The revolutionary events of October 1917, rapidly developing, required clear action on the part of the leaders of the new government. It was necessary not only to take control of all aspects of the life of the state, but also to effectively manage them. The situation was complicated by the outbreak of a civil conflict, the devastation in the economy and economy caused by the First World War.
In the most difficult conditions of confrontation and struggle between different political forces, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted and approved by decree a decision to create a distribution body, called the Council of People's Commissars.
The resolution regulating the procedure for the creation of this body, however, like the definition of "People's Commissar", was fully prepared by Vladimir Lenin. Nevertheless, before the SNK was considered a temporary committee.
Thus, the government of the new state was established. This marked the beginning of the formation of the central system of power and its institutions. The adopted resolution determined the basic principles in accordance with which the organization of the government body and its further activities were carried out.
The creation of the Commissars became the most important stage of the revolution. He demonstrated the ability of people who came to power to organize themselves to effectively solve the problems of governing the country. In addition, the decision adopted by the Congress on October 27 became the starting point for the history of the creation of a new state.
The Council of People's Commissars included 15 representatives. They distributed leadership positions among themselves in accordance with the main branches of management. Thus, all spheres of economic and economic development, including foreign missions, the naval complex and the affairs of nationalities, were concentrated in the hands of one political force. Headed the government V.I. Lenin. Membership was received by V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, N. V. Krylenko, A. V. Lunacharsky, I. V. Stalin and others.
At the time of the creation of the Council of People's Commissars, the railway department was temporarily without a legitimate commissar. The reason for this was Vikzhel's attempt to take control of the industry into his own hands. Until the problem was solved, the new appointment was postponed.
He became the first people's government and showed the ability of the worker-peasant class to create administrative structures. The appearance of such a body testified to the exit to a fundamentally new level of organization of power. The government's activities were based on the principles of people's democracy and collegiality in making important decisions, while the leading role was given to the party. A close relationship was established between the government and the people. It is worth noting that the Council of People's Commissars, according to the decision of the All-Russian Congress, was an accountable body. His activities were tirelessly monitored by other power structures, including the All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
The creation of a new government marked the victory of the revolutionary forces in Russia.
"I All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (WHAT???)
Decree
On the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars
form to rule the country (what???), until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, a provisional workers' and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars. The management of individual branches of state life is entrusted to commissions, the composition of which should ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the Congress, in close unity with the mass organizations of workers, working women, sailors, soldiers, peasants and employees. Government power is vested in the collegium of chairmen of these commissions, i.e., Council of People's Commissars.
Control over the activities of the People's Commissars and the right to remove them belongs to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies and its Central. Use Committee.
At present, the Council of People's Commissars is composed of the following persons:
- Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin).
People's Commissars:
- for internal affairs - A. I. Rykov;
- agriculture - V. P. Milyutin;
- labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov;
- for military and naval affairs - a committee consisting of: V. A. Avseenko (Antonov), N. V. Krylenko and P. E. Dybenko;
- for trade and industry - V. P. Nogin;
- public education - A. V. Lunacharsky;
- finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov);
- for foreign affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky);
- justice - G. I. Oppokov (Lomov);
- for food affairs - I. A. Teodorovich;
- post and telegraph - N. P. Avilov (Glebov);
- on affairs of nationalities - I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin);
The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs is temporarily left unfilled.
Most impressive is the word: "country", of course, immediately after the title - the deputies do not know what territory!
WIKI about SNK: "
Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Bolshevik Central Committee instructed Kamenev and Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left SRs and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the future government. During the work of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks offered the Left SRs to enter the government, but they refused. The factions of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work, before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government.
The Council of People's Commissars was formed in accordance with the "", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917. The decree began with the words:
To form for the administration of the country, until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, a provisional workers' and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars.
The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The right to form the Council of People's Commissars was given to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee; The Council of People's Commissars was the body of general administration of the affairs of the RSFSR, which had the right to issue decrees, while the All-Russian Central Executive Committee had the right to cancel or suspend any decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars.
The issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, and representatives of departments.
The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the administration of affairs, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing committees, and received delegations. The staff of the administration in 1921 consisted of 135 people (according to the data of the USSR Central State Academy of Architecture and Reformation, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, pp. 19-20.).
By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.
Legislative base of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
- management of the general affairs of the RSFSR
- management of individual branches of government (art. 35, 37)
The people's commissar had the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues under the jurisdiction of the commissariat led by him, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).
With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR became the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation.
1. Organize the Solovetsky forced labor camp for special purposes and two transit and distribution points in Arkhangelsk and Kem.
2. Organization and management specified in art. I entrust the camp and transit and distribution points to the OGPU.
3. All land, buildings, living and dead inventory, previously owned by the former Solovetsky Monastery, as well as the Pertominsk camp and the Arkhangelsk transit and distribution center, should be transferred free of charge to the OGPU.
4. Simultaneously transfer to the use of the OGPU the radio station located on the Solovetsky Islands.
5. To oblige the OGPU to immediately start organizing the labor of prisoners for the use of agricultural, fishing, forestry and other trades and enterprises, freeing them from paying state and local taxes and fees.
Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Rykov
Business Manager of the SNK Gorbunov
Secretary Fotieva
Right:
Secretary of the Special Department at the OGPU I.Filippov
Copy from copy is correct:
Secretary of Sollagers ON OGPU Vaskov
List of surnames of members of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR who adopted the Resolution "On the organization of the Solovetsky forced labor camp"
Bogdanov Petr | Bryukhanov Nikolai | Dzerzhinsky Felix | Dovgalevsky Valerian | Lev Kamenev (Rosenfeld) | Krasin Leonid | Krestinsky Nikolay | Kursky Dmitry | Lenin Vladimir | Lunacharsky Anatoly | Orakhelashvili Mamia | Rykov Alexey | Semashko Nikolai | Sokolnikov Grigory (Brilliant Hirsch) | Stalin (Dzhugashvili) Joseph | Trotsky (Bronstein) Leo | Tsyurupa Alexander | Chicherin Georgy | Chubar Vlas | Yakovenko Vasily
Not being "people's" commissars, two more comrades had a hand in the preparation of documents and decisions:
And finally, the fidelity of the document to the Decree (or the correctness of the Decree in the document?) was confirmed by comrades from the "authorities":
Filipov I. | Rodion Vaskov
"People's" commissars at the time of the creation of SLON:
half of them will die from the bullet of "comrades-in-arms"
"Do not be afraid of enemies - in the worst case, they can kill you. Do not be afraid of friends - in the worst case, they can betray you. Be afraid of the indifferent - they do not kill or betray, but only with their tacit consent there are betrayals and murders on earth." ( Yasensky Bruno)
Beloborodov Alexander Georgievich(1891 -1938) - The regicide, signed the decision to execute the royal family. He replaced Dzerzhinsky as People's Commissar of the VnuDel of the RSFSR (08/30/1923). Under him, the Administration of the Northern Camps was located on Solovki. Shot.
Bogdanov Petr(1882-1939) - Soviet statesman, engineer. Member of the RSDLP since 1905. In 1917 before. Gomel Revolutionary Committee. Member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1927-30. Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In 1937 he was arrested. Shot.
Bryukhanov Nikolay(1878 - 1938) - Soviet statesman. People's Commissar of Food of the USSR (1923-1924), Deputy People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR (1924-1926), People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR (1926-1930). On February 3, 1938, he was arrested. Shot.
Dzerzhinsky Felix(1877 - 1926) - Soviet statesman. Polish nobleman. The head of a number of people's commissariats, the founder of the Cheka, one of the organizers of the "Red Terror", who believed that "the Cheka must defend the revolution, even if its sword accidentally falls on the heads of the innocent."
