Dictionary of obsolete Russian words and their meaning. Outdated words and neologisms in various speech styles

Archaisms are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen out of use. But their synonyms exist in modern Russian. Eg:
the right hand is the right hand, the cheeks are the cheeks, the ribs are the shoulders, the loins are the lower back, and so on.

But it is worth noting that archaisms may still differ from modern synonymous words. These differences can be in the morphemic composition (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning (belly - life, guest - merchant), in grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform) and phonetic features ( mirror - mirror, gishpansky - Spanish). Many words are completely outdated, but they still have modern synonyms. For example: destruction - death or harm, hope - hope and firmly believe, so that - so that. And in order to avoid possible mistakes in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of outdated words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.

Historicisms are words that denote phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.
Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were in one way or another connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, and the socio-political system that once existed became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are one way or another connected with military topics.

Eg:
Redoubt, chain mail, visor, arquebus and so on.
Most of the outdated words refer to items of clothing and household items: prosak, svetets, endova, camisole, armyak.

Also, historicisms include words that denote titles, professions, positions, classes that once existed in Rus': tsar, lackey, boyar, steward, stableman, barge hauler, tinker, and so on. Types of production activities such as horse-drawn horses and manufacturing. Phenomena of patriarchal life: procurement, rent, corvee and others. Disappeared technologies such as mead making and tinning.

Words that arose during the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovets, educational program, Budenovets and many others.

Sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is due both to the revival of the cultural traditions of Rus', and to the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and so on and so forth.

Abiye - immediately, since, when.
Anyhow - so that, in order.
Lamb - lamb, lamb.
Az is the pronoun “I” or the name of the first letter of the alphabet.
Az, buki, vedi - the names of the first letters of the Slavic alphabet.
Aki - as, since, like, as if, as if.
Altyn is an ancient silver coin in denomination of three kopecks.
Hungry - from the word "hungry" - greedily want.
An, even - if, meanwhile, after all.
Anbar (barn) is a building for storing bread or goods.
Araka - wheat vodka
Arapchik - Dutch chervonets.
Argamak - an eastern thoroughbred horse, racer: at a wedding - a horse under saddle, not in harness
Armyak is men's outerwear made of cloth or woolen fabric.
Arshin is a Russian measure of length equal to 0.71 m; ruler, a bar of such length for measuring.
If - if, if, when.

Babka - four sheaves of oats - ears up, covered with a fifth - ears down - from the rain.
Badog - batog, stick, staff, whip.
Bazheny - beloved, from the word “bazhat” - to love, to desire, to have an inclination.
To bash - to roar, scream.
Barber - barber, hairdresser.
Stillage is the grounds, the remains from the distillation of grain wine, used for fattening livestock.
Corvée is the free forced labor of serfs who worked with their equipment on the farm of the landowner, landowner. In addition, the corvée peasants paid the landowner various taxes in kind, supplying him with hay, oats, firewood, butter, poultry, etc. For this, the landowner allocated part of the land to the peasants and allowed them to cultivate it. The corvée was 3-4, and sometimes even 6 days per day. week. The decree of Paul I (1797) on three-day corvee was of a recommendatory nature and in most cases was ignored by landowners.
Basque - beautiful, elegant.
Basok is a short form of the word "basque" - beautiful, comely, decorated.
Bastion is an earthen or stone fortification that forms a ledge on the rampart.
Basurman is a hostile and unkind name for a Mohammedan, as well as for a non-religious person in general, a foreigner.
Batalya (battle) - battle, battle.
Bahar is a talker, a talker.
To babble - to talk, chat, converse.
To be vigilant is to take care; be on guard, vigilant.
Fluency is speed.
Timelessness is a misfortune, a difficult test, time.
A steelyard is a hand scale with an unequal lever and a moving fulcrum.
Unusual - not knowing customs, everyday rules, decency.
Bela Mozhaiskaya - an ancient Russian variety of bulk apples
Belmes (Tatar “belmes”) - you don’t understand anything, you don’t understand at all.
Berdo is an accessory of the weaving mill.
Take care - be careful.
Pregnancy is a burden, heaviness, burden; armful, as much as you can hug with your hands.
Incessantly - unconditionally, undoubtedly, incessantly.
Shameless - shameless.
Becheva - a strong rope, rope; towline - the movement of a vessel with a towline, which was pulled along the shore by people or horses.
Bechet is a ruby ​​type gemstone
A tag is a stick or board on which signs and notes are placed with notches or paint.
Biryuk is a beast, a bear.
Broken loaves - dough for rolls whipped with cream
To hit with the forehead is to bow low; ask for something; to offer a gift, accompanying the offering with a request.
To bet is to bet on winning.
Annunciation is a Christian holiday in honor of the Virgin Mary (March 25, O.S.).
Blagoy - kind, good.
Bo - for, because.
Bobyl is a lonely, homeless, poor peasant.
Boden is a butter, a spur on the legs of a rooster.
Bozhedom is a cemetery watchman, gravedigger, caretaker, head of a home for the elderly and disabled.
Blockhead - statue, idol, block of wood.
Boris and Gleb are Christian saints, whose day was celebrated on May 2 according to Art. Art.
Bortnik is a person engaged in forest beekeeping (from the word “bort” - a hollow tree in which bees nest).
Botalo - bell, bell tongue, beat.
A bochag is a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Hawkmoth is a drunkard.
Brany - patterned (about fabric).
Bratina - a small bowl, goblet with a spherical body, used for drinking in a circle
Brother - brother, a vessel for beer.
Brashno - food, dish, dish, edible.
Breden, nonsense - a small seine that two people use to catch fish while wading.
Will - if, if, when, if.
Buerak is a dry ravine.
Buza is rock salt that was given to animals.
A mace is a sign of superior authority, also a weapon (club) or knob.
Alyssum is a box, a small box made of birch bark.
Bouchenye - from the word “boil” - soak, whiten canvases.
Buyava, buyovo - cemetery, grave.
Bylitsa is a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka is a story about evil spirits, the authenticity of which is not doubted.

Vadit - to lure, attract, accustom.
It's important - it's hard, it's hard.
Shafts are waves.
Vandysh - smelt, dried fish like ruff
Vargan (“on the mound, on the vargan”) - perhaps from “worg” - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; mowed, open place in the forest.
Varyukha, Varvara - a Christian saint, whose day was celebrated on December 4 according to Art. Art.
A sergeant major is a senior non-commissioned officer in a cavalry squadron.
Vashchet is your grace.
Introduction - introduction, Christian holiday in honor of the Virgin Mary (November 21, O.S.).
Suddenly - again, again.
Vedrina - from the word “bucket” - clear, warm, dry weather (not winter).
Vedro - clear, calm weather.
Politeness - good manners, courtesy, politeness.
Vekoshniki - pies seasoned with meat and fish leftovers.
Maundy Thursday is the Thursday in the last week of Lent (before Easter).
Veres - juniper.
Veretye ​​is a coarse hemp fabric.
Vereya (belts, rope, vereyushka) - a pole on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
A versten is a verst.
A spit is a rod on which meat is fried by turning it over the fire.
Nativity scene - cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slits in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were performed.
A top is a fishing implement made of twigs.
Vershnik - horseman; riding ahead on horseback.
Veselko is a stirrer.
Vechka is a copper pan.
Evening - last night, yesterday.
Hanged (mushrooms, meat, etc.) - dried.
Viklina - tops.
Guilt is a reason, a reason.
Vitsa, vichka - twig, twig, whip.
Vlasno - exactly, actually.
The driver is the leader of the bear.
Voight is a foreman in a rural district, an elected elder.
Wave is wool.
Vologa - meat broth, any fatty liquid food.
Portage - from the word “drag”, a path on a watershed along which cargo and boats are dragged.
Volosnik is a women's headdress, a net made of gold or silver thread with trim (usually not festive, like kika, but everyday), a type of cap.
Volotki - stems, straws, blades of grass; the upper part of the sheaf with ears.
Vorovina - shoe polish, also rope, lasso.
Voroguha, vorogusha - sorceress, fortune teller, evildoer.
Voronets is a beam in a hut that serves as a shelf.
Voronogray - fortune telling by the cries of a raven; a book describing such signs.
Votchina is the family estate of the landowner, passed on by inheritance.
In vain - in vain.
The enemy is the devil, the demon.
A temporary worker is a person who has achieved power and a high position in the state thanks to personal closeness to the monarch.
A temporary worker is a person who has achieved a high position thanks to chance.
Vskaya - in vain, in vain, in vain.
In pursuit - after.
In vain - in vain, in vain.
As a stranger - from the outside, without being in a close relationship.
Elected - elected by voting.
I will take it out - always, at all times, incessantly.
Vyray (viriy, iriy) - a wondrous, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Howl - meal time, also a share of food, part of a meal.
Vyalitsa - blizzard.
Greater - greater, higher.

