Tatar archive section Tatar language. History and current state of the Tatar language and its dialects. The “clinking” group of Mishar dialects includes

Yakovleva A.L. 1, Galavova G.V. 2

1 Student, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism, 2 Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Senior Lecturer at the Department of Foreign Language and Linguistics, PGAFKSiT

TATAR LANGUAGE AS A LANGUAGE OF SERVICE

annotation

This article examines the history of the Tatar language and its universality.

Keywords: Tatar language, service.

Yakovlev A.L. 1, Galavova G.V. 2

1 Student, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 2 PhD. in Pedagogics, Senior Lecturer, Department of Foreign Languages and Linguistics, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism

TATAR LANGUAGE AS THE SERVICE LANGUAGE

Abstract

This article discusses the history of the Tatar language and its versatility.

Keywords: Tatar, service.

A new stage has begun in my life - entering a university. And I was lucky enough to enter the third capital of Russia - Kazan. A city with 1009 years of history, extraordinary in its beauty and nature, combining different religions. It was a complete surprise for me when I saw a discipline on the schedule called the Tatar language. For me it was not so alien, since I live on the border with the Republic of Tatarstan and periodically hear Tatar speech, but usually I did not understand anything, so I did not pay due attention to this language. But when I started studying this language, I realized how harmonious and melodic it is. And so I set myself several tasks.

Tasks:

Study the history of the emergence of the Tatar language;
Identify the peculiarities of a given language;
Explore the prospects of using this language as a service language.

Having understood all the advantages of this language, I set myself target: study the prospects for using the Tatar language in the service sector.

The Tatar language is one of the Indo-European languages, which belongs to the family of Turkic languages, which includes: Turkish, Azeybanj, Bashkir, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Kumyr, Tuvan, etc. The state language of the Republic of Tatarstan and the second most widespread and most spoken national language in the Russian Federation. Belongs to the Volga-Kypchak subgroup of the Kipchak group of Turkic languages. Currently, more than 7 million people speak the Tatar language. Of these, about 2 million live in Tatarstan, the rest live in 80 regions of the former USSR and abroad - Finland, Turkey, Australia, and China.

The colloquial Tatar language developed on the basis of 3 dialects:

Western (Mishar) dialect, which has a strong connection with the Oguz-Kypchak language;
Kazan (middle) dialect (has hypothetical elements of the Bulgarian language);
eastern (Siberian-Tatar) dialect, formed as an independent language, but due to political connections and the resettlement of the Kazan Tatars to Siberia, it became closer to the middle dialect.

The modern Tatar language was formed from a mixture of ancient Bulgar with the Kipchak and Chagatai dialects of the Turkic languages. The Tatar language was formed in the Volga and Urals regions. He experienced a certain influence of Finno-Ugric (ancient Hungarian, Mari, Mordovian, Udmurt), Arabic, Persian, Russian languages.

The Tatars have long been introduced to writing, which has a long history:

starting point – monuments of runic writing;
from the beginning of the 10th century, along with the Islam of the Volga Bulgaria, the Arabic alphabet was adopted;
at the end of the 20s of the 20th century, this alphabet was changed to Latin;
after 10 years there was a transition to the Cyrillic alphabet with the addition of 6 letters (Ә ә, Ө ө, Ү ү, Җ җ, Ң ң, Һ һ).

Handwritten books were written with reed and goose feathers. Ink was made from various plants and their roots, tree bark, and soot. If the main text was written in dark ink, then the chapter titles and individual statements were written in red ink, sometimes green, blue and yellow. Book bindings were made from thin boards and cardboard, which were then covered with leather. Leather was also used to make the spine, book framing and corners. The Koran and other expensive books were additionally covered with fabric embroidered with silver or gold threads. The leather bindings were decorated with ornamental embossing reminiscent of a bouquet of flowers. Volumetric poetic works are usually written in two columns, separated by decorations in the form of various ornaments.

Features of the Tatar language:

According to its morphological structure, the Tatar language is classified as an occlusive language. There is also the law of synharmonism. Vowels are composed of hard and soft vowels, so if there is a hard vowel in 1 syllable, then all the last syllables will have only hard vowels and vice versa.
Another type of the law of synharmonism is labial harmony. In which the labial vowels (о, ө) standing in 1 syllable are rounded, vowels (ы, е) standing in 2 and partially 3 syllables.
The stress falls on the last syllable.
There is no grammatical category of gender.
There is no category of verb aspect, but significant ways of the action taking place are expressed by an auxiliary verb and special affixes.
The verb has a multi-tense and impersonal form.
There are no prepositions that come before words, but there are postpositions that follow words.
Numerals and adjectives, being in front of a noun, do not decline, do not change, and do not agree with the noun.
The word order is quite rigid (the definition precedes the definite predicate that completes the sentence).
In colloquial speech, conjunctions are rarely used, while in writing there are many of them, all of them borrowed from Arabic and Tekzin languages.

Tatar language in Tatarstan

The Tatar language, along with Russian, is the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan (in accordance with the law of the Republic of Tatarstan “On the languages of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan” of 1992). In Tatarstan and in the places where Tatars live, there is a developed network of educational and educational institutions in which the Tatar language is used: preschool institutions with the Tatar language as the language of education, primary and secondary schools with the Tatar language as the educational language. Educational, artistic, journalistic and scientific literature is published in the Tatar language, hundreds of newspapers and magazines are published, radio and television broadcasts are conducted, and theaters operate.

In modern Kazan there is already a tendency to forget the Tatar language. Young people mostly speak Russian; you will rarely hear Tatar speech, and mostly from the older generation. But the authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan do not allow monstrous injustice to be committed in relation to the language, so I study it both at school and in higher educational institutions. Various activities are also carried out to support the development of the Tatar language. It is impossible to ignore Tatar music, which is developing at a rapid pace, winning the hearts of many listeners, since there are no verbal restrictions for it, everyone can understand it, regardless of nationality. Well, relaxation and peace, as well as spiritual pleasure, can be obtained at the Kamal Theater. With the help of headphones, everyone can understand the meaning and enjoy the excellent performance of the actors.

According to UNESCO, the Tatar language ranks 4th in the world in terms of its harmony, formality and logic. In this sense, this language can be used as a computer language. That is why knowledge of the language makes it possible to communicate with all representatives of the Turkic peoples.

