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M.N. Tukhachevsky, V.I. Chapaev, P.N. Wrangel and Romanovsky I.P.

Dzyanaya Anastasia

1. Mikhail Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky 1893 --1937

Leader of the Red Movement. Soviet military leader who made a significant contribution to the organization of the Red Army. Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935). civil war Chapaev Wrangel

He voluntarily joined the Red Army, worked in the Military Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, joined the All-Union Communist Party, was appointed military commissar of the Moscow Defense District, and in June 1918 was appointed commander of the newly created 1st Army of the Eastern Front. From scattered detachments he formed three regular divisions, staffing their command staff with mobilized officers. He was almost shot during the July rebellion raised by the commander of the Eastern Front, M. A. Muravyov. At the beginning of September 1918, he prepared and carried out a successful operation with the army to capture Simbirsk, in which he showed his leadership qualities for the first time. Military historians note “a deeply thought-out plan of the operation, the bold and rapid concentration of the main forces of the army in the decisive direction, the timely delivery of tasks to the troops, as well as their decisive, skillful and proactive actions.”

As in subsequent army and front-line operations, Tukhachevsky demonstrated “the skillful use of decisive forms of maneuver during the operation, courage and swiftness of action, the correct choice of the direction of the main attack and the concentration of superior forces and means on it.”

In October, Tukhachevsky's troops took Samara. In December 1918, Lenin identified the south as the main direction of the war, and Tukhachevsky was appointed assistant commander of the Southern Front, and in January 1919, commander of the 8th Army of the Southern Fleet. As a result of disagreements between Commander-in-Chief Vatsetis and Army Commander Tukhachevsky, on the one hand, and front commander Gittis (commissars A.L. Kolegaev, G.Ya. Sokolnikov and I.I. Khodorovsky), on the other, front operations did not lead to a decisive defeat of the Don Army white.

In March 1919, the armies of the Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral Kolchak, went on the offensive in the east. General Khanzhin's Western Army defeated the 5th Army and broke through the center of the Red Army's Eastern Front. On April 5, Tukhachevsky took command of the 5th Army. In May, as part of the general counteroffensive of the Eastern Front, the 5th army switched from retreat to offensive and defeated the group of General Wojciechowski. At the same time, the 25th Infantry Division (chief of division V.I. Chapaev) distinguished itself. In June 1919, the 5th Army carried out the Bir operation against the superior forces of the Whites and ensured the Red Army's access to the Southern Urals. On February 4, 1920, Tukhachevsky was appointed commander of the Caucasian Front, tasked with completing the defeat of General Denikin’s Volunteer Army and capturing the North Caucasus before the war with Poland began. In the front line, the Reds were somewhat inferior to the Whites in strength and means, therefore, when planning the Tikhoretsk offensive operation, forces were massed in the direction of the main attack. A feature of the planning of the operation was also the delivery of a series of successive strikes, coordinated by target, place and time. In turn, General Denikin was also preparing an offensive to capture Rostov and Novocherkassk. After the Strike Group of the 10th Army broke through the White defenses, the front commander ordered the 1st Cavalry Army to be brought into the breakthrough to build on the success on Tikhoretskaya. As a result of the offensive of the Volunteer Corps on February 20, the Whites captured Rostov and Nakhichevan, which, according to Denikin, “caused an explosion of exaggerated hopes in Yekaterinodar and Novorossiysk... However, the movement to the north could not develop, because the enemy was already deep in our rear - to Tikhoretskaya." On March 1, the Volunteer Corps left Rostov, and the White armies began to retreat to the Kuban River. The success of the Tikhoretsk operation made it possible to move on to the Kuban-Novorossiysk operation, during which on March 17, the 9th Army of the Caucasian Front under the command of I.P. Uborevich captured Yekaterinodar, crossed the Kuban and captured Novorossiysk on March 27. “The main result of the North Caucasus strategic offensive operation was the final defeat of the main grouping of the Armed Forces of southern Russia.”

2. Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev 1887-1919

Commander of the Red Army, participant in the First World War and the Civil War.

In the fall of 1908, Vasily was drafted into the army and sent to Kyiv. But already in the spring of the following year, for unknown reasons, Chapaev was transferred from the army to the reserve and transferred to first-class militia warriors. According to the official version, due to illness. The version about his political unreliability, because of which he was transferred to the warriors, is not confirmed by anything. Before the World War, he did not serve in the regular army. He worked as a carpenter. From 1912 to 1914, Chapaev and his family lived in the city of Melekess (now Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk region) on Chuvashskaya Street. Here his son Arkady was born. At the beginning of the war, on September 20, 1914, Chapaev was called up for military service and sent to the 159th reserve infantry regiment in the city of Atkarsk.

Chapaev went to the front in January 1915. He fought in the 326th Belgorai Infantry Regiment of the 82nd Infantry Division in the 9th Army of the Southwestern Front in Volyn and Galicia. Was injured. In July 1915 he graduated from the training team, received the rank of junior non-commissioned officer, and in October - senior. He finished the war with the rank of sergeant major. For his bravery he was awarded the St. George medal and soldiers' St. George crosses of three degrees.

I met the February revolution in a hospital in Saratov; On September 28, 1917 he joined the RSDLP. He was elected commander of the 138th reserve infantry regiment stationed in Nikolaevsk. On December 18, the district congress of Soviets elected him military commissar of the Nikolaev district. In this position he led the dispersal of the Nikolaev district zemstvo. Organized the district Red Guard of 14 detachments. He took part in the campaign against General Kaledin (near Tsaritsyn), then (in the spring of 1918) in the campaign of the Special Army to Uralsk. On his initiative, on May 25, a decision was made to reorganize the Red Guard detachments into two Red Army regiments: them. Stepan Razin and them. Pugachev, united in the Pugachev brigade under the command of Chapaev. Later he took part in battles with the Czechoslovaks and the People's Army, from whom he recaptured Nikolaevsk, renamed Pugachev in honor of the brigade. On September 19, 1918, he was appointed commander of the 2nd Nikolaev Division. From November 1918 to February 1919 - at the Academy of the General Staff. Then - Commissioner of Internal Affairs of the Nikolaev district. From May 1919 - brigade commander of the Special Aleksandrovo-Gai Brigade, from June - head of the 25th Infantry Division, which participated in the Bugulma and Belebeyevskaya operations against Kolchak’s army. Under the leadership of Chapaev, this division occupied Ufa on June 9, 1919, and Uralsk on July 11. During the capture of Ufa, Chapaev was wounded in the head by a burst from an aircraft machine gun.

Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev died on September 5, 1919 as a result of a deep raid by the Cossack detachment of Colonel N. N. Borodin (1192 soldiers with 9 machine guns and 2 guns), which culminated in an unexpected attack on the well-guarded (about 1000 bayonets) and located in the deep rear of the city of Lbischensk (now the village of Chapaev, West Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan), where the headquarters of the 25th division was located.

3. Pyotr Nikolaevich Wrangel 1878 - 1928

One of the Leaders of the White Movement

Participation in the Civil War

In August 1918 he entered the Volunteer Army, having by this time the rank of major general and being a Knight of St. George. During the 2nd Kuban campaign he commanded the 1st Cavalry Division, and then the 1st Cavalry Corps. On November 28, 1918, for successful military operations in the area of ​​the village of Petrovskoye (where he was located at that time), he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.

Pyotr Nikolaevich was opposed to the conduct of battles along the entire front by mounted units. General Wrangel sought to gather the cavalry into a fist and throw it into the breakthrough. It was the brilliant attacks of Wrangel’s cavalry that determined the final result of the battles in the Kuban and North Caucasus.

In January 1919, for some time he commanded the Volunteer Army, and from January 1919, the Caucasian Volunteer Army. He was in strained relations with the Commander-in-Chief of the AFSR, General A.I. Denikin, as he demanded a speedy offensive in the Tsaritsyn direction to join the army of Admiral A.V. Kolchak (Denikin insisted on a speedy attack on Moscow).

Denikin, who soon arrived there, signed his famous “Moscow Directive,” which, according to Wrangel, “was a death sentence for the troops of the South of Russia.” In November 1919, he was appointed commander of the Volunteer Army operating in the Moscow direction. On December 20, 1919, due to disagreements and conflict with the commander-in-chief of the AFSR, he was removed from command of the troops, and on February 8, 1920, he was dismissed and left for Constantinople.

On April 2, 1920, the commander-in-chief of the AFSR, General Denikin, decided to resign from his post. The next day, a military council was convened in Sevastopol, chaired by General Dragomirov, at which Wrangel was elected commander-in-chief. According to the recollections of P. S. Makhrov, at the council, the first to name Wrangel was the chief of staff of the fleet, captain 1st rank Ryabinin. On April 4, Wrangel arrived in Sevastopol on the English battleship Emperor of India and took command.

General Wrangel, upon assuming the post of Commander-in-Chief of the AFSR, realizing the full extent of the vulnerability of Crimea, immediately took a number of preparatory measures in case of evacuation of the army - in order to avoid a repetition of the disasters of the Novorossiysk and Odessa evacuation. The baron also understood that the economic resources of Crimea were insignificant and incomparable with the resources of the Kuban, Don, and Siberia, which served as bases for the emergence of the White movement, and the region’s isolation could lead to famine.

A few days after Baron Wrangel took office, he received information about the Reds preparing a new assault on the Crimea, for which the Bolshevik command gathered a significant amount of artillery, aviation, 4 rifle and cavalry divisions here. Among these forces were also selected Bolshevik troops - the Latvian Division, the 3rd Infantry Division, which consisted of internationalists - Latvians, Hungarians, etc.

4. Romanowski Ivan Pavlovich 1877 - 1920

A prominent figure in the White movement in the South of Russia.

He served in the Life Guards of the 2nd Artillery Brigade. After graduating from the Academy of the General Staff, he participated in the Russian-Japanese War. Since September 1904 - chief officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 18th Army Corps. In 1906-1909. - chief officer for assignments at the headquarters of the Turkestan Military District, in January - October 1909 - senior adjutant of the headquarters of the same district. I traveled to Bukhara and the Pamirs, to the borders of Afghanistan, to take plans of the area. The result of this work was a detailed map of the Pamirs.

From October 1909 he served in the Main Directorate of the General Staff as an assistant clerk in the mobilization department. Since 1910 - assistant to the head of the department in the department of the duty general of the General Staff. Since 1912 - colonel and head of the same department in charge of appointments in the army.

With the outbreak of the First World War he was assigned to the front. Since 1914, he was the chief of staff of the 25th Infantry Division, and was awarded the St. George's Arms for military services. Since 1915 - commander of the 206th Salyan Infantry Regiment. In one of the official documents - a proposal for the rank of general - his activities as a regiment commander were described as follows:

June 24 - The Salyan regiment brilliantly stormed the strongest enemy position... Colonel Romanovsky, together with his headquarters, rushed with the advanced chains of the regiment when they were under the most severe enemy fire. Some of those accompanying him were wounded, one was killed, and the commander himself... was covered with earth from an exploding shell... The Salyans did equally brilliant work on July 22. And this attack was led by the regiment commander at a distance of only 250 steps from the attacked area under the barrage of German fire... The outstanding organizational abilities of Colonel Romanovsky, his ability to educate a military unit, his personal courage, combined with wise prudence when it concerns his unit, the charm of his personality not only the ranks of the regiment, but also everyone with whom he came into contact, his broad education and faithful eye give him the right to occupy the highest position.

In June - October 1916 - chief of staff of the 13th Army Corps. Since October - Quartermaster General of the 10th Army Headquarters. In the same year he was promoted to major general. In March - July 1917 - chief of staff of the 8th Army under the army commander, General Lavra Kornilov. Soon after the appointment of General Kornilov as Supreme Commander-in-Chief (July 18, 1917), General Romanovsky was appointed Quartermaster General of his headquarters. An active participant in the speech of General Kornilov in August 1917. Together with Kornilov, A.I. Denikin and some other generals, at the beginning of September 1917 he was arrested by the Provisional Government and imprisoned in Bykhov prison.