Gai - oak grove, grove, small deciduous forest.
Galun - gold or silver tinsel braid.
Garrison - military units located in a city or fortress.
Garchik - pot, krinka.
Gattki, gat - a flooring made of logs or brushwood on a swampy place. To shit - to spread dirt.
Gashnik - belt, belt, lace for tying pants.
Guard - selected privileged troops; military units serving as guards for sovereigns or military leaders.
Gehenna is hell.
General - a military rank of the first, second, third or fourth class according to the Table of Ranks.
Lieutenant General is a general rank of the third class, which under Catherine II corresponded to the rank of lieutenant general according to Peter the Great's Table of Ranks.
George - Christian saint George the Victorious; Yegory-Spring (April 23) and Yegoryev (Yuryev) Day (November 26, O.S.) are holidays in his honor.
To perish - to perish, to disappear.
Glazetovy - sewn from glazet (a type of brocade with gold and silver patterns woven on it).
Glezno - shin, ankle.
Goveyno - fast (Mrs. Goveyno - Assumption Fast, etc.)
To fast is to fast, to abstain from food.
Speaking is speech.
Gogol is a bird from the diving duck breed.
Godina - good clear weather, a bucket.
Suitable - to marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; mock, ridicule.
Years go by - years live, from the word “godovat” - live.
Golbchik - golbchik, a fence in the form of a closet in a hut between the stove and the floors, a stove with steps for access to the stove and floors, and with a hole in the underground.
To be golden, to be golden - to talk noisily, shout, swear.
Golik is a broom without leaves.
Golitsy - leather mittens without wool lining.
Dutch - chervonets struck at the St. Petersburg Mint.
Golomya is the open sea.
Gol - ragamuffins, naked people, beggars.
Grief is upward.
Gorka is a graveyard, a place where church ministers lived.
Gorlatnaya hat - sewn from very thin fur taken from the neck of an animal; The shape is a tall, straight cap with a crown that flares upward.
An upper room is a room usually located on the top floor of a house.
The upper room is the clean half of the hut.
Fever, delirium tremens; fever is a serious illness with intense fever and chills; delirium tremens - here: a state of painful delirium with high fever or temporary insanity.
Gostika - guest.
Letter - writing; an official document, a decree, giving someone the right to do something.
Hryvnia - ten-kopeck piece; in Ancient Rus', the monetary unit was a silver or gold bar weighing about a pound.
Grosh is an ancient coin worth two kopecks.
Grumant is the old Russian name for the Spitsbergen archipelago, discovered by our Pomors in the 15th century.
Grun, gruna - a quiet horse trot.
A bed is a pole, a pole, suspended or attached lying down, a crossbar, a perch in a hut, from wall to wall.
Guba - bay, backwater.
Governor is the ruler of a province.
Spongy cheeses are a curd mass whipped with sour cream.
Gudok is a three-string violin without grooves on the sides of the body. Threshing floor - room, barn for compressed bread; threshing area.
The tug is a loop that holds the shafts and the arc together.
Guzhi with garlic - boiled rolls.
Threshing floor - a place for storing bread in sheaves and threshing, a covered threshing floor.
Gunya, gunka - old, tattered clothes.

Yes, recently.
The janitor is the owner of the inn.
Brother-in-law is the husband's brother.
Maiden's room - a room in manor houses where serf courtyard girls lived and worked.
Devyatina - a period of nine days.
Deja - dough dough, kneading bowl; a tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
Actors are actors.
Business - division.
Delenka is a woman constantly busy with work and needlework.
Dennitsa - morning dawn.
Denga is an ancient coin in denomination of two half or half a kopeck; money, capital, wealth.
Gum, right hand - right, right hand.
Ten - ten times.
Divyy - wild.
An officer's diploma is a certificate of merit for an officer's rank.
Dmitry's Saturday is the day of remembrance of the dead (between October 18 and 26), established by Dmitry Donskoy in 1380 after the Battle of Kulikovo.
Fundamental disease - diseases of internal organs, bone aches, hernia.
Today - now, now, today.
Dobrohot - well-wisher, patron.
Dominates - follows, should, must, decently.
To suffice is to be sufficient.
Argument - denunciation, denunciation, complaint.
Enough, enough - as much as you want, as much as you need, enough.
Boredom is an annoying request, also a boring, annoying thing.
To top up is to overcome.
Dolon - palm.
Share - plot, share, allotment, lot; fate, fate, fate.
Domovina is a coffin.
Dondezhe - until then.
The bottom is a board on which the spinner sits and into which the comb and tow are inserted.
To correct - to demand filing, debt.
Dor is rough shingles.
The roads are very fine oriental silk fabric.
Dosyulny - old, former.
Dokha - a fur coat with fur inside and outside.
A dragoon is a warrior of cavalry units operating both on horseback and on foot.
Dranitsa are thin planks chipped from wood.
Gruss is coarse sand that is used when washing unpainted floors, walls, and benches.
Drolya - dear, dear, beloved.
A friend is a wedding manager invited by the groom.
Oak - a young oak tree, an oak tree, a shelf, a staff, a rod, a twig.
Dubnik is an oak bark necessary for various household works, including tanning leather.
Smoky furs are bags made from steamed skins (and therefore especially soft).
Smokey smell.
Drawbar - a single shaft attached to the front axle for turning the cart when harnessed in pairs.
The sexton is the sexton's wife.
An uncle is a servant assigned to supervise a boy in noble families.

Eudokei - Christian St. Evdokia, whose day was celebrated on March 1 according to Art. Art.
When - when.
A one-child is the only son of his parents.
Eat - food.
Hedgehog - which.
Everyday - every day, every day.
Oil is olive oil that was used in church services.
Elen is a deer.
Eliko - how much.
Fir tree - a fir branch on the roof or above the door of the hut - a sign that there is a tavern in it.
Eloza is a fidget, a weasel, a flatterer.
Elets are different types of shaped cookies.
Endova - a wide vessel with a toe for pouring liquids.
Epancha is an old long and wide cloak or blanket.
Jeremiah - Christian prophet Jeremiah, whose day was celebrated on May 1; Christian Apostle Erma, whose day was celebrated on May 31.
Ernishny - from “ernik”: small, low-growing forest, small birch bush.
Erofeich - bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
It snarls across the belly - from the word “yarl” - to swear, to use foul language.
Eating - food, food.
Eating is food.
Nature is nature.
Etchi - yes.

Zhalnik - cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Iron - shackles, chains, shackles.
Pretense - lack of simplicity and naturalness; mannerism.
Lot - lot.
Lives - it happens.
Belly - life, property; soul; livestock
Stomachs - living creatures, prosperity, wealth.
They live - they happen.
Lived - a residential place, premises.
Fat is good, property; a good, free life.
Zhitnik - baked rye or barley bread.
Zhito - any bread in grain or standing; barley (northern), unmilled rye (southern), all spring bread (eastern).
Harvest - harvest, harvesting of grain; strip after squeezed bread.
Zhupan is an ancient half-caftan.
Grumpy - grumpy.
Jalvey, zhelv, zhol - an abscess, a tumor on the body.