This versatility proves the use of the Tatar language as a service language. Even if it is impossible to use it as universal throughout the world, then it is possible to use it in eastern countries. Eastern countries, fairy tales, sweets, the mystery of the East are the center of tourism, and, consequently, the provision of all kinds of services. Based on the highlighted features and similarities of the Tatar language with others from the family of Turkic languages, it gives every right to assert that it is used as a single language in the East in various spheres, namely service.

Literature

Tatar language [Electronic resource] URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%E0%F2%E0%F0%F1%EA%E8%E9_%FF%E7%FB%EA (access date 15 December 2014);
Tatar language [Electronic resource] URL: http://ru.science.wikia.com/wiki/Tatar_language (accessed December 16, 2014);
Tatar language [Electronic resource] URL: http://www.krugosvet.ru/node/39703 (accessed December 17, 2014).
Tatar language: textbook / G.V. Galavova. – Kazan: “Fatherland”, 2013. – 75 s.

References

Tatarskij jazyk URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%E0%F2%E0%F0%F1%EA%E8%E9_%FF%E7%FB%EA (data obrashhenija December 15, 2014) ;
Tatarskij jazyk URL: http://ru.science.wikia.com/wiki/Tatarskij_jazyk (data obrashhenija December 16, 2014);
Tatarskij jazyk URL: http://www.krugosvet.ru/node/39703 (data obrashhenija December 17, 2014).
Tatarskij jazyk: uchebnoe posobie / G.V.Galavova. – Kazan’: “Otechestvo”, 2013. – 75 s.

The Tatar language belongs to the family of Turkic languages, its close relatives are Bashkir, Kazakh, Nogai, Karachay, Kumyk, Karakalpak, Uzbek, Turkmen, Azerbaijani, Kyrgyz, Tuvan, Khakass, Chuvash, Yakut and other Turkic languages.

The Tatar language is spoken by about 7 million people, of which 1 million 765 thousand live in Tatarstan, the rest live in 80 regions of the former Union and abroad - in Finland, Turkey, Germany, America, China, Japan, Australia, etc.

The writing of the Tatars has a long history: the starting point is the monuments of runic writing (like many Turkic peoples). Tatar scientists (A. Muhammadiev, N. Fattah) convincingly proved that the Turkic peoples had writing before the new era. Then, from the beginning of the 10th century, along with Islam in Volga Bulgaria, the Arabic alphabet was adopted: at the end of the 20s, this alphabet was changed to Latin (the so-called “Yanalif” - a new alphabet), the life of which was short-lived. Before the start of the Great Patriotic War, the Tatars switched to the Cyrillic alphabet, with the addition of 6 letters for some specific sounds of the Tatar language. However, the shortcomings of the Cyrillic-based alphabet did not satisfy many. For a long time, the public discussed the problems of a possible transition to the Latin alphabet, specific projects were proposed and they were actively discussed in the press and in government and scientific circles.

At the end of the 90s, the majority of the public agreed to replace the Cyrillic alphabet with an alphabet based on the Latin alphabet. Since 2001, schools will begin teaching the Tatar language in the Latin alphabet from the first grade. The change of three alphabets in a short period of time separated the people from their written culture for many years. Now attempts are being made to rectify the situation: circles for teaching Arabic script have been created, corresponding courses have been introduced at universities, manuals have been published, and television programs have been organized. But building is not breaking, it’s a long process...

The Tatar language, according to UNESCO, ranks fourth in the world in terms of its harmony, formality and logic. In this sense, it can be used as a computer language. Knowledge of Tatar makes it possible to communicate with all representatives of the Turkic peoples. The Tatar language ranks fourteenth in the world.

Gabdulla Tukay - founder of the literary Tatar language

The ancient Tatar and modern Tatar languages have accumulated a huge artistic, philosophical, historical, journalistic, educational, epistolary, scientific and worldview heritage left by Kul Gali, Muhammedyar, Kh. Feizkhanov, Sh. Marjani, G. Tukay, F. Amirkhan and many other poets and writers , scientists, thinkers, educators.

The problems of teaching the Tatar language became especially acute in Russia in the 18th and early 19th centuries: the colonial policy of the tsarist autocracy and the Christianization of the region required qualified performers. And therefore, especially in the 19th century, hundreds of self-instruction books, phrase books of the Tatar language, grammars, manuals, dictionaries, reading books, anthologies were published, many of which were compiled by missionaries, teachers of religious schools and academies. They, together with others compiled by Russian scientists from higher educational institutions, as well as Tatar scientists and educators, deserve the closest attention and study.

Representatives of many nationalities live in our republic. State languages according to the Constitution

The Republic of Tatarstan has two languages - Tatar and Russian.

distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples of the world

Features of the Tatar language

Let's start learning with the Tatar alphabet. It is based on Russian graphics and consists of 39 letters:

Aa Zz Pp Chh

əə Ii Rr Shsh

Bb Yy Ss Shch

Vv Kk Tt b

Gg Ll Uu Yy

DD Mm YY

Her Nn Ff Eh

Yoyo ң Xx Yuyu

LJ Oo ҺҺ Yaya

General information about the Tatar language

The Tatar language (Tat. Tatar tele, Tatarcha, tatar tele, tatarça) is the national language of the Tatars. The state language of the Republic of Tatarstan, and the second most widespread and most spoken national language in the Russian Federation!

Belongs to the Volga-Kypchak subgroup of the Kipchak group of Turkic languages (Altai language family).

Distributed in Tatarstan, in the center and north-west of Bashkortostan and in some areas of Mari El, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Mordovia, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Astrakhan, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Ryazan, Tambov, Kurgan , Tomsk regions, Perm region of Russia, as well as in certain regions of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.

The number of speakers in Russia is about 4.28 million people as of 2010 (5.1 million according to the 1989 census). The Tatar language is also widespread among the Bashkirs, Russians, Chuvash and Mari, as well as some other peoples of Russia.

