What are natural phenomena? What are they? You will find answers to these questions in this article. The material can be useful both for preparing for a lesson on the world around us and for general development.
Everything that surrounds us and is not created by human hands is nature.
All changes that occur in nature are called natural phenomena or natural phenomena. The rotation of the Earth, its movement in orbit, the change of day and night, the change of seasons are examples of natural phenomena.
Seasons are also called seasons. Therefore, natural phenomena associated with the changing seasons are called seasonal phenomena.
Nature, as you know, can be inanimate and living.
Inanimate nature includes: the Sun, stars, celestial bodies, air, water, clouds, stones, minerals, soil, precipitation, mountains.
Living nature includes plants (trees), mushrooms, animals (animals, fish, birds, insects), microbes, bacteria, and humans.
In this article we will look at winter, spring, summer and autumn natural phenomena in animate and inanimate nature.
Winter natural phenomena
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Spring natural phenomena
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Summer natural phenomena
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Autumn natural phenomena
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Unusual natural phenomena
What natural phenomena still exist? In addition to the seasonal natural phenomena described above, there are several more that are not associated with any time of year.
- Flood called a short-term sudden rise in water level in a river. This sharp rise may be a consequence of heavy rains, the melting of large amounts of snow, the release of an impressive volume of water from the reservoir, or the collapse of glaciers.
- Northern lights- glow of the upper layers of the atmospheres of planets with a magnetosphere due to their interaction with charged particles of the solar wind.
- Ball lightning- a rare natural phenomenon that looks like a luminous formation floating in the air.
- Mirage- an optical phenomenon in the atmosphere: refraction of light streams at the boundary between layers of air that are sharply different in density and temperature.
- « Falling star" - an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when meteoroids enter the Earth's atmosphere
- Hurricane- extremely fast and strong air movement, often of great destructive power and considerable duration
- Tornado- an ascending vortex of extremely quickly rotating air in the form of a funnel of enormous destructive power, in which moisture, sand and other suspended matter are present.
- Ebbs and flows- These are changes in the water level of the sea elements and the World Ocean.
- Tsunami- long and high waves generated by a powerful impact on the entire thickness of water in the ocean or other body of water.
- Earthquake- represent tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface. The most dangerous of them arise due to tectonic displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or upper mantle of the Earth
- Tornado- an atmospheric vortex that arises in a cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) cloud and spreads down, often to the very surface of the earth, in the form of a cloud arm or trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters
- Eruption- the process of a volcano throwing hot debris, ash onto the earth's surface, an outpouring of magma, which, pouring onto the surface, becomes lava.
- Floods- flooding of land with water, which is a natural disaster.
Not all people like winter, with its frosts, ice, and difficult driving conditions. Indeed, winter can be a dangerous and unpleasant time of year. But she can also be fantastically beautiful. Grab a cup of hot drink, wrap yourself in a blanket, and we will tell you about the most amazing phenomena that happen in winter.
7. Light pillars
From afar, these “lightsabers” seem to be hovering above the surface of the earth and can be mistaken for a UFO. On a frosty night they present a stunning spectacle that seems to be the work of supernatural forces.
However, science has long known about the existence of pillars of light. They appear when light is reflected from tiny ice crystals suspended in the air (hexagonal or columnar, depending on the angle of the sun or moon). Such crystals usually occur in high cirrus clouds. However, in cold weather, ice crystals also form in lower layers of the atmosphere. Therefore, pillars of light often appear in winter. And their multi-colored hue is due to the lights they reflect.
It is interesting that similar phenomena can occur in sunny weather and under the moon, depending on which light is reflected from the ice crystals.
6. Snow storm
This is a meteorological phenomenon in which during a snowstorm, thunder rumbles and lightning flashes like summer.
According to forecasters, snow thunderstorms occur when cold atmospheric fronts invade a warm air mass. The speed of movement of such fronts is, on average, 40 km/h.
When, under conditions of an unstable atmosphere, cold air comes into contact with warm air, a sharp temperature drop occurs (up to several tens of degrees at an altitude of several kilometers). Because of this, thunder and lightning occur, and in addition there are heavy snowfalls.
A snow thunderstorm is a fairly rare event for Russia. It was observed in Novosibirsk in December 2015, in Novorossiysk in January 2012, in the capital in December 1995 and in the same month in 2011. However, in Murmansk there is a snow storm, on average, once a year.
5. Pancake ice
A strange sight can sometimes be observed in winter: the river is covered with circles that reach 3 meters in diameter. These circles look like a round pizza or huge pancakes, but they are not made of dough, but of ice up to ten centimeters thick.
Experts say that such an ice “pizza” is formed when the freezing process of water is interrupted by its agitation, and sections of ice collide and rub against the edges, erasing sharp corners.
These pancake-shaped formations are most often found in Antarctica, but can occur in any large body of water.
4. Frost
On a cold day, you can see a thin layer of small ice crystals on the bushes and trees, similar to the beard of Santa Claus.
