IN In 1867, the Russian Society for the Care of the Sick and Wounded was created in Russia; in 1876 it was renamed the Russian Red Cross Society and became part of the International Red Cross. This society was formed thanks to the heroic activities of the sisters of mercy communities, the efforts of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, N.I. Pirogov and the Orthodox Church. The famous Russian doctors N.I. took an active part in the work of the society for many years. Pirogov, SP. Botkin, N.V. Sklifosovsky, N.N. Burdenko, SI. Spasokukotsky.
In 1868, the first Red Cross community was established in Moscow; in 1870, the St. George community was organized (one of the most famous), it was headed by Elizaveta Kartseva. Many communities of sisters of mercy were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Red Cross.
The creation of the Red Cross Society is the beginning of a serious restructuring and further development of the system of sisters of mercy communities.
The main functions of the society: training qualified nurses and providing free medical care. In other countries, organizations trained nurses only to help victims of war.
The communities had their own charter; they were rich organizations with their own hospitals, outpatient clinics, and homes for elderly sisters.
Participation of the Sisters of Mercy in the Russian-Turkish War
1877-1878 It.
Many doctors (N.I. Pirogov, N.V. Sklifosovsky, S.V. Botkin) and 118 nurses took direct part in the hostilities. The sisters of mercy fulfilled their duty during this war as well. N.I. Pirogov highly appreciated the activities of the sisters of mercy during the Russian-Turkish war: “E.P. Kartsev at the theater of military operations in Bulgaria and E.M. Bakunina, who acted in this war in Asian Turkey, can serve as an ideal of older sisters for us.”
The Russian-Turkish war went down in history as the most unfavorable in terms of epidemics. Many sisters died from typhus, including Baroness Yulia Petrovna Vrevskaya. Among the first female volunteers, she went to the Balkans as a nurse, abandoning the secular life of St. Petersburg. With her attitude to business, to the sick and wounded, the Baroness set an example to everyone who worked next to her; with her death she attracted many Russian women into the ranks of the sisters of mercy. I.S. Turgenev knew Yulia Petrovna well and dedicated one of his prose poems to her tragic death:
“In the mud, on stinking damp straw, under the canopy of a dilapidated barn, hastily turned into a camp military hospital, in a devastated Bulgarian village - she was dying of typhus for more than two weeks.
...She was young, beautiful; high society knew her; Even dignitaries inquired about her. Ladies envied her, men followed her... two or three people secretly and deeply loved her. Life smiled on her; but there are smiles worse than tears.
A tender, meek heart... and such strength, such a thirst for sacrifice! Helping those in need... she didn’t know any other happiness... she didn’t know - and didn’t know. All other happiness passed by. But she's been with this for a long time
made peace - and all, burning with the fire of unquenchable faith, devoted herself to serving her neighbors.
No one ever knew what treasures she buried there, in the depths of her soul, in her very hiding place - and now, of course, no one will know.
And why? The sacrifice has been made... the deed is done.
But it’s sad to think that no one said thank you even to her corpse - even though she herself was ashamed and shunned all gratitude.
Let her dear shadow not be offended by this late flower, which I dare to lay on her grave!”
These viruses affect the nasal mucous membranes. Infection occurs from an infectious person or household items. Viruses are not stable and die under the influence of high temperatures or special disinfectants.
Incubation period is 1-5 days. The stronger a person’s immunity, the longer this period. In children, the disease manifests itself more quickly.
Full recovery is observed within 7 days.
Incubation period of adenoviruses
Viruses affect: mucous membranes of the eyes, respiratory tract, intestines, bladder. A person becomes infected upon contact with a patient or a surface with which he came into contact.The latent period averages 2-5 days. Sometimes 1-14 days. In children, the immune system is weaker, so the disease manifests itself in the middle period.
The patient recovers completely within 2 weeks.
Incubation period of influenza
The virus affects the respiratory tract, and severe intoxication of the body occurs. The disease occurs when communicating with a sick person.It takes 1-5 days before the first symptoms of the disease appear. Sometimes this happens a couple of days longer. The disease begins abruptly with the appearance of a temperature of up to 40 degrees, migraines, chills and other symptoms. With an illness without complications, a person recovers in 10-12 days.
Incubation period of parainfluenza
The virus mainly affects the mucous membrane of the nose and larynx. Infection occurs through contact with a sick person. In the external environment, the virus dies instantly.The latent period ranges from 2 to 6 days. Complete recovery occurs 7-10 days after the first signs of the disease appear.