Kipchak languages —

one of the largest groups of Turkic languages in terms of the number of languages (11 languages), dating back to the single Kipchak language. Other names: northwestern, tau group, etc. Includes the following subgroups:

Kipchak-Bulgar (North Kipchak, Ural-Volga, Bulgar-Kypchak, Volga-Kypchak) - Tatar and Bashkir languages (and the Siberian-Tatar language also stands out);

The Volga-Kypchak community is not recognized by all scientists; there is an alternative point of view, according to which the Tatar language is Polovtsian-Kypchak, and the Bashkir Nogai-Kypchak language (this is the point of view formulated in the book “Comparative-Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages. Regional Reconstructions” edited by E. R. Tenisheva).

Turkic languages —

a family of related languages of the Altaic macrofamily, widely spoken in Asia and Eastern Europe. The area of distribution of Turkic languages extends from the Lena River basin in Siberia to the southwest to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The total number of speakers is more than 167.4 million people.

The contrast between the Bulgarian and the Turkic groups proper is generally accepted - their division occurred at the turn of the century. e., probably in the 2nd century. n. e.

An ancient description of the Turkic-speaking peoples of the world

Altai language family -

a possible language family, which, according to its supporters, includes the Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchu and Japanese-Ryukyuan language branches, as well as a Korean language isolate. These languages are spoken in northeast Asia, central Asia, Anatolia and eastern Europe (Turks, Kalmyks). The group is named after the Altai Mountains, a mountain range in central Asia.

These language families share many similar characteristics. The question is their source. One camp, the “Altaicists,” sees the similarities as a result of common descent from a proto-Altaic language spoken several thousand years ago. Another camp, the “anti-Altaists,” views the similarities as a result of interactions between these linguistic groups. Some linguists believe that both theories are balanced; they are called "skeptics".

Another opinion accepts the fact of the existence of the Altai family, but includes only the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus-Manchu branches. This view was common until the 1960s, but has few adherents today.

spread of Turkic-speaking peoples of Eurasia

Dialects of the Tatar language

The colloquial Tatar language is divided into 3 main dialects:

Western (Mishar) dialect, which has a strong connection with the Oguz-Kypchak language;

Kazan (middle) dialect (has hypothetical elements of the Bulgarian language);

Eastern (Siberian-Tatar) dialect, formed as an independent language, but due to political connections and the resettlement of the Kazan Tatars to Siberia, it became closer to the middle dialect.

In the 13th-19th centuries, the Tatars used the Old Tatar language.

Mishar language distribution map

Mishar (Western) dialect of the Tatar language is more uniform, has retained more ancient features, is less susceptible to external influences and changes, its dialects were in contact with a small number of other languages (Russian and Mordovian).

The Mishar dialect, unlike the Kazan dialect, according to a number of researchers, is included in the Kipchak-Polovtsian group of languages (V.V. Radlov, A.N. Samoilovich).

The mutual closeness of the Mishar dialects is explained by the relatively late resettlement of the Mishars (starting from the end of the 16th century), which occurred in connection with the creation by the tsarist government of the so-called protective (zasechnye) lines.

When creating the modern Tatar Cyrillic alphabet, the phonetics of the Mishar Tatars, close to the phonetics of the ancient Tatar literary language, was taken as a basis, which determines the presence in it of letters unusual for the middle dialect and the sounds Ch (ch) and Җ (j) denoted by them, as well as the absence Ш (fricative (frictional) equivalent of Х), Ў, Қ and Ғ.

Mishar dialect of the Tatar language L.T. Makhmutova divides dialects into two groups: “tsoking” and “clinking”. At the same time, G. Kh. Akhatov, in his classification, divides the Mishar dialect into three groups of dialects, adding a “mixed” group of dialects to the “tsokochaya” and “chok” dialects. Linguistically, the dialects are close to each other, however, they are not identical: each of these groups has some specific features in the field of phonetics, grammar and vocabulary.

The “clinking” group of Mishar dialects includes:

Temnikovsky dialect (western regions of Mordovia, southeastern part of the Penza region)

Lyambir dialect (eastern part of Mordovia),

Pribirsky dialect (Birsky, Karaidelsky, Mishkinsky districts of Bashkortostan).

Kuznetsk dialect (Penza region),

Khvalynsky dialect (south of Ulyanovsk region)

Sharlyk dialect (Orenburg region)

Orenburg dialect (Orenburg region)

dialects of the Volgograd and Saratov regions.

The “clattering” group of Mishar dialects consists of:

Sergach dialect (Nizhny Novgorod region),

Drozhzhanov dialect (Tatarstan and Chuvashia),

Chistopol dialect (mixed) (regions of Zakamye Tatarstan and Samara region),

Melekes dialect (conditionally) (northern regions of the Ulyanovsk region).

However, according to Professor G. Kh. Akhatov, the Kuznetsk dialect and the Khvalyn dialect do not belong to the “choking” group of dialects, but to a “mixed” one. According to the scientist, the “mixed” group of dialects is characterized by the almost parallel use of Ch (tch) with a pronounced explosive element and C, for example: “pytchak, pytsak (pychak - knife). Therefore, G. Kh. Akhatov identified these two dialects as a separate group of dialects Mishar dialect and called it “mixed”.

Phonetic processes

The leading phonetic processes of the overwhelming majority of dialects of the Mishar dialect, distinguishing it from the middle dialect and from the literary language, are the following:

the use of unrubbed a in all positions: bala, alma;

the presence in some dialects of various variants of the diphthongoids уо—уо, үe—үe (in the first syllable of the word), ıo—ıo, eө—өe: durt -durt;

A number of dialects are characterized by weakening of labial articulation: ul-ol-iol-il; a transition from [y] to [o] after th is possible;

monophthongization of diphthongs in certain positions: ү—өү;

the use of back-language literary K, G, X (instead of the uvular Қ, Ғ, χ of the middle dialect);

the disappearance of the initial G, which originated from the epiglottis ع (ʿayn) in Arabic words: alim - galim, әдәт - gada;

natural literary y-occlusion at the beginning of words: yer-җir (average dial.), yul-җul (average dial.);

The group of dialects is characterized by the use of ch (ch): chәch (schәsch-sr.dial - hair); there is a group using ts instead of ch (tch).

in Mishar dialects, the sounds Ch and Җ are affricates (versus fricatives in the middle dialect).

Tatar language

Kazan (middle) dialect of the Tatar language differs from other dialects in the presence of the phenomenon zh - okaniya, uvular қ and ғ, fricative h (ш), rounded variant a. The formation of the middle dialect was influenced by the Bulgarian language (VII - XIII), the Kipchak language (XI - XV), the Nogai language (XV - XVII), as well as the Finno-Ugric and Russian languages.

