Musical terms dictionary Italian pianos. A brief dictionary of musical terms. Say thanks using the buttons below

Accompaniment- instrumental or vocal accompaniment of one or more solo voices.
Chord- a consonance consisting of at least three sounds that are or can be located in thirds.
Accent- forceful selection of a separate sound. In musical notation, accent is marked with special signs.
Alto-1. Low female voice (in choir). 2. A bowed string instrument, similar in appearance to a violin, but slightly larger and lower in sound.
Alto clef- one of the types of keys up. Placed on the third line of the staff and indicates that the note up to the first octave is on this line. Notes for a bowed viola are written in the alto clef.
Ensemble- playing or singing together (for example, duet, terzetto or trio, quartet, quintet, etc.). An orchestra is also a type of ensemble.
Fingering- the most convenient choice of fingers when playing musical instruments. Indicated by a number above or below the note.
Aria- a musical work for voice with orchestral accompaniment, which is part of an opera, oratorio or cantata.
Arpeggio- playing the sounds of a chord not simultaneously, but sequentially, one sound after another. It is indicated by a special sign placed in front of the chord.
Baritone-1. Average male voice. For baritone, for example, the roles of Ruslan in the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila” by M. Glinka, Igor in the opera “Prince Igor” by A. Borodin, Onegin in the opera “Eugene Onegin” by P. Tchaikovsky were written. 2. A brass instrument that is part of a brass band.
Bass-1. Low male voice. For example, the roles of Susanin in the opera “Ivan Susanin” by MGlinka, Pimen in the opera “Boris Godunov” by M. Mussorgsky, and Gremin in the opera “Eugene Onegin” by P. Tchaikovsky were written for the bass. 2. Low voice in a polyphonic piece of music.
Bass clef- a sign that indicates that the note F of the small octave is on the fourth line of the staff.
Natural-refusal is a sign that cancels the effect of a sharp or flat.
Flat(b) is a sign that lowers the sound by a semitone.
Variations- an instrumental piece based on a song and dance theme. What follows is a series of repetitions of the theme with various changes and complications.
Introductory sounds-sounds surrounding the tonic of the mode (Vlhn II degree).
Introductory seventh chords- seventh chords built on the VII degree of the mode (introductory tone). Depending on the seventh, the introductory seventh chords are minor (if the seventh is minor) and diminished (if the seventh is diminished).
Leading tone- one of the sounds adjacent to the tonic of the mode; the upper introductory tone is stage II, the lower introductory tone is stage VII.
Vocal music- music for singing. Vocal music includes songs, romances, arias, and choral works. In opera, vocal music occupies a leading place.
Volta- a sign indicating the repetition of a part of a musical work with a different ending. Indicated by numbers 1,2
Gamma- sounds of a scale located in height up or down from the tonic to its octave repetition.
Harmonic interval- an interval whose sounds are taken simultaneously.
Harmonic major- major with a lowered VI degree.
Harmonic minor- minor with an increased VII degree.
Harmony- 1. One of the expressive means of music. Progressions of chords or voices that accompany the main melody of a piece of music. 2. The science of chords and their connections.
Main steps of the fret- first degree (tonic), fifth degree (dominant) and fourth degree (subdominant).
Main triads- triads built on the main steps of the mode: the tonic triad - on the 1st step, the dominant triad - on the 5th step and the subdominant triad - on the 4th step.
Gruppetto (melisma)-melodic figure of four notes. It is performed - the upper auxiliary (located a second above the main sound), the main sound, the lower auxiliary (located a second below the main sound) and again the main sound.
Grouping sound durations in bars- distribution of notes into groups depending on the size of the bar.
Decima- an interval that contains ten steps (third through octave). A decima is called major if it consists of eight tones. A decima is called minor if it consists of seven and a half tones. The major decima is designated b. 10, small-m. 10.
Range- the sound volume of a given voice or musical instrument; determined by the interval between the lowest and highest sounds of a given voice or instrument.
Diatonic scale- a scale in which not a single degree is repeated in a form changed through alteration.
Diatonic intervals- intervals that are possible between the main degrees of diatonic modes (pure, major, minor and tritones).
Diatonic modes- modes without the use of alteration, that is, without a chromatic increase or decrease in degrees (natural major and minor, as well as modes found in folk music: Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, five-step modes).
Diatonic semitone- a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of different names, for example mi - fa, do - peb.
Diatonic tone-tone formed by adjacent sounds of different names, for example do - re, fa - salt.
Sharp (#) - a sign that raises the sound by a semitone.
Dynamic shades (nuances)- changes in sound volume during the performance of a piece of music.
Conductor- director of the orchestra and choir. The conductor conveys his artistic intentions, indications of tempo, and shades of performance with hand movements.
Dissonant intervals- intervals that sound J more sharply, the sounds of which do not merge with each other.
Dominant- fifth degree of the mode.
Dominant triad- a triad built on the V degree of the mode.
Dominant seventh chord- a seventh chord, built on the 5th degree of the mode, consists of a major triad and a minor seventh.
Dorian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural minor VI by a raised degree, which is called the Dorian sixth.
Double-flat (bb-double flat) is a sign that lowers the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
Double-sharp (X- double sharp) is a sign that raises the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
Duet-1. An ensemble of two performers. 2. A piece of music intended to be performed by two singers or instrumentalists.
3 bars- an incomplete measure from which a piece of music begins.
Sound- the result of vibrations of an elastic body (for example, a string, a column of air). Sounds are divided into musical and noise.
Scale- a series of sounds arranged in height. There are scales: individual modes, instruments, any musical works or excerpts thereof.
Alteration signs- signs that raise or lower individual sounds by a semitone or a whole tone. There are five alteration signs: sharp, flat, double-sharp, double-flat, bekar.
Abbreviations for musical notation- signs through which musical notation is simplified. The most common are: reprise sign, tremolo, melismatic signs and others.
Imitation- imitation; carrying out a melodic theme or a separate segment of a melody successively in two or more voices.
Instrumental music- music for performance on musical instruments.
Interval- a combination of two sounds taken sequentially or simultaneously. The bottom sound of an interval is called its base, the top sound is its top.
Cadence- conclusion of a musical thought.
Cadence complete perfect- ending the construction on a tonic note in the melody.
Cadence complete imperfect- ending the construction at the tonic third or fifth in the melody.
Half cadence- stopping in the middle of the construction on an unstable sound of the scale, most often on one of the sounds of the dominant triad.
Canon- a type of polyphonic music in which all voices perform the same melody, but do not enter simultaneously, but one after the other.
Cantata- a piece of music for choir, soloists, orchestra, performed in concerts. Consists of choral numbers, arias, ensembles.
Qualitative (or tonal) magnitude of intervals- the number of tones or semitones contained in an interval.
Quart-interval that contains four steps. A fourth is called pure if it consists of two and a half tones. A clear quart is indicated by part 4.
Kvartdecima-an interval that contains fourteen steps (a seventh through an octave). Designated - 14.
Quartet-1. An ensemble of four singers or musical instrument performers. 2. A piece of music for such an ensemble.
Quartsextaccord- the second inversion of a triad, with a fifth at the bottom, is designated 4/6.
Quint- an interval that contains five steps. A fifth is called pure if it consists of three and a half tones. A perfect fifth is indicated by part 5.
Quintdecima- an interval that contains fifteen steps (octave after octave). Quintdecima is designated -15.
Circle of fifths- a system in which all keys of one fret are arranged in perfect fifths.
Quintol- a rhythmic figure of five notes, instead of the usual group of four notes; indicated by the number 5 above or below the notes.
Quintsextchord- the first inversion of a seventh chord with a third tone at the bottom, designated 5/6
Clavier- arrangement of an opera or symphonic score for performance on the piano (or for singing with the piano).
Key- a sign that determines the place of recording of a sound on the staff and, depending on it, all other sounds.
Key signs- alteration signs displayed next to the key.
Code- the final part of a musical work (completes it as a whole).
Quantitative (or step) value of intervals- the number of steps covered by the interval. Depending on the quantitative value, the interval gets its name. For example, an interval containing three steps is a third.
Consonant intervals- intervals that sound softer, the sounds of which seem to merge with each other.
Perfect consonances- consonances in which there is a complete or significant fusion of sounds: pure prima (unison), pure octave, pure fifth and partly pure fourth.
Imperfect consonances- consonances in which there is a slight merging of sounds: major and minor thirds, major and minor sixths.
Concert- a major work for a solo instrument with orchestral accompaniment.
Lad- organization of musical sounds around a reference sound called the tonic.
Fret resolution of intervals- transition of unstable sounds of an interval into the nearest stable sounds of a mode.
Lydian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural major IV by a raised degree, which is called the Lydian quart.
Major mode- a mode in which stable sounds taken together form a major triad.
Major triad- a triad, which consists of a major and minor third or a major third and a perfect fifth.
Small introductory seventh chord- seventh chord, built-. pronounced on the 7th degree of the natural major scale. Consists of a diminished triad and a minor seventh or two minor thirds and a major third.
Melismas- melodic figures that decorate individual sounds of a melody.
Melodic interval- an interval whose sounds are taken sequentially (one after the other).
Melodic minor- minor, in which the VI and VII steps are increased.
Melody- a musical thought expressed monophonically, a monophonic melody.
Meter- uniform alternation of accents in music.
Metronome- a device for accurately determining tempo.
Mezzo-soprano- low female voice. The roles of Carmen in the opera “Carmen” by J. Bizet, Marfa in the opera “Khovanshchina” by M. Mussorgsky and others were written for mezzo-soprano.
Mixolydian mode- a special mode that is found in folk music. Differs from natural major VII by a lowered degree, which is called the Mixolydian seventh.
Minor scale- a mode in which stable sounds taken together form a minor triad.
Minor triad- a triad, which consists of a minor and major third or a minor third and a perfect fifth.
Modulation- transition from one key to another.
Mordent (melism)- a melodic figure of three notes. It is performed: the main sound, above which the mordent is placed, the upper auxiliary (located above the main sound) and again the main sound.
Natural major- major, in which the degrees are not changed. The structure of the natural major scale is tone-tone-semitone-tone-tone-tone-semitone.
Natural minor- minor, in which the degrees are not changed. The natural minor has the same sound composition as the parallel natural major.
Non-key accidentals- see random alteration signs.
Unstable intervals in harmony- intervals in which both sounds (or one of the sounds) are unstable, that is, they are not included in the tonic triad.
Nona- an interval that contains nine steps (a second through an octave). A nona is called major if it consists of seven tones. A nona is called minor if it consists of six and a half tones. The major none is indicated by b. 9, small - m. 9.
Note- a sign used to record the pitch and duration of a sound.
The staff is the five horizontal parallel lines on which the notes are placed. Lines are counted from bottom to top.
Staff- see stave.
Nuances- see dynamic shades. .
Overtones- overtones accompanying the main sound. All overtones, when sounded, form a natural scale, the sounds of which are arranged in the following order (from the fundamental tone): pure octave, pure fifth, pure fourth, major third, two minor thirds, three major seconds, etc. The first six overtones form a major ( major) triad and are of great importance in the formation of the major-minor system of modes.
Reversing intervals- moving the bottom sound of an interval up an octave or the top sound down an octave. The result is another interval, which adds up to an octave with the original one.
Inversion of the seventh chord- a type of seventh chord in which the bottom sound is the third, fifth or seventh of the main seventh chord.
Reversal of triads- a type of triad in which the bottom sound is the third or fifth of the main triad.
Keys of the same name- major and minor keys that have the same tonics (for example: C major and C minor, D major and D minor).
Octave-1. An interval that contains six tones. The pure octave is indicated by part 8. 2. Group of sounds from before until every next before.
Octet- a piece of music written for eight performers.
Opera- one of the most important musical genres, combining music and drama, as well as other forms of art (ballet, painting).
Oratorio- a musical work for choir, orchestra and solo singers (with a certain plot content), intended for concert performance.
Organ- a keyboard wind instrument, the largest in body size and sound volume of all musical instruments.
Orchestra- a group of performers on musical instruments, organized to perform music together.
Basic divisions of sound duration- dividing the duration of sounds into equal parts, of which each larger duration is equal to the next two shorter ones (for example, a whole note is equal to two half notes, a half note is equal to two quarter notes, a quarter is equal to two eighth notes, an eighth note is equal to two sixteenth notes, etc.).
Special types of rhythmic division- splitting durations into an arbitrary number of equal parts that do not coincide with the main division (for example, a quarter is divided into three parts, instead of dividing into two, a triplet is formed; from dividing into five parts, instead of dividing into four, a quintole is formed, etc.) .
Parallel keys- major and minor keys that have the same key signs. The parallel minor key is a minor third down from the major key.
Score- musical notation of all voices of a musical work (for orchestra, choir or ensemble), where a separate line of notes is allocated for each voice or instrument.
The consignment- 1. A voice in the score, performed by one of the ensemble members (or several members in unison), 2. One of the main thematic sections of the sonata form.
Pause- a sign of silence.
Pentatonic scale- a scale consisting of five sounds. A characteristic feature of the pentatonic scale is the absence of semitones and sounds that form tritones (that is, without IV and VII degrees in natural major and without II and VI degrees in natural minor).
Variable mode- a mode in which there are two tonics. Most often, the tonics of the alternating mode are triads of a major and its parallel minor, or vice versa. There are also other types of alternating fret.
Variable sizes- dimensions in which the number of beats changes throughout the entire work or part of it. For example, in Russian folk songs - “Vanya was sitting”, “Oh yes, you, Kalinushka”.
Song- the most common musical genre that combines music and poetic text.
Polyphony-1. Polyphonic music with an independent meaning for each voice. 2. The science of polyphonic forms.
Semitone- the smallest distance in height between two sounds in a twelve-tone tempered scale.
Prelude- an introductory piece before the main presentation of a musical work. It occurs as an independent genre of small musical works.
Prima- an interval that contains one step; repetition of the same step. If the step is repeated without change, the prima is pure, designated part 1.
Simple Intervals- intervals not exceeding an octave in size.
Simple sizes- two- and three-beat sizes, having two or three beats with one accent (2/4,3/4,3/8)