Dovgalevsky Valerian(1885 - 1934) - Soviet statesman, diplomat. Member of the Communist Party since 1908, electrical engineer. Since 1921 People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR, in 1923 Deputy People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR. He was a member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Died. Buried near the Kremlin wall.
Kamenev (Rosenfeld) Leo(1883 - 1936) From an educated Russian-Jewish family, the son of a machinist. September 14, 1922 appointed deputy. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (V. Lenin) of the RSFSR. In 1922, it was he who proposed to appoint Joseph Stalin as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1936 he was convicted. Shot.
Krasin Leonid(1870 - 1926) He is Nikitich, Horse, Johanson, Winter, Kurgan. Soviet statesman. Born in the family of a petty official. In 1923 he became the first People's Commissar for Foreign Trade of the USSR. Died in London. Buried near the Kremlin wall.
Krestinsky (?) Nikolai(1883-1938), member of the party since 1903. From the nobility, the son of a gymnasium teacher. Since 1918, People's Commissar for Finance of the RSFSR. In May 1937 he was arrested. The only one refused to admit his guilt: "I also did not commit any of those crimes that are personally charged to me." Sentenced and shot in 1938.
Kursky Dmitry(1874 - 1932), People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR, the first prosecutor of the RSFSR. Born in the family of a railway engineer. In 1918 he was a member of the commission for the organization of intelligence agencies in Soviet Russia (together with Dzerzhinsky and Stalin). Member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1921) and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1923). Committed suicide (1932).
Lenin Vladimir(1870 - 1924), Soviet politician and statesman, revolutionary, founder of the Bolshevik Party, one of the organizers and leaders of the October rebellion of 1917, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR and the USSR. The main organizer of the SLON.
Lunacharsky Anatoly(1875 - 1933), - Soviet writer, politician, translator, publicist, critic, art critic. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1930), People's Commissar of Education (1917-1929). Died in France. Buried near the Kremlin wall.
Orakhelashvili Mamia (Ivan)(1881 - 1937) - Soviet party leader. Born into a noble family. He studied at the medical faculty of Kharkov University. From July 6, 1923 to May 21, 1925 - Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In April 1937 he was exiled to Astrakhan. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
Rykov Alexey(1875 - 1938), party member since 1898. Born in Saratov. Since 1921, deputy. Prev. SNK and STO of the RSFSR, in 1923-1924 - USSR and RSFSR. Signed a decree on the creation of the SLON. Expelled from the party (1937) and arrested. Shot on March 15, 1938.
Semashko Nikolai(1874 - 1949) - Soviet party and statesman. Nephew of the revolutionary G. Plekhanov. In Switzerland he met Lenin (1906). Since 1918 People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR. Professor, Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944) and APN of the RSFSR (1945). Died a natural death.
Sokolnikov Grigory (Brilliant Hirsch)(1888 - 1939) - Soviet state. figure. Member and can. to the Politburo (1917, 1924-1925). People's Commissar for Finance of the RSFSR (1922) and the USSR (1923-1926). Arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison (1937). According to the official version, he was killed by prisoners in the Verkhneuralsk political isolator (1939) .. Shot on 07/29/1937, the corpse was burned. The ashes were thrown into a pit at the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.
All these comrades are commissars of the Council of People's Commissars, members of the government - the same Leninist government that launched the state mechanism of terror with the first stop at Solovki, in SLON. All these "comrades" are directly involved in the adoption of the Resolution. Active position or criminal connivance. Question for the Court: what did each of them do on November 2, 1923?
The government of the world's first workers' and peasants' state was first formed as the Council of People's Commissars, which was established on 26 October. (November 8), 1917, the day after the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, by a resolution of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies on the formation of a workers' and peasants' government.
The decree written by V. I. Lenin stated that to govern the country, "until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars," is being established. V. I. Lenin was elected the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, who worked in this post for seven years (1917-1924) until his death. Lenin developed the basic principles of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars, the tasks facing the highest organs of state administration of the Soviet Republic.