Dialects of the Kazan dialect of the Tatar language

Zakazansky (Vysokogorsky, Mamadyshsky, Laishevsky, Baltasinsky districts of Tatarstan)

Baranginsky (Paranginsky district of Mari El)

Tarkhansky (Buinsky, Tetyushsky districts of Tatarstan)

Levoberezhny - Gorny (left bank of the Volga of Tatarstan, Urmara district of Chuvashia)

Kryashen dialects (Tatarstan, Bashkortostan)

Nogaibaksky (Chelyabinsk region)

M Iyakinsky, Meleuzovsky, Sterlibashevsky, Sterlitamaksky, Tuymazinsky, Fedorovsky, Chekmagushevsky, Chishminsky, Sharansky, Yanaulsky districts of Bashkortostan)

Buraevsky (Buraevsky, Kaltasinsky, Baltachevsky, Yanaulsky, Tatyshlinsky, Mishkinsky, Karaidelsky districts of Bashkortostan)

Kasimovsky (Ryazan region)

Nokratsky (Kirov region, Udmurtia)

Perm (Perm region)

Zlatoustovsky (Salavatsky, Kiginsky, Duvansky, Belokataysky districts of Bashkortostan)

Krasnoufimsky (Sverdlovsk region)

Ichkinsky (Kurgan region)

Buguruslansky (Buguruslansky district of the Orenburg region)

Turbaslinsky (Iglinsky and Nurimanovsky districts of Bashkortostan)

Tepekinsky (Gafuriysky, Sterlitamaksky districts of Bashkortostan)

Safakulsky (Kurgan region)

Astrakhan (Kazan Tatars of the Astrakhan region)

Tatar-Karakalpakov dialect (East of the Saratov region (Alexandrovo-Gaisky district), Ural region of Kazakhstan.

ancient monument with Turkic inscriptions

Phonetic processes

The leading phonetic processes of the vast majority of dialects of the middle dialect are as follows:

use of the rounded a in all positions: bala, alma;

the use of an extended diphthong -өy (koyәnә, soyәk, chөy) or its replacement with a diphthong -y: silәshә (lit. soylәshә), kyә (lit.koya), siyәk (lit. soyak).

use of diphthongs -ay/әй (lit. -й/й): barmai (lit. barmy), shundai (lit. shundy), karai (lit. brown), soylәy (lit. soyli)

use instead of the literary back-lingual K, G, X, uvular Қ, Ғ, Һ:

karga (lit. karga), kaygy (lit. kaigy), ak (lit. ak), galim (lit. galim), һәtәr (lit. khәtәr), etc.

Using Җ (zh - okanie) instead of the literary Y: җaulyk (lit. yaulyk), җөri (lit. yori), җөz (lit. yoz), җul (lit. yul), җuk (lit. yuk), җasy (lit. yasy), җyget (lit. eget), җylan (lit. elan), җygerme (lit. еgerme), etc.

the use of fricative fricatives Х and Җ: шәш instead of чәч (hair), sandugasch instead of sandugach (nightingale), almagashch instead of almagach (apple tree), tatarsha instead of tatarcha (Tatar language), жәй instead of җәй (summer), etc.

Features of morphology

use of the verb in the form -аы/әсе: barasy bar; st Bugen eshkә kilese, etc.

the use of adjectives -mal(l)y/mәl(l)e, -әse/әse: kilmәle, ukymaly, kilәse, etc.

to indicate repetition, the forms gala/gәlә, yshtyr/eshtsher are used: bargala, ukyshtyr, etc.

Tatar language

Siberian Tatar language According to most phonetic and grammatical indicators, it belongs to the language of the Kipchak-Nogai subgroup of the Kipchak group of the Western Hunnic branch of the Turkic languages. The vocabulary and grammar contain elements of the languages of the Karluk group, Kypchak-Bulgar and Kyrgyz-Kypchak subgroups. Such interpenetration of elements of languages of different groups and subgroups within the Turkic languages is characteristic of almost all Turkic languages. In phonetics, the phenomena of total deafening of voiced consonants associated with the Ugric substrate can be traced. 9 vowel sounds make up the vocalism system; there are ascending and descending diphthongs. There are 17 original consonants. Specific ones include noisy fricative (fricative) labial semivoiced [bv], back-lingual noisy fricative semivoiced [g], noisy fricative uvular voiced [ғ], noisy stop uvular voiceless қ stop uvular [ң], fricative labial-labial [ w]. The tongue is characterized by clicking and yocking in all positions of the word. At the morphological level, there is a widespread use of participles and gerunds, the use of the ancient Turkic lexeme bak (look) in the meaning of the modal particle pak (karap pak - look, utyryp pak - sit down). Professor G. Kh. Akhatov believes that the “tsoking” of the Siberian Tatars was preserved from the Polovtsians.

The Siberian Tatar language has a number of dialects and dialects: the Tobol-Irtysh dialect with Tyumen, Tobolsk, Zabolotny, Tevriz, Tar dialects, the Baraba dialect, the Tomsk dialect with Eushta-Chat and Orsky dialects. From the time of the penetration of Islam into Siberia until the 20s. XX century Siberian Tatars, like all Muslim peoples, used a writing system based on Arabic script, which was replaced by the Latin alphabet in 1928, and by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1939. The written language for the Siberian Tatars is the Tatar literary language, based on the grammatical laws of the language of the Kazan Tatars. The native language of the Siberian Tatars is a stable phenomenon. It is widely used by them in the communicative sphere and does not have a tendency to actively level with other languages. At the same time, the urban Siberian-Tatar population switches to the Russian language, which relates only to language, but not to identity.

For the first time, the language of the Siberian Tatars was fundamentally studied by Doctor of Philology, Professor G. Kh. Akhatov.

History of the formation of the Tatar language

The modern Tatar language has undergone many changes in its development; it was formed from the mixing of ancient Bulgarian with the Kipchak and Chagatai dialects of the Turkic languages.

