Non-refundable verbs are verbs without the postfix –sya; returnable– verbs with the postfix –sya. Historically, the formation of reflexive verbs is associated with the pronoun Xia, which was originally attached only to transitive verbs ( wash + xia (“yourself”) = wash).
All verbs in Russian can be divided into several groups:
|
irreflexive verbs, from which returns are formed |
non-refundable |
returnable |
|
a) wash + wash build + xia education return different forms meet + xia b) turn white + xia darken + xia – morphological synonyms c) look - look enough verbs work - get enough SD d) write - impersonal is not written sleep - can't sleep verbs |
reply lunch |
fight laugh balk |
Thus, we can conclude that the postfix –sya in the Russian language can perform several functions:
Form reflexive forms of verbs ( wash, whiten);
Form reflexive verbs that differ from producing non-reflexive verbs in lexical meaning ( forgive - say goodbye, finish - achieve).
It should be noted that some verbs in –sya have a synonymous reflexive combination ( to deprive - to deprive oneself, to cover oneself - to cover oneself).
The division of verbs into non-reflexive and reflexive was established in the Russian language without regard to the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive, voice and non-voice. It does not completely coincide with either one or the other, although it is associated with the categories of transitivity and voice: the affix –sya is an indicator of the intransitivity of the verb, and voice correlation is provided only by the reflexive forms of the verb.
Pledge category
The category of voice is one of the most difficult problems of Russian grammar. Linguistic scientists define the content of this category differently, and therefore resolve the issue of the number of voices differently: some count up to 17 voices, others deny the presence of voices altogether.
In Russian linguistics there are the following definitions of voice:
1) pledge means “an act that passes from one thing to another, and an act that does not pass from one thing to another” (Lomonosov);
2) voices are those verbal forms that denote a difference in the relationship of the verbal action to its subject. On this basis, a refundable deposit can be allocated ( the book is being read) and non-refundable deposit ( read a book) – Aksakov, Fortunatov;
3) pledge is the relation of action to object (Buslaev, Shapiro);
4) pledge is an expression of the asset and liability of the subject (Isachenko, AG-70);
5) deposit – is the relation of action to subject and object(Vinogradov, Golovin, Gvozdev, Shansky).
In all of the above definitions of collateral there is a common criterion - the relation of the action to the subject and object. This feature is, indeed, important in voice content, since voice, like other verbal categories, manifests itself primarily as a certain grammatical relation - the relation of an action to its source and to the object. The category of pledge reflects objectively occurring processes, the implementation of which is possible in the presence of an actor and an object of action.
The mother (subject) washes (action) the child (object).
The child (subject, object) washes himself (action).
But in the Russian language there are verbs that name such actions, for the implementation of which only the doer, the subject of the action is needed:
Clouds (subject) float quietly across the sky.
Thus, all verbs in Russian can be divided into two groups:
1) verbs capable of conveying voice relations (voice verbs);
2) verbs that do not convey voice relations (non-voice verbs).
A verb is a word that denotes an action and answers the question “What to do?” The last clarification is very important, because the word “walking,” for example, also denotes an action, however, it cannot be classified as a verb.
Action is always directed towards some object. It may be the same thing that does it, or some other one. In the first case we will be talking about a reflexive verb, and in the second - about a non-reflexive one.
Identification feature of reflexive verbs
The fact that an action performed by a certain subject is directed at himself can be indicated by a reflexive pronoun. In the Russian language there is only one such pronoun, which does not even have a nominative case - “yourself”.
Language always strives for brevity, so the reflexive pronoun in combination with verbs was shortened to “sya”, and then turned into a part of these verbs - a postfix, i.e. suffix that is after the ending. This is how reflexive verbs arose, the identifying feature of which is the postfix “-sya”: “dress yourself” - “ ”, “wash yourself” - “wash”. Verbs that do not have such a postfix are called non-reflexive.
Types of reflexive verbs
The semantic content of a reflexive verb is not always so simple. An action that someone directly performs on himself is only one reflexive verb - proper reflexive.
A verb of this kind can also imply a certain action that the object performs not on itself, but in its own interests. For example, if people are said to be “being built,” this can mean not only “forming themselves in a line” (a self-reflexive verb), but also “building a house for themselves.” In the latter case, the verb will be called indirect reflexive.