Five step fret- see pentatonic scale.
Time signature- numbers in the form of a fraction, which are set at the beginning of the musical notation. The numerator of the fraction indicates the number of beats in a measure, and the denominator indicates the duration of these beats.
Register- part of sounds united by some characteristic, mainly timbre. Each voice or instrument has three registers: high, middle and low.
Reprise- 1. A sign of repetition of some part of a musical work. 2. Restatement of topics with some changes.
Recitative- musical recitation, representing something intermediate between colloquial speech and singing, as if chanting.
Rhythm- an organized sequence of sound durations in a piece of music.
Related keys- tones that have the largest number of common sounds. Related tonalities include: parallel tonality, dominant tonality and its parallel, subdominant tonality and its parallel, as well as the tonality of the minor (harmonic) subdominant in major and the tonality of the major (harmonic) dominant in
minor.
Romance- a piece of music for voice with accompaniment. Romances are sometimes found as the names of instrumental pieces of a melodious, melodic nature.
Rondo- a play based on one main theme that is repeated several times (refrain). Between repetitions of this main theme, other themes (episodes) are included.
Sequence- repetition of any melodic or harmonic turn from different degrees of the scale or at a certain interval.
Sixth- an interval that contains six steps. A sexta is called major if it consists of four and a half tones. A sexta is called minor if it consists of four tones. The major sixth is designated 6.6, the minor sixth - m. 6.
Sextachord- the first inversion of a triad with a tertian tone at the bottom is indicated by the number 6.
Sextet-musical ensemble of six performers.
Second- an interval that contains two steps. A second is called a great second if it consists of one tone. A second is called a small second if it consists of a semitone. The major second is designated 6.2, the minor second is m.2.
Second accord- the third inversion of a seventh chord with a seventh at the bottom, indicated by the number 2.
Seventh chord- a chord of four sounds that are located or can be located in thirds.
Septet- a musical ensemble of seven performers.
Seventh- an interval that contains seven steps. A seventh is called major if it consists of five and a half tones. A septima is called minor if it consists of five tones. The major seventh is indicated by 6.7, the minor seventh by m. 7.
Symphony- an orchestral piece of music consisting of several movements (usually four). The development of the symphony is based on the principles of sonata form.
Syncope- moving the beat accent from a strong beat to a weak one.
Scherzo- a piece of music, most often of a lively, humorous nature. A scherzo can be an independent piece of music or part of another larger work.
Treble clef- a conventional sign that indicates that the G note of the first octave is on the second line of the staff.
Complex dimensions- dimensions formed from the merging of two or more identical simple dimensions.
Random accidentals- accidental signs placed immediately before the note.
Mixed sizes- times (measures that are formed from the merger of two or more unequal simple sizes.
Solo- performance of a work (or part thereof) by one singer or musician.
Solfeggio- special classes that promote the development of musical ear.
Sonata- a large instrumental work consisting of several parts, one of which (usually the first) has a special, complex form called sonata allegro (see sonata allegro).
Sonata allegro- the form of a musical work, consisting of three main sections: 1) exposition, that is, a presentation of thematic material; 2) development, in which the themes presented in the exhibition are further developed; 3) reprise, that is, a re-statement of the main themes with some changes.
Sonatina- the sonata is small in size and relatively easy to perform.
Soprano- high female voice. The roles of Tatiana in the opera “Eugene Onegin” and Lisa in the opera “The Queen of Spades” by P. Tchaikovsky were written for soprano.
Compound Intervals- intervals wider than an octave, staccato - abrupt execution of sounds. Indicated by dots placed above or below the notes.
stage- ordinal designation of the sounds of the mode. Marked with a Roman numeral.
Subdominant- fourth degree of the fret.
Subdominant triad- a triad built on the fourth degree of the mode.
Suite- a multi-part work, consisting of several independent parts, varied in content and built on the principle of contrast.
Tact- a segment of a piece of music from one downbeat to the next.
Bar line-vertical line separating bars from each other. The bar line is placed before the downbeat of the bar.
Timbre- the character of sound characteristic of a given voice or instrument.
Tempered tuning- a system in which each octave is divided into twelve equal parts - semitones.
Pace- speed of music performance.
Tenor- high male voice. The roles of Lensky in the opera “Eugene Onegin” and Herman in the opera “The Queen of Spades” by P. Tchaikovsky were written for the tenor.
Tenor clef- one of the types of keys up. Placed on the fourth line of the staff and indicates that on this line there is a note up to the first octave. Notes are written in the tenor key for cello, bassoon, and trombone.
Tetrachord- a melodic sequence of four) sounds arranged by seconds in the volume of a quart. In scales I, II, III, IV, degrees form the first or lower tetrachord, and V, VI, VII, VIII degrees form the second or upper tetrachord.
Terzdecima- an interval that contains thirteen steps (a sexta through an octave). A tercidecima is called major if it consists of ten and a half tones. A tercidecima is called minor if it consists of ten tones. The major tercidecima is designated b.13, the minor tercdecima is designated m.13,
Tercet- a piece of music for three performers, usually vocal.
Third-an interval that contains three steps. A third is called major if it consists of two tones. A third is called minor if it has one and a half tones. The major third is designated b. 3, minor third m. 3.
Third quarter chord - second inversion of a seventh chord with a fifth at the bottom, denoted 3/4
Key- fret height. Each tonality is distinguished by its key alteration signs, which determine the composition of sounds.
Tonic- the first step of the fret.
Tonic triad- a triad built on the 1st degree of the mode.
Transposition- transferring a piece of music or part of it from one key to another.
Triad- a chord of three sounds that are or can be arranged in thirds.
Trill (melisma)- uniform, rapid alternation of the main and upper auxiliary sounds.
Tremolo- rapid repetition of the same sound or study of several sounds.
Triplet- a rhythmic figure of three notes, instead of the usual group of two notes, is indicated by the number 3 above or below the notes.
Triton- the name of intervals containing three tones. Tritones include the augmented fourth and diminished fifth.
Augmented triad- a triad, which consists of two major thirds, the extreme sounds forming an augmented fifth. Occurs in harmonic minor at the third degree and in harmonic major at the sixth degree.
Overture- an introduction (to an opera, drama or any other theatrical work), concisely setting out the main idea of the entire work as a whole. There are independent orchestral overtures, usually of a programmatic nature, for example, the “1812” and “Romeo and Juliet” overtures by P. Tchaikovsky.
Diminished opening seventh chord- a seventh chord built on the VII degree of harmonic major or harmonic minor. Consists of a diminished triad and a diminished seventh or three minor thirds.
Diminished triad- a triad, which consists of two minor thirds, the extreme sounds forming a diminished fifth. Occurs in natural major at the VII degree and in harmonic major or minor at II and VII degrees.
Undecima- an interval that contains eleven steps (a fourth through an octave). An undecima is called pure if it consists of eight and a half tones. Pure undecima is designated part 11.
Unison- exact match of two sounds in height.
Stable intervals in harmony- intervals in which both sounds are stable, that is, they are included in the tonic triad.
Texture- a way of presenting the expressive means of music. Main types of texture: vocal, instrumental, choral, orchestral, piano, etc.
Fermata- a sign indicating an arbitrary increase in the duration of a sound or pause, which depends on the nature of the work, the intentions and taste of the performer.
The final- the name of the last, final part of a musical work.
Piano- a general name for instruments whose sound is produced by striking a hammer on a string when pressing a key.
The grace period is long- melisma, which consists of one sound performed before the main sound (always at its expense). The duration of a long grace note is usually equal to half the duration of the main sound.
The grace note is short- melisma, which consists of one or more very short sounds played before the main sound.
Phrasing- clear identification of musical phrases when performing musical works.
Phrygian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural minor II by a lower degree, which is called the Phrygian second.
Characteristic intervals of harmonic major- increased and decreased intervals resulting from a decrease in VI
degrees in harmonic major. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic major include: uv. 2 and its appeal is mind. 7, uv. 5 and its appeal is mind. 4.
Characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor- increased and decreased intervals resulting from an increase in VII
degrees in harmonic minor. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor include: uv. 2 and its appeal is mind. 7, uv. 5 and its appeal is mind. 4.
Choir-1. A large group of singers. There are choirs for children, women, men and mixed. 2. A piece of music for choral performance.
Chromatic signs- the same as alteration signs.
Chromatic scale- a scale consisting of halftones. The chromatic scale is formed by filling the major seconds with intermediate semitones.
Chromatic semitone- a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name. For example, do-do # , mi-mi b .
Chromatic tone- a tone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name. For example, do-do X, mi-mi.
Caesura- the moment of dismemberment in music; a short, barely noticeable pause between phrases.
Whole tone scale- six-step scale built on whole tones: do-re-mi-fa # -la b-cu b-before. In this mode, all triads, including the tonic, are augmented.
Elementary Music Theory- an academic discipline that studies musical notation and the basic elements of music: modes, scales, intervals, meter, rhythm, chords, etc.
Enharmonically equal sounds- sounds are the same in height, but different in name (for example, do - si # )
Enharmonically equal intervals- intervals are the same in sound and in the number of tones they contain, but different in name and in the number of steps they contain (for example, do - mi b=do - re # , do - fa # =do - salt b) .
Enharmonically equal tonalities- tonalities are the same in sound, but different in name. Of the tonalities up to seven signs in the key that occur in musical practice, there are three cases of enharmonic equality in major (B major = C major, F # major = G b major, C # major = D major) and three cases in minor (G # minor = A b minor, D # minor = E b minor, A # minor = b minor).