Continuation

• Wolf ticket (wolf passport)
  In the 19th century, the name of a document that blocked access to the civil service, educational institution, etc. Today, the phraseological unit is used to mean a sharply negative characteristic of someone’s work.
  The origin of this turnover is usually explained by the fact that the person who received such a document was not allowed to live in one place for more than 2-3 days and had to wander like a wolf.
  In addition, in many combinations, wolf means “abnormal, inhuman, bestial,” which strengthens the contrast between the holder of the wolf card and other “normal” people.
• Lies like a gray gelding
  There are several options for the origin of phraseological units.
  1. The word gelding comes from the Mongolian morin "horse". In historical monuments, the horse siv and gelding siv are very typical; the adjective sivy “light gray, gray-haired” shows the old age of the animal. The verb to lie had a different meaning in the past - “to talk nonsense, talk idle talk; chatter.” The gray gelding here is a stallion that has turned gray from long work, and figuratively - a man who is already talking from old age and talking annoying nonsense.
  2. Gelding is a stallion, gray is old. The expression is explained by the usual boasting of old people about their strength, as if still preserved, like that of the young.
  3. The turnover is associated with the attitude towards the gray horse as a stupid creature. Russian peasants avoided, for example, laying the first furrow on a gray gelding, because he was “lying” - he was wrong, laying it incorrectly.
• Give oak- die
  The phrase is associated with the verb zudubet - “to cool down, lose sensitivity, become hard.” An oak coffin has always been a sign of special honor for the deceased. Peter I introduced a tax on oak coffins as a luxury item.
• Alive, smoking room!
  The origin of the expression is associated with the game "Smoking Room", popular in the 18th century in Russia at gatherings on winter evenings. The players sat in a circle and passed a burning torch to each other, saying “Alive, alive, Smoking Room, not dead, thin legs, short soul...”. The loser was the one whose torch went out and began to smoke or smoke. Later this game was replaced by "Burn, burn clearly so that it does not go out."
• Nick down
  In the old days, almost the entire population in Russian villages was illiterate. To record the bread handed over to the landowner, the work performed, etc., so-called tags were used - wooden sticks up to a fathom long (2 meters), on which notches were made with a knife. The tags were split into two parts so that the marks were on both: one remained with the employer, the other with the performer. The calculation was made based on the number of notches. Hence the expression “notch on the nose,” meaning: remember well, take into account for the future.
• Play spillikins
  In the old days, the game of “spillikins” was common in Rus'. It consisted of using a small hook to pull out, without touching the others, one from another pile all the spillikins - all kinds of small toy things: hatchets, glasses, baskets, barrels. This is how not only children, but also adults spent time on long winter evenings.
  Over time, the expression “playing spillikins” began to mean an empty pastime.
• Latem cabbage soup to slurp
  Lapti - wicker shoes made of bast (the subcortical layer of linden trees), covering only the feet - in Rus' were the only affordable footwear for poor peasants, and shchi - a type of cabbage soup - was their simplest and favorite food. Depending on the wealth of the family and the time of year, cabbage soup could be either green, that is, with sorrel, or sour - made from sauerkraut, with meat, or lean - without meat, which was eaten during fasting or in cases of extreme poverty.
  About a person who could not earn enough to buy boots and more refined food, they said that he “slurps on cabbage soup,” that is, he lives in terrible poverty and ignorance.
• Fawn
  The word “fawn” comes from the German phrase “Ich liebe sie” (I love you). Seeing the insincerity in the frequent repetition of this “swan”, Russian people wittily formed from these German words the Russian word “fawn” - it means to curry favor, to flatter someone, to achieve someone’s favor or favor with flattery.
• Fishing in troubled waters
  Stunning has long been one of the prohibited methods of catching fish, especially during spawning. There is a well-known fable by the ancient Greek poet Aesop about a fisherman who muddied the water around his nets, driving blinded fish into them. Then the expression went beyond fishing and acquired a broader meaning - to take advantage of an unclear situation.
  There is also a well-known proverb: “Before you catch a fish, you [need] to muddy the waters,” that is, “deliberately create confusion for profit.”
• Small fry
  The expression came from peasant everyday life. In the Russian northern lands, a plow is a peasant community of 3 to 60 households. And small fry called a very poor community, and then its poor inhabitants. Later, officials occupying a low position in the government structure also began to be called small fry.
• The thief's hat is on fire
  The expression goes back to an old joke about how a thief was found in the market.
  After futile attempts to find the thief, people turned to the sorcerer for help; he shouted loudly: “Look! The thief’s hat is on fire!” And suddenly everyone saw how a man grabbed his hat. So the thief was discovered and convicted.
• Lather your head
  In the old days, a tsarist soldier served indefinitely - until death or complete disability. Since 1793, a 25-year period of military service was introduced. The landowner had the right to give his serfs as soldiers for misconduct. Since recruits (recruits) had their hair shaved off and were referred to as “shaved”, “shaved their forehead”, “soaped their head”, the expression “I’ll soap my head” became synonymous with threat in the mouths of the rulers. In a figurative sense, “soap your head” means: to give a severe reprimand, to strongly scold.
• Neither fish nor fowl
  In Western and Central Europe of the 16th century, a new movement appeared in Christianity - Protestantism (lat. “to protest, object”). Protestants, unlike Catholics, opposed the Pope, denied holy angels and monasticism, arguing that each person himself can turn to God. Their rituals were simple and inexpensive. There was a bitter struggle between Catholics and Protestants. Some of them, in accordance with Christian commandments, ate modest meat, others preferred lean fish. If a person did not join any movement, then he was contemptuously called “neither fish nor fowl.” Over time, they began to talk about a person who does not have a clearly defined position in life, who is not capable of active, independent actions.
• There is no place to put samples- disapprovingly about a depraved woman.
  An expression based on a comparison with a golden thing passing from one owner to another. Each new owner demanded that the product be checked by a jeweler and tested. When the product had been in many hands, there was no longer any room left for testing.
• If we don't wash, we'll ride
  Before the invention of electricity, a heavy cast iron iron was heated over a fire and, until it cooled down, they ironed clothes with it. But this process was difficult and required a certain skill, so the linen was often “rolled”. To do this, washed and almost dried laundry was fixed on a special rolling pin - a round piece of wood similar to the one used to roll out dough nowadays. Then, using a ruble - a curved corrugated board with a handle - the rolling pin, along with the laundry wound onto it, was rolled along a wide flat board. At the same time, the fabric was stretched and straightened. Professional laundresses knew that well-rolled linen has a fresher appearance, even if the washing was not entirely successful.
  This is how the expression “by washing, by rolling” appeared, that is, to achieve results in more than one way.
• Break a leg- wishing good luck in something.
  The expression was originally used as a “spell” designed to deceive evil spirits (this expression was used to admonish those going on a hunt; it was believed that with a direct wish for good luck one could “jinx” the prey).
  Answer "To hell!" should have further protected the hunter. To hell - this is not an expletive like “Go to hell!”, but a request to go to hell and tell him about it (so that the hunter does not get any fluff or feather). Then the unclean one will do the opposite, and what is needed will happen: the hunter will return “with down and feathers,” that is, with prey.
• Let's beat swords into ploughshares
  The expression goes back to the Old Testament, where it is said that “the time will come when the nations will beat swords into plowshares and spears into pruning hooks; nation will not lift up sword against nation, and they will no longer learn to fight.”
  In the Old Church Slavonic language, “ploughshare” is a tool for cultivating land, something like a plow. The dream of establishing universal peace is figuratively expressed in the sculpture of the Soviet sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, depicting a blacksmith forging a sword into a plow, which is installed in front of the UN building in New York.
• Goof
  Prosak is a drum with teeth in a machine, with the help of which wool was carded. Getting into trouble meant being maimed and losing an arm. To get into trouble is to get into trouble, into an awkward position.
• Knock you down
  Confuse, confuse.
  Pantalik is a distorted version of Pantelik, a mountain in Attica (Greece) with a stalactite cave and grottoes in which it was easy to get lost.
• Straw Widow
  Among the Russians, Germans and a number of other peoples, a bundle of straw served as a symbol of a concluded agreement: marriage or purchase and sale. To break the straw meant to break the contract, to separate. There was also a custom of making the newlyweds’ bed on sheaves of rye. Wedding wreaths were also woven from straw flowers. A wreath (from the Sanskrit word “vene” - “bundle”, meaning a bundle of hair) was a symbol of marriage.
  If the husband left somewhere for a long time, they said that the woman was left with nothing but straw, which is how the expression “straw widow” appeared.
• Dance from the stove
  The expression became popular thanks to the novel by the 19th century Russian writer V.A. Sleptsov "A Good Man". The main character of the novel, "non-employee nobleman" Sergei Terebenev, returns to Russia after long wanderings around Europe. He remembers how he was taught to dance as a child. Seryozha started all his movements from the stove, and if he made a mistake, the teacher told him: “Well, go to the stove, start over.” Terebenev realized that his life circle had closed: he started from the village, then Moscow, Europe, and, having reached the edge, he again returned to the village, to the stove.
• Grated kalach
  In Rus', kalach is wheat bread in the shape of a castle with a bow. Grated kalach was baked from hard kalach dough, which was kneaded and grated for a long time. This is where the proverb “Don’t grate, don’t crush, don’t make kalach” came from, which in a figurative sense means: “troubles teach a person.” And the words “grated kalach” have become popular - this is what they say about an experienced person who has seen a lot, who has “rubbed between people” a lot.
• Pull the gimp
  Gimp is a very thin, flattened, twisted gold or silver wire used for embroidery. Making gimp consists of pulling it out. This work, done manually, is tedious, monotonous and time-consuming. Therefore, the expression “pull the gimp” (or “spread the gimp”) in a figurative sense began to mean: to do something monotonous, tedious, causing an annoying loss of time.
• In the middle of nowhere
  In ancient times, clearings in dense forests were called kuligs. The pagans considered them bewitched. Later, people settled deep into the forest, looked for swarms, and settled there with their whole family. This is where the expression comes from: in the middle of nowhere, that is, very far away.
• Too
  In Slavic mythology, Chur or Shchur is the ancestor, ancestor, god of the hearth - the brownie.
  Initially, “chur” meant: limit, border.
  Hence the exclamation: “chur,” meaning a prohibition to touch something, to cross some line, beyond some limit (in spells against “evil spirits,” in games, etc.), a requirement to comply with some condition , agreement
  From the word “too much” the word “too much” was born, meaning: to go beyond “too much”, to go beyond the limit. “Too much” means too much, too much, too much.
• Sherochka with a masherochka
  Until the 18th century, women were educated at home. In 1764, the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens was opened in St. Petersburg at the Resurrection Smolny Convent. The daughters of nobles studied there from the ages of 6 to 18. The subjects of study were the law of God, the French language, arithmetic, drawing, history, geography, literature, dancing, music, various types of home economics, as well as subjects of “secular manners”. The usual address of college girls to each other was the French ma chere. From these French words came the Russian words “sherochka” and “masherochka”, which are currently used to name a couple consisting of two women.
• Walk trump
  In ancient Rus', boyars, unlike commoners, sewed a collar embroidered with silver, gold and pearls, which was called a trump card, to the collar of their ceremonial caftan. The trump card stuck out impressively, giving the boyars a proud posture. Walking as a trump means walking is important, but trumping means showing off something.