In all cases of infection caused by viruses, you can protect the body from the disease if you increase the body's defenses, eat right and get enough vitamins.
Chickenpox is a highly contagious childhood infection, so contact with a sick child leads to infection in most children of preschool or primary school age. To understand when to expect the first manifestations of infection, parents should know how many days the incubation period for chickenpox lasts.
What it is
Incubation is the period during which the virus develops in the child’s body, but there are no symptoms of infection yet. It begins from the moment of infection and ends with the onset of the first signs of the disease. Knowing the length of the incubation period is important in order to understand when to expect the first manifestations of chickenpox. Such information is also taken into account for carrying out quarantine measures.
Infection with a virus without symptoms is called the incubation period
How do you get chickenpox?
The causative agent of chickenpox is the Varicella Zoster virus, which is a member of the herpes virus group. It is transmitted to healthy children who have not previously had chickenpox from a sick child or from an adult with shingles, since this disease has the same pathogen. Most often, the disease is diagnosed in autumn and spring, when the body's defenses decrease. Every few years, doctors note an epidemic of such an infection.
Chickenpox is transmitted from a carrier of the virus to a child who has not yet had chickenpox
Contagiousness
If the Varicella Zoster virus develops in a child's body, the baby becomes infectious to other people at the end of the incubation period. It begins to release the virus a day before the first symptoms of chickenpox. An ill child is contagious throughout the period of the rash and for some time after the last blisters appear on his skin (5 days).
Routes and methods of transmission of the virus
Basically, the Varicella Zoster virus is transmitted from a baby with chickenpox to healthy children by airborne droplets. With this method of transmission, the pathogen reaches other people through particles of saliva and mucus from the membranes of the respiratory tract. The probability of infection when communicating with a sick child for people without immunity is 90%.
In addition, the child may become infected:
- By contact - if a virus enters the body of a healthy child from burst vesicles on the body of a sick baby.
- In utero – from a mother who contracted chickenpox during pregnancy. When a woman is infected in the first trimester, the risk of severe developmental pathologies increases, and chickenpox in a pregnant woman for more than 12 weeks leads to infection in the baby after birth.
Chickenpox infection can occur in utero, by contact and by airborne droplets.
Is it transmitted through things and objects?
Transmission of the Varicella Zoster virus through various objects is possible, but this happens extremely rarely, since the causative agent of chickenpox is considered low-resistant. Outside the human body, it dies quite quickly - in 10-15 minutes. In addition, high temperature, ultraviolet light and any disinfectant solutions help eliminate viruses settled on objects. At the same time, if the virus from the bursting bubbles gets onto clothes, and a person who was not previously ill immediately puts it on, infection is possible.
How it is distributed and how it is transmitted through third parties
The pathogen is highly volatile and can spread through the air up to 20 meters. The Varicella Zoster virus is practically not transmitted through third parties, which is due to its low persistence in the external environment.
Who gets sick more often
Most often, chickenpox is diagnosed in a child of preschool and early school age (2-7 years), when children have more contact with other children. Maximum susceptibility to the Varicella Zoster virus is observed at 4-5 years. However, the infection also occurs at other ages.
In the first months of life, a baby practically never gets chickenpox, since until the age of 6 months the baby is protected by the mother's antibodies, which he receives from her body in utero (provided that the mother had chickenpox in childhood). Children who are already six months old are less protected from viruses, so they do get chickenpox, but it is often mild.
In children over 10 years of age, chickenpox is more severe and has a higher risk of complications. In adolescents and adults, such an infection causes a strong rise in temperature, a profuse rash, and severe intoxication. It can also occur in an atypical form, for example, hemorrhagic, when blisters on the skin fill with blood, or bullous, when there is pus inside the blisters.
What happens in a child's body during the incubation period
There are the following stages of the incubation period of chickenpox:
- Elementary. The Varicella Zoster virus enters the child's respiratory mucosa and begins to develop in its cells, adapting in the baby's body.
- Development stage. The pathogen actively multiplies in the mucous membranes and accumulates in infected cells.
- Final. The virus overcomes the protective barrier of the respiratory tract and enters the blood, which causes the onset of clinical manifestations of chickenpox and the production of antibodies.
The incubation period of chickenpox occurs in three stages and lasts from 13 to 21 days
Length of incubation period
For chickenpox, the incubation period for most children ranges from 13 to 17 days. The most common duration of such a period in childhood is 14 days. Moreover, depending on the state of the child’s immunity and other factors, this period can either be extended or shortened.