Musical terminology is the basis of modern performing art. Without terms it is impossible to write down notes, and without notes a professional musician or singer will not be able to play or sing. The terms are academic - they do not change over time and do not become a thing of the past. Invented more than three hundred years ago, they are still relevant.

Fundamental most famous terms in music:

Arpeggio- alternating notes of a chord sequentially, when the sounds are lined up one after another.
Aria– a vocal work, part of an opera, performed accompanied by an orchestra.
Variations– an instrumental work or its excerpts, performed with various complications.
Gamma- alternating notes in a certain order, but without mixing, up or down until octave repetition.
Range– the interval between the lowest and highest sound of an instrument or voice.
Scale- sounds arranged in a row in height, similar to a scale. The scale may be present in musical works or in their excerpts.
Cantata– a work for concert performance by an orchestra, soloists or choir.
Clavier– arrangement of a symphony or opera for interpretation on the piano or for singing with piano accompaniment.
Opera- the most important musical genre, connecting drama and music, music and ballet.
Prelude– introduction before the main piece of music. Can be used as an independent form for a small piece.
Romance– a piece for vocal performance with accompaniment. It is distinguished by a romantic mood and melody.
Rondo– repetition of the main theme of the work with the inclusion of other accompanying episodes between the refrains.
Symphony- a piece performed by an orchestra in four parts. Based on the principles of sonata form.
Sonata– an instrumental work of complex form consisting of several parts, one of which dominates.
Suite- a piece of music consisting of several parts, different in content and contrasting with each other.
Overture– an introduction to the work, briefly revealing the main content. Orchestral overtures, as a rule, are an independent musical work.
Piano– a unifying name for instruments operating on the principle of hitting a hammer on a string using keys.
Chromatic scale– a scale of semitones, formed by filling major seconds with intermediate semitones.
Texture- a way of presenting music. Main types: piano, vocal, choral, orchestral and instrumental.
Key– characteristics of the fret in height. Tonality is distinguished by key alteration signs that determine the composition of sounds.
Third– three-step interval.
Major third- interval of two tones.
Minor third- interval of one and a half tones.
Solfeggio– classes based on the principle of tutoring with the aim of developing an ear for music and its further development.
Scherzo– a musical sketch of a light, playful nature. May be included in a major musical work as its integral part. It can also be an independent piece of music.