Frost is created in a similar way to dew. At subzero temperatures, contact of water vapor molecules with a branch or other object leads to their transition from a gaseous state to a solid one. This causes the appearance of many feathery ice crystals. The more moisture there is in the air, the thicker the frost will be.
3. Frozen frogs
Third place in the top 7 amazing winter natural phenomena went to a seemingly ordinary frog. Different animals have physiological characteristics that help them survive in the cold. Bears, for example, hibernate, but the tree frog has an even simpler strategy: it simply freezes.
For the winter, tree frogs look for depressions in the ground. They fill it with leaves and twigs, which provide warmth, burrow into the shelter and hibernate. The frog's heart stops beating, its organs stop functioning, and its blood freezes.
If we were talking about another living creature, then such freezing would damage the body's tissues, destroying the fragile cell structures. After all, dehydrated cells can no longer function.
But the tree frog avoids this life-threatening dilemma. Before hibernation, her body produces large amounts of glucose, which is then transported into the cells and acts as antifreeze.
Urea levels also increase, providing additional cell protection. While the cells themselves do not freeze, water freezes in the skin, eyes and muscles, making the frog as hard as a rock.
When spring comes, the amphibian thaws without the slightest damage to health.
2. Hole in the Sky
Only in winter can one observe a phenomenon that in English literature is called Skypunch (and also Fallstreak hole and Hole punch cloud). It seems that the hand of the giant living in the sky reached down and made a hole in the clouds so that it would be better to see what was happening below.
This phenomenon only occurs when the water droplets in the clouds are in a super-cooled position. In the absence of freeze nuclei, water droplets can remain liquid at temperatures as low as minus 40 degrees Celsius.
When exposed to an external force, some of the water droplets turn into ice and begin a chain reaction of freezing and causing the rest of the droplets to fall out. Because of this, a large circle is formed in the clouds in a matter of seconds.
Research has confirmed that passing aircraft are responsible for initiating the droplet crystallization process. When planes fly through a cloud, the air cools as it passes through the plane's wings and propeller.
1. Deadly icicles
If you thought about an ordinary icicle that could fall on your head and kill you, you were mistaken. Underwater icicles, which form in the frosty conditions of the Arctic and Antarctica, are no less deadly.
Here's how it happens.
- The interaction of water with cold air masses leads to the formation of ice on the surface of the water.
- Salt leaks out of the ice, which increases the salinity of the water and lowers its freezing point. The density of water also increases.
- The salty brine under the ice comes into contact with the ice and cools to its temperature.
- As a result, an underwater analogue of a stalactite appears - brinicle (Finger of Death). In shape, it resembles a tentacle or ice tube that stretches towards the seabed.
- When the giant "tube" reaches the bottom, it begins to expand, instantly freezing (and killing) everything it touches.
“They (brainicles) look like upside-down cacti blown out of glass, straight out of Dr. Seuss's imagination. They are incredibly fragile and can break with the slightest touch,” explains Andrew Thurber, a professor at Oregon State University.
And yet, the icy “fingers of death” can reveal to scientists the secrets of life. Bruno Escricano, a researcher at the Spanish Research Institute in Bilbao, says that inside sea ice there is a high concentration of chemical compounds, lipids and fats that coat the interior of the structure. They may act as a primitive membrane, one of the conditions necessary for life. These components may also contain ingredients necessary to obtain DNA. Of course, it is unlikely that Captain America will be able to be extracted from such ice, but perhaps the Brainicles will be able to explain to scientists what forms of life can arise on planets encased in ice.
Objects and phenomena of living and inanimate nature in autumn, winter, spring and summer: description.
Autumn is the golden time of the year, which comes immediately after the hot and sunny summer. Little children notice dramatic changes, both in the weather and in their attitude towards themselves. With the onset of autumn, the scorching rays of the sun replace rainy days, the trees begin to shed their leaves, and the grass turns yellow. Thus, nature is preparing for the onset of cold weather and winter.
Autumn signs of autumn in living and inanimate nature: list
For many schoolchildren, autumn is associated with the beginning of a new school year; at this time, children meet with their friends and classmates, and, dressed in school uniforms, go to gain new knowledge.
There are the following signs of the onset of autumn:
- Surely the kids noticed when autumn came, the sun had disappeared somewhere, and the sky was covered with clouds. Even in sunny weather, it is no longer so warm outside (you can tell by the way people start dressing). Light T-shirts and dresses are replaced by jackets and jeans, and with the onset of October-December, many people wear coats and jackets.
- Despite the fact that summer is hot, there are, of course, windy weather. But it’s more pleasing, because when a warm breeze blows, it’s refreshing. But strong gusts of wind in autumn are not so pleasant, because the cold wind blows with such force that it tears leaves from the trees.
- Autumn is characterized by frequent fogs, and mothers begin to monitor weather changes, because in autumn the weather often changes, and dressing correctly is very important at such a time, because... It's very easy to get sick. By the way, with climate change, many children begin to get colds, which is rarely seen in the summer.