If the child is weakened, the first manifestations of chickenpox occur earlier. Also, faster development of the virus is observed in infants. The minimum incubation period is 7 days. In adolescents, chickenpox may appear 10-21 days after exposure to the virus. In rare cases, the incubation period increases to 23 days.
If the child's immunity is weakened, the incubation period for chickenpox lasts longer.
The first symptoms of chickenpox
In a child who has chickenpox, the first signs of the disease will be symptoms of general malaise, which occur with most viral infections. These are headaches, muscle aches, weakness, loss of appetite, moodiness and restless behavior, sore throat, lethargy and others. Soon, parents notice symptoms more characteristic of chickenpox - a sharp increase in body temperature and a rash on the skin.
The rash with this infection first appears as pink-red small spots, which soon transform into papules (they look like a mosquito bite), and then into single-chamber vesicles called vesicles. When the bubbles burst, a crust forms in their place. As a rule, the rashes are quite itchy and itchy.
Chickenpox stages
While some vesicles are healing, new spots often appear nearby on the baby’s body, turning into papules and blisters. At the same time, an increase in body temperature is noted. Thus, in one area of the body you can see different elements.
The first rash in most children is detected on the skin of the torso, but soon the rash covers the limbs (except the palms and feet) and the head area. In some children, elements of the rash appear not only on the skin, but also
Incubation period I Incubation period (lat. incubo ,
incubare rest; synonym: incubation, )
Conventionally, the phases of adaptation, reproduction and dissemination of the pathogen are distinguished. In the first phase of the incubation period, the number of the pathogen decreases and the remaining microbial cells adapt to life in the macroorganism. In the multiplication phase, the number of microbial cells increases due to multiplication in the primary focus (skin, mucous membranes, regional lymph nodes). In the dissemination phase, the pathogen spreads from the primary focus by contact, lymphogenous or hematogenous routes. During IP, the formation of a primary lesion is observed, some physiological and biochemical indicators change, the body reacts to pathogen antigens, and the activation of nonspecific and specific protective mechanisms begins, but these processes are not accompanied by clinical symptoms and proceed latently. In a number of diseases, it begins in the bloodstream, as well as into the environment, and, located in the I. p., can become a source of pathogen for others. Thus, with viral hepatitis B it can accumulate in the blood 1-1 1/2 weeks before the first symptoms of the disease appear. Patients with mumps, rubella and some other infectious diseases are contagious to others in the last days of the incubation period. For each infectious disease, there are certain limits for the duration of I. p. There is an average, i.e. the most common for this disease, duration of I. p., minimum and maximum. for example, with botulism, the average duration of I. p. is 12-24 h, minimum - 1-2 h, maximum - 10 days. For various infectious diseases, the duration of I. p. varies within very wide limits - from several hours (with foodborne toxic infections) to 1 year (with rabies) and even many years (with leprosy). The duration of I. p. depends on the virulence of the pathogen strain, the infecting dose, the route and place of introduction of the pathogen into the body. for example, with rabies, I. p. is shorter for bites to the head and longer for bites to the distal extremities. In weakened individuals, the I. p. may decrease. Carrying out chemoprophylaxis (for malaria) or passive immunoprophylaxis (for measles) can lead to an extension of the incubation period. With helming infections, the duration of I. p. in some cases (with trichinosis, opisthorchiasis) can be established quite clearly, but in many cases this is difficult due to the possibility of a long asymptomatic course of the invasion (trichocephalosis, etc.). Data on the duration of I. p. are of great practical importance for determining the possible source of infection, the route and factor of transmission, determining the timing of observation and isolation of persons who had contact with patients. Bibliography: Kazantsev A.P. and Matkovsky V.S. Handbook of infectious diseases, M., 1986; Guide to Infectious Diseases, ed. IN AND. Pokrovsky and K.M. Lobana, M., 1986. in medicine - the period of time from the moment a person is infected until the first clinical signs of the disease appear.
1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.