Vocabulary is the totality of all the words we use. Ancient words can be considered a separate group in the vocabulary. There are many of them in the Russian language, and they belong to different historical eras.

What are old words

Since language is an integral part of the history of a people, the words that are used in this language are of historical value. Ancient words and their meaning can tell a lot about what events took place in the life of the people in a particular era and which of them were of great importance. Ancient, or outdated, words are not actively used in our time, but are present in the vocabulary of the people, recorded in dictionaries and reference books. They can often be found in works of art.

For example, in the poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin we read the following passage:

"In the crowd of mighty sons,

With friends, in the high grid

Vladimir the sun feasted,

He gave away his youngest daughter

For the brave prince Ruslan."

There is the word “gridnitsa” here. Nowadays it is not used, but in the era of Prince Vladimir it meant a large room in which the prince, together with his warriors, held celebrations and feasts.

Historicisms

There are different types of ancient words and their designations. According to scientists, they are divided into two large groups.

Historicisms are words that are now not actively used for the reason that the concepts they denote have fallen out of use. For example, “caftan”, “chain mail”, armor”, etc. Archaisms are words that denote concepts familiar to us in other words. For example, mouth - lips, cheeks - cheeks, neck - neck.

In modern speech, as a rule, they are not used. Clever words and their meanings, which are incomprehensible to many, are not typical for our everyday speech. But they do not disappear completely from use. Writers use historicisms and archaisms to truthfully tell about the past of the people; with the help of these words they convey the flavor of the era. Historicisms can truthfully tell us about what once happened in other eras in our homeland.

Archaisms

Unlike historicisms, archaisms denote those phenomena that we encounter in modern life. These are smart words, and their meanings do not differ from the meanings of words familiar to us, they just sound differently. There are different archaisms. There are those that differ from ordinary words only in some features in spelling and pronunciation. For example, hail and city, gold and gold, young - young. These are phonetic archaisms. In the 19th century there were many such words. This is klob (club), stora (curtain).

There is a group of archaisms with obsolete suffixes, for example, muzeum (museum), assistance (assistance), rybar (fisherman). Most often we come across lexical archaisms, for example, oko - eye, right hand - right hand, shuitsa - left hand.

Like historicisms, archaisms are used to create a special world in fiction. Thus, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin often used archaic vocabulary to add pathos to his works. This is clearly evident in the example of the poem “The Prophet”.

Words from Ancient Rus'

Ancient Rus' gave a lot to modern culture. But then there was a special lexical environment, some words from which have been preserved in modern Russian. And some are no longer used at all. Old obsolete Russian words from that era give us an idea of ​​the origins of the East Slavic languages.

For example, old curse words. Some of them very accurately reflect the negative qualities of a person. Pustobrekh is a chatterbox, Ryuma is a crybaby, the thick-haired forehead is a fool, and shabby is a disheveled person.

The meaning of ancient Russian words sometimes differed from the meanings of the same roots in the modern language. We all know the words “jump” and “jump”; they mean rapid movement in space. The Old Russian word “sig” meant the smallest unit of time. One moment contained 160 whitefish. The largest measurement value was considered to be “far distance,” which was equal to 1.4 light years.

Ancient words and their meanings are discussed by scientists. The names of coins that were used in Ancient Rus' are considered ancient. For coins that appeared in the eighth and ninth centuries in Rus' and were brought from the Arab Caliphate, the names “kuna”, “nogata” and “rezana” were used. Then the first Russian coins appeared - zlatniks and silver coins.

Outdated words from the 12th and 13th centuries

The pre-Mongol period in Rus', 12-13 centuries, is characterized by the development of architecture, which was then called architecture. Accordingly, a layer of vocabulary related to the construction and construction of buildings appeared then. Some of the words that appeared then remained in the modern language, but the meaning of ancient Russian words has changed over all this time.

The basis of life in Rus' in the 12th century was the fortress, which then had the name “Detinets”. A little later, in the 14th century, the term “Kremlin” appeared, which then also meant the city. The word "kremlin" can be an example of how old, outdated Russian words change. If now there is only one Kremlin, the residence of the head of state, then there were many Kremlins.

In the 11th and 12th centuries in Rus', cities and fortresses were built from wood. But they could not resist the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars. The Mongols, when they came to conquer the lands, simply swept away the wooden fortresses. The stone cities of Novgorod and Pskov survived. The word “Kremlin” appears for the first time in the Tver chronicle of 1317. Its synonym is the ancient word “kremnik”. Then kremlins were built in Moscow, Tula and Kolomna.

The social and aesthetic role of archaisms in classical fiction

Ancient words, the discussion of which is often found in scientific articles, were often used by Russian writers in order to make the speech of their works of art more expressive. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in his article described the process of creating “Boris Godunov”: “I tried to guess the language of that time.”

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov also used ancient words in his works, and their meaning exactly corresponded to the realities of the time from which they were taken. Most of the ancient words appear in his work “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich.” This is, for example, “you know”, “oh you goy are you”, Ali.” Also, Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky writes works in which there are many ancient words. These are “Dmitry the Pretender”, “Voevoda”, “Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk”.

The role of words from past eras in modern literature

Archaisms remained popular in the literature of the 20th century. Let us remember the famous work of Ilf and Petrov “The Twelve Chairs”. Here, ancient words and their meaning have a special, humorous connotation.

For example, in the description of Ostap Bender’s visit to the village of Vasyuki, the phrase “The one-eyed man did not take his only eye off the grandmaster’s shoes” appears. Archaisms with Church Slavonic overtones are also used in another episode: “Father Fedor became hungry. He wanted wealth."

Stylistic errors when using historicisms and archaisms

Historicisms and archaisms can greatly embellish fiction, but their inept use causes laughter. Ancient words, the discussion of which often becomes very lively, as a rule, cannot be used in everyday speech. If you start asking a passerby: “Why is your neck open in winter?”, then he will not understand you (meaning your neck).

In newspaper speech, there is also inappropriate use of historicisms and archaisms. For example: “The school director welcomed young teachers who came to practice.” The word "welcomed" is synonymous with the word "welcomed". Sometimes schoolchildren insert archaisms into their essays and thereby make the sentences not very clear and even absurd. For example: “Olya came running in tears and told Tatyana Ivanovna about her offense.” Therefore, if you want to use ancient words, their meaning, interpretation, meaning must be absolutely clear to you.

Outdated words in fantasy and science fiction

Everyone knows that genres such as fantasy and science fiction have gained enormous popularity in our time. It turns out that ancient words are widely used in works of the fantasy genre, and their meaning is not always clear to the modern reader.

The reader can understand such concepts as “banner” and “finger”. But sometimes there are more complex words, such as “komon” and “nasad”. It must be said that publishing houses do not always approve of the excessive use of archaisms. But there are works in which the authors successfully use historicisms and archaisms. These are works from the “Slavic fantasy” series. For example, the novels by Maria Stepanova “Valkyrie”, Tatyana Korostyshevskaya “Mother of the Four Winds”, Maria Semenova “Wolfhound”, Denis Novozhilov “The Far Away Kingdom. War for the throne."