Terms defining style and genres of music:

Adagio(adagio) - calmly, slowly.
Ajitato(adgitato) - excited, excited, impulsive.
Andante(andante) - measuredly, slowly, thoughtfully.
Appassionato(appassionato) - lively, with passion.
Accelerando(accelerando) - increasing the pace, accelerating.
Kalyando(calando) - with fading, reducing speed and reducing pressure.
Cantabile(cantabile) - melodiously, melodiously, with feeling.
Con Dolcerezza(con dolcherezza) - softly, with tenderness.
Con forza(con forza) - with force, assertively.
Decrescendo(decrescendo) - gradually decreasing the sound strength.
Dolce(dolce) - gently, with sweetness, softly.
Doloroso(doloroso) - with sadness, pitifully, with despair.
Forte(forte) - loudly, with force.
Fortissimo(fortissimo) - very strong and loud, thunderous.
Largo(largo) - widely, freely, slowly.
Legato(legato) - smoothly, calmly, serenely.
Lento(lento) - slowly, slowing down even more.
Legiero(legiero) - easily, smoothly, thoughtlessly.
Maestoso(maestoso) - majestic, solemn.
Misterioso(misterioso) - quiet, mysterious.
Moderato(moderato) - moderately, with arrangement, slowly.
Piano(piano) - quietly, quietly.
Pianissimo(pianissimo) - very quiet, muffled.
Presto(presto) - quickly, intensely.
Sempre(sempre) - constantly, without changing.
Spirituoso(spirituozo) - spiritually, with feeling.
Staccato(staccato) - abruptly.
Vivace(vivace) - lively, quickly, non-stop.
Vivo(vivo) - tempo, average between presto and allegro.

Musical terminology of a technical nature:

Treble clef- a special icon placed at the beginning of the musical line, indicating that the note of the first octave “sol” is located on the second line of the staff.
Bass clef– an icon confirming the location of the note “F” of the small octave on the fourth line of the staff.
Natural– an icon indicating the cancellation of the “flat” and “sharp” signs. It is a sign of alteration.
Sharp– an icon indicating an increase in sound by a semitone. It is a sign of alteration.
Flat– an icon indicating a decrease in sound by a semitone. It is a sign of alteration.
Double-sharp- an icon indicating an increase in sound by two semitones, a whole tone. It is a sign of alteration.
Double-flat- an icon indicating a decrease in sound by two semitones, a whole tone. It is a sign of alteration.
Zatakt- an incomplete measure that gives rise to a piece of music.
Signs, which abbreviate musical notation, serve to simplify musical notation if it is extensive. The most common: tremolo, reprise sign, melismatic signs.
Quintol- a form of five notes, replacing the usual group of four notes, symbolized by the number 5, below or above the notes.
Key– an icon indicating the place where a sound is recorded on the musical scale in relation to other sounds.
Key signs– alteration icons placed next to the key.
Note- an icon placed on one of the lines of the staff or between them, indicating the pitch and duration of the sound.
Staff– five parallel lines for placing notes. The arrangement of note symbols is carried out from bottom to top.
Score– musical notation, separate for each participant in the performance of the work, taking into account the compatibility of voices and instruments.
Reprise– an icon indicating repetition of any part of the work. Repeating the fragment with some changes.
stage– designation of the order of the sounds of the mode, indicated by Roman numerals.

Famous musical terms, dictionary of the most popular:

Accompaniment (French accompagnement - accompaniment) is a musical background to the main melody, which has a secondary meaning in the work.
Chord (Italian accordo, French accord - agreement) - consonance, the sound of several (at least three) musical tones, taken, as a rule, simultaneously. A. are divided into consonant and dissonant (see consonance and dissonance).