The name "Provisional" with the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly disappeared. The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was one-party - it included only the Bolsheviks. The proposal to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries to enter the Council of People's Commissars was rejected by them. Dec. In 1917, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries entered the Council of People's Commissars and were in the pr-ve until March 1918. They left the Council of People's Commissars due to disagreement with the conclusion of the Brest Peace and took the position of counter-revolution. In the future, the CHK was formed only by representatives of the Communist Party. According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, adopted by the 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the government of the Republic was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 determined the main functions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. The general management of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR belonged to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The composition of the Prospect Island was approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets or the Congress of Soviets. The Council of People's Commissars had the necessary full rights in the field of executive and administrative activities and, along with the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, enjoyed the right to issue decrees. Exercising executive and administrative power, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR directed the activities of the people's commissariats and other centers. departments, and directed and supervised the activities of local authorities.
The Administration of Affairs of the Council of People's Commissars and the Small Council of People's Commissars were created, which on January 23. (February 5) 1918 became a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR for preliminary consideration of issues submitted to the Council of People's Commissars and issues of current legislation for the management of the department of branches of public administration and government. In 1930 the Small Council of People's Commissars was abolished. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 30, 1918, it was established under the head. V. I. Lenin Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense 1918-20. In April 1920 it was transformed into the Council of Labor and Defense (STO). The experience of the first SNK was used in the state. construction of pr-in all union soviet socialist republics.
After the unification of the Soviet republics into a single union state - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), a union government was created - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The regulation on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was approved by the Central Executive Committee on November 12, 1923.
The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formed by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was its executive and administrative body. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR supervised the activities of the all-union and united (union-republics) people's commissariats, considered and approved decrees and resolutions of all-union significance within the rights provided for by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, provisions on the Council of People's Commissars of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, and other legislative acts. Decrees and resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were binding on the entire territory of the USSR and could be suspended and canceled by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and its Presidium. For the first time, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, headed by Lenin, was approved at the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 6, 1923. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to its regulations of 1923, consisted of: chairman, deputy. Chairman, People's Commissars of the USSR; Representatives of the union republics participated in the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars with the right of an advisory vote.
According to the Constitution of the USSR, adopted in 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the highest executive and administrative body of state power in the USSR. It formed Top. Soviet of the USSR. The USSR Constitution of 1936 established the responsibility and accountability of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Top. Council, and between sessions Top. Soviet of the USSR - its Presidium. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR united and directed the work of the all-Union and Union-Republican People's Commissariats of the USSR and other households subordinate to it. and cultural institutions, took measures to implement nar.-hoz. plan, Mrs. budget, exercised leadership in the field of foreign relations with foreign states, led the general development of the country's armed forces, etc. According to the USSR Constitution of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had the right to suspend decisions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics in the branches of management and economy that were within the competence of the USSR and cancel the orders and instructions of the people's commissariats of the USSR. Art. 71 of the Constitution of the USSR of 1936 established the right of a deputy's request: a representative of the Council of People's Commissars or People's Commissar of the USSR, to whom a request is made by a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, are obliged to give an oral or written answer in the appropriate chamber.
The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, was formed at the 1st session of the Top. Council of the USSR 19 Jan. 1938. June 30, 1941 by the decision of the Presidium of the Upper. The Council of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR created the State Defense Committee (GKO), which concentrated all the fullness of state power in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45.
The Council of People's Commissars of a Union Republic is the highest executive and administrative body of state power in a Union Republic. He is responsible to the Supreme Council of the Republic and is accountable to him, and in the period between sessions of the Top. Council - before the Presidium Top. Council of the Republic and is accountable to the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, issues resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the existing laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and is obliged to verify their implementation Vert N. History of the Soviet state. 1900--1991. M., 1999. S. 130--131 ..
Sometimes you have to hear that the founder of the Soviet state V.I. Lenin allegedly "surrounded himself with Jews" and from the very beginning "the government of the Bolsheviks was the government of the Jews." Even President Putin hinted at this once, obviously having confused something. Let's see - is it really so?