- The coming autumn can be seen in the plants, for example, how grapes or currants turn red, chestnuts and many other trees and shrubs turn yellow. In September it is already possible to collect fallen maple leaves. They are often used to make appliques or various bouquets. But it is impossible to determine the onset of autumn by looking at coniferous trees, because such trees are green both in summer and winter.
- You can determine weather changes by watching animals. For example, most birds hide from the cold by flying to warmer regions. Of course, there are those who are not afraid of the cold - these are pigeons, crows and sparrows. But heat-loving birds, sensing the onset of rainy autumn, immediately fly far to the south with their chicks.
- There are animals that hibernate, such as bears, raccoons, badgers, hedgehogs and many others, especially those that live in minks. The hare, fox and squirrels change their color, making it easier for them to camouflage themselves from predators. As you know, squirrels are very thrifty - so they prepare a lot of nuts and acorns for the winter, which they will feed on throughout the cold weather. And they collect food in the fall, when nuts and acorns are ripe. This can also be observed.
- Pesky flies, mosquitoes and many insects also hide with the onset of the slightest cold weather.
- Why has the day become shorter? This also characterizes autumn. If the sun sets earlier than usual, then you can expect the onset of cold days. This is a sign of autumn in inanimate nature.
- Getting closer to winter, you can see frost in the mornings. These are small particles of dew that have frozen on the leaves and surfaces in an uneven, prickly layer.
- There is even ice in the fall; this often happens at the end of November, when the air temperature reaches sub-zero values. By this time people are already wearing hats, gloves and scarves. The weather promises that winter is just around the corner.
Autumn is a very bright and beautiful time of year, the roads are covered with a golden “blanket”, you can watch beautiful landscapes and birds flying away to warmer climes. Even though the weather is rainy in autumn, it gives us the opportunity to observe the beauty of nature.
Objects and phenomena of living and inanimate nature in autumn: description of observations
On the territory of our country one can often observe changes in the weather and nature, which “adjusts” to the coming changes. Many of the phenomena that we observe are associated specifically with the seasons and are therefore called seasonal. One of the most beautiful times of the year is autumn.
During this period, nature is painted with golden colors, all animals and plants are preparing for the cold winter and you can observe the most amazing changes and phenomena. Autumn is characterized by the following main changes:
- Fogs. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the earth heats up during the day, and at night the temperature is already below zero, so fog, dew and even frost are observed with sunrise
- Shower. Autumn is associated with rainy weather, and it is during this period that heavy rains are observed - in other words, downpour
- Wind. It is in the fall that when you go outside you can encounter strong gusts of wind, which are often accompanied by rain or even hail.
- It gets dark earlier
- Cloudy weather
- You can see thin ice on ponds and puddles, but standing on it, much less playing on it, is very dangerous; it’s better to wait until winter
- The onset of winter can also be characterized by “Indian” summer. During this period, a heavy milky fog falls to the ground, filling the air with dampness.
- At the end of autumn, rainy weather is diluted by light snowfall, after which there is often ice
This is a characteristic of inanimate nature that can be observed in the fall, but changes in living nature include:
- Animals such as fox, squirrel and hare change their color
- Many animals hibernate in late autumn
- Birds fly to warmer climes
- Insects also hide from the cold weather, you can no longer see butterflies and ladybugs, you can’t hear the whistle of grasshoppers, bees don’t buzz and don’t pollinate plants, mosquitoes and flies are also becoming less common
- Leaf fall. This is the first sign that golden autumn is coming. The castings turn yellow, and with a strong gust of wind, trees and bushes are freed from them. All roads are covered with a beautiful golden carpet
Autumn is a wonderful time of year that prepares nature and people for the cold frosty winter. This time gives us a break from the hot and stuffy summer days. But the first ones who begin to respond to climate changes are plants. Berries and vegetables are fully ripening, and the trees are dressed in golden foliage.
Winter signs of winter in living and inanimate nature: list
In anticipation of the New Year, many children know that the luxurious time of year has arrived - winter. Gifts, holidays and Father Frost and the Snow Maiden are not all indicators that winter has come. Of course, it comes a month earlier - December 1st. This is a fabulous time when you can play in the snow and sculpt a Snow Woman, we see stunning drawings on the windows, and there is beautiful snowy weather outside.
In anticipation of the onset of winter, we are all waiting for a fairy tale, wish fulfillment and magic. This is how we associate cold winter. But these are not all the indicators by which one can determine the onset of such a wonderful period:
- Firstly, everyone dresses warmly enough. A down jacket or fur coat is used as outerwear; people wear warm gloves and hats, and in very “severe” weather - huge scarves and thermal underwear. It is very important to dress as warmly as possible in such cold weather, because you can easily catch a cold and miss the entire winter holidays
- Snowfall is also the main characteristic of the winter period.
- The winter sky is quite heavy and seems to hang right above your head. There is moisture and frosty freshness in the air
- Ice. Walking or driving in winter is very dangerous; for convenience, many people wear snowshoes, and their cars are “changed” to winter tires. After all, it’s very easy to slip, and worse, to injure your leg or arm.