An act (Latin actus - action) is a relatively completed part of a theatrical performance (opera, ballet, etc.), separated from another similar part by a break - an intermission. Sometimes A. is divided into pictures.
Ensemble (French ensemble - together) - 1. The name of relatively independent musical episodes in an opera, which represent the simultaneous singing of two or more singers, whose vocal parts are not identical; According to the number of participants, A. are divided into duets, trios or tercets, quartets, quintets, sextets, etc. 2. A piece intended for joint performance by several musicians, most often instrumentalists. 3. The quality of joint performance, the degree of coherence, unity of the overall sound.
Intermission (French entr'acte - lit., interaction) - 1. A break between acts of a theatrical performance or parts of a concert. 2. Orchestral introduction to one of the acts, except the first (see overture)
Arietta (Italian: arietta) is a small aria.
Arioso (Italian arioso - like an aria) is a type of aria, characterized by a freer construction, more closely connected with the preceding and subsequent musical episodes.
Aria (Italian aria - song) is a developed vocal episode in an opera, oratorio or cantata, performed by one singer accompanied by an orchestra, having a widely chanted melody and completeness of the musical form. Sometimes A. consists of several contrasting (see) sections. Varieties of A. - arietta, arioso, cavatina, cabaletta, canzona, monologue, etc.
Ballet (French ballet from Italian ballo - dance, dance) is a major musical and choreographic (see) genre in which the main artistic means is dance, as well as pantomime, presented on the theater stage in a picturesque decorative design, accompanied by orchestral music. B. in the form of independent dance scenes is sometimes part of the opera.
Ballade (French ballade, Italian ballare - dance) - originally the name of a Provençal (France) dance song; then - a literary and poetic genre associated with folk legends or telling about events of the past. From the beginning of the 19th century. - designation of vocal and instrumental pieces of a narrative nature.
Baritone (Greek barytono - heavy-sounding) - a male voice between bass and tenor register; another name is high bass.
Barcarolle (from Italian barca - boat, barcaruola - boatman's song) is a type of song common in Venice, as well as the name of vocal and instrumental pieces of a contemplative melodious nature with a smooth, swaying accompaniment; size 6/8. Another name for B. is gondolier (from the Italian gondola - Venetian boat).
Bass (Italian basso - low, Greek basis - basis) - 1. The lowest male voice. 2. General name for low register orchestral instruments (cello, double bass, bassoon, etc.).
Bolero (Spanish bolero) is a Spanish dance, known since the end of the 18th century, of moderately fast movement, accompanied by the blows of castanets; size 3/4.
Bylina is a work of Russian folk epic, a story about bygone times, about the exploits of folk heroes and heroes. B. has the character of a leisurely, smooth recitative, similar to melodious speech; sometimes accompanied by playing the harp and other musical instruments.
Waltz (French valse, German Walzer) is a dance descended from Austrian, German and Czech folk dances. V. is danced in pairs in a smooth circular motion; size 3/4 or 3/8, tempo varies - from very slow to the fastest. Thanks to its special figurative and expressive capabilities, V. became widespread from the mid-19th century not only as a dance and concert (q.v.) genre, but also as an important component of the music of opera, ballet, symphony, and even chamber - solo and ensemble (q.v.) works. .
Variations (Latin variatio - change) - a piece of music based on a gradual change in the theme set out at the beginning, during which the original image develops and enriches without losing its essential features.
Virtuoso (Italian virtuoso - lit. valiant, courageous) is a performing musician who has perfect command of his instrument or voice, easily and brilliantly overcoming any technical difficulties. Virtuosity is the skill and technical perfection of musical performance. Virtuoso music is music that is replete with technical difficulties and requires brilliant, spectacular performance.
Vaudeville (French voixdeville - voice of the city) is a cheerful theatrical play, usually of a comedic nature, including separate vocal and dance numbers.
Vocalise (from Latin vox - voice) is a musical piece for singing without words, most often representing a training exercise; sometimes V. has artistic significance.
Vocal music (from Italian vocale - voice) - music for singing - solo, ensemble or choral (see) with or without accompaniment.
Introduction is the initial section that directly introduces any vocal or instrumental piece, picture or act of musical theater performance.
Gavotte (French gavotte) is an ancient French dance of folk origin; Subsequently, from the 17th century, it came into court use, and in the 18th century it took a place in the dance suite. G.'s music is energetic, moderately fast, in 4/4 time signature with a characteristic two-quarter beat.
Harmony (Greek harmonia - proportionality, consistency) - 1. One of the expressive means of musical art, associated with chord (see) combinations of tones and their sequences accompanying the main melody. 2. The science of chords, their movement and connections. 3. The name of individual chord sound combinations when characterizing their expressiveness (“hard harmony”, “light harmony”, etc.). 4. General designation of the range of chordal means characteristic of a particular work, composer, musical style (“Mussorgsky’s harmony”, “romantic harmony”, etc.).
Hymn (Greek hymnos) is a solemn chant of praise.
Grotesque (fr. grotesque - bizarre, ugly, strange) is an artistic technique associated with deliberate exaggeration or distortion of the real features of the image, which gives it a bizarre, fantastic, often caricature-humorous, sometimes frightening character.
Gusli (from Old Russian gusel - string) is an ancient Russian folk instrument, which is a hollow flat box on which metal strings are stretched. Playing the G. usually accompanied the performance of epics. The performer in G. is the guslar.
Declamation is the artistic reading of poetry or prose in an emotionally uplifting manner. D. musical - correct reproduction in recitative of characteristic intonations - rises, falls, accents, etc. - of expressive human speech.
Woodwind instruments are the general name for a group of instruments that includes the flute (with the varieties piccolo and alto flute), oboe (with the varieties alto oboe or English horn), clarinet (with the varieties piccolo clarinet and bass clarinet), bassoon (with a variety of contrabassoon). D.d.i. They are also used in brass bands, various chamber ensembles and as solo (see) instruments. In the orchestral score the group D. d. and. occupies the top lines, placed in the order indicated above.
Decimet (from Latin decimus - tenth) is an opera or chamber ensemble of ten participants.
Dialogue (Greek dialogos - conversation between two) - a scene-conversation between two characters in the opera; a roll call of alternating short musical phrases, as if answering each other.
Divertissement (French divertissement - amusement, entertainment) is a musical work, structured like a suite, consisting of several different, mainly dance numbers. D. is also called a separate instrumental piece of an entertaining nature.
Dynamics (from the Greek dynamikos - force) - 1. Strength, volume of sound. 2. Designation of the degree of tension, effective aspiration of the musical narrative (“dynamics of development”).
Dramaturgy is literature that involves stage execution; the science of the laws of constructing a dramatic play. In the 20th century, the term D. began to be applied also to musical and theatrical art, and then to large instrumental and symphonic works not related to the stage. D. musical - a set of principles for constructing and developing the music of opera, ballet, symphony, etc. with the goal of the most logical, consistent and effective implementation of the chosen plot and ideological concept.
Duma, dumka is a narrative Ukrainian folk song of a free recitative-improvisational style with instrumental accompaniment. Usually the song is devoted to a story about historical events, but sometimes it takes on the features of a sincere, sad song of purely lyrical content.
Brass band is an orchestra consisting of brass and woodwind and percussion instruments. Before. It has a powerful, bright sonority.
Wind instruments are instruments of various shapes, sizes and materials, consisting of a tube or a set of tubes that sound due to the vibrations of a column of air enclosed in them. According to the material and method of sound production, D. and. divided into copper and wood. To the number of D. and. also belongs to the organ.
Duet (from Latin duo - two) is an operatic or chamber ensemble of two participants.
Duettino (Italian duettino) - a small duet.
Genre (French genre - type, manner) - 1. Type of musical work, determined by various criteria: the nature of the theme (for example, epic, comic), the nature of the plot (for example, historical, mythological), composition performers (for example, F - opera, ballet, symphonic, vocal (see), instrumental), circumstances of performance (for example, concert, chamber (see), household), features of the form (for example, romance , songs, instrumental or orchestral miniatures), etc. 2. Genre (in music) - associated with the characteristic features of folk everyday musical genres. 3. Genre scene - everyday scene.
The lead singer is the beginning of a choral song, performed by one singer - the lead singer.
Singspiel (German: Singspiel from singen - sing and Spiel - play) - a type of comic opera that combined spoken dialogue with singing and dancing; Z. received its greatest development in Germany and Austria in the 2nd half of the 18th century and the beginning. XIX centuries.
Improvisation (from Latin improvisus - unforeseen, unexpected) - creativity in the process of performance, without prior preparation, by inspiration; also a characteristic of a certain kind of musical works or their individual episodes, characterized by a whimsical freedom of presentation.
Instrumentation is the same as orchestration.
Interlude (lat. intermedia - located in the middle) - 1. A small piece of music placed between the more important parts of a large work. 2. An inserted episode or scene in a major theatrical work that suspends the development of the action and is not directly related to it. 3. A connecting episode between two implementations of a theme in a fugue, a passing episode in an instrumental piece in general.
Intermezzo (Italian intermezzo - pause, intermission) - a play that connects more important sections; also the name of individual, mainly instrumental, plays of varying character and content.
Introduction (Latin introductio - introduction) - 1. A small-sized operatic overture that directly introduces the action. 2. The initial section of a piece, which has its own tempo and character of the music.
Cabaletta (from Italian cabalare - to fantasize) is a small operatic aria, often of a heroically upbeat character.
Cavatina (Italian: cavatina) is a type of opera aria, characterized by a freer construction, lyrical melodiousness, and lack of tempo (see) contrasts.
Chamber music (from Italian camera - room) - music for solo (see solo) instruments or voices, small ensembles intended for performance in small concert halls.
Canon (Greek kanon - rule, sample) is a type of polyphonic music based on the alternate entry of voices with the same melody.
Kant (from Latin cantus - singing) - in Russian, Ukrainian and Polish music of the 17th-18th centuries, lyrical songs for a three-voice choir without accompaniment; In the era of Peter I, greetings of a cheerful march-like (see march) character, performed on the occasion of official celebrations, became widespread.
Cantata (from Italian cantare - to sing) is a large work for solo singers, choir and orchestra, consisting of a number of numbers - arias, recitatives, ensembles, choirs. K. differs from the oratorio in the absence of a detailed and consistently embodied plot.
Cantilena (lat. cantilena - chanting) - a wide melodious melody.
Canzone (Italian canzone - song) is the old name of an Italian lyrical song with instrumental accompaniment; subsequently - the name of instrumental pieces of a melodious lyrical nature.
Canzonetta (Italian canzonetta - song) - a small canzone, a melodious vocal or instrumental piece of small size.
Scene 1. In a musical theater work, a part of the act separated not by an intermission, but by a short pause, during which the curtain is briefly lowered. 2. Designation of instrumental symphonic works, which are characterized by special concreteness and clarity of musical images; Sometimes such works belong to the genre of program music.
Quartet (from Latin quartus - fourth) is an operatic-vocal or instrumental (most often string) ensemble of four members.
Quintet (from Latin quintus - fifth) is an operatic vocal or instrumental ensemble of five members.
Clavier (abbreviated German: Klavierauszug - piano excerpt) - reworking, arrangement for piano of a work written for an orchestra or ensemble, as well as an opera, cantata or oratorio (with the preservation of vocal parts).
Coda (Italian coda - tail, end) is the final section of a musical work, usually of an energetic, rapid nature, affirming its main idea, the dominant image.
Coloratura (Italian coloratura - coloring, decoration) - coloring, varying the vocal melody with a variety of flexible, moving passages, virtuosic decorations.
Color (from Latin color - color) in music is the predominant emotional coloring of a particular episode, achieved by using various registers, timbres, harmonic (see) and other expressive means.
Kolyadka is the general name of Slavic folk ritual songs of pagan origin associated with the celebration of Christmas (New Year's Eve).
Composer (lat. compositor - writer, compiler, creator) - the author of a musical work.
Composition (lat. compositio - composition, arrangement) - 1. Musical creativity, the process of creating a musical work. 2. The internal structure of a musical work is the same as the musical form. 3. A separate piece of music.
Contralto (Italian contralto) is the lowest female voice, the same as the alto in the choir.
Counterpoint (from Latin punctum contrapunctum - point against point, that is, note against note) - 1. Simultaneous combination of two or more melodically independent voices. 2. The science of the laws of combining simultaneously sounding melodies, the same as polyphony.
Contrast (French contraste - opposite) is a bright expressive means of music, consisting in the rapprochement and direct opposition of dissimilar musical episodes that differ sharply in character. Musical figurative-emotional K. is carried out with the help of tempo, dynamic, tonal, register, timbre (see) and other oppositions.
Concert (from Latin concertare - compete, Italian concerto - agreement) - 1. Public performance of musical works. 2. A large, usually three-part, work for a solo (see) instrument with orchestra, brilliant, spectacular, possessing developed elements of virtuosity, in some cases approaching the richness and significance of its ideological and artistic content to a symphony.
Climax (from Latin culmen - top, peak) is the moment of highest tension in musical development.
Couplet (French couplet - stanza) is a repeated part of the song.
Coupure (French coupure - cutting, abbreviation) - shortening a musical work by removing, omitting an episode, in opera - a scene, picture or act.
Lezginka is a dance common among the peoples of the Caucasus, temperamental, impetuous; size 2/4 or 6/8.
Leitmotif (German: Leitmotiv - leading motive) is a musical thought, a melody associated in an opera with a specific character, memory, experience, phenomenon or abstract concept that appears in music when it appears or is mentioned during a stage action.
Ländler (German: Ländler) is a German and Austrian folk dance, the predecessor of the waltz, a lively but not fast movement; size 3/4.
Libretto (Italian libretto - notebook, little book) - the complete literary text of an opera, operetta; verbal presentation of the content of the ballet. The author L. is a librettist.
Madrigal (Italian madrigale) is a European polyphonic secular song of the 16th century, of an exquisite nature, usually with love content.
Mazurka (from Polish mazur - resident of Mazovia) is a Polish dance of folk origin, lively in nature, with a sharp, sometimes syncopated (see) rhythm; size 3/4.
March (French marche - walking, procession) is a genre associated with the rhythm of walking, characterized by a clear, measured, energetic movement. M. can be marching, solemn, mourning; size 2/4 or 4/4.
Brass instruments are wind instruments made of copper and other metals, forming a special group in a symphony orchestra, which includes horns, trumpets (sometimes partially replaced by cornets), trombones and tuba. M.D.I. are the basis of the brass band. In the symphonic score the group M. d. and. written under the woodwind group, placed in the order above.
Meistersinger (German Meistersinger - master of singing) - in medieval Germany (XIV-XVII centuries) guild musicians.
Melodeclamation (from Greek melos - song and Latin declamatio - recitation) - expressive reading (most often poetry), accompanied by music.
Melody (Greek melodia - singing a song from melos - song and ode - singing) is the main idea of a musical work, expressed in a monophonic melody, the most important means of musical expressiveness.
Melodrama (from the Greek melos - song and drama - action) - 1. Part of a dramatic work, accompanied by music. 2. A negative characterization of works or episodes characterized by exaggerated sensitivity, sentimentality, and bad taste.
Minuet (French menuet) is an ancient French dance, originally of folk origin, in the 17th century - a court dance, at the end of the 18th century it was introduced into the symphonic cycle (see symphony). M. is distinguished by smooth and graceful movements; size 3/4.
Mass (French messe, Latin missa) is a large multi-part work for choir with instrumental accompaniment, sometimes with the participation of solo singers, written in a religious Latin text. M. is the same as Catholic mass, liturgy.
Mezzo-soprano (from Italian mezzo - middle and soprano) is a female voice, in register occupying an intermediate position between soprano and contralto. a mezzo-soprano in a choir is the same as an alto.
Miniature (Italian: miniatura) - a small orchestral, vocal (see) or instrumental piece.
Monologue (from the Greek monos - one, speech pronounced by one person) in music is one of the most effective solo vocal forms in opera, which usually captures the process of intense experience or reflection, leading to some kind of decision. M., as a rule, is built from several non-identical, contrasting episodes.
Motive (from Italian motivo - reason, motivation, and lat. motus - movement) - 1. Part of the melody that has an independent expressive meaning; a group of sounds - a melody, united around one accent - stress. 2. In the common meaning - tune, melody.