The joint actions of several objects are also denoted by reflexive verbs: “meet”, “negotiate” - these are reciprocal verbs.
However, not, which has the postfix “-sya”, is reflexive. Verbs that have a passive voice cannot be classified as such, i.e. implying that an action on an object is performed by someone else: “a house is being built,” “germs are being destroyed.”
A verb cannot be reflexive if it is transitive, i.e. denotes an action aimed at another object, although in an impersonal form such verbs may have the postfix “-sya”: “I want to buy a car.”
The verbs of the Russian language contain some morphological inconstant and constant features. One of them includes reflexive and non-reflexive types of verbs. Non-reflexive verbs, as well as reflexive ones, carry the presence or absence of special reflexive word-forming postfixes - -сь and -ся. Let's try to figure out what it is and how such verbs are used.
Reflexivity of verbs
The reflexivity of verbs is a grammatical category that will indicate the direction or non-direction of a certain state defined by this verb, or an action on some subject. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian are conjugated forms, which differ in the presence or absence of postfixes -s and -sya (reflexive).
What constitutes reflexivity in verbs can be seen in the following examples: The boy washed himself and got ready. The man got into a conversation with a friend (these are examples of reflexive verbs).
The puppy played with the ball and ran off to the playground. It was raining in the evening (this is a non-reflexive form of the verb). This is how you need to distinguish them.
A couple of useful words
Let us briefly remind you once again that understanding how to define a non-reflexive verb is not particularly difficult. It can be transitive and intransitive, it can mean a certain action that is aimed at a subject (assembling a puzzle, reading a book), a state, a certain position in space, a multidirectional action, and the like (dreaming, sitting, thinking). Irreflexive verbs do not include the postfix -сь and -ся.
Shades of meaning
Reflexive verbs are capable of expressing an action that will be directed at a specific subject (at someone doing something, at a speaker, at a looker, and so on).
It seems possible to discuss reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian endlessly. Here are examples of reflexive verbs with completely different shades of meaning:
To be happy, upset, sad (denotes the mental or physical state of a certain subject);
The dress wrinkles, the dog bites, the nettle branch burns (shows a permanent quality or property of the subject);
Dress, eat, put on shoes, bathe (the action of the verbs is directed exclusively at oneself);
I want, I wish, it gets dark (impersonal action is shown here);
Hugging, quarreling, seeing each other (a reciprocal action performed by several people in their relationship to each other);
Clean up, line up, get some money (an action of an indirect reciprocal nature, which is performed by the subject solely in his own interests).
Unforgettable suffixes for reflexive verbs
Let's figure out what a reflexive and non-reflexive verb means.
Verbs in the reflexive form have suffixes:
Xia - maybe, both after consonants (take, surround, and the like), and after endings (teach - learn, dries - dries, and the like));
S will come after vowels (lowered, drawn, unseen, and so on).
In the process of forming reflexive verbs, not only suffixes are of great importance, but also prefixes (read - read a lot, drink - get drunk). In addition, among the verbs of this type there are non-derivatives. They are the ones that under no circumstances are used without the suffixes -sya and -sya (to laugh, to fight, to please).
Since pronouns in the accusative case and nouns are never used after reflexive verbs, they are all classified as intransitive.
No suffixes
Non-reflexive verbs in Russian do not have the suffixes -sya and -sya. They can be either intransitive (create, breathe, play) or transitive (speak, draw).
An important point: many reflexive verbs can be formed from non-reflexive ones, for example, cook - prepare.
Based on the above, you need to understand that in order to determine what a reflexive and non-reflexive verb means and exactly what type it belongs to, you need to find a suffix that helped in education. If the suffixes -sya (-sya) are present in words, then these are reflexive verbs. If they are not present, then non-reflexive verbs.
Situations marked in verbs
So, we already know that reflexive verbs have the suffixes -sya and -sya. They can be both non-derivative (for example, laugh) and formed from transitive and intransitive verbs (to wash - to wash).
Some intransitive and reflexive verbs formed from them talk about the same situation, for example: something is black in the distance and something is black in the distance. True, in the vast majority of situations, you can understand what a non-reflexive verb means and what it looks like “in life” by noting that the verbs reflexive and non-reflexive mean completely different moments.