- If a strong wind blows and snow falls, it becomes a blizzard. It’s very exciting to watch such weather from the window, but if you get caught in a strong wind with snow, it’s quite unpleasant
- As children, we all really loved icicles. And this is another sign of winter. In other words, an icicle is a cone-shaped piece of ice that can most often be found on roofs or trees.
- Animals, birds and insects, unfortunately, can be found very rarely, because birds fly away to warmer climes, animals hibernate, and insects hide from the severe frosts that are typical for winter
- Days are much shorter than nights
Despite the cold temperatures and snowstorms, winter is a wonderful time; many games can only be played thanks to the snow that only falls in winter. Skiing, sledding, snowboarding, playing snowballs or sculpting various figures out of snow - these are very exciting and educational activities that are possible only in winter. Therefore, the winter holidays should not be spent sitting in front of a computer monitor, but rather have a great free time with friends or family.
Objects and phenomena of living and inanimate nature in winter: description of observations
Nature is everything that surrounds us and is created by human hands. Conditionally, nature can be divided into living and nonliving. The first group includes plants, animals, fungi, humans, and microbes. But to inanimate nature: the sun, air, stars, soil, precipitation, etc.
In winter, summer, autumn and spring, all phenomena change smoothly, and this is how we can determine the seasons of the year. Winter is the coldest time of the year, but this is also the most beautiful time. In winter, the season of fun snowball fights opens, children ride on slides and sleds, sculpt a snow woman, and most importantly, everyone is looking forward to a fabulous New Year. This time can be determined by the following signs:
- Snow is more often observed in the form of precipitation. Snowflakes fall to the ground either independently or in flakes. And also only in winter you can see snowfall - this is heavy snowfall
- Blizzard and blizzard
- Ice. Of course, all kids love to skate, but this activity is quite dangerous, so you can only play on the ice if accompanied by adults
- Icicles can be found on the roofs of houses and tree branches. Therefore, you need to be careful, and it is better not to walk under houses, because if the temperature gets higher, the icicle can easily melt and fall
- Santa Claus decorates the windows with beautiful patterns
- All rivers and lakes are covered with a thick layer of ice, which is called freeze-up
The following changes can be found in living nature:
- Many animals change their color, such as the hare, squirrel and fox
- Bears and hedgehogs hibernate
- Bullfinches and tits arrive and replace the bulk of the birds
- People dress in warm clothes
When the snow begins to melt and the patterns on the windows disappear, the sun begins to warm up, and the days become longer - then winter begins to gradually transition into another season - spring. What other signs of the spring season there are are described in the next paragraph.
Spring signs of spring in living and inanimate nature: list
Spring is associated with new life, because during this period the earth wakes up from winter hibernation, nature begins to bloom, the first still green petals and bunches appear. This is the most wonderful time, the sun is brighter and the sky is clear, and there is freshness in the air.
It is very easy to understand exactly when spring begins; there are a large number of phenomena and processes that characterize such a season, for example:
- The first green flowers appear
- Animals wake up from hibernation
- Bunnies, squirrels and foxes again change the color of their coats, so they camouflage themselves with their environment. Many animals begin to shed
- Buds appear, and from them - flowers
- You can hear the singing of birds returning from warmer climes
- Spring is the time for the birth of a new generation in animals
- Birds begin to build nests
From inanimate nature:
- The first is the melting of snow
- Streams begin to gurgle
- In winter there are practically no thunderstorms, but in spring you can encounter such a phenomenon
- Ice drift - this phenomenon occurs because the ice begins to melt and smoothly moves along the rivers
If you watch what people do, you can also see changes. Spring is considered the time of cleaning, because after winter it is worth cleaning your home. Also, preparations are underway to plant a vegetable garden, especially if a person lives in a rural area.
Objects and phenomena of living and inanimate nature in spring: description of observations
After a cold winter, everyone is looking forward to warmer days. Literally from the very first days of spring, the sun's rays begin to warm up, and at the same time flowers appear, the grass turns green, the trees bloom, and the birds begin to sing. In other words, the Earth comes to life again and wakes up.
- The first sign is the snow is melting. The icicles are melting and the beautiful patterns on the windows are gradually disappearing.
- The day is getting longer.
- If in winter there are often leaden clouds, and the sky is gray and dull, then in spring the sky becomes lighter, the clouds disperse and the sky becomes clean and clear.
- Plants also react to the arrival of spring and demonstrate this by the appearance of green leaves, buds, spruce and alder blooming young cones. Flowers gradually bloom, bees and other insects appear.
- Spring is also associated with the fluffy “seals” of the willow tree; they are carried to church on Palm Sunday. Also, one of the most important spring holidays is March 8th. This is International Women's Day, and flowers such as tulips are considered a symbol.
- The birds are flying home again, and this can be heard from the beautiful singing. Swallows begin to build nests and have offspring.
- Animals change their warm clothes to lighter ones. At the same time, the color of the coat itself.
- People also change their wardrobe, hiding fur coats, warm hats and boots until next winter.
Vienna also has more exciting activities, for example, closer to the May holidays, many go fishing, pick mushrooms, start grilling kebabs and relax a lot in nature, enjoying the beautiful nature.