Musical drama is originally the same as opera. In its common meaning, it is one of the genres of opera, which is characterized by the leading role of intense dramatic action that unfolds on stage and determines the principles of musical embodiment.
Musical comedy - see operetta.
Nocturne (French nocturne - night) is a name that spread in the 19th century for relatively small instrumental (rarely vocal) pieces of a lyrical and contemplative nature with an expressive melodious melody.
The number is the smallest, relatively complete, allowing for a separate, independent performance of an episode of an opera, ballet or operetta.
Nonet (from Latin nonus - ninth) is a relatively rare type of operatic or chamber ensemble for nine participants.
Oda (Greek ode) is the name of a musical work (usually vocal) of a solemn laudatory nature, borrowed from literature.
Octet (from Latin octo-eight) is an ensemble of eight participants.
French grand opera (French grandopéra) is a type that became widespread in the mid-19th century, which is characterized by the embodiment of historical themes in a monumental, colorful performance rich in actionable moments.
Comic opera is a general specific name for the opera genre that arose in Europe from the mid-18th century under the influence of democratic ideas as opposed to courtly aristocratic art. O.K. in different countries bore different names: in Italy - opera buffa, in Germany and Austria - singspiel, in Spain - tonadilla, in England - beggar's opera, or ballad, song opera. O.K. is the generally accepted name for the French variety of this genre, which is characterized by the inclusion of spoken dialogues in the action.
Opera is a lyric-dramatic type that developed in the art of opera in the second half of the 19th century. For O. l.-d. Characterized by the foregrounding of dramatic, often tragic personal destinies and human relationships, shown against a realistically truthful life background, the composer’s in-depth attention to the mental life of the characters, their feelings, psychological contradictions and conflicts.
French lyric opera is the proper name for French lyric-dramatic opera.
Beggar's Opera (English: beggarsopera) is an English type of comic opera in which folk ballad songs were widely used.
Epic opera is a type of classical opera, predominantly developed in Russia, characterized by the use of plots from folk epics - tales, legends and samples of folk song creativity. Stage action and music O. e. are maintained in the spirit of a majestic, leisurely narrative. To the genre O. e. there is also an opera-fairy tale attached.
Opera (Italian opera - action, work, from Latin opus - work, creation) is a synthetic genre of musical art, including dramatic action, singing and dancing, accompanied by orchestral music, as well as pictorial and decorative design. An operatic work is composed of solo episodes - arias, recitatives, as well as ensembles, choirs, ballet scenes, independent orchestral numbers (see overture, intermission, introduction). O. is divided into acts and pictures. As an independent genre, O. spread in Europe in the 17th century, and in Russia from the middle of the 18th century. Further development led to the formation of various national styles and ideological and artistic types of opera (see Grand French O., O. buffa, O. comic, O. lyrical-dramatic, O. lyrical French, O. beggars, O.- seria, O. epic, singspiel, musical drama, operetta). As a result of the diverse historical development, music has become the most democratic genre among the complex monumental genres of musical art.
Opera buffa (Italian opera-buffa) is an Italian comic opera that arose in the first half of the 18th century. About. was based on everyday stories, often acquiring a satirical overtones. Developed from the Italian folk “comedy of masks” (comediadelarte), O.-b. reflected the progressive democratic trends of the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries.
Opera seria (Italian operaseria - serious opera, as opposed to comic) - Italian opera of the 18th century, associated with the courtly aristocratic environment. Based, as a rule, on mythological and historical-legendary subjects, O.-s. was distinguished by the splendor of its production and the virtuosic brilliance of its vocal parts, but in its development it was constrained by the conventionality of plots, situations and characters.
Operetta (Italian operetta - small opera) is a theatrical performance that combines singing and dancing accompanied by an orchestra with spoken scenes, originating from the comic opera of the 18th century. European comedy of the 19th century is characterized by an abundance of comedic situations of a satirical or purely entertaining nature. In Soviet musical and theatrical art, O. is more often called musical comedy.
Oratorio (from Latin oratoria - eloquence) is a large vocal-symphonic genre of musical art, the works of which are intended to be performed by a choir, solo singers and an orchestra. O. is based on a certain plot, which generally tells about historical or legendary events of national life, usually having a sublime, heroic overtones. O.'s plot is embodied in a series of completed solo, choral and orchestral (q.v.) numbers, sometimes separated by recitatives.
The organ (from the Greek organon - instrument, instrument) is the largest of the modern musical instruments, which has existed and been improved over many centuries. O, is a system of pipes that sound due to the blowing of a stream of air into them, produced mechanically. The presence of pipes of various sizes and shapes allows you to produce sounds of different pitches and timbres. O. control is carried out using keyboards, manual (up to three manuals) and foot (pedal), as well as numerous register switches. In terms of power and colorful richness of sound, the orchestra competes with a symphony orchestra.
Orchestra (from the Greek orchestra - in the ancient Greek theater, the place in front of the stage on which the choir was located) is a large group of performing musicians, intended for the joint performance of musical works. Unlike the ensemble, some parts in the O. are performed simultaneously by several musicians, like a one-voice choir. According to the composition of the instruments, operas are divided into symphonic, wind, folk, pop, jazz, etc. Opera opera, like the symphonic, consists of four main groups of instruments - groups of woodwinds, brass, percussion, bowed strings, and also includes some individual instruments that are not included in any of the groups (harp, occasionally piano, guitar, etc.).
Orchestration is the creation of an orchestral score, the embodiment of musical ideas through the means of orchestral expressiveness. O. - the same as instrumentation.
Parody (Greek parodià, from para- against and ode- song, singing, letters, singing in reverse) - imitation for the purpose of distortion, ridicule.
Score (Italian partitura - division, distribution) - musical notation of ensemble, orchestral, opera, oratorio-cantata (see), etc. music that requires many performers. The number of lines of a song is determined by the number of parts included in it - instrumental, solo-vocal and choral, which are arranged in a certain order.
Part (from Latin pars - part) - part of the music of an ensemble, opera, etc., performed by one or a group of musicians or singers.
Pastoral (from Latin pastoralis - shepherd) - music, musical play or theatrical scene, expressed in gentle, lyrically soft contemplative tones, painting calm pictures of nature and idealized serene rural life (cf. idyll).
The song is the main vocal genre of folk music and a related genre of vocal music in general. P. is characterized by the presence of a clear, convex, expressive and harmonious melody, which has a generalized figurative and emotional content, embodying the feelings and thoughts not of an individual, but of a people. The combination of these features is included in the concept of songfulness as a special means of musical expressiveness, a special way of musical thinking. Folk music, reflecting in an innumerable variety of varieties and genres the most diverse aspects of the life of the people, is the main source of musical art. The greatest merit in the development of folk music and the highly artistic interpretation of its national characteristics belongs to Russian classical composers. In their works, singing is widely represented as an everyday genre; at the same time, songfulness, the principle of song, was for them the leading artistic device. In the narrow sense, a song is a small vocal piece with or without accompaniment, characterized by simplicity and melodically expressive melodiousness, usually in verse form, as well as an instrumental piece of similar size and character.
A subvoice is a more or less independent melody that accompanies the main melody in polyphonic music. The presence of developed voices is a characteristic feature of Russian folk choral (see) music.
Polyphony (from the Greek poly- many and phone- voice, letters, polyphony) - 1. A simultaneous combination of two or more independent melodies that have an independent expressive meaning. 2. The science of polyphonic music, the same as counterpoint.
Prelude, prelude (from Latin prae- before and ludus- play) - 1. Introduction, introduction to a play or a completed musical episode, a scene of an opera, ballet, etc. 2. A common name for small instrumental pieces of various content, character and structure .
Premiere - the first performance of an opera, ballet, operetta on the theater stage; the first public performance of a musical work (applies to major works only).
The chorus is a part of the song, invariably, along with the same verbal text, repeated after each verse.
Lamentation, lamentation is a lamentation song, one of the popular genres of folk song in pre-revolutionary Russia; usually has the character of a mournfully emotional recitative.
Prologue (from Latin prae - before and Greek logos - word, speech) - the introductory part in a drama, novel, opera, etc., introducing the narrative; sometimes P. introduces the events that preceded those depicted.
Musical development is the movement of musical images, their changes, collisions, mutual transitions, reflecting the processes that take place in the mental life of a person or the hero of a musical theater performance, as well as in the surrounding reality. R. m. is an important factor in musical dramaturgy, directing the listener’s attention to the most significant parts of the narrative. R. m. is carried out using a variety of compositional and expressive techniques; all means of musical expression participate in it.
Requiem (from Latin requiem - peace) is a monumental work for choir, solo singers and orchestra. Initially, R. is a Catholic funeral mass. Subsequently, in the works of Mozart, Berlioz, Verdi, R. lost its ritual and religious character, turning into a dramatic, philosophically significant musical genre, animated by deep universal feelings and great thoughts.
Recitative (from Latin recitare - read, recite) is musical speech, the most flexible form of solo singing in opera, characterized by great rhythmic (see) variety and freedom of construction. Usually R. introduces the aria, emphasizing its melodious melody. Often in R. the characteristic intonations of living human speech are reproduced, thanks to which it turns out to be an indispensable tool in creating a musical portrait of a character. The main varieties of R. are R.-secco (“dry”, accompanied by rare abrupt chords of the orchestra or cymbal), R.-accompagnato (“accompanied”, sounding against the background of a coherent chord accompaniment) and R.-obligato (“obligatory”, which indicates the need for an independent melodic idea in orchestral accompaniment).