A good example is the following: washing - a situation in which there are two participants (a mother washes her daughter) and washing - a situation in which there is only one participant (the girl is washing); Petya hit Vanya. Petya and Vanya hit a large stone (in both cases we are talking about two boys, but the situations in which they are direct participants are completely different).
Here we can say that the components of meaning themselves, which are introduced into the word by the postfixes -sya and -sya, are word-forming.
What can you find in grammars?
And the following information is noted there (we are talking about several meanings):
The meaning is mid-reflexive - to have fun, get angry, get scared, rejoice;
The meaning is active-non-objective - bite, butt, swear (use ;
The meaning is reciprocal - quarrel, make up, meet, hug, kiss;
The meaning is proper-reflexive - to dress, put on shoes, meet, powder;
The meaning is passive-reflexive - to be remembered, to be remembered;
The meaning is indirectly returnable - to gather, stock up, pack, pack;
The meaning is passive-qualitative - to be introduced, to be remembered.
A reflexive verb can be formed by using -sya as a help, which will be combined with other morphemes (wink, run up).
It is with the voice that reflexivity will be associated (that is, in the case in which the voice is defined at the morpheme level, reflexive verbs formed from transitive verbs will be combined into a voice, which is called reflexive-medial).
The intransitive sign is an affix. Combinations such as I’m afraid of dad, I obey my older brother, which can be found in the Russian language, are few and non-normative.
Without rules - nowhere
Let's return to what a non-reflexive verb is. The rule says that without a postfix -sya. But in return ones this postfix is present. It has long been the case that the appearance of reflexive verbs was associated with the pronoun -sya. True, initially it was attached exclusively to transitive verbs (for example, bathe + xia (that is, oneself) = bathe).
The variety of verbs in the Russian language is divided into different groups.
Non-reflexive verbs from which reflexive verbs are formed - build + sya; meet + xia; write - can't write, sleep - can't sleep.
Non-reflexive verbs - have dinner, answer.
Reflexive verbs - laugh, fight, resist.
From the information provided we can conclude: the postfix -sya in Russian can perform different functions:
Prepare reflexive verbs that differ from producing non-reflexive verbs in lexical meaning (forgive - say goodbye);
Form the reflexive form of verbs (whiten).
It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that some verbs in -sya have a synonymous reflexive combination (to cover oneself - to cover oneself).
The division of verbs into reflexive and non-reflexive has developed in the Russian language completely regardless of their division into transitive and intransitive, voicing and non-vocal. It does not coincide with either one hundred percent, but is in a certain connection with the categories of transitivity and voice: -sia represents the intransitivity of the verb, but only the reflexive form can provide voice correlation.
In conclusion
Let's talk a little more about verbs and summarize the productive conversation.
Verbs are words that define the meaning of a process, that is, capable of expressing the signs they designate as a certain action (say, read, write), state (sit, jump) or becoming (aging).
In addition to syntactic conjugation forms, verbs have non-syntactic reflexive and non-reflexive forms and aspect forms. By the way non-syntactic formal meanings are expressed with their help, verbs can be divided into grammatical categories, which are in some relation to each other.
The division of verbs into non-reflexive and reflexive depends on how much the grammatically intransitive meaning of the process is expressed or, conversely, not expressed in them.
Reflexive verbs are verbs that contain grammatically expressed intransitivity. In other words, they perfectly show that the process they express can be addressed to a direct object, which is represented by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. An example would be the words - get angry, meet, wash, knock, get dressed.
Irreflexive verbs have some difference: they do not have any indication of the intransitiveness of the process. That is why they can be transitive: dressing (daughter), making people angry (parents), welcoming (guests), and intransitive: banging, knocking.
Reflexive verbs are called verbs that have a postfix – xia (s): to return, to dream, to dream, to start. The remaining verbs are called irrevocable: watch, read, eat, run.
Transitive and intransitive verbs.
Transitive verbs are verbs that indicate an action that passes to another object or person. This object or person can be expressed:
Using a noun in the genitive case without a preposition: cut off the sausages, drink compote.
A noun (or pronoun) in the accusative case with a prepositional connection: read a book, see the sun, count sheep.
By a noun or pronoun in the genitive case with negation, but also without a preposition: not to have the right .