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Project topic: Dictionary of obsolete words
(using the example of A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”)
Content
Introduction
Chapter I. What are obsolete words?
1.1What are historicisms?
1.2. What are archaisms
Chapter II. Outdated words in the comedy of A.S. Griboedov
"Woe from Wit"
Conclusion
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII. References
VIII. Application
Page 3
Page 4
Page 6
Page 7
Page 9
Page 17
Page 18

Maintain:
Language is constantly evolving, but some words become outdated and
become incomprehensible or difficult to understand even in context. Studying
artistic works of the last century at school evokes
certain difficulties. This is explained, first of all, by the fact that in the language
works of Russian fiction of the 19th and early 20th are reflected
many outdated phenomena of reality that make it difficult to understand
content of artistic works by students.
When there are no interlinear explanations at hand, the student most often leaves
without attention to such “dark” places, and undeciphered meaning
unfamiliar or unfamiliar words results in impoverished vision
world of the past.
The purpose of this work is to compile a dictionary of outdated words based on comedy
A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit.”
To achieve this goal, we set the following tasks:
1. Get acquainted with the material about passive vocabulary of the Russian language.
2. Find outdated words in comedy, determine their lexical meaning
according to the dictionary.
3. Compile a dictionary of outdated words to make reading the work easier
future ninth graders.
The relevance of the study lies in the fact that when reading
works of fiction often face difficulties,
associated with understanding the meaning of individual words.
The problem of misunderstanding is one of the central problems of the modern world.
Let us consider only one, but extremely important manifestation of this problem,
since every schoolchild has encountered it more than once, the degree of understanding
2

an excerpt from a text or a separate sentence where words appear,
out of active use, but being a means of knowledge
the surrounding world, its history, culture, as well as the means of creating
character of the hero.
A way out of this situation could be a dictionary for the work.
Item
The object of study is the outdated words of comedy.
studying - the comedy “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov.
Research methods: collecting information, working with text, analysis,
generalization of results, compilation of a dictionary.
Practical results: a “Dictionary of outdated comedy words” has been compiled
A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit.” The task of the dictionary is to resolve lexical
difficulties that arise when reading text, to teach thoughtful reading
literature.
Chapter 1. What are obsolete words?
The dictionary of a language contains active vocabulary, i.e. words that
are currently used by all speakers or some part of the population,
and passive vocabulary, i.e. words that people either stop using or only
are starting to use it.
Passive vocabulary is divided into two groups: obsolete words and new ones
words (neologisms).
Obsolete words are words lost in living speech, transferred from
active vocabulary of the language into passive. Outdated words divide
on historicisms and archaisms. Obsolete words include words that are more
are not used in standard speech. To determine whether it applies
a certain word to be obsolete, lexicographical is used
analysis. It must show that this word is now used in speech
rarely. One of the types of obsolete words are historicisms, that is
designations of concepts that no longer exist. Quite a bit of
3

similar words among the designations of professions or social positions
people who have ceased to be relevant, for example, a single palace owner,
profos, moskatelnik, provision master, postilion, potter. Huge
the number of historicisms denotes objects of material culture,
out of use - horse-drawn horse, torch, britzka, bast shoes. Meaning
some words belonging to this category are known at least
at least some native speakers who recognize them without effort, but in
active
are missing.
Words leave active use and fall into passive use
historicisms

vocabulary gradually. Among other things, a change in their status
occurs due to changes in society. But the role is also significant
directly linguistic factors. The important point is
the number of connections of a given word with others. Rich word
systemic connections of various nature will disappear noticeably slower
into a passive dictionary. Obsolete words don't have to be
ancient. Relatively recently emerging words can quickly fall out of use
consumption. This applies to many terms that appeared in the early
Soviet time. At the same time, both originally Russian words and
borrowings, such as “bataliya” (battle), “victory” (meaning
“victory”, but not a female name), “fortecia” (victory). Outdated words
in modern written and oral speech can be used with different
goals. In particular, when writing historical novels, their
presence is necessary for stylization. In modern oral speech they
the function may be to enhance the expressiveness of what is spoken. Together with
With the development of society and the state, language also changes. Part of the concepts
remains in the past.
Are outdated words necessary at all?
Obsolete words are often used by poets and writers to
recreating the atmosphere of a historical era. Reading Pushkin's poem
4

"Ruslan and Lyudmila", we'll have to look in the dictionary to find out
the meaning of the words brow (forehead) and cheeks (cheeks): “His brow, his cheeks
they burn with an instant flame.” In the XVIII-IX centuries such words were
widespread. Obsolete words are also used for
giving an ironic shade to the statements: “Without preparing
homework, the student, with downcast eyes, stood before the stern gaze
teachers." Many archaisms are still embellished in dialogues.
Not a single girl can resist addressing her: “Gracious
Empress! Outdated words are part of our history and our
of the past. These are linguistic evidence of historical development and
movement into the future.
1.1What are historicisms?
Historicisms are words that name outdated things, outdated phenomena.
Historicisms have no synonyms in modern Russian. Explain them
meaning is only possible by resorting to an encyclopedic description. Exactly
This is how historicisms are presented in explanatory dictionaries.
Historicisms can
accompanied in dictionaries by the marks ist. (history), outdated (obsolete).
Among the obsolete words, a group of historicisms stands out - words that call
concepts,
objects,
reality.
phenomena,
which have disappeared from modern
The formation of a group of historicisms is associated with social transformations in
life of society, the development of production, the emergence of new technologies,
updating household items, etc. Therefore, define historicism by
the name of the realities of a bygone time found in the text.
For example: boyar, oprichnik, constable, big shot. One of the functions of historicisms
as a nominative means in scientific-historical literature - to serve
names of realities of past eras. Thus, to recreate
5

historical specifics, use historicisms if you are working on
scientific historical monograph. Historicisms are called “signs”
time, therefore they do not have competing lexical elements in
modern language. Use historicisms that “belong” to a certain
to recreate historical paintings from different centuries.
era,
For example, historicisms associated with distant eras: tiun, voivode,
shell; historicisms denoting the realities of the relatively recent past:
surplus appropriation, district committee, province. Another function of historicisms is
act as a lexical means of expressiveness in artistic
literature. Therefore, if you write works on historical
themes, use historicisms to create the flavor of the era. In language
There are known cases of the return of historicisms to the active vocabulary. Such
words like governor, lyceum, gymnasium, leader are not perceived now
as outdated. Do not classify such linguistic phenomena as historicisms, since
by the return of the realities of reality, these words fall into the layer
Lexical meaning of historicisms
common vocabulary.
Define using an explanatory dictionary. Such words are given with the mark
"outdated." For example: “Caretmaker, a, m. (obsolete). 1. Shed for carriages and others
crews. 2. Crew master." From this dictionary entry in the Dictionary
Russian language" edited by R. M. Tseitlin you will find out what you are interested in
you the word belongs to the masculine gender, has a form in the genitive case in
singular "karetnik", is obsolete (historicism) and has
two meanings. Use historicism in oral and written speech, only
having clarified its meaning in the dictionary so as not to appear in the eyes of the interlocutor,
reader by a poorly educated person.
1.2. What are archaisms?
Archaisms are words that have fallen out of use and been replaced by new ones.
6