Rigodon (fr. rigodon, rigaudon) - an ancient Provençal (France) dance of the 17th-18th centuries, with lively, vigorous movement; time signature 4/4 or 2/3 with one-quarter time.
Rhythm (from the Greek rythmos - dimensional flow) - the organization of musical movement in time, periodic alternation and the ratio of strong and weak beats. A periodically repeated group of strong and weak beats is called a beat. The number of beats in a measure is called the time signature. R. is an important expressive means of musical art, achieving special richness and diversity in dance music associated with the plastic movement of the human body.
Romance (French romance) is a solo lyrical song with instrumental accompaniment, characterized by an intimate structure of feelings, individualized content, special subtlety and an expressive variety of accompaniment. R.'s vocal melody often includes elements of recitative.
Rondo (fr. rondeau from ronde - round, the name of an ancient French choral song) is a form of constructing a musical piece, consisting of several (at least three) contrasting episodes, separated by a periodically returning first episode (refrain).
Sarabanda (Spanish: zarabanda) - an ancient Spanish dance in the nature of a slow, majestic procession; size 3/4. The S. genre was often used to create images of deep mournful reflection and a funeral procession.
Seguidilla (Spanish: seguidilla) - fast Spanish dance, accompanied by the whimsical rhythm of castanets; size 3/4 or 3/8.
Sextet (from Latin sextus - sixth) is an operatic-vocal or instrumental ensemble of seven participants.
Serenade (from Italian sera - evening, lit. "evening song") - originally in Spain and Italy, a love song, sung with the accompaniment of a guitar or mandolin under the window of the beloved. Then - works of a welcoming nature for instrumental ensembles and orchestra. Subsequently, S. is the name of lyrical solo songs with instrumental accompaniment, stylized in the spirit of guitar accompaniment, as well as the name of a lyrical instrumental or orchestral cycle.
Symphony (from the Greek symphonia - consonance) is a monumental work for orchestra, the genre of which developed in the 2nd half of the 18th century. S., as a rule, consists of four large, diverse, contrasting parts, which reflect a wide range of life phenomena and embody a wealth of moods and conflicts. The first part of the poem usually has a conflict-dramatic character and is kept in fast motion; sometimes it is preceded by a slow introduction. The second is a lyrical chant, imbued with moods of reflection. The third is a minuet, scherzo or waltz - in a lively dance movement. The fourth is the finale, the fastest, often of a festive, upbeat nature. However, there are other principles of construction. The set of parts, united by a common poetic idea, forms a symphonic cycle.
Scherzo (Italian scherzo - joke) is a small instrumental or orchestral work of a lively, playful nature, with a sharp, clear rhythm, sometimes acquiring a dramatic coloring. From the beginning of the 19th century, S. entered the symphonic cycle, taking the place of the minuet in it.
Skomorokhs are carriers of Russian folk art in the 11th-17th centuries, wandering actors, musicians and dancers.
Solo (Italian solo - one, only) - an independent performance by one performer with an entire play or in a separate episode, if the play is written for an ensemble or orchestra. Performer S. - soloist.
Sonata (from Italian sonare - to sound) - 1. In the 17th century - the name of any instrumental work, as opposed to a vocal one. 2. From the 18th century - the name of a work for one or two instruments, consisting of three or four movements of a certain character, which form a sonata cycle, in general terms similar to a symphony (see symphony).
Sonata allegro is a form in which the first parts of a sonata and symphony are written, maintained at a fast (allegro) tempo. Form S. a. consists of three large sections: exposition, development and recapitulation. Exposition - a presentation of two central, contrasting musical images created in the main and secondary parts; development - the development of the themes of the main and secondary parties, the clash and struggle of their images; reprise - repetition of an exposition with a new ratio of images of the main and secondary parties, achieved as a result of their struggle in development. Form S. a. the most effective, dynamic, it creates ample opportunities for a realistic reflection of the phenomena of objective reality and the mental life of a person in their internal inconsistency and continuous development. Form S. a. took shape by the middle of the 18th century and soon became widespread not only in the first parts of symphonies, sonatas, quartets, instrumental concerts, but also in one-part symphonic poems, concert and opera overtures, and in some cases in extended opera arias (for example, Ruslan's aria in Glinka's opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila").
Soprano (from Italian sopra - above, above) is the highest female voice. S. is divided into coloratura, lyrical and dramatic.
Style (in music) is a set of characteristics that characterize the work of composers of a certain country, historical period, or individual composer.
Stringed instruments are instruments in which sound occurs as a result of vibration (oscillation) of stretched strings. According to the method of sound production S. and. are divided into bowed (violin, viola, cello, double bass), keyboard (piano and its predecessors, see cymbal) and plucked (harp, mandolin, guitar, balalaika, etc.).
Scene (Latin scena from Greek skene - tent, tent). - 1. Theatrical stage on which the performance takes place. 2. Part of a theatrical performance, a separate episode of an act or picture.
Scenario (Italian: scenario) - a more or less detailed description of the course of action unfolding on stage in opera, ballet and operetta, a schematic retelling of their plot. Based on S., a libretto for the opera is created.
Suite (French suite - series, sequence) is the name of a multi-part cyclic work in which the parts are compared according to the principle of contrast and have a less close internal ideological and artistic connection than in a symphonic cycle (see symphony). Usually the song is a series of dances or descriptive and illustrative plays of a programmatic nature, and sometimes an extract from a major musical and dramatic work (opera, ballet, operetta, film).
Tarantella (Italian tarantella) - a very fast, temperamental Italian folk dance; size 6/8.
Musical theme (Greek theme - subject of a story) is the main musical idea to be developed, expressed in a relatively small, complete, relief, clearly expressive and memorable melody (see also leitmotif).
Timbre (French timbre) is a specific quality, characteristic coloring of the sound of a voice or instrument.
Tempo (from Italian tempo - time) - the speed of performance and the nature of movement in a piece of music. T. is indicated by the words: very slowly - largo (largo), slowly - adagio (adagio), calmly, smoothly - andante (andante), moderately fast - moderato (moderato), quickly - allegro (allegro), very quickly - presto (presto ). Sometimes T. is defined by reference to the well-known nature of the movement: “at the tempo of a waltz,” “at the tempo of a march.” Since the mid-19th century, T. has also been indicated by a metronome, where the number corresponds to the number of indicated durations per minute. The verbal designation T. often serves as the name of a play or its individual parts that do not have a title (for example, the names of parts in a sonata cycle - allegro, andante, etc., ballet adagio, etc.).
Tenor (from Latin tenere - to hold, to direct) is a high male voice. T, divided into lyrical and dramatic.
Terzet (from Latin tertius - third) is an operatic vocal ensemble of three members. Another name for T. is trio, which is also used to designate instrumental ensembles with the same number of performers.
Trio (Italian trio from tre- three) - 1. In vocal music, the same as terzetto. 2. Instrumental ensemble of three performers. 3. The middle section in a march, waltz, minuet, scherzo of a smoother and more melodious nature; this meaning of the term arose in ancient instrumental music, in the works of which the middle section was performed by three instruments.
Troubadours, trouvères, knights, poets and singers in medieval France.
Overture (French ouverture - opening, beginning) - 1. An orchestral piece performed before the start of an opera or ballet, usually based on the themes of the work it precedes and concisely embodying its main idea. 2. The name of an independent one-movement orchestral work, often related to program music.
Percussion instruments are musical instruments from which sound is produced by striking. U. and. There are: 1) with a certain pitch of sound - timpani, bells and bells, celesta, xylophone and 2) with a sound of indefinite pitch - tom-tom, big and small drums, tambourine, cymbals, triangle, castanets, etc.
Factura (lat. factura - lit. division, processing) - the structure of the sound fabric of a musical work, including a melody, accompanying echoes or polyphonic voices, accompaniment, etc.
Fandango (Spanish fandango - Spanish folk dance of moderate movement, accompanied by playing castanets; size 3/4.
Fantasy (Greek phantasia - imagination, generally fiction, invention) is a virtuoso work of free form. 1. In the 17th century, the introduction to a fugue or sonata was of an improvisational nature. 2. A masterly composition on the themes of any opera, the same as transcription (Latin transcriptio - rewriting) or paraphrase (from Greek paraphrasis - description, retelling, paraphrase). 3. An instrumental work characterized by a bizarre, fantastic character of the music.
Fanfare (Italian fanfara) is a trumpet signal, usually of a festive, solemn nature.
Finale (Italian finale - final) is the final part of a multi-part work, opera or ballet.
Folklore (from the English folk - people and lore - teaching, science) is a set of works of oral literary and musical folk art.
Musical form (lat. forma - appearance, outline) - 1. Means of embodying ideological and figurative content, including melody, harmony, polyphony, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, texture, as well as compositional principles of construction or f. in a narrow sense. 2. F. in a narrow sense - historically established and developed patterns of the structure of musical works, layout patterns and relationships of parts and sections that determine the general contours of a musical work. The most common are three-part, couplet, variation, rondo, sonata, as well as the structure of suite, sonata and symphonic (see) cycles.
Piano (from Italian forte-piano - loud-quiet) is the general name of a keyboard string instrument (grand piano, upright piano), which, unlike its predecessors - harpsichord, cymbal, clavichord, allows you to produce sounds of varying strengths. The breadth of sound range and dynamics, the expressiveness and colorful variety of sound, and great virtuoso technical capabilities have made F. primarily a solo and concert (see concert) instrument, as well as a member of many chamber instrumental ensembles.