On the night of November 7-8, 1917, the All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted three historical documents: the Decree on Peace, the Decree on Land, and the Decree on the Formation of the Council of People's Commissars, the first Soviet government.
There were 15 people in the first composition of the SNK (Council of People's Commissars) (This information is easy to find even through an Internet search engine)
The national composition of the government approximately corresponded to the national composition of the entire Russian state. So, of these 15 members were:
Representatives of the Caucasian peoples (Georgians) - one (I. Dzhugashvili);
Representatives of Western peoples (Polish) - one (I. Teodorovich);
Representatives of the Mediterranean peoples (Jew) - one (L. Bronstein);
Representatives of Little Russia (Ukrainians) - three (P. Dybenko, N. Krylenko, V. Ovseenko).
9 people out of 15 were Russians. Let's list them by name:
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs - RYKOV Alexei Ivanovich. Born in 1881 in the family of a peasant in the Vyatka province, Yaransky district, Kukarka settlement. Russian. Studied at Kazan University, expelled for participation in the revolutionary movement, member of the RSDLP since 1898.
People's Commissar for Agriculture - Milyutin Vladimir Pavlovich. Born in 1884 in the village of Tugantsevo, Lgovsky district, Kursk province, in the family of a rural teacher. Russian. He studied at the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, participated in the roar. movement, a member of the RSDLP since 1903. In 1917 he was chairman of the Saratov Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
People's Commissar of Labor - SHLYAPNIKOV Alexander Gavrilovich. Born in 1885 in the city of Murom in a family of Pomor Old Believers. Russian (has anyone heard of Old Believer Jews?). His father worked as a miller, carpenter, laborer, mother - the daughter of a miner. Member of the RSDLP since 1901, arrests, emigration, work in the French Socialist Party. An active participant in the February Revolution of 1917, a member of the initiative group for the creation of the Petrograd Soviet.
People's Commissar for Trade and Industry - Viktor Pavlovich NOGIN. Born in 1878 in Moscow in the family of a clerk. Russian. After graduating from the city school in Kalyazin, Tver province, he worked as a clerk, from 1896 a worker in St. Petersburg, a participant in the roar. circles, a party member since 1898. In 1917 he was chairman of the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies.
People's Commissar of Education - Lunacharsky Anatoly Vasilyevich. Born in 1875 in Poltava in the family of an official. Russian, hereditary nobleman. While studying at the gymnasium, he organized and led Marxist circles, the party experience since 1895. He studied at the University of Zurich, was engaged in literary work. He is the only one of the first people's commissars who has worked in his post for 12 years.
People's Commissar for Finance - SKVORTSOV Ivan Ivanovich (pseudonym Stepanov). Born in 1870 in Bogorodsk in the family of a factory employee. Russian, oddly enough. He graduated from the Moscow Teacher's Institute and worked almost all his life in Moscow, in the Moscow organization of the RSDLP (part time since 1896). Author of a number of fundamental works on political economy, translator of Marx's works.
People's Commissar of Justice - OPPOKOV Georgy Ippolitovich (pseudonym Lomov). Born in 1888 in Saratov in a noble family. His father served here for more than 30 years as a branch manager of the State Bank. Russian. From the age of 13 he participated in circles, a member of the party since 1903. He studied at the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, during the Arkhangelsk exile (1911-1913) he participated in polar expeditions (to Novaya Zemlya and Czech Guba).
People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - AVILOV Nikolai Pavlovich (pseudonym Glebov). Born in 1887 in the family of a Kaluga shoemaker. Russian. From the age of 12 he worked in a printing house, since 1904 he was a member of the RSDLP. Conducted party work in Moscow and the Urals, studied at the Bologna party school. "The February Revolution finds him on the run from the Narym Territory." Later he worked as chairman of the Leningrad Council of Trade Unions.