In addition, they are used to create solemnity of speech, sometimes they
give it an ironic character. Archaisms have in modern language
synonyms, with the help of which explanatory dictionaries explain their meaning,
accompanying them with the mark obsolete.
In each period of language development, words function in it,
belonging to commonly used vocabulary, i.e. active
vocabulary. Another layer of vocabulary is words that came out of the active
consumption and “fell” into the passive stock.
Instead of “so that” they say “so that”, instead of “from time immemorial” they say “from time immemorial, always”, and
instead of "eye" - "eye". Some of these words are completely unrecognizable to those who
collides with them, and thus they fall out of the passive
vocabulary. For example, few people recognize the word “in vain” as
synonym for "in vain". At the same time, its root was preserved in the words “vanity”,
“in vain”, so far included, at least, in the passive dictionary of Russian
language. Some archaisms have remained in modern Russian speech as
components of phraseological units. In particular, the expression “to take care of
oka" contains two archaisms at once, including "zenitsa", which means
"pupil". This word, as opposed to the word "eye", is unknown
the vast majority of native speakers, even educated ones.
To determine the belonging of archaism to subgroups that
constitute a group of archaic vocabulary, find out, completely archaized
word or only partially. For example: in vain - in vain, this - this,
Lanita - cheeks (stylistic synonyms). Height - height
(archaized suffix design), zala – hall (archaized
form of belonging to the clan), gospital - hospital (archaic
sound form of the word), etc. Determine whether archaism belongs to
subgroup. Lexical archaism has in modern language
corresponding synonym (neck - neck, from ancient times - from ancient times, zelo - very).
Semantic archaism has been preserved in modern language, but is used in
7

outdated meaning (belly - life, shame - spectacle).Lexico
phonetic archaism retains the same meaning, but has a different sound
design (historia - history, mirror - mirror). Lexico
word-formation archaism retains the same meaning, but has a different
word-formation structure (fisherman - fisherman, disaster - disaster).
Find out the stylistic function of archaism. Archaisms are used for
recreating the historical flavor of the era, so you can find
a large number of archaisms in works of art
historical topic. Archaisms are used to give color to speech
solemnity, pathetic emotion (in poetry, oratory
speech, in a journalistic speech). Archaisms are used as
means of speech characterization of a hero in a work of fiction
(for example, persons of clergy, monarch). Archaisms are used for
creating a comic effect, irony, satire, parody (usually in
feuilletons, pamphlets, epigrams). When analyzing stylistic
functions of archaisms, it is necessary to take into account that their use can be
V
is not associated with a specific stylistic task (for example,
humorous stories by A.P. Chekhov to create a comic effect),
but is due to the peculiarities of the author's style. For example, A. M. Gorky
used archaisms as stylistically neutral words. Besides,
archaisms are often used in poetic speech for rhythmic
organizing a poetic work or for rhyming. Most
a popular technique is the use of partial words (breg,
hail).
voice,
gold,

Chapter II. Outdated words in A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”
Griboyedov reflected in the comedy the atmosphere and the main conflict of the era -
the clash of new and old, progressive and conservative, “reason”
and “unreasonable reality.”
8

In Griboyedov's comedy you can find many examples of words that came from
consumption. Let's take a closer look at some of them. As an example
a word that is not included in the modern normative language, but it is easy
perceived based on context, the word “neokhotnik” can serve. On
Platon Mikhailovich answers his wife’s question about Famusov’s ball:
Natasha - mother, I doze off at balls,
Before them there is a deadly reluctance..." (IV, 2)
We easily understand that the word non-hunter meant “a person who is not
wanting to do something, do something." It is also easy to understand in
context and not used now noun mediocre and few
common rare noun superstition. Both of these words are used in
Repetilov in his speech:
Farces were so often sung to me,
What an idle talker, what a fool, what a superstition,
What are my premonitions and omens...
These people, are there others like them? Hardly...
Well, among them I am, of course, mediocre... (IV, 4)
These nouns were formed on the basis of the phrases: superstitious
a person, an ordinary person. The noun is also archaic
pretentiousness used by Chatsky:
And in St. Petersburg and Moscow,
Who is the enemy of discharged persons,
fancy, curly words...(III,2)
The meaning of this word becomes clear when referring to the Dictionary
modern Russian language, which explains it this way:
frills -
intricate techniques, means used to produce great
impression. The meaning is quite easily revealed from the context
obsolete verb to last:
9

Prolonging arguments is not my desire. (Chatsky, II, 2)
prolong - “to continue something, to delay.” Not used in
modern literary language and the verb sdet, although the context indicates
its meaning:
Put down your hat, take off your sword;
Here’s a sofa for you, lie back and relax.” (II, 5)
remove means "take off." Griboedov uses archaisms to
to recreate the era of that time.
We read Chatsky’s monologue:

Aren't you the one to whom I was born from the shrouds?
For some incomprehensible plans
Did you take the children to bow?
That Nestor of noble scoundrels,
Surrounded by a crowd of servants...
Here (the line of the Children being taken to bow is more or less immediately clear:
“They took me as a child to congratulate me”).
Let's scroll further through the immortal comedy. Comes to Famusov's for the evening
Tugoukhovsky family. The voices of the princesses are heard:
3rd princess. What a charm my cousin gave me!
4th princess. Oh yes, barezhevy!
Even our fashionistas do not understand these remarks. It is only clear that they are talking about
outfits But what and about what exactly? To understand this, you need to know that the word
esharp means “scarf”, and the word barezhevyy means “from barezhevy” (special thin and
transparent fabric).
Here Skalozub returns alive and well (“his hand is slightly bruised”)
Molchalin, after the latter fell from his horse and Sophia fainted, into the house and
tells her:

Well! I didn't know what would come of it
Irritation for you.

What he tells her, we understand only when we find out the meaning now
firmly forgotten archaism irritation - “excitement”.
Let's look at individual proposals.
Famusov. 1) “Everyone is smart beyond their years”; 2) “Let’s take the tramps into the house and
by tickets"; 3) “The deceased was a venerable chamberlain, With a key, and his son managed
leave"; 4) “To work you, to settle you”;
Repetilov. 5) “Taken into guardianship by decree!”; 6) “Everything else is gil”; 7) “With his wife and
I went into reverse with him.”
These expressions become understandable only when we take into account
the real meaning of the words that form them.
The above phrases can be translated into modern language something like this:
1) “Everyone has become smart beyond their years”; 2) “We take tramps as
teachers and tutors, and as visiting teachers (to visiting
teachers were paid “by ticket”,
T.
e.
according to notes,
certifying the visit)"; 3) “The dead man was deserving
highest respect as a chamberlain at the royal court (with a key
- with a golden key on the uniform as a sign of the chamberlain rank) and
managed to make his son chamberlain as well”; 4) “To hard labor you, to
settlement"; 5) “My estate, by royal decree, was taken under
state supervision"; 6) “Everything else is nonsense, nonsense (cf.
slob of the same root)"; 7) “I played cards with his wife and with him”
(reversi is a card game).
As mentioned above, historicisms are words denoting disappeared
realities. Given that the play was written in the 19th century, it is natural that we
We find in it the following historicisms:
Assessor is a civil rank of the eighth class, as well as a person holding this rank.
11

English club (club) in Russia since the time of Catherine the Second by English
a klob was a well-known aristocratic club in Moscow of the type
leading clubs of the 16th century in England
Maid of honor - title of a court lady attached to the empress
Zug zug team of horses in single file or one after the other
Dance master dance teacher.
And these are not all the historicisms that can be found in the work
A.S. Griboedova.
Most of the outdated vocabulary of the comedy "Woe from Wit" consists of
archaisms. Archaisms are divided into several groups. Let's take a closer look
each group.
1. Semantic archaisms are “words preserved in modern
language, however, used in a meaning that is obsolete and
unusual for a modern native speaker." It can also be noted that
that semantic archaisms are polysemantic words that are outdated
one or more values.
The number of archaisms of this group in the literature of the 19th century is very large. In my own way
the sound and structure of these words, at first glance, are familiar and understandable to us, but
if you look closely, they will appear “far” from us. For example, the word
commission (“what kind of commission, creator, to be the father of an adult daughter…”).
The dictionary gives the following interpretations of the word “commission”:
1) a group of persons, or a body from a group of persons with special powers when
some institution;
2) an order performed for a certain fee;
3) (obsolete) troublesome, difficult matter.
The word has many meanings, the first two meanings are modern, but the hero
comedy Famusov uses this word precisely in the 3rd meaning, which
is marked obsolete.
12