The Tatar language was formed together with the native people of this language in the Volga and Urals regions in close communication with other, both related and unrelated languages. He experienced a certain influence of Finno-Ugric (ancient Hungarian, Mari, Mordovian, Udmurt), Arabic, Persian, Russian languages. Thus, linguists believe that those features in the field of phonetics (changes in the vowel scale, etc.), which, on the one hand, unite the Volga-Turkic languages with each other, and, on the other, contrast them with other Turkic languages, are the result of their complex relationships with Finno-Ugric languages.

The earliest surviving literary monument is the poem “Kyssa-i Yosyf”, written in the 13th century. (The author of the poem Kul Gali died during the Mongol conquest of Volga Bulgaria in 1236). The language of the poem combines elements of the Bulgar-Kypchak and Oghuz languages. During the era of the Golden Horde, the language of its subjects became the Volga Turkic - a language close to the Ottoman and Chagatai (Old Uzbek) literary languages. During the period of the Kazan Khanate, the Old Tatar language was formed, which is characterized by a large number of borrowings from Arabic and Persian. Like other literary languages of the pre-national period, the Old Tatar literary language remained poorly understood by the masses and was used only by the literate part of society. After the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, active penetration of Russianisms and then Western terms into the Tatar language began. From the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. The Tatar intelligentsia began to actively use Ottoman socio-political vocabulary.

From the second half of the 19th century, on the basis of the middle (Kazan) dialect, the formation of the modern Tatar national language began, which was completed at the beginning of the 20th century. In the reform of the Tatar language, two stages can be distinguished - the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries (before 1905) and 1905-1917. At the first stage, the main role in the creation of the national language belonged to Kayum Nasyri (1825-1902). After the revolution of 1905-1907. The situation in the field of reforming the Tatar language has changed dramatically: there is a rapprochement between the literary language and the colloquial language. In 1912, Fakhrel-Islam Ageev founded the children's magazine "Ak-Yul", which marked the beginning of children's fiction in the Tatar language. In the 1920s language construction begins: a terminological apparatus is developed, first based on the actual Tatar and Arab-Persian vocabulary, and from the 1930s - on Russian and international ones using Cyrillic graphics. When switching to Cyrillic graphics, they relied on Western phonetics (Mishar), therefore, the throat sounds of the middle dialect /ʁ/ and /q/ were ignored, and Chch was used instead of Shch in the spelling of words.

The modern literary Tatar language is close to the middle dialect in phonetics and vocabulary, and to the Western dialect in morphological structure.

Brief characteristics of the Tatar language

Distinctive features of the literary Tatar language in phonetics: the presence of 10 vowel phonemes, one of which is diphthongoid in nature; the presence of vowels of incomplete education; the presence of a labialized [a°] (typical, as a rule, when [a] is the first in a word: alma - [ºalmá] - apple: the second a is non-labialized (unrubbed); vowels o, ө, e in the first syllable instead of the common Turkic u , ү, и, vowels у, ү, и instead of the common Turkic o, ө, e (this is also characteristic of the Bashkir language); the absence of a labiodental phoneme in; the non-affricative nature of h and җ.

In morphology, analytical tense forms are widely represented, as well as combinations of the main verb with auxiliary ones, expressing the nature of the action, its intensity, degree of completion, etc. The past and future tenses of the verb are divided into known and possible (attested or assumed), for example: bardyk - we were definitely walking, barganbyz - we might have been walking; barachakbyz - we'll definitely go, baryrbyz - we'll probably go. In syntax, the design of nominal predicates with predicate affixes is extremely rare; synthetic subordinate clauses are diverse. The vocabulary is full of Arabic, Persian and Russian borrowings.

One of the distinctive properties of the Tatar language is that when personal affixes are attached to a word (in particular, to a noun), the emphasis is retained on the root.

Phonetics of the Tatar language

The pronunciation norm of the modern literary language is assigned to the dialect of the Kazan Tatars.

The Tatar language has the following features.

1. According to its morphological structure, the Tatar language belongs to the agglutinative languages. This means that affixes and endings are added to the unchanging root one after another in a certain order; for example, the Tatar word təңkə (scales, then coin) entered the Russian language, where it took the form of money. Let's add a plural affix to it: təңkələr; then we add the affix of belonging: təңkə-lər-em (my money); then we add a variant of the affix of the original case: təңkə-lər-em-nən - (from my coins, money). un (ten) un+lyk (ten) un+lyk+lar (tens) un+lyk+lary (his tens) un+lyk+lar+y+(n)a (his tens). Notice how the word “stretches”?

2. In the Tatar language there is a law of synharmonism.

Its essence is as follows: in the Tatar language, vowel sounds are paired in terms of hardness and softness: a - ə, y - Ү, ы - e, o - Ө (only it does not have a hard pair). That is why, if the first syllable has a hard vowel, then all subsequent syllables will only have hard vowels. And, conversely, if a soft vowel is used in the first syllable, then all subsequent syllables will contain only soft vowels: bala - child; bala-lar-ybyz-ny - our children kil - come; kil-de-lər-me? — did you come?

Have you noticed that words in the Tatar language are either only hard or only soft? In the Russian language, both hard and soft vowels are found in one word: first, table, street, windy, etc.

The only exceptions to the law of synharmonism are complex words of the Tatar language itself or borrowed from Arabic, Persian, Russian, Western European and other languages. For example: sigeziellyk - eight years old; su-sem - seaweed; bilbau - lit. waist rope, i.e. belt; Golnaz - lit. flower+weasel; daki - genius; dictation, academy of mathematics, physics, etc.

Another version of the law of synharmonism is as follows. This is labial harmony, in which the labial vowels o - Ө in the first syllable amplifies the vowels y - e in the second (and partially in the third) syllable. All these sounds are pronounced briefly.

Let's see: soly [solo] - oats bark [koro] - dry, dry sӨlge [sӨlgӨ] - towel tonge [tӨңгӨ] - night

3. The Tatar language has specific sounds, both vowels and consonants: [ə], [Ө], [o], [Ү], [e], [ы], [къ], [„], [ң ],

[Һ], [ch], [Җ], [-], ['] (gamza): əni, əti, Өch, Өz, ozyn, Үzem, Үlən, senel, ylys, [къara], [„əдət], sina, Һəm, FəҺim, chəy, chəch, Җəy,

hil, [a-yl], təesir [tə‘sir], maemai [ma‘may].