Literature

1. N. Alekseev. From memories. // Armed forces in the South of Russia. January June

2. Wrangel P. N. Notes

3. L. Trotsky To the officers of Baron Wrangel’s army

4. Krasnov V. G. Wrangel. The tragic triumph of the baron: Documents. Opinions. Reflections.

5. Essay about V. Chapaev. V. A. Ivanova

6. Victor Banikin. Stories about Chapaev.

7. Khlebnikov N.M., Evlampiev P.S., Volodikhin Y.A. Legendary Chapaevskaya

8. Denikin A.I. March on Moscow (“Essays on the Russian Troubles”), Cherushev N.S. 1937: The Elite of the Red Army on Calvary.

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Russian Civil War(1917-1922/1923) - a series of armed conflicts between various political, ethnic, social groups and state entities on the territory of the former Russian Empire, which followed the transfer of power to the Bolsheviks as a result of the October Revolution of 1917.

The Civil War was the result of the revolutionary crisis that struck Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, which began with the revolution of 1905-1907, aggravated during the World War and led to the fall of the monarchy, economic ruin, and a deep social, national, political and ideological split in Russian society. The apogee of this split was a fierce war throughout the country between the armed forces of the Soviet government and the anti-Bolshevik authorities.

White movement- a military-political movement of politically heterogeneous forces formed during the Civil War of 1917-1923 in Russia with the goal of overthrowing Soviet power. It included representatives of both moderate socialists and republicans, as well as monarchists, united against the Bolshevik ideology and acting on the basis of the principle of “Great, United and Indivisible Russia” (ideological movement of whites). The White movement was the largest anti-Bolshevik military-political force during the Russian Civil War and existed alongside other democratic anti-Bolshevik governments, nationalist separatist movements in Ukraine, the North Caucasus, Crimea, and the Basmachi movement in Central Asia.

A number of features distinguish the White movement from the rest of the anti-Bolshevik forces of the Civil War:

The White movement was an organized military-political movement against Soviet power and its allied political structures; its intransigence towards Soviet power excluded any peaceful, compromise outcome of the Civil War.

The White movement was distinguished by its emphasis on the priority in wartime of individual power over collegial power, and military power over civilian power. White governments were characterized by the absence of a clear separation of powers; representative bodies either did not play any role or had only advisory functions.

The White movement tried to legalize itself on a national scale, proclaiming its continuity from pre-February and pre-October Russia.

Recognition by all regional white governments of the all-Russian power of Admiral A.V. Kolchak led to the desire to achieve commonality of political programs and coordination of military actions. The solution to agrarian, labor, national and other basic issues was fundamentally similar.

The white movement had common symbols: a tricolor white-blue-red flag, the official anthem “How Glorious is Our Lord in Zion.”

Publicists and historians who sympathize with whites cite the following reasons for the defeat of the white cause:

The Reds controlled the densely populated central regions. There were more people in these territories than in the white-controlled territories.

Regions that began to support whites (for example, Don and Kuban), as a rule, suffered more than others from the Red Terror.

The inexperience of white leaders in politics and diplomacy.

Conflicts between whites and national separatist governments over the slogan “One and Indivisible.” Therefore, whites repeatedly had to fight on two fronts.

Workers' and Peasants' Red Army- the official name of the types of armed forces: ground forces and air fleet, which, together with the Red Army MS, the NKVD troops of the USSR (Border Troops, Internal Security Troops of the Republic and State Convoy Guards) constituted the Armed Forces of the RSFSR/USSR from February 15 (23), 1918 years to February 25, 1946.

The day of the creation of the Red Army is considered to be February 23, 1918 (see Defender of the Fatherland Day). It was on this day that mass enrollment of volunteers began in the Red Army detachments, created in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR “On the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army,” signed on January 15 (28).

L. D. Trotsky actively participated in the creation of the Red Army.

The supreme governing body of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (since the formation of the USSR - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR). The leadership and management of the army was concentrated in the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, in the special All-Russian Collegium created under it, since 1923, the Labor and Defense Council of the USSR, and since 1937, the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1919-1934, direct leadership of the troops was carried out by the Revolutionary Military Council. In 1934, to replace it, the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR was formed.

Detachments and squads of the Red Guard - armed detachments and squads of sailors, soldiers and workers, in Russia in 1917 - supporters (not necessarily members) of left parties - Social Democrats (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and “Mezhraiontsev”), Socialist Revolutionaries and anarchists, as well as detachments Red partisans became the basis of the Red Army units.

Initially, the main unit of formation of the Red Army, on a voluntary basis, was a separate detachment, which was a military unit with an independent economy. The detachment was headed by a Council consisting of a military leader and two military commissars. He had a small headquarters and an inspectorate.

With the accumulation of experience and after attracting military experts to the ranks of the Red Army, the formation of full-fledged units, units, formations (brigade, division, corps), institutions and establishments began.

The organization of the Red Army was in accordance with its class character and military requirements of the early 20th century. The combined arms formations of the Red Army were structured as follows:

The rifle corps consisted of two to four divisions;

The division consists of three rifle regiments, an artillery regiment (artillery regiment) and technical units;

The regiment consists of three battalions, an artillery division and technical units;

Cavalry Corps - two cavalry divisions;

Cavalry division - four to six regiments, artillery, armored units (armored units), technical units.

The technical equipment of the military formations of the Red Army with fire weapons) and military equipment was mainly at the level of modern advanced armed forces of that time

The USSR Law “On Compulsory Military Service”, adopted on September 18, 1925 by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, determined the organizational structure of the Armed Forces, which included rifle troops, cavalry, artillery, armored forces, engineering troops, signal troops, air and naval forces, troops United State Political Administration and Convoy Guard of the USSR. Their number in 1927 was 586,000 personnel.

"Reds"

Leaders of the Reds. short biography

Lev Davidovich Trotsky.

Lev Davidovich Trotsky (real name Bronstein) (1879-1940) - Russian and international political figure, publicist, thinker.

In 1917-18 Leon Trotsky People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs; in 1918-25, People's Commissar for Military Affairs, Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic; one of the founders of the Red Army, personally led its actions on many fronts of the Civil War, and made extensive use of repression. Member of the Central Committee in 1917-27, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee in October 1917 and in 1919-26.