Here are just a few examples of words from this group:
"...be a military man, be a civilian...", "...Zagoretsky took over
Skalozub", "Oh! Potion, spoiled girl...", "..what an opportunity!", "...who would then
I wasn’t attracted by them..”, “...we find where we don’t mark...”
Civilian in 1 meaning "same as civilian"
Entered in 1 meaning "occupied"
Potion in 4 meaning "malicious, sarcastic person"
Occasion in the 2nd meaning "rare, unexpected occasion"
Not attracted to 1 value. "didn't stretch, didn't drag"
We mark in 4 digits. "notice, guess"
2. Lexical archaisms. This group includes words that are outdated
entirely and moved into the passive layer, and in modern Russian
used with another non-derivative form.
Such archaisms in comedy are the following words:
“...now I was sleeping…” in 1 meaning, fell asleep; "...loud kisses..."
(obsolete and ironic) kissing; "...sycophantic" flatterer; "….how not to please
dear...", "...haven't you cared about your upbringing.." in 1st meaning
promote; “...the time is not hot...” in the 2nd meaning, has not come; "…Not
you never complain..." in the 3rd meaning you don’t accept.
In dictionaries we find these words marked “obsolete”. This allows
let us conclude that these words are archaisms. Another sign
the fact that these words have left our active vocabulary is that we do not
we use words with such stems, that is, there has been a complete replacement of some
other words that we do not currently use.
3. Lexical and word-formative archaisms. We include in this group
words in which individual word-forming elements are outdated, but
In this case, most often the root remains unchanged. In Griboyedov one can highlight
13

word-formation archaisms of three parts of speech: noun,
verbs and adverbs.
Nouns.
“...I’m sick today, I won’t take off the bandage...” in modern language
used with another prefix po (bandage);...let’s take the tramps..."
there is no such form in modern language either; the word is used without
rates.
“...and trouble cannot be eliminated by delay...” we use this word with
prefix pro;
"...at the pleasure of the daughter of such a person..." in modern language with this
is not used as a suffix;
“...and there are differences in uniforms...” the word difference is used. During
throughout the 19th century, the verbal noun was widely used with
suffix to a;
"...night robber, duelist..." modern form of "duelist".
Verbs.
“...they lured in honors and nobility...”; “...as a person who has grown up...”; "…
we ascended, bowed..." " circle of foundations combined with the prefix vz in
at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries was wider than in the modern language... but at the end of the 19th
at the beginning of the 20th century, verbs with this prefix decreased in use"
"...how to compare, and look..."; "...I'll ask everyone..." in
in modern language, verbs with the prefix po have been preserved in a certain
quantity. Now the verbs previously used with this prefix, we
use it without it.
“... I promised to come to my father...”; "...don't be angry, look..." both
verbs are formed from the infinitive using the postfix xia, this is an indicator
reflexivity of the verb, which is confirmed by context and semantics.
Adverbs.
14

"...ready to jump again..." "again" here the console was replaced
syz on the console with. In modern language, words with such a prefix can be
found in some dialects.
"hurriedly" hastily. In modern language the word is used with
The suffix iv is formed from the adjective hasty. Here's the word
especially (especially) on the contrary, in the 19th century it was used with the suffix willow, but in
in modern language this suffix has been lost and now it is an adverb on o.
When asserting that a word is not used in modern
language, we used data from modern dictionaries.
4. Lexicophonetic archaisms. It should be noted that these are words
which in the process of historical development of the language the sound
form.
"In comedy there are a number of accentological archaisms that give
material that allows one to judge the living language of that time...” These are words that
whose emphasis is different from the modern one. Such archaisms in comedy
so many.
"...not forever and ever..."; "...under the stars"; "….historian and geographer"; "….And
dancing and singing"; "...the judges are always, to everything"; "...to drive away the sore throat" and
other.
The words rumatism (“...all rumatism and headaches...”),
prikhmacher
(hairdresser) are clearly borrowed. From given pronunciation and spelling
we can conclude that these words have not yet taken shape in the Russian language 19
century, and these words are adapted to the speech of the Russian person by
simplifying the sound composition.
In the word eighth we see the phenomenon when before the initial [o] it has not developed
sound [v], this will probably happen later. Now we use the form
"eighth". But in dialects you can often find the form "eighth,
eighteen."
15

The words of the contradiction, frunt, currently have a slightly different
phonetic composition of the root: contradiction, front.
The word klob is borrowed, and therefore in “Woe from Wit” we meet two
variant spelling of this word: club club. Preserved in modern language
and the second option was established.
5. Morphological archaisms are words that are obsolete
grammatical form. In this group the following should be considered:
parts of speech: noun, adjective, pronoun and
auxiliary parts of speech.
“... carried for the report” the form of the word report is explained by the declension of the given
words. In the 19th century there was a specialization of the form on y. This word
is a remnant of the ancient declension in th, here the form of the genitive
case, units numbers, husband kind.
"...even as a child they took him to bow..." "the word child at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century
usually inclined in the singular close to the Church Slavonic model with
variant forms of the instrumental case... In live use at 19
century, forms without extensions were possible. From colloquial speech these forms
penetrated into writing."
“….after three days she turned grey…” this form of the word day was
widespread. "In the second half of the 19th century, the form of days is known in
stylized speech. At the same time, the form of days was variable according to
in relation to the main form on i.
Adjectives in the comparative degree: “...the older, the worse...”, “...
more in number...", "deafened louder than any trumpet", "away from the gentlemen"
formed in two ways:
1. Through the suffixes eish, aish
2. Through the suffixes e, e
The following part of speech pronoun:
16

“...for others it’s like a triumph...” In modern language it is used
"other" form. Both of these forms are used in the comedy text.
Let's look at the service parts of speech:
Prepositions.
“I’ve been thinking about myself...”, “about yours, about your upbringing” in modern language
we use the preposition o. But these prepositions can be called synonymous.
Unions.
"but that's the problem!" in the dictionary they are used with the mark colloquial.
Conclusion
In Russian vocabulary there are two similar groups of words - archaisms and historicisms. Their
the closeness lies in the fact that in modern language there is practically no
are used, although for another hundred hundred years they used them no less often,
than other words. Both archaisms and historicisms are called obsolete words.
It is known that archaisms give a flavor of antiquity. It would have been impossible without them
would reliably convey the speech of people who lived several hundred years ago.
In addition, archaisms often have a sublime, solemn connotation,
which will not be superfluous in poetic language, but completely unnecessary in
the language of official documents and often redundant in journalism. However
less, in modern publications, especially technical ones,
you can often see something like “this computer appeared in
sale...", "...therefore we can say that...".
Often archaisms are used in completely the wrong sense - for example, they write:
"the assessment was unflattering", meaning that the assessment was low, although
The meaning of the word impartial is independent, impartial. And all
because practically no one has the habit of looking in the dictionary in case of
doubts arise.
17

Of course, you can’t completely discard archaisms, but you can’t decorate your speech with them either.
you need to be very careful - as we see, there are enough pitfalls here.
Obsolete words as a category of vocabulary have their own specific features,
presented in dictionaries of obsolete words. In them you can find not only
interpretation of an incomprehensible word encountered in the lesson being studied
literature, a work of art, but also to expand your knowledge about
bygone eras, glean a lot of interesting and entertaining information on
history and culture.
In conclusion, I would like to note that by studying archaisms, we can
enrich both passive and active vocabulary, improve language culture,
add a “zest” to oral and written speech, make it even more
more expressively and take advantage of the wealth that our fathers saved for us
and grandfathers. We must not forget that archaisms are a linguistic treasury -
the richest heritage that we have no right to lose, as we lost
already a lot. In the comedy A.S. Griboyedov we encounter such words,
which are historicisms and archaisms for us, modern
readers, but during the writing of the analyzed work by the author
they weren't like that. For A.S. Griboyedov these were the usual words of his active
vocabulary, everyday use.
References:
1. Rogozhnikova R.P., Karskaya T.S.: Dictionary of obsolete Russian words
language. Based on the works of Russian writers of the 18th and 20th centuries. Bustard, 2010
2. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu.: Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, 4e
edition, updated, Moscow, 2008.
3. Griboyedov, Alexander Sergeevich: Woe from Wit: a comedy in 4 acts,
Moscow, 1996
4. http://www.yaklass.ru/p/russkyyazik/10klass/leksikafrazeologiia
leksikografiia10519/passivnaialeksikaarkhaizmyiistorizmy10682/re
18aA
iA
A:
AA
list of officials of all government agencies
[Repetilov:] Everyone came out to know,
Everyone is important now.
A look at the calendar.
English Club (historical)
- society of metropolitan aristocrats in Russia,
constantly gathering for conversation and entertainment in a space intended for
this room. Famous for dinners and card games, he largely determined
public opinion. The number of members was limited, new members
accepted on recommendations after secret voting.
[Chatsky:] Then think, member of the English Club,
I'll sacrifice whole days there to rumors
About the mind of Molchalin, about the soul of Skalozub.
Assorted (historical)
army. The transition from class IX to class VIII, especially for non-nobles, was considered
the most difficult. Until 1845, this rank was associated with receiving
hereditary nobility.
I warmed up the rootless one and brought him into my family,
He gave the rank of assessor and took him on as secretary;
Transferred to Moscow through my assistance;
And if it weren’t for me, you would be smoking in Tver.
B:
Chewy bar (arch.)
rare weave cotton fabric.
What a charm my cousin gave me!
Oh! yes, barezhevoy!
– collegiate assessor – rank of VIII class, equal to captain in
- made from barge - wool, silk or
EA
EA
20

oA
EA
ua
oA
– noble title lower than count; person with a title
- in favor of an influential person, under the protection
– paper banknote; receipt presented to
Bar n (historical)
barony - the lowest level of titled nobility.
[Repetilov:] I served as a civil servant then.
Baron von Klotz was aiming for minister,
And I - To be his son-in-law
Barin (historical) - boyar, lord, man of the upper class; nobleman
Ah! master! (Lisa)
Bill t (historical)
master's office to pay money.
[Famusov:] We take tramps into the house and with tickets.
Blessed - happy, prosperous.
Blessed is he who believes, he has warmth in the world!” Chatsky;
IN:
In case (historical)
influential persons. Wed. I. A. Krylov has the name of the fable: “An Elephant in Case.”
Then it was not the same as now,