Summer signs of summer in living and inanimate nature: list
Of course, all children know when summer begins, because... After a hard school year, the long-awaited summer holidays are coming. That is why summer is the most favorite time of the year. Many go to visit their grandmothers or to a resort with their parents. The sea, the beach and a lot of fun await every child. But this is not the only indicator that summer has come; there are also such changes in living and inanimate nature, for example:
- Weather. The wind is dry, the temperature is high, so even the nights in summer are quite warm. But if the day is very hot and the sky is clear as a tear, at one moment it can start raining with a thunderstorm, after which you can often see a rainbow
- In the morning you can find dew on the leaves and grass
- Winds can be strong with variable gusts and frequent changes of direction
The hot days of summer are diluted by rainy weather, and summer rain is divided into several types:
- Ordinary
- Short term. It is also called blind or mushroom, accompanied by sunny weather
- Shower. It starts suddenly. A large amount of water falls out in a very short time. Accompanied by wind and thunder
- City-shaped. Along with the drops of water, hail particles also fall out. They flow powerfully and quickly, which consequently negatively affects agriculture
- The grass is bright green
- In summer, berries and fruits ripen, flowers bloom
- Already at the beginning of summer you can collect mushrooms after the rain
In summer, people dress quite lightly, wear sunglasses and hats to protect them from the hot rays of the sun. In agriculture, summer is a very important period; agronomists and landowners are cultivating the soil, looking after their gardens, picking berries and preserving them for the winter.
Objects and phenomena of living and inanimate nature in summer: description of observations
Using the textbook “The World Around us,” children starting from the second grade can become familiar with various anomalies and changes in the environment. All these changes change smoothly along with the seasons of the year, which is why they are often called seasonal.
The main objects and phenomena that can be encountered in the summer are:
- Hot weather
- Strong gusts of warm wind
- Rains, after which you can collect mushrooms
- Thunder is a sound phenomenon that is often accompanied by lightning
- After the rain a rainbow appears
- In the morning you can observe such a phenomenon as dew.
- The plants are dressed in green petals, there is a scent of flowers, and the fruits are ripening
- You can hear birds singing, bees buzzing and crickets ringing
- The day is longer than the night and you can watch the beautiful stars through the clear and clear sky.
Each season of the year is unique and beautiful in its own way:
- In autumn, all nature, plants, animals and people prepare for the cold. Trees turn yellow and shed their leaves, animals make provisions for the winter, change color, and some are preparing for hibernation. Birds fly to warmer climes, and insects hide. People take out warm clothes and umbrellas, collect ripe fruits and wait for frost.
- Winter is the time for snow-white fairy tales and fun games in the snow. The entire surface of the earth is covered with a thick layer of snow and ice. With the beginning of winter, children and adults are looking forward to the New Year holidays.
- In spring, the earth wakes up from its winter sleep, everything around blossoms, and a fresh aroma soars in the air. Birds return, animals also change their coats and crawl out of their burrows and continue their offspring. You can already find insects, birds and midges. And people are slowly planting vegetable gardens and orchards and preparing for the hot summer.
- Summer is my favorite time of year, because... The long-awaited vacation begins. Finally, you can enjoy warm days, soak up the sun and swim in the sea. Already at the beginning of summer you can savor delicious berries and fruits. In the summer you can pick mushrooms, go to the forest to pick flowers and relax in the fresh air.
Video: Living and inanimate nature - objects and phenomena, educational for children
One of the most beautiful times of the year is certainly winter. Both children and adults look forward to it, because frosty snowy weather in winter always lifts the spirits.
Classification of natural phenomena: examples
Climate anomalies are classified according to the nature of their origin, impact, duration, scale and regularity. They themselves represent any natural meteorological change.
By origin they are geomorphological, biogeochemical, cosmic and climatic. The most common are the latter (rain, typhoon, etc.). And the most beautiful of them are winter natural phenomena (examples: snow,
In Asia and America, cases of geomorphological phenomena (tsunamis, volcanoes, earthquakes) have recently become more frequent.
Based on their duration, meteorological anomalies are divided into instantaneous, short-term and long-term. The first includes an earthquake, the second - flood, rain, squall, and the third - drying out of a river or climate change. As for regularity, according to this criterion, natural phenomena can be seasonal or daily.
The greatest danger to human life is posed by natural meteorological phenomena - tornado, typhoon, lightning. These may include winter snow squalls and abnormal frost).
There are quite interesting rare phenomena in the world around us. Among them are lunar rainbow, halo effect, star rain, aurora and many others.
What is winter characterized by: examples
It is rightfully considered the harshest period in northern latitudes. It is worth noting that closer to the equator, winter begins in June-July. This is due to the tropical climate and polarity of the planet.
One of the first signs of approaching winter is light frosts and short daylight hours. The winter weather in the countries of the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Russia and Scandinavia, is sometimes striking in its mercilessness. For example, in Norway the air temperature can drop to -45 degrees, and in Siberia even down to -70 degrees. But how beautiful nature is in winter (see photo below)! This is especially true for wild forests and high mountains.