The collegium of the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs consisted of:
DYBENKO Pavel Efimovich. Born in 1889 in a family of hereditary peasants in the village of Lyudkov, Novozybkovsky district, Chernihiv province. As he noted in his autobiography of the mid-1920s, "Mother, father, brother and sister still live in the village of Lyudkov and are engaged in peasantry." He graduated from a 4-year city school, from the age of 17 he worked as a loader in the port, then as a sailor. In 1911, he was drafted into the army for participating in strikes and served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1917, chairman of the Central Balt, an active participant in the October Revolution and the Civil War.
KRYLENKO Nikolai Vasilievich - a hereditary revolutionary. Born in 1885 in the Sychevsky district of the Smolensk province in a family of exiled Ukrainians. He graduated from St. Petersburg University, participated in the student movement, a Bolshevik since 1904. During the First World War, he was mobilized into the army, received the rank of ensign. In 1917 he was elected successively chairman of the regimental, divisional, and army committees. In the days of October, he was appointed Supreme Commander.
OVSEENKO Vladimir Alexandrovich (pseudonym Antonov). Born in 1884 in Chernigov. Father Alexander Anisimovich is a nobleman, a lieutenant, then a captain of a reserve regiment, a veteran of the Russian-Turkish war, so Vladimir Ovseenko can be considered a hereditary military man. After graduating from the Voronezh Cadet Corps, he studied at the Nikolaev Military Engineering and St. Petersburg Cadet Schools. During the 1st Russian Revolution, as an active participant, he was sentenced to death by the Sevastopol military court, but fled. November 7, 1917 personally led the capture of the Winter Palace.
And, finally, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars ULYANOV Vladimir Ilyich (Lenin). I would like to emphasize that in the aforementioned "Resolution" all people's commissars are named by their real names (pseudonyms are given in brackets). About Vladimir Ilyich, as the leader of the Bolsheviks, there are most rumors. Almost a "common place" was the assertion that he was of Jewish origin. However, this thesis is not an axiom, but a version. Indeed, there is documentary evidence that his ancestor Alexander Dmitrievich Blank was actually the cross of Israel Blank. But the studies of the Moscow historian M. Bychkova (1993) showed that in the first half of the 19th century two full namesakes served in the medical department in St. Petersburg - two A.D. Blanks, approximately the same age. One of them was actually a baptized Jew, and the other came from an Orthodox Moscow merchant family. So, the Russian Blank rose to the rank of court adviser, which gave the right to hereditary nobility. The blank Jew was not in the civil service, but worked in private hospitals (for example, at the Zlatoust factory), therefore he did not have such a right. As you know, V.I.Ulyanov was a nobleman, so we can definitely assume that his grandfather was the Russian A.D.Blank. According to M. Bychkova, at one time the persons of the two Blanks were deliberately mixed by someone. Let's put aside speculations: V.I. Ulyanov, who grew up in the Great Russian cultural environment, was Russian in spirit, language and origin. It is difficult to understand how a quarter of Jewish blood (even if it was, which is problematic) can outweigh; Great Russian.
It may be objected: but after all, all the above-mentioned are only the first composition of the Soviet government. So? Well, let's look further. According to the text of the Decree, the post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs "remains temporarily unfilled." A few days later this place was taken
ELIZAROV Mark Timofeevich, son of a serf from the village of Bestuzhevka, Samara province. Russian. While studying at St. Petersburg University, he joined the Samara community and became close to the Ulyanovs - Alexander and Anna. Vladimir Ilyich was even a witness at the marriage of Mark and Anna. Later, Elizarov studied at the Moscow Engineering School of the Ministry of Railways, worked in the management of the Moscow-Kursk railway and at the same time led the roar. circles among workers. In 1919 he died of typhus.
On November 12, 1917, the FIRST WORLD woman minister, Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai, was appointed People's Commissar of State Charity. Born Domontovich, the daughter of a general from a noble noble family of Ukrainian origin, dating back to the Pskov princes. She studied at the University of Zurich, and in 1906 joined the RSDLP.