Ballet(French ballet from Italian ballo - dance, dance) - a large musical performance in which the main artistic means is dance, as well as pantomime, presented on the theater stage in a picturesque decorative design, accompanied by orchestral music. Ballet in the form of independent dance scenes is sometimes part of.

Interlude(Latin intermedia - located in the middle) - 1. A small musical piece, placed between the more important parts of a large work. 2. Inserted or in a major theatrical work, suspending the development of the action and not having a direct relationship to it. 3. A connecting episode between two passages in an instrumental piece in general.

Intermezzo(Italian intermezzo - pause, intermission) - connecting more important sections; also the name of individual, mainly instrumental, plays of varying character and content.

Introduction(Latin introductio - introduction) - 1. Small-sized opera house, directly introducing into action. 2. An initial section of some kind, which has its own character of music.

Kant(from Latin cantus - singing) - in Russian, Ukrainian and Polish music of the 17th-18th centuries, lyrical songs for a three-voice choir without accompaniment; In the era of Peter I, greeting cants of a cheerful march-like character (see) spread, performed on the occasion of official celebrations.

Koda(Italian coda - tail, end) - the final section of a musical work, usually of an energetic, impetuous nature, affirming its main idea, the dominant image.

Coloratura(Italian coloratura - coloring, decoration) - coloring, varying the melody with a variety of flexible, moving passages, decorations.

Color(from Latin color - color) in music - the predominant emotional coloring of a particular episode, achieved by using various,, and other expressive means.

Kolyadka- the general name of Slavic folk rituals of pagan origin associated with the celebration of Christmas (New Year's Eve).

Banknote(French coupure - cutting, abbreviation) - reduction of a musical work by removing, omitting any, in -, or.

Lezginka- a dance common among the peoples of the Caucasus, temperamental, impetuous; size 2/4 or 6/8.

Motive(from Italian motivo - reason, motivation, and lat. motus - movement) - 1. A part that has an independent expressive meaning; a group of sounds - a melody, united around one accent - stress. 2. In the common meaning - tune, melody.

Nocturne(French nocturne - night) - a name that spread in the 19th century for relatively small instrumental (rarely -) lyrical-contemplative in nature with expressive melodiousness.

But no(from Latin nonus - ninth) - a relatively rare type of operatic or chamber music for nine participants.

Oh yeah(Greek ode) - the name of a musical work (usually -) of a solemn laudatory nature, borrowed from literature.

Octet(from Latin octo - eight) - eight participants.

Parody(Greek parodià, from para - against and ode - song, singing, letters, singing in reverse) - imitation for the purpose of distortion, ridicule.

Prelude, foreplay(from Latin prae - before and ludus - play) - 1. Introduction, introduction to a play or completed musical piece, etc. 2. A common name for small instrumental pieces of varying content, character and structure.

Premiere- first performance, at the theater; the first public performance of a musical work (applies to major works only).

Buffoons- bearers of Russian folk art in the 11th-17th centuries, wandering actors, musicians and dancers.

Sonata allegro- the form in which the first parts of the sonata are written and, - sustained in fast (allegro). The form of the sonata allegro consists of three large sections: exposition, development and reprise. Exposition - a presentation of two central, contrasting musical images, created in the main and secondary; development-

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