Revolution 1905-1907

Having learned about the beginning of the revolution in Russia, Leon Trotsky returned to his homeland illegally. He spoke in the press, taking radical positions. In October 1905 he became deputy chairman, then chairman of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies. In December, he was arrested along with the council.

In prison, Leon Trotsky created the work “Results and Prospects,” where the theory of “permanent” revolution was formulated. Trotsky proceeded from the uniqueness of the historical path of Russia, where tsarism should be replaced not by bourgeois democracy, as the liberals and Mensheviks believed, and not by the revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry, as the Bolsheviks believed, but by the power of the workers, which was supposed to impose its will on the entire population of the country and rely on the world revolution.

In 1907, Trotsky was sentenced to eternal settlement in Siberia with deprivation of all civil rights, but on the way to his place of exile he fled again.

Second emigration

From 1908 to 1912, Leon Trotsky published the newspaper Pravda in Vienna (this name was later borrowed by Lenin), and in 1912 he tried to create an “August bloc” of Social Democrats. This period included his most acute clashes with Lenin, who called Trotsky “Judas”.

In 1912, Trotsky was a war correspondent for “Kyiv Thought” in the Balkans, and after the outbreak of World War I, in France (this work gave him military experience that was later useful). Having taken a sharply anti-war position, he attacked the governments of all the warring powers with all the might of his political temperament. In 1916 he was expelled from France and sailed to the USA, where he continued to appear in print.

Return to revolutionary Russia

Having learned about the February Revolution, Leon Trotsky headed home. In May 1917 he arrived in Russia and took a position of sharp criticism of the Provisional Government. In July, he joined the Bolshevik Party as a member of the Mezhrayontsy. He showed his talent as an orator in all its brilliance in factories, educational institutions, theaters, squares, and circuses; as usual, he acted prolificly as a publicist. After the July days he was arrested and ended up in prison.

In September, after his liberation, professing radical views and presenting them in a populist form, Leon Trotsky became the idol of the Baltic sailors and soldiers of the city garrison and was elected chairman of the Petrograd Soviet. In addition, he became chairman of the military revolutionary committee created by the council. He was the de facto leader of the October armed uprising.

In the spring of 1918, Leon Trotsky was appointed to the post of People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and chairman of the revolutionary military council of the republic. In this position he showed himself to be a highly talented and energetic organizer. To create a combat-ready army, he took decisive and cruel measures: taking hostages, executions and imprisonment in prisons and concentration camps of opponents, deserters and violators of military discipline, and no exception was made for the Bolsheviks.

L. Trotsky did a great job of recruiting former tsarist officers and generals (“military experts”) into the Red Army and defended them from attacks by some high-ranking communists. During the Civil War, his train ran on railroads on all fronts; The People's Commissar for Military and Marine supervised the actions of the fronts, made fiery speeches to the troops, punished the guilty, and rewarded those who distinguished themselves.

In general, during this period there was close cooperation between Leon Trotsky and Vladimir Lenin, although on a number of issues of a political (for example, discussion about trade unions) and military-strategic (the fight against the troops of General Denikin, the defense of Petrograd from the troops of General Yudenich and the war with Poland) nature there were serious disagreements between them.

At the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the 1920s. Trotsky's popularity and influence reached their apogee, and a cult of his personality began to take shape.

In 1920-21, Leon Trotsky was one of the first to propose measures to curtail “war communism” and transition to the NEP.

General Alexey Alekseevich Brusilov

In 1881-- 1906 served in the officer cavalry school, where he successively held positions from riding instructor to head of the school. In 1906--1912. commanded various military units. At the beginning of the First World War, he was appointed commander of the 8th Army, in March 1916 he took the post of commander-in-chief of the Southwestern Front and became one of the best commanders.

The offensive of the troops of the Southwestern Front in 1916, which brought the Russian army the greatest success in the war, went down in history as the Brusilov breakthrough, but this brilliant maneuver did not receive strategic development. After the February Revolution of 1917, Brusilov, as a supporter of continuing the war to a victorious end, was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief, but due to the failure of the June offensive and the order to suppress calls for non-execution of military orders, he was replaced by L. G. Kornilov.

In August 1917, when Kornilov moved part of his troops to Petrograd with the aim of introducing a military dictatorship, Brusilov refused to support him. During the fighting in Moscow, Brusilov was wounded in the leg by a shell fragment and was ill for a long time.

Despite his arrest by the Cheka in 1918, he refused to join the White movement and from 1920 began serving in the Red Army. He headed a Special Meeting under the Commander-in-Chief of all the armed forces of the RSFSR, which developed recommendations for strengthening the Red Army. From 1921 he was chairman of the commission for organizing pre-conscription cavalry training, and from 1923 he was attached to the Revolutionary Military Council to carry out particularly important assignments.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov)

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov) (1870 - 1924) - politician, revolutionary, founder of the Bolshevik party, the Soviet state, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

In 1895, he met the “Emancipation of Labor” group abroad, which had a huge influence on him and accelerated his entry into the struggle for the creation in the same year of the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.” For the organization and activities of this Union, he was arrested, spent one year and two months in prison, and exiled for three years to the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, Krasnoyarsk Territory. Returning from exile in February 1900, Lenin organized the publication of the newspaper Iskra, which played a huge role in the creation of the RSDLP in 1903. At its second congress, the majority of delegates, led by Lenin, stood for a more revolutionary and clear definition of who should be a member of the party, for a more business-like organization of the party's leading bodies. From here came the division into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. At first, Lenin was supported by Plekhanov, but under the influence of the Mensheviks he moved away from the Bolsheviks. Lenin took an active part in the first Russian revolution. Speaking under false names (conspiracy), he shattered the revolutionary and reformist illusions of the Cadets, Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, their hopes for a peaceful outcome of the revolutionary movement. He sharply criticized the so-called Bulygin (deliberative) Duma and gave a slogan for its boycott. He pointed out the need to prepare an armed uprising and actively supported representatives of Social Democracy from the State Duma. He pointed out the need to use all legal opportunities when it was impossible to hope for a direct revolutionary struggle.

The First World War mixed up all the cards. At the beginning of the war, V.I. Lenin was arrested by the Austrian authorities, but thanks to the efforts of the Austrian Social Democrats, he was released and left for Switzerland. Among the explosion of patriotism that gripped all political parties, he was practically the only one who called for the transformation of the imperialist war into a civil war - in each country against its own government. In these debates he felt a complete lack of understanding.

