage can become irreversible.

In the second stage of the disease, the symptoms of toxic encephalopathy increase. Namely:

Man is becoming more and more apathetic;

It is increasingly clone into sleep;

Progresses the general weakness, reduced performance;

The intellectual defect is deepened;

There are signs of extrapyramidal insufficiency: the slowdation of movements, the weakening of the facialism of the face, involuntary contraction of the muscles, etc.

In addition, the activities of endocrine glands are violated, signs of numbness numbers become more obvious. The second stage of the disease is very dangerous. The fact is that even if the reason for the disease was found and there is no more contact with manganese, the process does not stop at it. Moreover, for several years he will only develop. Suspend the disease will ultimately succeed, but the final recovery to achieve, most likely, will not succeed.

The last stage of poisoning is manganese Parkinsonism - is characterized by severe disorders of motor functions. In the patient:

Pronunciation;

It becomes monotonous, handwriting - vague;

Mask face;

Very low motor activity;

Spastic-paretic gait (a person puts his legs too wide when walking, swabs from side to side);

Parez Stop - When during walking stop can "drag out" on the ground.

In addition, involuntary unnecessary muscle movements occur - mainly in the legs. Sometimes, on the contrary, the muscle tone is significantly reduced. The psyche of the patient also changes. People who were exposed to manganese poisoning are experiencing apathy or, on the contrary, are unnecessar than complacent and even euphoric. It is possible unfortunate laughter or crying. Often, a person does not understand that he is sick, or believes that his illness is not serious. Many intellectual defect progresses. The patient poorly determines the time, he worsens the memory, problems arise both in professional and social activities.

The consequences, as you can see, very heavy. That is why it is so important in time to determine the cause of the disease. And if it is a high concentration of manganese in water, you need to immediately take action. It should be remembered: the human body receives a manganese not only by eating foods cooked on the "bad" water. In this case, it is even easy to brush the teeth or washed with polluted water is very dangerous.

To clean water from manganese use

How to determine the manganese in water

Not by chance, the manganese is called an eternal satellite of iron. If in the water you use, there is an iron - there is also a manganese. But not the opposite. Even when there is no iron in the water, a manganese may be present there. On the consequences of the oversupply of this element in the human body, we have already spoken. Therefore, water from manganese must be cleaned.

How to notice that in water a high concentration of manganese, without doing special chemical analysis? There are several signs that you should pay attention to:

Water becomes muddy and dark if manganese compounds are present in it;

Pay attention to the smell. If he seems unusual to you, this is already a disturbing sign;

If the water is to defend, black precipitate will fall on the bottom of the dishes;

When a lot of manganese in the water, then after a long contact with her, your hands and nails will surely turn into a black color.

And this is not all signs. If such water boost, then the dishes will have a black flare. Water with a high content of manganese is not only a strange smell, but also an unpleasant astringent taste. Dark stains on plumbing, deposits in water pipes or even their complete blockage - also "wines" of this element. Did you feel that in the apartment it became colder? Perhaps inside the heating system, a manganese flasher appeared, which makes it difficult to the heat exchange process.

The presence of at least one of these signs is already a reason to think well. In this case, it is necessary to immediately limit water consumption with a possible manganese in it. And be sure to make an analysis by contacting a sanitary station or private laboratory. The results will be provided to approximately 3-7 days.

How is water purification from manganese

For starters, specialists conduct water analysis to the concentration of manganese, and only after that choose the most suitable method of cleaning it.

The manganese in the earth's rocks is most often in the form of salt, which dissolves well in water. Consequently, to clean the water from manganese, you need to make this element cease to be soluble. Chemistry comes to the rescue. A bivalent manganese is converted into three- or twisted with oxidation. Manganese hydroxides with valence 2 and 3 in water almost dissolve.

There are several methods of manganese oxidation:

Using strong oxidants that increase the redox potential of the medium. In this case, the value of the pH of the water is not regulated.

Weak oxidizers are used simultaneously increasing the pH of water.

Increase the value of the pH of water using strong oxidizers along with this.

A bivalent manganese turns into a traveler manganese hydroxide and settles on filters. In addition, it itself turns into a catalyst that accelerates the process of oxidation of a bivalent manganese remaining in water with solid oxygen.

Methods for removing manganese from water

Aeration Manganese

This method is very affordable, and therefore the most common. There is a serious aeration of manganese, then filtering. First, free carbon dioxide is distinguished from water under vacuum, which increases the degree of pH of up to 8.0-8.5 units. After that, there comes a queue of the filter. It uses a grain filler, for example, quartz sand.

However, this method is not suitable for all cases. It does not apply if the permanganate oxidation of water is greater than 9.5 MGO2 / l. To use this method, the presence of a bivalent iron in water is required, which is converted into iron hydroxide during oxidation. He, in turn, absorbs a bivalent manganese and oxidizes it. We still have condition: compliance with the strict relationship between manganese and bivalent gland - seven to one. However, the last item can be artificially correct by adding iron vitrios to the water.

Catalytic oxidation

The hydroxide of a tetravalent manganese (formed on the surface of the filter using a dosing pump) oxidizes a divalent manganese oxide. The trivalent oxide obtained after this with a dissolved oxygen is oxidized to the state insoluble in water.

Demanganization permanganate potassium

You can use for cleaning and underground, and outdoor water. Potassium permanganate oxidizes the manganese dissolved in water, turning it into the oxide, which dissolves in water is much worse. Oxide manganese, in turn, a good catalyst for dissolving a bivalent manganese. To get rid of 1 mg of the latter, you need 1.92 mg of potassium permanganate. With this ratio of 97 percent of bivalent manganese oxidize.