From November 19, 1917, the People's Commissar of State Control was Eduard Eduardovich ESSEN, from the Russified German barons. Born in 1879 in St. Petersburg, member of the RSDLP since 1898. In 1917 - Chairman of the Vasileostrovsky District Council of Deputies.
Two weeks later, several people's commissars resigned due to disagreement with Lenin's political line. Their places were taken by:
People's Commissar for Internal Affairs PETROVSKY Grigory Ivanovich. From hereditary peasants of the village of Pechenegy, Kharkov province, Ukrainian. He studied for two and a half years at school and was expelled due to lack of money for tuition fees. He worked in a forge, a locksmith, then as a turner at a factory, a member of the RSDLP since 1897. He was a deputy of the State Duma of Russia from the workers of the Yekaterinoslav province (1912-1914).
People's Commissar Podbelsky Vadim Nikolaevich. Born in 1887 in Yakutia in a family of exiled members of the People's Will. Russian. An active participant in the Revolution of 1905, joined the RSDLP, led party work in Tambov and Moscow. Died in 1920.
People's Commissar of Health SEMASHKO Nikolai Alexandrovich. From the peasants of the Orel province of the Yelets district of the village of Livenskaya. He studied at the medical faculty of Moscow University, participated in the student movement, was expelled and expelled. After graduating from Kazan University, he worked as a doctor, then in exile - Secretary of the Foreign Bureau of the RSDLP. In 1917 he was chairman of the Zamoskvoretskaya district council in Moscow.
The People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs was reorganized. PODVOISKY Nikolai Ilyich, the son of a priest from the village of Kunashovka, Nezhinsky district, Chernihiv province, became the People's Commissariat of War (is it really a Jew?). He studied at the Chernihiv Theological Seminary and the Yaroslavl Legal Lyceum, a party member since 1901, in 1917 - the head of the Military Organization of the RSDLP and the Military Revolutionary Committee.
People's Commissar Proshyan Prosha Perchevich, whom even Pan Lukyanenko recognized as an Armenian. But not a Bolshevik - since 1905 a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, in 1917 a Left Socialist-Revolutionary. An ardent polemicist, in March 1918 during the "Brest discussion" he retired, participated in the anti-Bolshevik uprising in July 1918, was outlawed and soon died of typhus.
People's Commissar of State Property KARELIN Vladimir Alexandrovich. Born in 1891. Russian, from the nobility, the son of a collegiate adviser. Graduated from university, lawyer, journalist. In 1917 he was elected chairman of the Kharkov City Duma, a Left Social Revolutionary.
Narkomzem KOLEGAEV Andrey Lukich. Born in Surgut, Tyumen province, in a bourgeois family. Russian. Since 1905, a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In exile he studied at the University of Paris. In 1917 he was elected chairman of the Kazan Soviet of Peasants' Deputies. Under his leadership, the Collegium of the People's Commissariat, consisting entirely of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, developed a draft law on the socialization of land, approved by the 3rd All-Russian Congress of Soviets in 1918.
And, finally, STEINBERG Isaak Zakharovich. Lawyer with a university education, People's Commissar of Justice from 12/13/1917 to 3/18/1918. He distinguished himself by releasing a number of major anti-Bolshevik figures (V. Burtsev, A. Gotz) from arrest on parole. Yes, a Jew, but here's the catch - he's not a Bolshevik. Steinberg represented the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party, which was then part of the government coalition with the RSDLP(b).
So this example does not in any way support the legitimacy of the term "Jewish Bolsheviks", which is so famously used by domestic "nationally preoccupied" anti-communists.
It is appropriate to recall the characterization of the English diplomat Colonel R. Robins, given back in 1917: “The first Council of People's Commissars, based on the number of books written by its members and the languages they speak, was higher in culture and education than any cabinet of ministers in the world” .
I note that out of 92 people who worked in the Council of People's Commissars in 1917-1918, 51 had a higher or incomplete higher education, 18 had a secondary or special education.
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