After the February 1917 revolution, Lenin returned to Russia. On the evening of April 2, 1917, at the Finlyandsky Station in Petrograd, he was given a solemn meeting by the working masses. Vladimir Ilyich made a short speech to those greeting them from the armored car, in which he called for a socialist revolution.

The period from February to October 1917 was one of the most intense periods of Lenin’s political struggle with the Cadets, Socialist Revolutionaries, and Mensheviks during the transition period from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist revolution. These were legal and illegal ways, forms and methods of political struggle. After three political crises of the bourgeois Provisional Government of Russia (April, June, July 1917), the suppression of the counter-revolutionary rebellion of General Kornilov (August 1917), and a wide period of “Bolshevisation” of the Soviets (September 1917), Lenin came to the conclusion: the growing influence of the Bolsheviks and the fall in the authority of the Provisional Government among the broad masses of working people makes it possible to revolt with the aim of transferring political power into the hands of the people.

The uprising took place on October 25, 1917, old style. On this evening, at the first meeting of the Second Congress of Soviets, Lenin made a proclamation of Soviet power and its first two decrees: the end of the war and the transfer of all landowners' territory and privately owned land for the free use of the working people. The dictatorship of the bourgeoisie was replaced by the dictatorship of the proletariat.

On Lenin's initiative and with strong opposition from a significant part of the Bolshevik Central Committee, the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty with Germany was concluded in 1918, which was rightly called “shameful.” Lenin saw that the Russian peasantry would not go to war; He believed, moreover, that the revolution in Germany was approaching at a rapid pace and that the most shameful conditions of the world would remain on paper. And so it happened: the bourgeois revolution that broke out in Germany annulled the painful conditions of the Brest-Litovsk Peace.

Lenin stood at the origins of the creation of the Red Army, which defeated the combined forces of internal and external counter-revolution in the civil war. Based on his recommendations, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was created. With the end of the civil war and the cessation of military intervention, the country's national economy began to improve. Lenin understood the iron necessity of changing the political line of the Bolsheviks. For this purpose, at his insistence, “war communism” was abolished, food allocation was replaced by a food tax. He introduced the so-called New Economic Policy (NEP), which allowed private free trade, which made it possible for large sections of the population to independently seek the means of subsistence that the state could not yet give them. At the same time, he insisted on the development of state-owned enterprises, electrification, and the development of cooperation. Lenin pointed out that in anticipation of the world proletarian revolution, keeping all large industry in the hands of the state, it is necessary to gradually build socialism in one country. All this can help put the backward Soviet country on the same level as the most developed European countries.

But Lenin’s colossal work overload began to affect his health. The attempt on his life by the Socialist-Revolutionary Kaplan also seriously undermined his health.

January 21, 1924 V.I. Lenin died. The body rests in the Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow.

Slogans: “Long live the world revolution”

"Death to global capital"

"Peace to the huts, war to the palaces"

"The Socialist Fatherland is in Danger"

Composition: proletariat, poor peasantry, soldiers, part of the intelligentsia and officers

Goals: – world revolution

- creation of a republic of councils and dictatorship of the proletariat

Features: 1. Single leader - Lenin

2. The presence of a clearer program focused on the interests of Bolshevism

3. More uniform composition

Frunze Mikhail Vasilievich

The father of the future Red Marshal Vasily Mikhailovich Frunze was a Moldavian by nationality and came from the peasants of the Tiraspol district of the Kherson province. After graduating from paramedic school in Moscow, he was drafted into the army and sent to serve in Turkestan. At the end of his service, he remained in Pishpek (later the city of Frunze, now the capital of Kyrgyzstan Bishkek), where he got a job as a paramedic and married the daughter of peasant migrants from the Voronezh province. On January 21, 1885, a son, Mikhail, was born into his family.

The boy turned out to be extremely capable. In 1895, due to the death of the breadwinner, the family found itself in a difficult financial situation, but little Mikhail was able to receive a state scholarship to the gymnasium in the city of Verny (now Alma-Ata), from which he graduated with a gold medal. In 1904, young Frunze went to the capital, where he entered the economics department of the Polytechnic Institute and soon became a member of the Social Democratic Party.

Frunze (underground nickname - Comrade Arseny) won his first victories as a professional revolutionary in 1905 in Shuya and Ivanovo-Voznesensk as one of the leaders of the local Council of Workers' Representatives. In December of the same year, a detachment of militants put together by Frunze went to Moscow, where they took part in the battles of workers’ squads with government troops on Krasnaya Presnya. After the suppression of the Moscow uprising, this detachment managed to safely get out of the Mother See and return back to Ivanovo-Voznesensk.

In 1907, in Shuya, Comrade Arseny was arrested and sentenced to death on charges of attempting to assassinate police officer Perlov. Through the efforts of lawyers, the death sentence was replaced by six years of hard labor. After the end of his term of hard labor, Frunze was sent to settle in the village of Manzurka, Verkholensky district, Irkutsk province. In 1915, the indomitable Bolshevik was again arrested for anti-government agitation, but managed to escape on the way to prison. Frunze showed up in Chita, where, using false documents, he managed to get a job as an agent at the statistical department of the resettlement department. However, his personality attracted the attention of local gendarmes. Arseny had to take off again and move to European Russia. After the February Revolution, he became one of the leaders of the Minsk Council of Workers' Deputies, then again headed to Shuya and Ivanovo-Voznesensk, which he knew well. During the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks in Moscow, at the head of a detachment of Ivanovo workers, Frunze again fought on the streets of the Mother See.

The appointment as commander of the 4th Army of the Eastern Front (January 1919) found Mikhail Vasilyevich when he was in the post of military commissar of the Yaroslavl Military District.

His finest hour came in the spring of 1919, at the moment when Kolchak’s troops launched a general offensive along the entire Eastern Front. In the southern sector, General Khanzhin’s army won a series of victories, but at the same time got so carried away that it exposed its right flank to the attack of the Red group. Frunze was not slow to take advantage of this...