4. In the Tatar language, verbal stress tends to be on the last syllable in a word; however, there are cases where this does not happen. This especially applies to interrogative pronouns, in which the stress is always on the first syllable:

by whom - who? kaida - where? kaichan - when? Nichek - how? kindy - which one? kaya - where? kaidan - where from? nərsə - what? etc.

The stress never falls on the negation affix - -ma/-mə in verbs, but falls on the syllable before it: bar - barma kil - kilmə asha - ashama.

The emphasis never falls on the question affix - -we/-me?

It falls on the syllable before it:

Barms? - whether there is a? Yukma? - isn't it? kirəkme? - whether it is necessary? Beləme?—does he know? Maturma? - is she beautiful?

We will continue to talk about exceptions to the general rule.

5. The division of syllables in the Tatar language is also specific.

There are only 6 types of syllables. The most common are the following 4 types: a) vowel: ə-ni (mom), ə-ti (dad) b) vowel+consonant: al-ma (apple), at-ty (threw, shot) c) consonant+vowel : kara (black); ba-ra (goes) d) consonant + vowel + consonant: bar-dy (walked); kil-de (came) The other 2 types are less common: e) vowel+consonant+consonant (last 2 consonant combinations yt, nt, rt, lt): əyt (say); ant (oath); art (back); e) consonant + vowel + consonant + consonant (last 2 consonants yt, nt, rt, lt): kart (old); tart (pull); kyrt (sharply); kite (come back); shalt (clap).

You probably noticed that the only permissible combinations of consonants in one syllable are: lt, rt, yt, nt.

The second syllable in the Tatar language cannot begin with a vowel sound.

If the next word begins with a vowel, then in the previous one a regrouping of syllables begins: urman arasyna (into the thicket of the forest) ® [ur-ma-na-ra-sy-na] yashel alan (green meadow) ® [ye-she-la-lan ].

6. There is no grammatical category of gender in the Tatar language.

7. In the Tatar language there is a special form of expressing belonging through special endings added to nouns; in Russian this meaning is conveyed by possessive pronouns: alma - apple alma-m - my apple alma-byz - our apple alma-n - your apple alma-gyz - your apple alma-sy - his, her apple alma-lara - their apple

əni - mother

ənie-em - my mother ənie-bez - our mother

əni-en - your mother əni-egez - your mother

əni-se - his (her, their) mother əni-ləre - their mother

8. In the Tatar language there is no category of verbal form, but the meanings of the method of action are expressed by auxiliary verbs and special affixes: ukydym - read ukyp chyktym - read bardym - walked baryp kildem - went kil - come kil-gələ - stop by

9. In the Tatar language, each affix has a hard and soft version, which is explained by the law of synharmonism. For example: bar-a (goes), kil-ə (comes) bar-dy (went), bər-de (hit) yaz-u (writing, writing), bel-Ү (knowledge).

Variants of affixes also differ in voicedness and deafness: bar-dy (went), kayt-ty (returned) bel-de (learned), kit-te (left) kysh-ky (winter), yaz-gy (spring) kich- ke (evening), kӨz-ge (autumn).

And sometimes the difference in affixes is explained by the nasal nature of the sound: urman (forest) - urman-nan (from the forest), kӨn (day) - kӨn-nən (from the day).

10. In the Tatar language, the verb has many tense and impersonal forms. We can say that knowledge of the verb is the basis of knowledge about the Tatar language.

11. In the Tatar language there are no prepositions that are located in front of words. (For example, in Russian: from the house, to the house, behind the house.) In the Tatar language there are only postpositions following words.

For example:

əti belən - with dad, (lit. dad with);

Vatan Өchen - for the Motherland, (lit. Motherland for); telephone asha - by telephone, (lit. telephone through); theater saen - to every theater, (literally theater to every);

Aidar kebek - like Aidar, (lit. Aidar like).

12. In the Tatar language, numerals and adjectives, when placed in front of nouns, do not decline or change, that is, they do not agree with the nouns.

Ike kyz - two girls; matur kyz - beautiful girl; ike kyznyn - two girls; matur kyznyn - a beautiful girl; ike kyzdan - two girls; matur kizdan - from a beautiful girl; ike kyzda - for two girls; matur kizda - from a beautiful girl.

13. In the Tatar language, the order of words is quite strict: the definition precedes the defined, the predicate completes the sentence, that is, it is placed in the last place in the sentence, the circumstance precedes the main word (predicate), the complement precedes the predicate verb. The place of address and introductory words is grammatically free. The explanatory word is placed after the explained word. Circumstances of time and place that relate to the entire sentence are placed at the beginning of the sentence. A typical mistake of Russians who begin to speak Tatar is this: following the example of their native language, where in most cases a predicate is immediately placed after the subject, they construct Tatar sentences: I’m going to the bazaar - Min baram bazaarga. But it will be correct: Min bazaarga baram. Without a university, ukyybyz. — We study at the university.

14. In live spoken speech, conjunctions are rarely used, while in written speech there are quite a lot of them. All of them are borrowed from Arabic and Persian languages. The most common of them are the following:

Һəm - and chӨnki - because yes-də, ta-tə - and gҮya - like ləkin - but ki - what

əmma - however I"ni - that is, I - or əgər - if yaki - or yaisə - or

15. In the Tatar language there are specific subordinate clauses that resemble secondary members, but impersonal verbs have their own subject. The predicate in them is expressed by various forms of impersonal forms of the verb

- gerund, participle, name of action. These so-called synthetic subordinate clauses always precede the main clause: Sin kaitkach, min əytermen.

(When you come, I'll tell you). Yaz Җitkəndə, kaity st. (When spring came, he returned).

16. We think that the following feature of the Tatar language will make it easier for you to learn it. The Tatar language has many Russian borrowings that came into our language hundreds of years ago: bҮрəнə, sailor, arysh, steamship, kelət, train, cannon, factory, bidrə, decree, shell, etc. In addition, there are many words in common with the Russian language that are borrowed from European and eastern languages: soldier, shop, army, doctor, sweets, general, headquarters, emperor, senate, shawl, headquarters, ship, pomegranate, academy, cavalier, coat, guard, ticket, cash desk, bank, rank, bowl, khan, ocean, mausoleum, hut, gin (Җen), halva (хəлвə), tangerine, tomato, orange, etc. The presence of such words in both languages will, of course, make learning the Tatar language easier.

