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1 Municipal budgetary educational institution secondary school with. Rukhtino municipal district Duvansky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan ESSAY COMPETITION "EUTHANASIA: FOR OR AGAINST" Theme of work: "You can not die"
2 "To live is impossible to die." “Life is worth living even when there are many bad elements in it, and the good elements are too small to outweigh the evil.” Thomas Nagel. Every person has the right to life, but if life has become painfully unbearable. If every second you feel unbearable pain that seems to last forever. Do we have the right to die, or do we still have to wait for the inevitable end? And do we have the right to die? It turns out that the problem of euthanasia (from the Greek. ευ "good" + θάνατος "death") worries humanity for more than one millennium. This problem has its supporters and opponents. D. Kevorkyan "Doctor death". Despite the fact that the American doctor D. Kevorkian, who was the first to carry out euthanasia in 1989, is considered to be the discoverer of euthanasia, references to this difficult process can be found in some tribes of primitive society, where there was already a custom to kill or leave unattended old people who have become a burden for the family.
3 In ancient Greek Sparta, weak and sick babies were killed. "In the Middle Ages, during wars, hundreds of seriously wounded remained on the battlefield, who, for various reasons, were not evacuated. They faced a painful death on the battlefield, but with the help of a dagger with a cross-shaped handle, specially designated people finished off the wounded. Death was instantaneous. The dagger was called "misericordia", which in translation means "mercy" (Petrovsky B.V.) Dagger "misericordia" Plato in his doctrine of the "State" expressed the idea that medicine is called upon to take care only of those who are healthy in soul and body. He believed that the death of the physically weak should not be prevented.Following the Plat, Socrates and Seneca, justifying the killing of seriously ill people without their consent, expressed the idea that if a person is weakened and becomes a burden on society, commit suicide with his moral duty. view was advocated by Christianity, which condemned any suicide, including that caused by suffering, considered it a manifestation of cowardice and weakness of a person. th philosopher F. Bacon Only in the Enlightenment did some doctors, following the English philosopher Francis Bacon, begin to talk about the need
4 relieve the suffering of the dying. In one of his works “On the Dignity and Multiplication of the Sciences”, Bacon wrote: “The doctor’s duty is not only to restore health, but also to alleviate the suffering and torment caused by diseases, and not only when such relief pain can lead to recovery, but even in the case when there is absolutely no hope for salvation and you can only make death easier and calmer. Euthanasia in itself is no small happiness.” Nazi poster promoting the euthanasia of the mentally ill. In the twentieth century, a completely different interpretation of the concept of "euthanasia" from Bacon appears. In Nazi Germany in 1939, the program "Euthanasia" was put into effect. It had terrible consequences in the form of 275,000 murdered mentally retarded, mentally ill, epileptics, patients suffering from senile infirmity and various organic neurological disorders, who were considered useless to society and put to a relatively easy death in gas chambers. In Switzerland, euthanasia has been legal since 1941. This country is widely known for its "tourism of death". Hundreds of people go there every year to die. It is enough for a terminally ill patient to be recognized as capable. And in Belgium, a euthanasia kit can be bought at a pharmacy.