See what “Incubation period” is in other dictionaries:
Same as incubation in the second meaning. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. INCUBATION PERIOD Same as incubation in the second meaning. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that came into use in... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
INCUBATION PERIOD, the period of time from the moment of infection to the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease. For many infectious diseases, the incubation period is quite short, from several hours to several days, although it can also be different.… … Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
INCUBATION PERIOD- INCUBATION PERIOD, incubation (from the Latin incubare to lie down), designation of the period separating the moment of infection from the phase of the obvious reaction of the macroorganism. Since the discovery of carriage, indicating that one penetration of the microbe still... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia
- (from the Latin incubo, I rest here), the hidden period from the introduction of a pathogen into the body until the first signs of an infectious disease appear. With a number of diseases, patients are contagious already at the end of the incubation period... Modern encyclopedia
- (from Lat. incubo I rest here). the latent period from the moment the pathogen enters the body until the first signs of an infectious disease appear. With a number of diseases, patients are contagious already at the end of the incubation period... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
The length of time from the moment a microbial agent enters the body until the symptoms of the disease appear. Another name, the hidden or latent period of the disease, explains this term more clearly: a person is already infected, but the disease has not yet manifested itself... ... Wikipedia - The time interval between the penetration of the pathogen into the host’s body and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms of the disease. [English-Russian glossary of basic terms in vaccinology and immunization. World Health Organization, 2009... ... Technical Translator's Guide
- (from Latin incubo, I rest here), the hidden period from the moment the pathogen enters the body until the first signs of an infectious disease appear. With a number of diseases, patients are infectious already at the end of the incubation period. * * * INCUBATION… … encyclopedic Dictionary
Incubation period The time of development of caviar and eggs in a number of organisms (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, insects) until the moment of hatching. (
The incubation period refers to the initial stage of development of bacterial or viral diseases. In medicine, the incubation period refers to the period of time during which pathogenic microorganisms develop, colonize new tissues of various organs and systems, increase their population by dividing, and only after that the first symptoms of the disease appear. Also in terminology, this period is also called latent. The duration of the incubation period for each infectious or viral disease is different and depends on the type of bacterial pathogen. It can vary from a few hours to tens of years.
What is the incubation period?
The latent period is where any disease provoked by pathogenic microflora begins. It all starts with the fact that a certain amount of pathogenic infection enters the human body, microorganisms of which take root in tissues and cells, and the immune system is not able to completely destroy them. Then the infection starts the division process. When the number of bacteria or virus virions reaches a critical level, the first symptoms characteristic of a particular disease appear.
For each disease, the signs are different, and the duration of incubation depends on the severity of the infectious pathogen. It is extremely rare to detect the disease at a latent stage, when there are no characteristic symptoms. In most cases, pathology is determined completely by chance during the period of blood tests, when a person undergoes a routine preventive examination. Detection of the disease at the stage of the incubation period makes it possible to begin treatment in a timely manner and completely stop the infection before it causes damage to the health of the infected person.
Phases of the incubation period
The process of incubation of microflora from the moment of its penetration into the blood is conventionally divided into 3 stages, which look like this.
Adaptation
At the time of infection, most infectious or viral agents die under the influence of the protective function of the immune system, or in conditions of the internal environment of the body that are unfavorable for the microorganism. The most viable representatives of the pathogenic infection adapt to the new environment and, upon completion of this process, are ready to begin cell division.
Reproduction
It begins immediately after the adaptation phase and is characterized by a rapid increase in the population of the biological agent. In most cases, division of the infection occurs in the tropic tissues of the affected organ, or through intracellular penetration, where pathogenic microorganisms are inaccessible to the immune system.
Dissemination
This is the stage when the amount of infection is so large in the tissues of the affected organ that the person begins to experience a sharp deterioration in health. The first signs of the disease are a signal that the incubation period is coming to an end and has already entered the last phase of its development, and the disease has gone beyond the limits of latency.
The absence of clinical symptoms of the presence of pathogenic microflora in the body makes it possible to identify any stage of incubation only by conducting a biochemical blood test.
Length of incubation period
The duration of infection latency depends on what biological pathogen has entered the body and how viable it is for further development under these conditions. Based on the timing of the passage of viral and bacterial infections through all phases of the latent period, the following incubation periods are distinguished by gradations.
Shortest period
Lasts from 1-2 hours to several days. This is the behavior of acute respiratory infections, the influenza virus, regardless of the strain, E. coli, as well as especially dangerous microorganisms that belong to the category of biological weapons of mass destruction.
Short incubation period
Lasts no more than 1 day or several weeks, but no more than a calendar month. A latent period of this length is typical for plague, chicken pox, scarlet fever, and cholera.
Medium duration
The propagation of a pathogenic infection lasts several months and a person has absolutely no idea that he has become a victim of a pathogenic virus or bacterial invasion. Such a long incubation period is observed with viral liver damage by hepatitis B.
Long term
Such an incubation period can last several decades and the person will not even know that he is a carrier of the infection. Such behavior of microorganisms is typical for diseases such as chronic hepatitis C, AIDS and HIV, and prion infections. In medical practice, the first 3 types of incubation period are most common, since diseases with this degree of latency are considered the most common.
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