17. In addition, in the Russian language there are a lot of Turko-Tatar borrowings that were borrowed over many centuries as a result of contacts in trade, politics, culture, everyday life, etc.: money (təңkə), hearth (uchak), kibitka (kibet ), shoe, shoemaker, ichigi (chitek), bishmet (bishmət), malakhai, trousers (ech tun), savrasy (saury), brown (kara), game (Җirən), aksakal, peremyach (pərəməch), bealish (belesh) , chakchak (chəkchək), etc. You know these words well.

18. Tatar speech is very harmonious, rich in intonation, rhythmic, slightly accelerated, with an abundance of emotional particles and interjections, with many speech formulas and clichéd expressions.

Tatar language in Tatarstan

Inscription in two official languages of the Republic of Tatarstan in the Kazan metro

The Tatar language, along with Russian, is the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan (in accordance with the law of the Republic of Tatarstan “On the languages of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan” of 1992). In Tatarstan and in the places where the Tatar diaspora lives, there is a developed network of educational and educational institutions in which the Tatar language is used: preschool institutions with the Tatar language as the language of education, primary and secondary schools with the Tatar language as the educational language.

In addition to the traditional use of the Tatar language as a subject of study and educational means at the philological faculties of Kazan State University, pedagogical institutes and teacher training colleges, the Tatar language as a language of instruction is currently used at the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Journalism of Kazan University, at the Kazan Conservatory and the Kazan State Institute of Art and culture.

Educational, artistic, journalistic and scientific literature is published in the Tatar language, hundreds of newspapers and magazines are published, radio and television broadcasts are conducted, and theaters operate. The centers for the scientific study of the Tatar language are the Faculty of Tatar Philology and History of the Kazan State University, the Department of Tatar Philology of the Faculty of Philology of the Bashkir State University, the Faculty of Tatar Philology of the Tatar State Humanitarian Pedagogical University and the Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Significant contributions to the study of the Tatar language and its dialects were made by such scientists as G. Kh. Alparov, G. Kh. Akhatov, V. A. Bogoroditsky, J. Validi, G. Ibragimov, L. Z. Zalyai, M. A. Fazlullin et al.

Source of information and photos:

Team Nomads.

Tatar folk dialects. Bayazitova F.S., Khairutdinova T.H. - Kazan: Magarif, 2008,

Akhatov G. Kh. Vocabulary of the Tatar language. - Kazan, 1995. - 93 p. — 5000 copies. — ISBN 5-298-00577-2

Akhunzyanov G. Kh. Russian-Tatar dictionary. - Kazan, 1991.

Dialectological dictionary of the Tatar language. - Kazan, 1993.

Zakiev M.Z. Tatar language // Languages of the world: Turkic languages. - M.: Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1996. - P. 357-372. - (Languages of Eurasia). — ISBN 5-655-01214-6

Nurieva A. Spelling dictionary of the Tatar language. - Kazan, 1983-84.

Russian-Tatar Dictionary / Ed. F. A. Ganieva. - M., 1991.

Safiullina F. S., Zakiev M. Z. Modern Tatar literary language. - Kazan, 1994.

Tatar grammar. In 3 volumes - Kazan, 1993.

Tatar-Russian dictionary / Comp. K. S. Abdrazakov et al. - M., 1966.

Tatar-Russian Dictionary / Ed. Sabirova R. A..

Comparative-historical grammar of the Turkic languages. Regional reconstructions / E. R. Tenishev (ed.). - M., 2002.

Phraseological dictionary of the Tatar language / G. Kh. Akhatov (author-compiler). - Kazan, 1982. - 177 p. — 3000 copies.

one of the Turkic languages; belongs to the Kipchak group. Sometimes also called Bulgaro-Tatar or Volga-Tatar to distinguish it from the Crimean Tatar language. Distributed in the Republic of Tatarstan, where, according to the Constitution of 1992, it is a state along with Russian, as well as in Bashkortostan, Mordovia, Mari El, Chuvashia, the Komi Republic, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk and many other regions of the Russian Federation, in Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as in Central Asia and Azerbaijan. The total number of speakers, according to the 1989 USSR census, exceeds 5.5 million people, with a total number of ethnic Tatars of 6.65 million people.

There are three dialects with numerous dialects within each of them: middle, western (Mishar) and eastern (the language of the Siberian Tatars). The self-name “Tatars” was adopted from the Russians, first by the Mishars (in the second half of the 19th century), and at the beginning of the 20th century. and other representatives of the people, in particular, speakers of the middle dialect, who previously called themselves “Bulgars” ( bolgar) or “Kazanians” ( Kazan Keshese, kazanli). The immediate neighbors of the Kazan Tatars still call them in their own way: Mari suas, Udmurts biger, Kazakhs and Karakalapaks nougat.

The phonetics of the Tatar language is characterized by vowels of incomplete formation and special reflections of common Turkic labialized ones; in the grammar there are numerous analytical verbal forms, as well as combinations of the main verb with an auxiliary verb, expressing a variety of meanings, including specific ones. Compared to other Turkic languages, predicate affixes are rarely used. The vocabulary contains a significant number of Arabic, Persian and Russian borrowings; the influence of these languages can also be traced in phonetics and grammar (for example, the emergence of conjunctions and complex sentences). During the period of the existence of the Volga Bulgaria (9-12 centuries) and the Golden Horde (13-15 centuries), there was an influence of the language of the ancestors of modern Tatars on the Russian language ( cm. ).

Before the formation of an independent Tatar language, the ancestors of the Bashkirs and Tatars were part of the Golden Horde in the 13th-19th centuries. they used a common literary language of the Turks, which had a number of regional features that distinguished it from other editions of this Turkic book language. Written monuments have existed since the 13th century. (poem Kul Gali Kissa and Yusuf), although writing, first runic (from the 7th century), and then on an Arabic basis (from the 10th century), existed earlier. In the 16th-19th centuries. the so-called Old Tatar literary language functioned, continuing the tradition of the Turks; A rich literature on various topics was created on it. The modern Tatar literary language was created on the basis of the Middle and Western dialects in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; its formation is associated with the activities of the Tatar writer, philologist and educator K. Nasyri and writers of that period (Ya. Emelyanov, G. Ilyasi, F. Khalidi), who liberated the Tatar language from the influence of the Turks. In the 20th century There was a further development of literary norms and an expansion of the functions and spheres of use of the Tatar language.