In addition, as this time of year approaches, winter natural phenomena such as low clouds, lack of wind, and frost are observed. The most common climatic anomalies from mid-December are snow, blizzards, snowdrifts, sleet and others.
Winter phenomena: frost
At this time of year the weather in the northern countries is very cold. In winter, frosts there can reach a threshold of -60 degrees and below. In countries with a temperate climate, weather conditions are more tolerable and mild (down to -20 o C).
Frost as a natural phenomenon can be divided into categories:
- weak (down to -3 o C);
- moderate (up to -12 o C);
- significant (up to -22 o C);
- fierce (up to -43 o C);
- extreme (up to -54 o C);
- abnormal (below -55 o C).
It is worth noting that frosty weather in a dry climate is much easier to tolerate than in a humid climate.
Winter phenomena: snow
Precipitation in frosty weather occurs in the form of crystallized drops of water. As they pass through the cold, the moisture particles freeze, stick together, and fall to the ground. This phenomenon is called snow. It is considered the most common in terms of likelihood of occurring in winter after frost.
It is worth noting that each snowflake does not exceed 5 mm in diameter. However, exceptions (up to 30 mm) have been repeatedly observed in nature. Snowflakes differ in shape from each other. First of all, this concerns the interlacing of edges. Despite this, they all have perfect symmetry and clear contours. Each snowflake is a hexagon. This formation format is determined by the shape of the water molecule, which has 6 faces. That is why, as a result, ice crystals, connecting and growing in the atmosphere, create a perfect hexagon. Humidity and air temperature also affect the shape of a snowflake. The higher the first indicator and the lower the second, the larger and more bizarre the contour will be.
Snowfall in winter plays a very important role. The snowdrift flooring retains heat well, preventing plants and insects from dying in severe frost. Snow also creates a sufficient supply of moisture so that the flora can awaken in time in the spring.
Winter phenomena: snowstorm
This natural phenomenon is the transfer of snow from the surface by strong winds. At the moment, there are 3 types of snowstorms: blowing snow, general snowstorm and drifting snow.
Snow storms (see photo below) lift ice particles to a certain height from the surface of the earth, which causes visibility to noticeably deteriorate. If the vertical layer of cover is about 2 meters, such a snowstorm is called a blowing snow. With it, horizontal visibility is practically zero. On the other hand, the sky and clouds are clearly visible. The wind speed during a ground storm is about 10 m/s.
During a general snowstorm, snow is transported in the surface atmospheric layer. The movement of frozen water particles occurs kilometers upward. In this case, horizontal visibility can reach more than 2 meters. There is no way to identify celestial bodies. The wind speed during such a snowstorm exceeds 12 m/s.
Drifting snow is the transfer of snow cover up to a meter. At the same time, there is excellent both vertical and horizontal visibility. This phenomenon occurs most often during snowfall. Wind speed varies from 4 to 6 m/s.
Winter phenomena: ice
This natural anomaly is directly related to precipitation. It should not be confused with black ice. These are two different concepts.
Ice is a layer of frozen water (when snow melts or after rain). Appears only when the temperature drops noticeably. It forms even at 0 degrees.
Ice is the formation of an ice crust on trees, ground, and wires, which is associated with precipitation on a frozen surface. This phenomenon occurs most often during sudden warming in the upper atmosphere.
Ice is considered one of the most dangerous weather phenomena on earth, as it is associated with severe injuries and car accidents. Nevertheless, such winter natural phenomena are especially interesting and long-awaited for children, because they can skate and sled on the ice, like on a skating rink.
Ice buildup occurs in a matter of hours. But its destruction is proceeding extremely slowly. Most often, this process drags on for several days.
Winter phenomena: freeze-up
This process occurs only in reservoirs. Its duration varies depending on the landscape area and air temperature. Freeze-up is the formation of a frozen layer of water. The cover begins to form when the temperature in the river (lake) drops to zero degrees. It is worth noting that in shallow water it forms much faster. The optimal conditions for the formation of an ice layer are low air temperature and lack of wind. During a snowstorm, cover forms only near the coast.
Such winter natural phenomena are very dangerous for humans. The cover can crack at any moment; the likelihood of a tragedy is especially high during ice drift. This process occurs on fast-flowing rivers. The water begins to erode the ice and carry its fragments further from the shore. Gradually, frozen debris builds up due to the collision and forms thick hummocks.
Winter phenomena: frosty patterns
Often, with sub-zero air temperatures, strange patterns appear on the windows, as if painted with white paint. The structure of these formations is always tree-like. In meteorology, they are often called dendrites.
Frosty patterns appear on glass in the form of frozen water molecules when the outside temperature drops below 2 degrees. This is a kind of layer of loose, opaque ice. It is worth noting that microcracks and scratches on the glass play an important role in the formation of patterns.
Dendritic crystallization always begins at the bottom of the window because the water molecules are acted upon by gravity. Scientists have proven that with relative humidity and a sharp change in temperature from plus to minus, such patterns can cover 1 square meter of glass in just a couple of hours.