5 In Russia, there is no separate normative act regulating the issue of euthanasia. But Article 45 of the Federal Law "On protecting the health of citizens" forbids Russian doctors "to satisfy the patient's request to hasten his death by any actions or means, including the termination of artificial life-sustaining measures." Approaching the death of the patient is equated to premeditated murder. And how can the younger generation answer the question about euthanasia. After all, it is we who will have to solve all the problems of our state in the future, including the issue of humane treatment of seriously ill people. After conducting a survey in our school, we were convinced that the majority of respondents are against euthanasia, they consider it an inhumane way to help seriously ill people. But at the same time, many spoke in favor of alleviating suffering, although they found it difficult to name the way to get rid of. In my opinion, it is difficult to unambiguously answer the question about euthanasia. There are many different aspects to this complex issue. Of course, on the one hand, euthanasia helps seriously ill people and saves them from unbearable suffering and torment. And only those who have never encountered such a problem can refute this fact. I have never seen the inhuman suffering of terminally ill patients, I have never seen their faces distorted by unbearable pain, I have never heard their pleas for at least some kind of help. This is a very scary picture. When you see the suffering of a loved one and cannot help him in any way. Sometimes the heart is simply torn from hopelessness, and it seems that this pain pierces every cell of your body, lasts endlessly, not allowing you to rest for a minute. Before me and now there is a picture of the last days of my grandfather's life. He had cancer. And although I was a few years old, I still hear his heart-rending cries, I see how he writhes in pain. And I, trying to hide from fear, hide in the hem of my mother. I remember my grandmother's tired and tearful eyes. It seemed that they would have given everything for the sake of alleviating the suffering of their grandfather, and perhaps even agreed to euthanasia. But this
6 tragedy not only for my family. How many other seriously ill people, shackled by the shackles of terrible pain? But what about a mother who every minute feels the suffering of her child? Will she agree to such a terrible procedure? After all, there is nothing worse than seeing how a little innocent baby suffers, but it is even worse to help him die. In addition, we live in a society far from perfect. How many more scoundrels among us, dishonest and greedy people who do not disdain anything. For the sake of their own benefit and profit, they are ready to commit any crime. It is even scary to imagine what a powerful weapon euthanasia will become in their heinous deeds. If, in solving the problem of euthanasia, we would use the scales, putting all the pros and cons on the bowls, then the arrow of the scales would be at zero. It is not possible to solve a problem that simply does not have an answer. We need to look for other solutions, not the answer. I think that in the near future medicine will reach a level where we will forget about pain altogether. The main thing is that by that time we still have not lost our human appearance, have not forgotten how to feel the pain of another, have not lost the feeling of compassion and mercy for our neighbor.
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For and against euthanasia
Euthanasia is any action aimed at putting an end to the life of a person, going towards his own desire, and performed by a disinterested person "(definition of Dutch law).
The problem of euthanasia did not arise today, and not suddenly. She begins her chronology in ancient times. And even then, it caused numerous controversies among doctors, lawyers, sociologists, psychologists, and so on. The attitude to the deliberate acceleration of the onset of death of a terminally ill patient, even with the aim of ending his suffering, has never been unequivocal. The English philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626) introduced the term "euthanasia" (from the Greek euthanasia, eu - good, thanatos - death) to denote an easy painless death, that is, a good, calm and easy death, without torment and suffering.
In modern publications in Russian, two terms are used: "euthanasia" and "euthanasia".
People who recognize euthanasia as a human right most often pay attention to the following:
Every person has the right to choose: “for that person and a rational being, to decide for himself whether to live longer or die, freeing himself from excruciating pains, and loved ones from caring for him”; “dooming to torment is cruelty, there should be a right to choose”; “if a person in a clear mind decides to die, then this is his right”; “it's time to observe human rights in Ukraine, and the right to die is also a right”;
It is better to accept death in case of an incurable disease than to experience suffering and be a burden on the family: “it is better than lying chained to a bed for years, enduring pain and torturing relatives”; “I myself would not want to lead the life of a plant and bring difficulties to loved ones”; “the expectation of death is much worse than death itself”; “It’s hard to watch when the closest person suffers. For those who have not experienced this problem, it is difficult to understand this”;
· this is acceptable only under the condition of strict control over the conduct of this procedure: “it is necessary to formalize it legally so that euthanasia does not become legalized murder”; “Euthanasia can be recognized as a human right, but there is a danger of abuse and sabotage, in particular on the part of the medical staff: fraud and illegal actions of doctors, death ordered by third parties, etc.”; “Yes, although there are concerns that there may be abuse”; “It is important here who, under what circumstances and in what way will do it; it is necessary to clearly think over the mechanism for protecting a person from possible criminal encroachments on his life under the pretext of "decent death".
Those who oppose the legalization of euthanasia in Ukraine cite the following arguments:
This is contrary to religious and ethical norms: “no one is free to deprive a person of life, if euthanasia is allowed, then we will cease to be people”; “life is given by God, and only God has the right to deprive a person of life”; “I am a believer and I believe that a person has no right to interfere”; “euthanasia is not recognized by any religion, and due to the fact that spirituality is being revived in Ukraine, it is premature to raise the issue of euthanasia”; “a person has no such right”; “The life of every person is priceless!”;
· our country is not ready for this step, since abuses are likely to follow: “this decision will lead to irreversible consequences, actions against human life”; “in our country, euthanasia can easily be turned into deliberate murder for selfish purposes, without the consent of the person himself”; “Medical businessmen will take advantage of the right to kill lonely and defenseless people”;
The patient, due to his state of health, can make the wrong choice: “a sick person who decides to subject himself to euthanasia cannot always adequately assess the situation”; “A sick person is not an expression of free will, he can ask to ease his departure under the influence of the moment. What if the diagnosis is a medical error? Relatives can take advantage of this by expressing their opinion, and not the desire of the patient”; “every person wants to live until the last minute”; “many people who signed consent to this procedure changed their minds at the last moment.”
The church completely condemns euthanasia. Condemnation applies to any encroachment on human life - both abortion and euthanasia. In the Christian tradition, death is accepted as the separation of soul and body and as a revelation of the spiritual world.
Christianity cultivates an attitude towards death not as a final stage of being, but as a transition to a higher meaning, a union with God. Christian bioethics rejects active euthanasia as a deliberate interruption of life, and regards voluntary euthanasia as suicide. euthanasia legalization killing
Thus, the problems associated with euthanasia are of concern to legislators and the public in many modern states, and become the subject of discussion and research by specialists in various fields. It should be understood that no law, including criminal law, can provide for all particular cases. Medical decisions cannot be replaced by legal ones. This is especially true for human life.
But there is such a problem as euthanasia, and it requires a solution, including a legal one. In my opinion, active euthanasia, at least in our time, has no right to life, as it hides a lot of opportunities for the misuse of the act of euthanasia. For example, in the conditions of our state, with the poverty of medicine, euthanasia can turn into a means of killing lonely old people, disabled children, people suffering from cancer and AIDS, for the maintenance and treatment of which there is not enough money.
The only way euthanasia can be manifested in our society is voluntary and passive euthanasia. It is necessary to clearly and unambiguously formulate the legislative norm, according to which the patient has every right to know the diagnosis of his illness, its possible consequences, the degree of risk of an unfavorable outcome if treatment is refused, and the degree of hope for recovery.
Also, the physical suffering of the dying person should be prevented, even by the use of those means that would otherwise be contraindicated. Only in this case, as a result, death is possible, but at the will of the patient himself.
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Test
by discipline
"Fundamentals of social medicine"
"Euthanasia as a problem of modern bioethics"
Introduction.
Main part.
2.1 Bioethics.
A doctor is a person we trust.
Euthanasia and the law.
Conclusion: To be or not to be?
Bibliography.
Introduction.
The topic of this work is relevant because in the development of domestic and world science in recent years, interest in euthanasia has increased, which has become one of the "pain points" of the public and legal consciousness of the population. In connection with the recognition of life as the main value of modern civilization and achievements in the field of scientific and technological progress, the problem of euthanasia has acquired a qualitatively different sound. The fundamental nature of the value of human life in relation to all legal and moral realities raises any social and legal problem (for example, the permissibility of the death penalty, abortion, human cloning), in one aspect or another affecting the right to life, to the rank of universal, global problems. Each historical epoch offers its own vision and solution for it. Modernity has especially complicated and actualized it.
Euthanasia has become a problem that is relevant not only for medicine, but for the entire modern culture, an indicator of which is the fact that over the past years euthanasia has invariably occupied one of the first places in the mass consciousness in terms of "sensationalism" (although recently it has been somewhat pushed back by the problem of human cloning and artificial immortality).
Why is it that euthanasia so excites the mass and specialized consciousness? Modern culture is becoming more and more medicalized. The existence of a person from the moment of his birth until the moment of death now proceeds under the close and constant supervision of doctors. Biomedical technologies are being introduced into the deepest mechanisms of the functioning of the human body, into the patterns of reproduction of its heredity, influencing the very future of the human race. The impact on the natural principle in a person turns out to be more and more sophisticated, but at the same time more aggressive, and the consequences become more risky and dangerous, which naturally raises the question of "marking" the border between what is permissible and what is not permissible in this process, about its criteria and regulators. The problem of euthanasia, as the most obvious and consistent expression of these trends, is thus the "tip of the iceberg" of those "anthropological" collisions that are generated by the very acceleration of scientific and technological progress, brought into the field of medicine.
Until now, regulators of the process of influencing the human body and psyche have been borrowed from the arsenal of medicine itself. Medicine, like no other sphere of culture, is morally loaded, since all its knowledge, embodied in theories and instrumental methods, is applied directly to a person. It is bioethics that develops the moral principles of attitude to life.