The nobleman in the case, even more so,
Not like anyone else, and he drank and ate differently.
Anemones (arch.) – a place open to the wind on all sides
Let me go, windy ones,
Come to your senses, you are old people... (Lisa)
Suddenly a row (arch.)
They deigned to laugh; what about him?
He stood up, straightened up, wanted to bow,
A row suddenly fell - on purpose...
Pretentiousness (arch.) – excessive pretentiousness in the performance of something [initial.
about the elaborate pattern]. Speak without pretentiousness
. And in St. Petersburg and Moscow,
Who is the enemy of drawn out faces, frills, curly words...
D:
aA
D evening
I myself am pleased that I found out everything at night,
There are no reproachful witnesses in the eyes,
Like just now, when I fainted,
Chatsky was here...
Court (historical) – the monarch and those close to him.
...I ate on gold; one hundred people at your service;


- another time, again, again, a second time.
(d viche)
(arch.) - recently. shortly before the conversation.
ahh
21

EA
- a room for courtyard girls in landowners' and lords' houses
– excitement, excitement, confusion (obsolete military
Then it was not the same as now,
He served under the Empress Catherine.
Dvichya (arch.)
houses.
[Khlestova:] After all, God created such a tribe!
The devil is real; she's in maiden clothes;
Should I call?
To prolong - to continue something, to delay
Prolonging arguments is not my desire. (Chatsky)
AND:
Yellow House (arch.) - in the old days the name of homes for the mentally ill; walls
These houses were usually painted yellow.
[Zagoretsky:] ...How can I not know? an example case came out;
His uncle put him away in the insane;
They grabbed me, took me to the yellow house, and put me on a chain.
AND:
aA
Irritation (arch.)
term).
[Skalozub:] Well! I didn't know what would come of it
Irritation for you. They ran in headlong...
TO:
Carriage (arch.) – a closed passenger carriage with springs.
Get out of Moscow! I don't go here anymore!
I’m running, I won’t look back, I’ll go looking around the world,
Where is there a corner for an offended feeling...
Carriage for me, carriage!
ua
To the mouth (historical)
day) - a reception day at court.
On the kurtag he happened to step on his feet;
He fell so hard that he almost hit the back of his head;
The old man groaned, his voice hoarse;
Was granted the highest smile...
L:
Chest – smaller. caress. casket, skillfully made, decorated box for
storage of jewelry; box, chest.
Oh, the human race! has fallen into oblivion
That everyone should climb there themselves,
In that little box where you can neither stand nor sit. (Famusov)
M:
EA
Mntor (arch.)
son of Odysseus, in Homer's poem "The Odyssey").
[Chatsky:] Our mentor, remember his cap, robe,
– educator, mentor (named after the educator Telemakos,
- an old word (from the French cour - yard and German Tag -
22

aA
aA
- a large fan.
– 1. Rare. unusual case.
Index finger, all signs of learning
How our timid minds were disturbed...
Rumor (arch.) - Rumors, news, talk in society about something. "...Sin is not a problem,
word of mouth is not good.” Lisa's words)
N:
Reluctant (arch.) – a person who does not want to do something or anything
do"Natasha - mother, I doze off at balls,
There is a deadly reluctance before them..."
ABOUT:
Okzia (arch.)
[Famusov:] What an opportunity!
Molchalin, are you brother?
[Molchalin:] Yas.
Opah lo (arch.)
[Chatsky:] Spray with water. - Look:
Breathing became freer.
What to smell?
[Lisa:] Here's a fan.
P:
Pud (arch.) – an ancient measure of weight equal to about 16.4 kg.
Then it was not the same as now,
He served under the Empress Catherine.
And in those days everyone is important! forty pounds...
Sexton (historical) is an unofficial designation for a clergyman,
which is also called “paramonar”
Read not like a sexton, but with feeling, with proper arrangement” Famusov;
WITH:
Sir (historical) - a polite form of addressing an interlocutor,
used in the Russian Empire.
T:
EA
Stupid (arch.)
hair.
Then it was not the same as now,
He served under the Empress Catherine.
And in those days everyone is important! forty pounds...
Take your bow, they won’t nod at stupid people.
C:
Zug (historical) - a rich ride in which horses are harnessed in single file.
...Maxim Petrovich: he’s not on silver,
Ate on gold; one hundred people at your service;
- old men's hairstyle; bun gathered at the back of the head
23

Cap (arch.) - women's and children's headdress
All in orders; I always drove in a train;
A century at court, and at what court!
H:
Chep TsA
When the Creator will deliver us
From their hats! caps! and stilettos! and pins!
And book and biscuit shops! (Famusov)
Rank (arch.) - the degree of official position established at
court, civil and military service.
“Like all Moscow people, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars, but with
ranks" Lisa;
I:
Jacob nets (historical)
freethinking.
Listen, so his little finger
Smarter than everyone, and even Prince Peter!
I think he's just a Jacobin
Your Chatsky!..
iA
- a person suspected of being political
24

Obsolete words include words that are no longer used in standard speech. To determine whether a certain word is obsolete, lexicographic analysis is used. It must show that now this word is rarely used in speech.

One type of obsolete words are historicisms, that is, designations of concepts that no longer exist. There are quite a lot of similar words among the designations of professions or social positions of a person that have ceased to be relevant, for example, odnodvorets, profos, moskatelschik, provision master, postilion, potter. A huge number of historicisms denote objects of material culture that have gone out of use - a horse-drawn horse, a torch, a britzka, bast shoes. The meaning of some words belonging to this category is known to at least some native speakers who recognize them without effort, but there are no historicisms in the active dictionary.

Archaisms are words that indicate concepts that continue to exist in the language, for which another word is now used. Instead of “so that” they say “so that”, instead of “from time immemorial” - “from time immemorial, always”, and instead of “eye” - “eye”. Some of these words are completely unrecognized by those who encounter them, and thus they fall out of the passive vocabulary. For example, few people recognize the word “in vain” as a synonym for “in vain.” At the same time, its root has been preserved in the words “vanity”, “in vain”, which are still included, at least, in the passive dictionary of the Russian language.
Some archaisms have remained in modern Russian speech as components of phraseological units. In particular, the expression “to cherish like the apple of your eye” contains two archaisms, including “zenitsa”, which means “pupil”. This word, in contrast to the word “eye,” is unknown to the vast majority of native speakers, even educated ones.

Words leave active use and enter the passive vocabulary gradually. Among other things, the change in their status occurs due to changes in society. But the role of direct linguistic factors is also significant. An important point is the number of connections of a given word with others. A word with a rich set of systemic connections of a different nature will be noticeably slower to disappear into the passive dictionary.
Obsolete words do not have to be ancient. Relatively recently coined words can quickly fall out of use. This applies to many terms that appeared in the early Soviet era. At the same time, both originally Russian words and borrowings, such as “bataliya” (battle), “victory” (in the meaning of “victory”, but not a female name), “fortecia” (victory), are becoming obsolete.

Archaisms are divided into a number of categories depending on the nature of their obsolescence. The main option is actual lexical archaisms; such words are completely outdated. For example, this is “izhe”, meaning “which” or “eye”, that is, eye. A lexical-semantic archaism is a polysemantic word that is outdated in one or more meanings. For example, the word “shame” still exists, but it no longer means “spectacle.” In lexico-phonetic archaisms, the spelling and pronunciation of the word has changed, but the meaning has remained the same. "Gishpanskiy" (now Spanish) belongs to this category of archaisms. The lexical and word-formative type of archaisms contains prefixes or suffixes that make this form obsolete. For example, previously there was a variant of the verb “to fall”, but now only “to fall” is possible.

Obsolete words in modern written and spoken speech can be used for different purposes. Particularly when writing historical novels, their presence is necessary for stylization. In modern oral speech, their function may be to enhance the expressiveness of what is spoken. Archaisms are capable of giving statements both a solemn, sublime and ironic character.

You can look at outdated, rare and forgotten words in ours.

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