During three successive operations - Buguruslan, Belebey and Ufa - Mikhail Vasilyevich inflicted a major defeat on the enemy. Frunze was transferred to the post of commander of the newly formed Turkestan Front. By the end of the year, he managed to suppress the resistance of the Ural Cossacks and come to grips with the problems of Central Asia.

He managed to lure two influential Basmachi leaders Madamin-bek and Akhunjan to the side of the Soviet government, whose detachments turned into the Uzbek, Margilan and Turkic cavalry regiments (so that none of the Kurbashi would be offended, both regiments received the serial number 1st) . In August-September 1920, under the pretext of helping the rebellious masses, Frunze carried out a successful campaign that ended with the liquidation of the Bukhara Emirate.

On September 26, Frunze took command of the Southern Front, operating against Wrangel. Here the “black baron” made another attempt to escape from Crimea to the vastness of Ukraine. Having brought up reserves, the “red marshal” bled the enemy troops dry with stubborn defensive battles and then launched a counter-offensive. The enemy rolled back to Crimea. Not allowing the enemy to gain a foothold, on the night of November 8, Frunze launched a combined strike - head-on along the Turkish Wall and through Sivash to the Lithuanian Peninsula. The impregnable fortress of Crimea fell...

After the Battle of Crimea, the “Red Marshal” led operations against his former ally Makhno. In the person of the legendary father, he found a worthy opponent, who managed to oppose the actions of the regular army to the tactics of flying partisan detachments. One of the skirmishes with the Makhnovists even almost ended in the death or capture of Frunze himself. In the end, Mikhail Vasilyevich began to beat the father with his own weapon, creating a special flying corps that was constantly hanging on Makhno’s tail. At the same time, the number of troops in the combat zone was increased and coordination was established between individual garrisons and special purpose units (CHON). In the end, besieged like a wolf, the old man chose to stop fighting and go to Romania.

This campaign turned out to be the last in Frunze’s military biography. Even before the final liquidation of the Makhnovshchina, he headed the Extraordinary Diplomatic Mission to Turkey. Upon his return, Mikhail Vasilyevich noticeably increased his own status, both in the party and military hierarchy, becoming a candidate member of the Politburo and chief of staff of the Red Army. In January 1925, Frunze reached the pinnacle of his career, replacing L. D. Trotsky as People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR.

Keeping his distance from party squabbles, Frunze actively carried out the reorganization of the Red Army, placing in key posts people with whom he had worked together during the Civil War.

On October 31, 1925, Frunze died. According to official reports, Mikhail Vasilyevich died after an unsuccessful operation for an ulcer. It was rumored that the operation was by no means necessary and that Fruze lay down on the operating table almost on the direct orders of the Politburo, after which he was actually stabbed to death by the doctors. Although this version may well correspond to reality, it is hardly possible to talk about it as something obvious. The mystery of Frunze's death will forever remain a mystery.

Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich

(1893, Aleksandrovskoye estate, Smolensk province - 1937) - Soviet military leader. Born into the family of an impoverished nobleman. He studied at the gymnasium, after moving to Moscow he graduated from the last class of the Moscow Cadet Corps and the Alexander Military School, from which he was released as a second lieutenant in 1914 and sent to the front. In 6 months During the First World War, Tukhachevsky was awarded 6 orders, demonstrating extraordinary leadership skills. In Feb. 1915, together with the remnants of the 7th company of the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment, Tukhachevsky was captured by the Germans. During two and a half years of imprisonment, Tukhachevsky tried to escape five times, walking up to 1,500 km, but only in October. 1917 managed to cross the Swiss border. After returning to Russia, Tukhachevsky was elected company commander and promoted to captain, demobilized with the same rank. In 1918 he was enrolled in the Military Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and joined the RCP (b). He said about himself: “My real life began with the October Revolution and joining the Red Army.” In May 1918 he was appointed commissar of the Moscow Defense District of the Western Curtain. He took part in the formation and training of regular units of the Red Army, giving preference to command cadres from the “proletariat” rather than military specialists of the pre-revolutionary period, whom Tukhachevsky, contrary to the facts, characterized as persons who “received a limited military education, were completely downtrodden and deprived of any initiative.”

During the Civil War, he commanded the 1st and 5th armies on the Eastern Front; was awarded the Golden Arms “for personal courage, broad initiative, energy, stewardship and knowledge of the matter.” Successfully carried out a number of operations in the Urals and Siberia against the troops of A.V. Kolchak, commanded the troops of the Caucasian Front in the fight against A.I. Denikin. In May 1920 he was assigned to the General Staff; commanded the Western Front, led the attack on Warsaw and suffered defeat, the reasons for which he explained in a course of lectures published in a separate book (see the book: Pilsudski vs. Tukhachevsky. Two views on the Soviet-Polish war of 1920. M., 1991). In 1921 he suppressed the sailors' mutiny in Kronstadt and the peasant uprising of A. S. Antonov and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. Since Aug. 1921 headed the Military Academy of the Red Army, commanded the Western troops. and Leningr. military districts. In 1924–1925 he took an active part in the technical reconstruction of the Armed Forces; worked on the development of operational art, military construction, compilation of military encyclopedias, etc. In 1931 he was appointed deputy. Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, chief of armaments of the Red Army. In 1934 he became deputy, and in 1936 first deputy. People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. Unlike K. E. Voroshilov and S. M. Budyonny, Tukhachevsky argued for the need to create strong aviation and armored forces, rearm the infantry and artillery, and develop new means of communication. In 1935, he was the first in the history of the Red Army to conduct a tactical exercise using airborne assault, laying the foundation for the airborne troops. Tukhachevsky supported S.P. Korolev’s proposal to create a Jet Institute to conduct research in the field of rocketry. Tukhachevsky's creative thought enriched all branches of the Soviet Union. military science. G.K. Zhukov assessed him as follows: “A giant of military thought, a star of the first magnitude in the galaxy of military men of our Motherland.” In 1933 he was awarded the Order of Lenin, in 1935 Tukhachevsky was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union. In 1937, Tukhachevsky was accused of creating a Trotskyist military organization, condemned as an “enemy of the people” and executed. Rehabilitated in 1957.

Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev (1887–1919)

One of the most mythologized figures by Soviet propaganda. Entire generations have been raised by his example for decades. In the public consciousness, he is the hero of a film that glorified his life and death, as well as hundreds of anecdotes in which his orderly Petka Isaev and the no less mythologized Anka the Machine Gunner act.

According to the official version, Chapaev is the son of a poor peasant from Chuvashia. According to his closest associate, Commissar Furmanov, there is no exact information about his origin, and Chapaev himself called himself either the illegitimate son of the Kazan governor or the son of traveling artists. In his youth he was a wanderer and worked at a factory. During World War I he fought bravely (he had the Cross of St. George) and received the rank of lieutenant ensign. There, at the front, Chapaev in 1917 joined the organization of anarchist-communists.

In December 1917, he became the commander of the 138th reserve infantry regiment, and in January 1918, he became the commissar of internal affairs of the Nikolaev district of the Saratov province. He actively helped establish Bolshevik power in these places and formed a Red Guard detachment. From that time on, his war “for people’s power” with his own people began: at the beginning of 1918, Chapaev suppressed peasant unrest in the Nikolaev district, generated by surplus appropriation.

Since May 1918, Chapaev was the commander of the Pugachev brigade. In September-November 1918, Chapaev was the head of the 2nd Nikolaev Division of the 4th Red Army. In December 1918, he was sent to study at the Academy of the General Staff. But Vasily Ivanovich did not want to study, insulted the teachers, and already in January 1919 he returned to the front. He didn’t embarrass himself in any way there either. Furmanov writes how, when building a bridge across the Urals, Chapaev beat an engineer for what he considered to be slow work. “...In 1918, he beat one high-ranking official with a whip, and answered another with obscenities via telegraph... An original figure!” – the commissioner admires.

At first, Chapaev’s opponents were parts of the Komuch People’s Army - the Committee of the Constituent Assembly (it was dispersed by the Bolsheviks in Petrograd and recreated on the Volga) and Czechoslovaks who did not want to rot in Soviet concentration camps, where Trotsky wanted to send them. Later, in April-June 1919, Chapaev acted with his division against the Western Army of Admiral A.V. Kolchak; captured Ufa, for which he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. But his main and fatal enemy were the Ural Cossacks. They overwhelmingly did not recognize the power of the communists, but Chapaev faithfully served this power.

De-Cossackization in the Urals was merciless and after the capture of Uralsk by the Red (including Chapaev’s) troops in January 1919, it turned into real genocide. The instructions from Moscow sent to the Soviets of the Urals read:

Ҥ 1. All those remaining in the ranks of the Cossack army after March 1 (1919) are declared outlaws and subject to merciless extermination.

§ 2. All defectors who defected to the Red Army after March 1 are subject to unconditional arrest.

§ 3. All families remaining in the ranks of the Cossack army after March 1 are declared arrested and hostages.

§ 4. In the event of the unauthorized departure of one of the families declared hostages, all families registered with this Council are subject to execution...”

Zealous implementation of this instruction became the main task of Vasily Ivanovich. According to the Ural Cossack colonel Faddeev, in some areas Chapaev’s troops exterminated up to 98% of the Cossacks.

“Chapay”’s special hatred of the Cossacks is evidenced by the commissar of his division, Furmanov, who is difficult to suspect of slander. According to him, Chapaev “rushed across the steppe like a plague man, and ordered not to take any prisoners. “All of them,” he says, “put an end to the scoundrels.” Furmanov also paints a picture of the mass robbery of the village of Slamikhinskaya: Chapaev’s men even took women’s underwear and children’s toys from civilians who did not have time to escape. Chapaev did not stop these robberies, but only sent them to the “general cauldron": “Don’t drag it, but collect it in a heap, and give it to your commander, what you took from the bourgeois.” The writer-commissar also captured Chapaev’s attitude towards educated people: “You are all bastards! Intellectuals...” Such was the commander, on example of whose “exploits” some still want to raise a new generation of defenders of the Fatherland.

Naturally, the Cossacks offered unusually fierce resistance to the Chapaevites: retreating, they burned their villages, poisoned the water, and entire families fled to the steppe. In the end, they took revenge on Chapaev for the death of his relatives and the devastation of his native land, defeating his headquarters during the Lbischensky raid of the Ural Army. Chapaev was mortally wounded.

Cities bear the name of Chapaev (the former village of Lbischenskaya and the former Ivashchenkovsky plant in the Samara region), villages in Turkmenistan and the Kharkov region of Ukraine, and many streets, avenues, and squares throughout Russia. In Moscow, in the Sokol municipality, there is Chapaevsky Lane. The three hundred kilometer left tributary of the Volga was named the Chapaevka River.



Civil War

Poster from the Civil War period.

Artist D. Moore, 1920

Civil War is an armed struggle between various social, political and national forces for power within the country.

When the event took place: October 1917-1922

Causes

Irreconcilable contradictions between the main social strata of society

Features of the Bolshevik policy, which was aimed at inciting hostility in society

The desire of the bourgeoisie and nobility to return to their previous position in society

Features of the Civil War in Russia

Accompanied by the intervention of foreign powers ( Intervention- violent intervention of one or more states in the internal affairs of other countries and peoples, which can be military (aggression), economic, diplomatic, ideological).

Conducted with extreme cruelty (“red” and “white” terror)

Participants

The Reds are supporters of Soviet power.

Whites are opponents of Soviet power

Greens are against everyone

National movements

Milestones and events

First stage: October 1917-spring 1918

The military actions of opponents of the new government were local in nature; they created armed formations ( Volunteer Army- creator and supreme leader Alekseev V.A.). Krasnov P.- near Petrograd, Dutov A.- in the Urals, Kaledin A.- on the Don.

Second stage: spring - December 1918

March, April. Germany occupies Ukraine, the Baltic states, and Crimea. England - lands troops in Murmansk, Japan - in Vladivostok

May. Mutiny Czechoslovak Corps(these are captured Czechs and Slovaks who went over to the side of the Entente and are moving on trains to Vladivostok for transfer to France). Reason for the mutiny: The Bolsheviks tried to disarm the corps under the terms of the Brest Peace. Bottom line: the fall of Soviet power along the entire Trans-Siberian Railway.