BIOETHICS.
BIOETHICS is an important point of philosophical knowledge. The formation and development of bioethics is associated with the process of transformation of traditional ethics in general and medical ethics in particular. It is primarily due to the sharply increasing attention to human rights (in medicine, these are the rights of the patient, the subject, etc.) and the creation of new medical technologies that give rise to many acute problems that require legal and moral regulation.
The formation of bioethics is primarily due to those grandiose changes that have taken place in the technological re-equipment of modern medicine, cardinal changes in medical and clinical practice, which have found their expression in the successes of genetic engineering, organ transplantation, biotechnology, and maintaining the patient's life. All these processes have exacerbated the moral problems facing the doctor, the patients' relatives, and the medical staff. At what point can a fetus be considered a living being? Are abortions allowed? Or is abortion the killing of living beings? When should death be considered? Are there limits and what are they in maintaining the life of a terminally ill person? Is euthanasia allowed? These are just some of the questions that confront the doctor, as well as the general public, in the face of the unprecedented equipment of modern medicine.
Bioethics, as a research direction of an interdisciplinary nature, was formed in the late 60s - early 70s. The term "bioethics" was proposed by V.R. Potter in 1969. Its interpretation is heterogeneous. First of all, they try to identify bioethics with biomedical ethics, limiting its content to the ethical problems of the "doctor-patient" relationship. A broader understanding of bioethics includes a number of axiological, social and health care systems and human attitudes towards animals and plants. In addition, the term "bioethics" indicates that it focuses on the study of living beings, whether they find their application in therapy or not. In other words, bioethics focuses on the achievements of modern biology in substantiating or resolving moral conflicts that arise in the course of scientific research.
A doctor is a person we trust.
The doctor's job is to alleviate suffering and save the sick from death. The "Code of Medical Ethics" says: "The doctor is obliged to preserve life, protect and restore health, reduce the suffering of his patient, and also contribute to the preservation of the natural foundations of life, given their importance for human health. In his work, the doctor must first of all be guided by the good of the patient ". The principles of all medical ethics stem from the general ethical norms that underlie the Hippocratic oath and the physician's oath. They oblige the doctor to respect human rights and take care of the professional authority of the doctor.
Naturally, most of us believe that a doctor must save a dying and hopelessly ill person in all cases due to his professional duty and the very purpose of medicine.
But can it be considered humane to strive at all costs to support the life of a patient who is dying of an incurable disease in hellish suffering? Is it reasonable to revive a newborn who was born in a state of severe, prolonged asphyxia, which led to an irreversible impairment of brain function? What should a doctor do in such cases in order to minimize the suffering of the patient, if nothing else can be done to help him? And how not to violate the Hippocratic Oath, which is given by every medical worker, which says: " I will not give to anyone the lethal agent asked of me, nor will I show the way for such a plan."? Consonant with the Hippocratic Oath and the Geneva Declaration of the World Medical Association: "I will maintain the highest respect for human life from the moment of conception; even under threat, I will not use my medical knowledge contrary to the laws of humanity."
But there are situations when the doctor's actions run counter to the oath taken by him. It's about euthanasia. The term "euthanasia" was proposed by the English philosopher Francis Bacon, who lived in the 16th - 17th centuries, to denote an easy and painless death (from the Greek eu - good, thanatos - death).
Distinguish between active and passive euthanasia.
With passive euthanasia, the provision of medical care, life-sustaining treatment is stopped, which accelerates the onset of natural death - this practice is also widespread in our country. But most often, when they talk about euthanasia, they mean active euthanasia, which is understood as the introduction of any medicinal substances to a dying person, which entails a quick and painless onset of death.
AT active euthanasia distinguish the following forms:
1. "Mercy killing" occurs when relatives or the doctor himself, seeing the painful suffering of a hopelessly ill person and being unable to eliminate them, inject or inject him with an overdose of an anesthetic drug, resulting in a quick and painless death. The question of the consent of the patient in this case is not raised at all, since he is not able to express his will.
2. The second form of active euthanasia is Physician-assisted suicide occurs with the consent of the patient, the doctor only helps him to end his life.
3. The third form - actually active euthanasia - occurs without the help of a doctor. The patient himself turns on the device, which leads him to a quick and painless death, as if laying hands on himself.