After that, the water should be filtered with a special coagulant, then the sand filler is additionally used. Sometimes use and ultrafiltering equipment.

Introduction of oxidizing agents

For oxidation of manganese in water, different reagents use. But mainly it is chlorine, its dioxide, sodium hypochlorite and ozone. It is very important to take into account the level of water pH. If there is no less than 8.0-8.5 add chlorine into water with a pH indicator, then a good effect will have to wait for about an hour and a half. Sodium hypochlorite acts the same time. Frequently treated water should be superbid. This is done in cases where oxygen appears as an oxidant and the pH indicator does not reach 7 units.

Calculations show that to turn a bivalent manganese into a tetravalent one mg of manganese, you need to take 1.3 mg of reagent substance. But this is in a naked theory, in the practice of the oxidant, it is usually necessary much more.

Chlorine or ozone dioxide when processing water acts much faster - only about a quarter of an hour. True, only if the pH indicator is 6.5-7.0 units. According to the calculations of stoichiometry, 1 mg of bivalent manganese will take 1.35 mg chlorine dioxide or 1.45 mg of ozone. But again, ozone will need more than in theoretical calculations. It happens so because in the process of ozonizing the oxide of manganese ozone decompose.

In general, the reasons for which reagents require more than indicated in the calculations, several. The process of oxidation of manganese in water is influenced by many factors. For example, this is the pH of the water, the presence of organic, the time of operation of the reagents used. A lot depends on the equipment that is used for the process. Practice shows that potassium permanganate usually need to be taken 1-6 times more, ozone - 1.5-5 times, and chlorine oxide may be required at all in 1.5-10 times.

Ion exchange

Ion exchange implies hydrogen or sodium-cationing of water. In order to effectively remove the mass of manganese dissolved salts in the water, it must be treated in two layers of ion exchange material. For this, two resins are used: cation exchange with hydrogen ions H + and anion exchange with ions of hydroxyl OH-. They are used simultaneously and consistently. Such a mixture of resins replaces salts soluble in water on oh and hydrogen ions H +. When combining these ions, the most ordinary water molecules are obtained without the presence of salts in them.

At the moment, this method of getting rid of water from the impurities of manganese and iron is the most promising. The main thing in it is to correctly select a combination of ion exchange resins.

Distillation

At the heart of this method - the conversion of water into pairs followed by its concentration. It is long known that the boiling point of water is 100 ° C. But this does not mean that other substances it will be the same. On the difference in boiling temperatures, this method of water purification from manganese is founded. Clean water boils first and turns into steam. Other elements evaporate only after throwing out most of the water. Thus, we get clean, without impurities, water. The technology is simple and understandable, but very energy-proof.

Water purification filters from manganese

Filters in this case are not so simple. Here you should act on the system. First, determine the composition of the water that needs to be cleaned of manganese. Secondly, refer to the minimum requirements for the quality of water after its filtration. Thirdly, when choosing a cleaning system, you need to pay attention to the following points:

On the pH of the water;

On the amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide water;

Is there any ammonia or hydrogen sulfide in water;

Water pipeline characteristics are also important: its productivity and water pressure.

After that, you can proceed to the choice of filtering material for purification of water from manganese. There are several of them who enjoy the greatest popularity.

Superferox

The superferox filter material is designed to remove iron and manganese ions dissolved in water, as well as reducing turbidity and color of water. The basis of the filtering medium is the durable natural material of "pink sand" with a catalytic film applied to its surface consisting of higher manganese oxides. The superferox action is based on 2 principles: the sorption (due to the porous structure of the material) and catalytic oxidation. When filtering the water in the catalytic film of manganese oxide, accelerate the process of oxidation of bivalent iron to trivalent to the formation of the corresponding hydroxide. Due to the porosity of the material structure, the formation of trivalent iron hydroxide occurs both on the surface of the grains of superferox, and inside its pores, which leads to an increase in the mudhouse and accelerate the process of dearness of water. The formed iron hydroxide is capable of catalytically oxidizing a bivalent manganese with the formation of practically insoluble hydroxides Mn (OH) 3 and Mn (OH) 4. According to the filter resource exhaustion, to restore the properties of the filter medium, it is necessary to regenerate the installation of the reverse flow of the initial or purified water (more efficiently with the water-air mixture).

Ferosoft B.

Multicomponent ion exchange loading Ferosoft is designed for a comprehensive solution of tasks in water treatment systems. This loading consists of several ion exchange resins of different granulometric composition allowing efficiently removed from the source water of solids of rigidity (Ca2 + and Mg2 +), iron impurities (Fe3 + and Fe2 +), manganese (Mn2 +), organic compounds. Loading is designed to solve the most typical drinking water issues, as suitable for use in water treatment systems of country houses and cottages.

Where to buy filters for water purification from manganese

An unprepared person is difficult to choose a suitable filter for water purification. Fortunately, for this there are specialists.

Biokit employs professionals who will help you with the choice of the best option. And there is no fundamental difference, this is an existing water treatment system, or it is still at the design stage. The optimal solution will be based on the data provided.

Biokit also offers a wide range of reverse osmosis systems, water filters and other equipment that can return water from under the tap its natural characteristics.

Specialists of our company are ready to help you:

Connect the filtering system yourself;

Deal with the process of selecting filters for water;

Pick up replaceable materials;

Eliminate malfunctions or solve problems with the involvement of installers;

Find answers to your questions in the telephone mode.

Trust water purification systems from Biokit - Let your family be healthy!