The remaining verbs are considered intransitive: lie on the bed, look into the darkness, sunbathe in the sun.
Perfective and imperfective verbs.
Perfect Verbs indicate the completion, effectiveness, end of an action or its beginning and answer the question “what to do?”: run, run away, sing, sing, gallop, gallop away. Perfective verbs have two tense forms: past (what did you do? - galloped up) And future simple (what will they do? - they'll gallop). Perfect Verbs Dont Have present tense forms.
Imperfect verbs indicate the course of an action, but do not indicate its completion, result, beginning or end and answer the question “what to do?”: run, jump, sing. Imperfective verbs have three tense forms:
Past (what they were doing? - watched, listened);
The present (what are they doing? - look, listen);
The future is complicated (what will they do? - they will read, they will watch).
Syntactic role of the verb.
The verb in a sentence most often performs the role of the predicate. But verb infinitive can act as different members of a sentence:
Subject: Live- means to breathe;
Compound predicate: I I'm going to enroll to the Faculty of Philology;
Definition: I have a burning desire go out to the air;
Addition: Mother asked me come up closer.
Purpose circumstance: Grandma sat down take a break.
Define an application.
Application- this is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case, for example: A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a giant rock. Applications can indicate various qualities of an object, indicate age, nationality, profession and other characteristics, for example: An old grandmother looks out of the window. If next to the application - a common noun - there is a defined word, which is also a common noun, they are usually combined with a hyphen: flying carpet, ascetic monk.
When a common noun is followed by a proper name, a hyphen is not placed (boxer Ivanov), but there are combinations in which the common noun follows a proper noun, then there is a hyphen between them: Mother Volga, Moscow River, Ivan the Fool, Nightingale the Robber. The application, as a rule, is case coordinated with the word being defined. There are exceptions in which the application can be placed in a case different from the word being defined: these are names - proper names and nicknames. If the application before the main word can be replaced with a single-root adjective, then a hyphen is not placed after the application. For example: “old man watchman” (application - old man, the main word is watchman, old man can be replaced with “old” - old watchman), and watchman-old man (a hyphen is placed because the application and the main word are common nouns). Examples of typical applications (in italics): Volodya, an excellent student, was the first to raise his hand. Ivan the shepherd was driving the cows across the field.
Examples of exceptions:
Names are proper names, usually separated by quotation marks. The nominative case is used here, regardless of the form of the word being defined.
Names of press organs, literary works. In the Kommersant newspaper. In the novel "The Young Guard".
Names of enterprises. At the Krasnoye Sormovo plant. Seizure of the Yukos enterprise.
Nicknames. Charges have been brought against Misha Two Percent. Vsevolod the Big Nest had eight sons.
A hyphen is not placed after words that are generally accepted addresses: Citizen Financial Inspector! I'm sorry to trouble you.
You already know that a verb denotes an action and that an action, in addition to its other properties, can be directed at someone or something. Or maybe not directed! Or it can be directed at the figure himself! In this lesson you will learn about such verbs.
1. What verbs are called reflexive?
Verbs that end with the suffix -sya (also called a postfix) are called reflexive.
Reflexive verbs can convey the following meanings:
1. The action is directed at the actor, at himself: tune in, put on shoes, move away, renew (oneself, oneself).
2. The actions of several figures are directed towards each other: put up, meet,fight.
3. The action is performed in one’s own interests (for oneself): get ready, clean up(colloquial).
4. A permanent feature inherent in a living or inanimate object (usually): bites, scratches.
5. Impersonal verbs: sleep, work.
All reflexive verbs are intransitive.
2. The use of -sya/-sya in reflexive verbs
After vowels, the postfix -s is used: surprised, laughed.
Bibliography
- Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
- Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.
- School-assistant.ru ().
- School.xvatit.com ().
Homework
1. Form and write reflexive verbs.
Make peace - make peace
make angry -...,
hug - …,
sorry -...,
surprise -...,
look - take a closer look,
make friends - make friends
wait - …,
play - ….
2. Replace the phrases with synonymous verbs, graphically show that the verbs are reflexive.
Participate in a competition - compete,
being in training, feeling excited, making mistakes, feeling joy.
3. Write down synonyms for these verbs.
Take a look - take a look,
get excited, fight, worry, get interested, come back, admire.
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