June. Creation of Socialist Revolutionary Governments: Committee of Members of the Founding meetings in Samara Komuch, Chairman Socialist Revolutionary Volsky V.K.), Provisional Government Siberia in Tomsk (chairman Vologodsky P.V.), Ural regional government in Yekaterinburg.

July. Revolts of the Left Social Revolutionaries in Moscow, Yaroslavl and other cities. Depressed.

September. Created in Ufa Ufa directory- “All-Russian government” chairman Socialist Revolutionary Avksentyev N.D.

November. The Ufa directory was dispersed Admiral A.V. Kolchak., who declared himself "supreme ruler of Russia" The initiative in the counter-revolution passed from the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks to the military and anarchists.

Actively acted green movement - not with reds and not with whites. Green color is a symbol of will and freedom. They operated in the Black Sea region, Crimea, the North Caucasus and southern Ukraine. Leaders: Makhno N.I., Antonov A.S. (Tambov province), Mironov F.K.

In Ukraine - detachments Father Makhno (created a republic Walk in the field). During the German occupation of Ukraine, they led the partisan movement. They fought under a black flag with the inscription “Freedom or Death!” Then they began to fight against the Reds until October 1921, until Makhno was wounded (he emigrated).

Third stage: January-December 1919

The culmination of the war. Relative equality of power. Large-scale operations on all fronts. But foreign intervention intensified.

4 white movement centers

Admiral's troops Kolchak A.V..(Ural, Siberia)

Armed Forces of Southern Russia General Denikina A.I.(Don region, North Caucasus)

Armed Forces of Northern Russia General Miller E.K.(Arkhangelsk region)

General's troops Yudenich N.N. in the Baltics

March, April. Kolchak's attack on Kazan and Moscow, the Bolsheviks mobilize all possible resources.

End of April - December. Counter-offensive of the Red Army ( Kamenev S.S., Frunze M.V., Tukhachevsky M.N..). By the end of 1919 - complete defeat of Kolchak.

May June. The Bolsheviks barely repulsed the attack Yudenich to Petrograd. Troops Denikin captured Donbass, part of Ukraine, Belgorod, Tsaritsyn.

September October. Denikin advances towards Moscow, reached Orel (against him - Egorov A.I., Budyonny S.M..).Yudenich for the second time he is trying to capture Petrograd (against him - Kork A.I.)

November. Troops Yudenich thrown back to Estonia.

Bottom line: by the end of 1919, the preponderance of forces was on the side of the Bolsheviks.

Fourth stage: January - November 1920

February March. The defeat of Miller in northern Russia, the liberation of Murmansk and Arkhangelsk.

March-April. Denikin pushed out to the Crimea and the North Caucasus, Denikin himself transferred command to the baron Wrangel P.N.. and emigrated.

April. Education of the Far Eastern Republic - Far Eastern Republic.

April-October. War with Poland . The Poles invaded Ukraine and captured Kyiv in May. Counter-offensive of the Red Army.

August. Tukhachevsky reaches Warsaw. Help for Poland from France. The Red Army is driven into Ukraine.

September. Offensive Wrangel to southern Ukraine.

October. Riga Peace Treaty with Poland . Western Ukraine and Western Belarus were transferred to Poland.

November. Offensive Frunze M.V.. in Crimea.Destruction Wrangel.

In the European part of Russia, the civil war is over.

Fifth stage: end of 1920-1922

December 1920. The Whites captured Khabarovsk.

February 1922.Khabarovsk is liberated.

October 1922.Liberation of Vladivostok from the Japanese.

Leaders of the white movement

Kolchak A.V.

Denikin A.I.

Yudenich N.N.

Wrangel P.N.

Alekseev V.A.

Wrangel

Dutov A.

Kaledin A.

Krasnov P.

Miller E.K.

Leaders of the Red Movement

Kamenev S.S.

Frunze M.V.

Shorin V.I.

Budyonny S.M.

Tukhachevsky M.N.

Kork A.I.

Egorov A.I.

Chapaev V.I. - leader of one of the Red Army detachments.

Anarchists

Makhno N.I.

Antonov A.S.

Mironov F.K.

The most important events of the civil war

May-November 1918 . - the struggle of Soviet power with the so-called "democratic counter-revolution"(former members of the Constituent Assembly, representatives of the Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, etc.); beginning of military intervention Entente;

November 1918 – March 1919 g. - the main battles on Southern Front countries (Red Army - army Denikin); the strengthening and failure of direct intervention by the Entente;

March 1919 – March 1920 - major military operations in Eastern Front(Red Army - army Kolchak);

April-November 1920 – Soviet-Polish war; defeat of the troops Wrangel in Crimea;

1921–1922 . - end of the Civil War on the outskirts of Russia.

National movements.

One of the important features of the civil war is national movements: the struggle to gain independent statehood and secession from Russia.

This was especially evident in Ukraine.

In Kyiv, after the February Revolution, in March 1917, the Central Rada was created.

In January 1918. she entered into an agreement with the Austro-German command and declared independence.

With the support of the Germans, power came to Hetman P.P. Skoropadsky(April-December 1918).

In November 1918, arose in Ukraine Directory, at the head - S.V. Petliura.

In January 1919, the Directory declared war on Soviet Russia.

S.V. Petlyura had to confront both the Red Army and Denikin’s army, which fought for a united and indivisible Russia. In October 1919, the “White” army defeated the Petliurites.

Reasons for the Reds' victory

The peasants were on the side of the Reds, since it was promised to implement the Decree on Land after the war. According to the white agrarian program, the land remained in the hands of the landowners.

Single leader - Lenin, single plans for military operations. Whites didn't have this.

The national policy of the Reds, which is attractive to the people, is the right of nations to self-determination. The Whites have the slogan “united and indivisible Russia”

The Whites relied on the help of the Entente - the interventionists, and therefore looked like an anti-national force.

The policy of "war communism" helped to mobilize all the forces of the Reds.

Consequences of the Civil War

Economic crisis, devastation, drop in industrial production by 7 times, agricultural production by 2 times

Demographic losses. About 10 million people died from fighting, hunger, and epidemics

The establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the harsh management methods used during the war years began to be seen as completely acceptable in peacetime.

Material prepared by: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna