How to distinguish the dative case from the genitive case. Master Class. Cases

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“Only having mastered the primary material, that is, the native language, to the possible perfection, will we be able to master a foreign language to the possible perfection, but not before.”
F.M. Dostoevsky

Studying the cases of a noun is one of the important topics of the Russian language. Knowing the cases helps us express thoughts correctly and be confident in completing written work.

Thanks to research work, we studied the history of the occurrence of cases, learned their meaning and difficulties, and consolidated the skills of distinguishing the nominative, accusative and genitive cases. Our research also allowed us to identify the most difficult cases.

According to sociological research, the most difficult case to determine among our classmates is the accusative case, with the nominative case in second place. It should be noted that the nominative case itself does not present any difficulties, but in the text it can be confused with the accusative case.

Why does language need case? If, for example, all case endings suddenly disappeared in the Russian language, we would not be able to understand a single sentence. For example, in the sentence The wolf scared Petya noun Peter is in the accusative and the noun wolf - in the nominative case. Now let’s try to put a noun in the same sentence Peter in the nominative form, and the noun wolf– into the accusative case: the resulting sentence Petya scared the wolf describes a different situation, in a certain sense opposite to the first. We can say that the case indicates the roles that Petya and the wolf play in the situation: if you change the cases, then the roles will change.

Thus, the study of cases is necessary for everyone who wants to master the Russian language perfectly.

Goals:

• to develop the ability to recognize I.p. and V.p. nouns in a sentence;
• practice the ability to determine the case of a noun by question and preposition, parse a sentence into members;
• cultivate attentiveness, independence, and a sense of mutual assistance.

Equipment: computer, projector, blackboard, textbook “Russian language” T.G. Ramzaeva, task cards.

During the classes

I. Org. moment.

II. Checking the house. tasks.

2 slide

P. 80 ex. 150

– At home you had to make sentences and determine the case of nouns.

– What needs to be done to determine case?

(Reading sentences and identifying cases)

– Read the sentence that corresponds to the scheme proposed in the textbook.

III. Calligraphy.

3 slide

IV. Vocabulary and spelling minute.

4 slide

The slide has words printed against the background of the picture “In the Field.” Find the extra ones.

What letters are missing?

Make up phrases with the remaining words, putting them in different cases. Write it down in a notebook with comments, determine the case.

(For example: bread made from wheat (R.p.), watched the work (T.p.), etc.)

V. Working on a new topic.

5 slide

Communicating the topic of the lesson and setting goals.

– Today we will continue to learn how to determine the case of nouns.

Look, our guests have two cases. They are very similar to each other and we will learn to distinguish them. What do you think these cases are? (I. and V.) Formation of new knowledge.

– What are the similarities ( questions) and difference ( prepositions, part of the sentence) these cases? 6 slide

– What do the cases themselves tell you about themselves?

- I am nominative case, 7 slide
And I don’t have other people’s clothes on me.
Everyone recognizes me easily
And the subjects are called.
I haven’t liked prepositions since childhood
I can't stand being around you.
My questions are who? So what? –
No one will confuse it with anything.

- And I am the accusative case, 8 slide
And I blame it all on the ignorant.
But I love excellent students,
I catch “fives” for them.
Who to call, what to play,
I'm ready to give the guys some advice.
Don't mind making friends with pretexts,
But I can live without them.

- Read the sentences. Slide 9

– What noun. found in all sentences?

– What question does it answer? Is it possible to determine case by it?

Conclusion: Inanimate nouns. both in the I. and V. cases they answer the same question - what?

- Then let's look for differences.

Conclusion: If noun. is the subject, then it is in I.p., if it is a minor member, then in V.p. (with or without preposition).

Analysis of proposals with commentary.

What other noun? We haven't determined the case? (grows where? in what? in the nursery - P.)

What is a nursery?

VI. Consolidation of knowledge.

10 slide

Complete the sentence with nouns, putting them in the correct case.

Sasha took………. went to ………. and cleared……….. .

Checking missing letters on a slide.

What else did you find in this sentence? (Sentence with homogeneous members. Explain the placement of the comma, conjunction and).

Words for reference: st..tsa, d..ro..ka, l..pata.

VII. Summing up, conclusions from the table.

11 slide

How to distinguish them. case from Vin.?

D/z p.81 exercise 153, learn the rule.

VIII. Task on cards (according to options).

IX. Reflection.

Filling out the table.

Changing the endings of parts of speech that have a case category makes it possible to use the necessary forms of words for communication in a sentence. The accuracy and literacy of speech depends on the ability to correctly use words in the right case. It is not difficult to distinguish the genitive from the accusative if you know what each of them serves.

Genitive:

• indicates that the subject of speech belongs to someone or something (an oriole’s nest; advice from a friend; city streets);
• reflects the relationship between the part and the whole (a cup of tea; a loaf of bread; a lock of hair);
• used if there is a comparison without indicating the subject of comparison (harder than steel, softer than silk, colder than ice);
• indicates a connection with a verb that is used with the particle not (not to be afraid of the dark; not to see the horizon; not to love a neighbor);
• indicates a connection with a verb denoting desire or intention (to want good; to wish good luck; to evade responsibility).

In each of these cases, the nouns used in the genitive case are dependent words. From the main ones, you can ask questions to them: no one? or not what?

Accusative means:

• action aimed at the subject of speech (read a book; pet a dog, eat a sandwich);
• spatial and temporal relationships (overcome an obstacle; take a barrier; work for a week).

From the main word to the noun in the accusative case, you can ask questions: do I see who? or see what?

Conclusions website

1. Inanimate nouns have different endings and answer the question (no) what? in the genitive case, (I see) what? in the accusative case.
   For example:
   I can do without (what?) an umbrella. (R.p.)
   I'll plant (what?) a tree. (V.p.)
2. The endings of animate nouns in the genitive and accusative cases can be the same. In this case, cases should be distinguished according to the meaning of the sentence.
   For example:
   I can't do it without my father's help. (who? auxiliary question: no one? - R.P.)
   We remember our father as young and energetic. (who? auxiliary question I see who? - V.P.)
3. The case of unchangeable nouns is also determined by context.
   For example:
   I want to buy a new coat. (who? what? - V.P.)
   The cage was without a kangaroo. (who? what? - R.P.)

At school, several classes are always devoted to the accusative case, as it causes the most serious difficulties for students. It is no wonder that adults often make mistakes when using the accusative case. So it’s worth looking into this topic.

The accusative case is one of the 6 main ones and, as a rule, is used in the “transitive verb + noun” pair. What does this mean? This means that a noun in the accusative case experiences some kind of action directed at it by the noun or pronoun that performs the function of the subject. A simple and understandable example is “I love mom (dad, cat, sausages, porridge, music, flowers, etc.).” The subject, that is, the active person, in this case is the pronoun “I”. The direct object, expressed by a noun following a verb, experiences the action of the subject - love. And it will always be used in the accusative case.

This is quite easy to check: firstly, you can remember the case questions,

the accusative answers to “who? what?”, secondly, follow the endings, substituting nouns of the 1st declension instead of the complement in ambiguous cases - mom, dad, fox, etc. They will all end in "y".

The accusative case in the Russian language is often a source of errors, especially when it is replaced by the genitive, dative, nominative, and even Very often verbs require the use of a nominal direct object, but errors still slip through, so studying a topic devoted to how to correctly use the accusative case , needs to be combined with the topic about the construction of phrases and the features of the “verb + noun” pair.

There is also a possibility of encountering the accusative case in sentences that denote temporary concepts, for example, “work all week,” “get up every hour,” “rewrite notes all night.” In the latter case, both nouns are used in the accusative case, so care and caution should be exercised when parsing such sentences.

If the form of a noun is very similar to but the noun is not the subject, you can do a grammatical to make sure that the noun is used in the accusative case.

If doubts arise about the correctness after

some verb, you should look in the dictionary and check which case you need to use. For example, verbs such as “slow down”, “inspire”, “report”, “send”, “put on” and so on.

There are also some differences in the declension of animate and inanimate nouns. For example, “wait for a letter” and “wait for father.” In the first case the case will be genitive, and in the second case it will be accusative. This can be easily verified by asking questions from the verb to the object. So the substitution of nouns belonging to the first declension is still not a panacea. There are several ways to check yourself.

And the best way to become a literate person and practically avoid making mistakes is to read a lot of good literature.

The accusative case answers the questions "who? what?" and is used in sentences and phrases only with verbs and its forms (participle and gerund). The most common function of this case in the Russian language is the expression of the direct object of the action: I read a book, draw a picture and so on. What else can the accusative case mean, and how to distinguish it from the genitive? Read the article below!

What does case mean?

The case discussed in the article can have completely different meanings.

For example:

• The accusative tense will indicate the time of an already completed action - “meet every Tuesday.”
• The accusative quantity should be used to denote cost when there is a reference to the quantitative side of the verbal action - “cost one hundred rubles.”
• A noun in the accusative case of measure will indicate a measure of time or space - “to run three kilometers.”
• The accusative of the object will name the object to which the action is directed - “throw the ball.”
• The accusative of the result will designate an object that will be the result of some action - “sew a T-shirt.”

In order to correctly determine the case in front of you, you need to know the questions of the accusative case (who? what?). Substitute “blame” or “see” with the word, and you will immediately understand everything. For example, I blame (who?) my grandmother, I see (what?) a cutlet.

Case meanings

This form of the word has two main meanings: objective and subjective.

1. The objective meaning may appear next to a transitive verb ( buy a cat), next to the predicate ( sorry, visible, necessary, painful, sorry for the dog) and in one-part sentences expressing the required object ( reward for the brave).
2. Subjective meaning can only be expressed in a sentence (not in a phrase). The accusative case, located at the beginning of a sentence, which tells us about the state of the person ( The boys were inspired by the award). The subject meaning is expressed by the case in sentences like “The child is shivering.” This meaning is also expressed by sentences that do not have a clear subject of action ( a person was killed).