Winter phenomena: snowdrifts and icicles
Significant precipitation in sub-zero temperatures always entails large snow covers. In most cases, snowdrifts are formed as a result of a long snowstorm. Sediment occurs on any obstacles - be it a wall, a fence or a small stump. Snowdrifts resemble sand dunes, but are much looser and more lush. Formed from an obstacle.
An icicle is a piece of ice that hangs from an object (roof, branch, wire). Usually it has a cone shape. Formed when snow melts or water flows. The droplets quickly freeze under the influence of low air temperatures, forming the final shape of an icicle.
Such winter natural phenomena are extremely dangerous for people with the onset of above-zero air temperatures. Icicles can also fall down under the influence of their own gravity. In addition, thick ice formations often cause downed wires and broken tree branches.
Rare winter natural phenomena
One of the most amazing climatic anomalies associated with this time of year is a snow storm. This phenomenon happens once every 10 years. Snow thunderstorms occur due to a sharp increase in daytime air temperatures. Fast-moving deep cyclones drive moist, electrified air, which descends to the cold ground in large masses with peals of thunder and lightning.
Another rare phenomenon is a snow rainbow. This anomaly once again makes you wonder how unpredictable and wonderful nature can be in winter (see photo below).
A rainbow occurs due to the refraction of the sun's rays on ice crystals suspended in the air. This requires 4 conditions: high humidity, bright sun, no wind.
A snow squall is considered a very rare but extremely dangerous winter phenomenon. Although in recent years, with climate change on the planet, this anomaly is becoming more common. A squall means a strong snow storm with wind speeds of more than 60 km/h. Such a storm is always marked by loss of life and serious destruction.
On a visit to winter. Inanimate nature in winter.
To give an idea of winter natural phenomena, relying on the direct life experience of students: snow cover on the ground, ice on reservoirs, snowfall, blizzards, frost, thaws, ice; teach to see the beauty of winter nature.
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Topic: Visiting winter. Inanimate nature in winter.
Lesson objectives:
To give an idea of winter natural phenomena, relying on the direct life experience of students: snow cover on the ground, ice on reservoirs, snowfall, blizzards, frost, thaws, ice; teach to see the beauty of winter nature.
Predicted results:
Educational materials:illustrations with views of winter nature; "Winter" posters; electronic media for the educational and methodological set “The World Around us” by A.A. Pleshakov for grade 2, slides for demonstration using PowerPoint.
During the classes:
I. Motivation for learning activities
Guys, today we are going to visit one of the seasons of the year.
Listen to an excerpt from a poem by Samuil Marshak and say what time of year it talks about.
Snow on the roof, on the porch.
The sun is in the blue sky.
The stoves are heated in our house.
Smoke rises into the sky in a column.
The poem talks about winter.
Today we will go on a visit to winter and find out what changes occur in inanimate nature in winter.
II. Updating knowledge
Repetition of covered material
Let's first repeat what we call living nature and what we call inanimate nature.
electronic media
Game “Match the Match” (on electronic media for the educational and methodological set “The World Around us” by A.A. Pleshakov for 2nd grade)
III.Work on the topic of the lesson
Slide 1 “Winter”
Look at the picture. What time of year is shown in the picture?
Autumn.
In the second picture?
Winter.
How has nature changed with the onset of winter?
Everything around became white, rivers and lakes were covered with ice, the soil was frozen.
The days have become shorter and the nights have become longer.
Why did everything in nature become white?
Snow.
What kind of snow?
The snow is white and fluffy.
Guys, snow is a winter natural phenomenon.
(a snow sign is posted on the board)
Let's listen to I. Surikov's poem "Winter"
Choygan:
White snow, fluffy, swirling in the air
And he quietly falls to the ground and lies down.
And in the morning the field turned white with snow,
It was as if everything had covered him with a shroud.
How is it snowing? What is he doing in the air?
Snow is swirling and falling from the sky to the ground.
This natural phenomenon is called snowfall.(Snowfall sign is attached to the board)
Let's see an amazing natural phenomenon - snowfall.
electronic media
Children watch the snowfall using an electronic medium for the educational and methodological set “The World Around us” by A.A. Pleshakov for 2nd grade)
When there is a strong wind, the snow swirls and rushes through the air and on the ground. Snowdrifts appear near houses, near fences, near trees.
Slide 2 “Blizzard”
This natural phenomenon is called a blizzard.
(a sign with the word blizzard is hung on the board)
Now guess the riddle and find out what snow is made of.
What kind of stars are through?
On the coat and on the scarf,
All through - cut-out,
And if you take it, there is water in your hand.(Snowflake.)
That's right, these are snowflakes. Snow is made up of small snowflakes.
Snowflakes are frozen water vapor that forms in the air and falls to the ground.
(a sentence is posted on the board: “Snowflakes are frozen water vapor that forms in the air and falls to the ground.”
Slide 3 “crystallization of water”
Look at different images of snowflakes.
Slides 4,5,6,7 “Snowflakes”
(The teacher shows slides and pictures with images of snowflakes and hangs them on the board.)