Thus, the essence of the problem of euthanasia lies in the deliberate infliction of death by a doctor on a patient out of compassion or at the request of the dying person or his relatives.
The problem of euthanasia did not arise today and not suddenly. She begins her reckoning from ancient times, and even then she caused numerous disputes among physicians, which do not stop to this day. The attitude towards the possibility and expediency of the intentional death of a terminally ill patient in order to end his suffering has never been unambiguous, and opinions on this matter are diametrically opposed.
Euthanasia and the law
The overwhelming majority of doctors and lawyers believe that euthanasia is perjury and criminal lawlessness and consider it completely unacceptable, even if it is undertaken solely "out of compassion", at the insistence of the patient, who in any case will soon die.
And yet, there are countries in which euthanasia has even received legal rights. What and how was it caused?
Doctor Death.
Euthanasia is one of the most discussed issues in modern bioethics. The word "euthanasia" means "easy" or "good" death (from the Greek. her - good, noble and thanatos- death). The term was proposed by the famous English philosopher F. Bacon. Bacon himself understood euthanasia in the sense of providing adequate care for the dying, closer to the modern concept of palliative care (see below).
Euthanasia is associated with the most difficult moral problem: how should doctors (medical workers) treat situations when medical care in the usual sense is no longer useful, and the patient is in a serious incurable condition and is experiencing significant suffering.
In a broad sense, euthanasia is now understood as various kinds of actions (or inactions) of medical workers that contribute to the death of an incurable patient who is experiencing deep suffering. It is essential that these actions (inactions) correspond to the desire of the patient himself or his relatives (if he is unable to express his will).
Distinguish between active and passive euthanasia. Active euthanasia is any deliberate action to hasten the death of a patient. Passive is the refusal of life-sustaining treatment, after which the death occurs naturally.
There are more detailed classifications of the types of actions that fall under the concept of euthanasia.
There are arguments both for and against euthanasia. Among the main arguments in defense euthanasia can be called the following.
- 1. A person should be given the right to self-determination, including the right to choose whether to continue life or end it. If a person suffers from an incurable disease and does not want to live anymore, doctors have no right to prevent him.
- 2. The right of a suffering person to relieve the suffering of loved ones. The incurable condition and suffering of the patient also entail the suffering of his relatives and friends who care for him and sympathize with him. The desire to die in this case can be seen as a desire to save others from the hardships.
- 3. The quality of life argument. There are situations associated with an incurable disease and painful suffering that life itself loses its value for the patient: the quality of life decreases to a critical level, followed by a desire to die. Accordingly, medicine (one of the main goals of which is to ensure the quality of life of the patient) is powerless and has the right to allow euthanasia in such a situation. In such extraordinary circumstances, euthanasia is not seen as a cruelty or a crime, but, on the contrary, as compassion.
Some arguments against euthanasia.
- 1. Inadmissibility from the point of view of the fundamental values of healing. The practice of euthanasia is a distortion and destruction of the very essence of the medical profession. Doctors should not kill: the preservation of human life is the highest value of medical practice.
- 2. The slippery slope argument slippery slope) means the possibility of abuse of any legalized medical practice (for example, euthanasia, sterilization, etc.), its unreasonable application to an increasing number of people, including for selfish purposes. In other words, it is enough to legalize some dubious practice once, then, even with strict regulation, it will be used more and more often, which will lead to its mass character.
- 3. Euthanasia as an anti-stimulus for the development of medical science and practice. The legalization of euthanasia will negatively affect the further development of medicine, as it can significantly weaken the desire of physicians to seek new means of treatment or help for incurable diseases and conditions.
In the vast majority of countries, euthanasia is prohibited (including in Russia - Article 45 of the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation"). In a few, very few countries, it is allowed (for example, in the Netherlands), but its use is strictly regulated by law in order to exclude errors and abuses.
The problem, however, is that the ban on euthanasia does not take into account the complexity of the situations encountered in medical practice. There is evidence (although exact statistics are not available) that the voluntary departure of patients from life with the participation of health workers is a very common occurrence in almost all developed countries. That is, in fact, euthanasia is secretly carried out, despite legal prohibitions.
Thus, the problem of euthanasia remains open. This complex issue touches upon the fundamental values of society, the medical profession, the understanding of life and death, human dignity, the meaning of suffering and compassion.
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