Case endings

Questions in the accusative case also determine its ending.

So, what should be the endings for these forms of words?

• Singular nouns: horse, land, mother, pig, field, mouse, path, banner.
• Accusative case of plural (the number plays a big role in setting the correct ending) number: horses, land, mothers, pigs, fields, mice, paths, banners.
• Adjectives and participles in the singular have the following endings: oval and oval, oval, oval; soft and soft, soft, soft; hare and hare, hare, hare.

Accusative prepositions

This case can be combined with a large number of prepositions, both simple and derivative. If a word is combined with simple prepositions (in, for, under, on, with), then it has a definitive meaning. Moreover, this definition can be different - by place, time, property, reason, purpose, and so on. Paired with a simple preposition, a word in the case we are analyzing can also have an objective meaning ( vote for a deputy, go mushroom picking). The word can also perform the function of replenishing the necessary information ( got a reputation for being a talker).

In the whole sentence, the form of the word in the accusative case paired with a simple preposition performs other functions. For example, case can indicate a predicative feature ( medal for bravery). The accusative case can even extend the sentence ( a kilometer from the village there is a lake; Miracles happen on New Year's Day). Paired with the prepositions “for” and “under,” the word can express the meaning of approximate ( he is over forty, she is under fifty).

Also, words in the accusative case form can be combined with derived prepositions ( despite, despite, a day later).

How to distinguish the accusative from the genitive: method one

In order not to confuse the cases of the Russian language, you need to remember that each of them has its own question, depending on the meaning of the case. By asking a universal question and finding a match for it, you will easily understand which case the word is in front of your eyes. The genitive case often denotes belonging, the whole-part relationship, a sign of an object in relation to some other object, an object of influence, and so on.

This form of the word is associated with the questions “no who?”, “no what?”. The accusative case will answer the questions “I see who?”, “I see what?” It is very difficult to determine the form of a word only by its meaning or ending. It is too difficult to remember all the meanings of the genitive and accusative case; they have many nuances. And the endings of nouns in these forms may even coincide!

Difficulties can especially often arise in determining the case of an animate noun. If the question is “who?” does not help you cope with the task, then imagine an inanimate noun in place of the animate noun. Ask a question for the genitive “no what?” and for the accusative “I see what?” If the word being defined has the same form as in the nominative case, then it is in the accusative case.

How to distinguish the accusative from the genitive: method two

• If the noun in front of you is inanimate, just ask the right question ( I buy (what?) flowerpots; I don’t see (what?) pots). In the second case, the word is in the genitive case.
• If you see an animate noun of the 2nd declension masculine, put any word of the 1st declension in its place and watch the ending ( I see a boar - I see a fox: ending y - genitive); ( no boar - no fox: ending ы - accusative).
• If you see an animate noun in the plural, then simply replace it with an inanimate noun ( I love people - I love (that) letters- accusative; I love the kindness of people - I love the kindness of letters- genitive).

Remember that in Russian there are many indeclinable nouns ( coffee, pots and so on), looking the same in any case. In this case, all higher-level advice may not be suitable. Always check the correctness of the case definition with a key question, and there will be no mistakes.

Noun is a part of speech that names objects and answers questions “ What? » / « Who? " In Russian, a noun acts as an object, adverbial, subject or predicate. This is one of the main lexical categories denoting the names of things, organisms and living beings, persons, events, facts, geographical location, phenomena, as well as properties, states, qualities and actions. The noun is modified according to special cases, between which there is a certain system of differences. To avoid grammatical and lexical errors, you need to be able to distinguish between them.

Necessary:

To learn how to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case, you need to remember the Russian language school curriculum for grades 4-5. In this case, you will need not only a school textbook, but also a table of cases.

Instructions:

• The school textbook tells us that there are only six cases in the Russian language. They are called as follows: nominative , dative , prepositional , instrumental , accusative And genitive . We're interested in the last two, so let's focus on them.
• To determine this characteristic for any noun, it is necessary to use special auxiliary questions and words. It should be noted that both schoolchildren and highly educated people constantly confuse the accusative and genitive cases. This happens because the auxiliary questions for determining them are almost identical: for the genitive " no one? what? ", for accusative " see who? What? " That is, the same question is asked to animate objects: “ whom? ».
• If you cannot determine the required form, ask a clarifying question to the noun: “ see what? " or « no what? " to define it. The accusative case is used if the word takes on the nominative form after a clarifying question.
• The genitive case can also be determined using a test word "cat". When you substitute the indicated word for any noun, pay attention to the ending. Example: instead of a word "teacher" in a phrase "pride in the teacher" Substituting the test word, we get the phrase "pride of the cat". Ending « And » indicates genitive case, ending "y" to accusative.
• Remember that the genitive always indicates the relationship between the whole and the part ( glass of water), comparison with something or someone ( more beautiful than Vasilisa) and belonging ( brother's motorcycle). The accusative describes and denotes temporal-spatial relations ( wait a minute), and also indicates a transition from an action to an object ( stroking a cat).