Snowflakes are different and very beautiful. Some even have their own names.
They may have the following names:
Star
Stud
Hedgehog
Plate
Needle
Column
Guess the names of the snowflakes. (Annex 1)
(Children match cards with the names of snowflakes with pictures of snowflakes)
Work in a notebook. P. 51.
Guys. Open your notebooks to p. 51 and indicate with arrows what the snowflakes are called.
Fizminutka
To the music of Tchaikovsky “Waltz of the Snowflakes”
- Depict my text with action.
You are snowflakes. The wind swirls around you, it throws you up, then lowers you to the ground again. During the day you shine from the sun, and at night, when a snowstorm swirls, you want to dance a snow waltz.
- Thank you, have a seat.
Continuation of work on the topic of the lesson
What is the weather like in winter?
Frosty.
In frosty weather, the snow is loose and dry. But sometimes it gets warm and the snow melts. Puddles appear. And this natural phenomenon is called a thaw.
(A card with the word thaw is posted on the board)
Slide 8 “thaw”
- Look at the screen. In winter, when there is a thaw, the snow melts and icicles appear.
Now listen to the poem and you will find out what happens to melted water during a thaw. (student reads a poem by N. Nekrasov)
The snowball is fluttering, spinning,
It's white outside.
And puddles turned
In cold glass.
What did the puddles turn into? (into glass, i.e. into ice)
Guys, look at the screen. The water and melted snow that appeared during the thaw then freeze and become like glass. This is how black ice appears on the streets.
(The teacher hangs a card with the word ice on the board)
Slide 9 “icy conditions”
At this time, pedestrians and car drivers need to be especially careful.
What appears on the windows in winter, what have you noticed?
Various patterns appear.
Look at the screen. These are the beautiful patterns that appear on the windows.
Slides 10,11,12,13 “Frost, frost”
This natural phenomenon is called frost. Patterns appear from frost (khyraa) not only on windows, but also on trees.
(The teacher hangs a card with the word frost, hoarfrost on the board)
There is always clear water vapor in the air. Warm air vapor settles on cold glass and turns into ice crystals, just like snowflakes in the sky. This is how ice patterns appear on the windows.
When there is frost, everything around becomes amazingly beautiful.
It becomes especially beautiful in the park, in the forest.
Listen to M. Lesna-Raunio II's poem about this natural phenomenon.
Who draws so skillfully
What a miracle dreamers are,
ice drawing sad:
Rivers, groves and lakes?
Who applied the complex ornament
On the window of any apartment?
It's all one artist.
These are all his paintings.
What is the artist's name?
Freezing.
Creative work
Imagine that you are frost. There are sheets of paper on the desks, take a blue pencil and draw your patterns on the glass.
An exhibition of works is being organized.
Working with the textbook. P.130-131 (children read the text)
I V. Reflection of educational activities.
(Based on what they worked on in class and the text of the textbook, children answer questions, solve riddles, solve a crossword puzzle)
1.Questions
What changes in inanimate nature occur with the arrival of winter? What precipitation occurs in winter? What's happening to the earth?
What's happening to the reservoirs?
What natural phenomena occur in inanimate nature in winter?
2. Riddles
Remembering what we talked about in class, you can guess the riddles:
The tablecloth was white and covered the whole world.
(Snow.)
What kind of stars are there on the coat and on the scarf?
Everything is through, cut out, and if you take it, there is water in your hand?
(Snowflakes.)
It neither burns in fire nor sinks in water.
(Ice.)"
- Crossword
- What is snow made of? (snowflakes)
- What draws ice patterns on the river? (frost)
- What are the warm days in winter called? (thaw)
- The first month of winter. (January)
Homework
Observe changes in inanimate nature
MBOU " Secondary school No. 2 in Kyzyl»
Development of a lesson on the surrounding world for 2nd grade
according to A.A. Pleshakov’s program “The World around us”
Lesson topic: “On a visit to winter. Winter phenomena in inanimate nature"
The lesson was compiled by a primary school teacher at MBOU Secondary School No. 2 in Kyzyla Mongush Sayana Alekseevna
Kyzyl 2011
Lesson summary on the world around us for grade 2
Lesson objectives:
To give an idea of winter natural phenomena, relying on the direct life experience of students: snow cover on the ground, ice on reservoirs, snowfall, blizzards, frost, thaws, ice; teach to see the beauty of winter nature.
Predicted results:
Children will learn about winter changes in living and inanimate nature, and will learn to talk about their observations in the nature of their native land. generalize and systematize children’s observations of winter natural phenomena; observe the shape of snowflakes (preparation for learning information about the crystallization of freezing water).
Educational materials:illustrations with views of winter nature; "Winter" posters; electronic media for the educational and methodological set “The World Around us” by A.A. Pleshakov for grade 2, slides for demonstration using PowerPoint; images of snowflakes and cards with their names; Each student has a blank A-4 sheet of paper and a blue pencil on his desk.
Lesson structure:
There are four stages in the lesson:
- Motivation for learning activities
II. Updating knowledge
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