Until 1927, writing existed in Arabic, in 1927-1939 on a Latin basis, since 1939 on the basis of Russian graphics with several additional letters. In 1992, the law “On the languages of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan” was adopted, and in 1994 the State program for its implementation was adopted. The Tatar language is taught both in secondary (since the beginning of the 20th century) and partly in higher education; University textbooks are compiled. The Tatar language is taught in a number of institutes and universities. A wide range of periodicals are published, and in recent years not only in Tatarstan, but also in a number of other areas where Tatars live compactly; There are radio and television broadcasts.

The scientific study of the Tatar language began in the 18th century, when the handwritten Russian-Tatar phrasebook by M. Kotelnikov (1740) and the Russian-Tatar dictionary by S. Halfin (1785) were compiled. In 1801, I. Giganov’s grammar was published in St. Petersburg, and in 1804, a dictionary by the same author. In the 19th century The work of the Kazan school of Turkologists, as well as missionaries, was of great importance. Subsequently, a significant contribution to the study of the Tatar language was made by the works of G. Alparov, V. A. Bogoroditsky, M. Z. Zakiev and other researchers. Research on the Tatar language is carried out at Kazan and Bashkir universities, the Institute of Language, Literature and History named after. G. Ibragimov of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as in a number of pedagogical universities.

Bogoroditsky V.A. Introduction to Tatar linguistics in connection with other Turkic languages. Kazan, 1953
Tatar-Russian dictionary. M., 1966
Modern Tatar literary language. Syntax. M., 1971
Tatar grammar, vol. 12. Kazan, 1993
Safiullina F.S., Zakiev M.Z. Modern Tatar literary language. Lexicology, phraseology, phonetics, graphics and spelling, spelling, word formation, morphology and syntax. Kazan, 1994
Zakiev M.Z. Tatar language. In the book: State languages in the Russian Federation. M., 1995

Alexander Shadrikov, head of the Drozhzhanovsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. “Knowledge of Tatar brought me only positive results” - In our area, Tatars know Chuvash, and Chuvash know Tatar. In general, there are few Russians in our area, so I mainly communicate with Tatars and Chuvashs. I learned Tatar myself by communicating with neighbors and acquaintances, so I always speak the language of my friends. Everyone should strive to know and learn the language. Personally, Tatar is very close to me. I often have to go to meetings, and if I’m in a Tatar village, I’m happy to speak Tatar. And in a Chuvash village - in Chuvash. I want to say that knowing Tatar brought me only positive results. I read Tatar literature with love, especially poetry and fairy tales. Tatar is an amazingly beautiful language, I admire the fact that it has so many words and concepts. Avram Lyon, USA, scientist. “Tatarskiy decorates my world” – Tatarskiy began to study during graduate school at the University of California, Los Angeles. Professor of the Turkic language and Turkologist Guliz Kuruoglu helped me. In the eighties, he traveled to Kazan to study Turkic languages. Subsequently, I continued studying Tatar at the tatfak of Kazan University, and studied there for exactly a year. At this time, I was preparing to defend my doctorate at the University of California, and began to look closely at various topics in Tatar literary criticism for my dissertation. Naturally, I had to read Tatar fiction and scientific literature in the original, starting with modern literature and ending with literature created before the revolution. I have some success, but I can’t say that I have thoroughly studied the language. I like the structure of sentences in the Turkic language - suffixes on top of suffixes. The fact that the word structure system is exceptionally rich and alive makes my inner linguist nerd happy. Although I did not become a scientist or a specialist in this field, Tatar continues to decorate my world, it opens new doors for me: in Los Angeles, with my wife Aigul (she is a Bashkir by nationality), we spend Sabantuy together every year. At the national Tatar holiday, it becomes possible to speak Tatar with everyone. We have acquaintances from the Tatar-speaking diaspora in California, in general, all over the world, and we have a very close connection with them. Despite the fact that we communicate more in English, even at home my daughter and I can speak Bashkir. The fact that I know the Bashkir language through Tatar helps me find a common language with all my wife’s relatives, and of course, with her mother. Even my “lame” Tatar brings me closer to the entire Tatar world, I feel this very often and have great respect for this world. Muazzam Mahkamova, Uzbek, student at KFU. “Knowledge of the Tatar language is priceless!” – I started studying Tatar from the first grade at a Russian school. Just like other languages, I studied it by cramming, memorization, constant repetition and endless exercises. But, since my native language is Uzbek, learning Tatar did not cause me any difficulties. It seems to me that among all the Turkic languages, Tatar has the softest sound. This is facilitated by the sounds [h] and [ң], which are characteristic only of the Tatar language. Also, the lightness of the sound [m] - this shortens the structure of words in a sentence, and doubly helps in mastering the language. I believe that knowledge of the Tatar language is an invaluable thing. In Tatarstan, unfortunately, Tatar is heading towards extinction. Therefore, a person who speaks Tatar has a certain advantage, and I am no exception. Firstly, Tatar greatly increased my vocabulary, and therefore I learned oriental languages quickly and easily. Secondly, Tatar gives me the opportunity to understand those who speak this language fluently. Yuto Hishiyama, winner of the International Olympiad in Tatar Language and Literature 2014, studied for 2 years in the master's program at KFU, Japanese. “There are no unnecessary languages in the world” - At first I studied Tatar using a textbook written in German. I found such a textbook in the university library. Then he began to use the capabilities of various Internet resources. I studied Tatar not because I needed it, but simply because I liked it. Many people ask me: “Why do you need Tatar?” I don't like this question. Because it is already felt that the person asking the question considers Tatar unnecessary. There are no unnecessary, useless languages in the world. Just think, it would seem that Japanese is not needed in Russia. But as soon as you start studying it and communicating with the Japanese, you will need this language to communicate with representatives of the Japanese people. This means that the need for language depends on you. It becomes necessary as soon as you start using it yourself. Now Tatar is a very important language for me. I am currently studying it from a scientific point of view as a graduate student at a university in Japan. I use it when communicating with Tatar friends. I will continue to use it in the future. The features of the Tatar language are obvious in comparison with other Turkic languages. Narrimer, there are such phonetic features: the sounds i, e, ö, ü, o in other Turkic languages coincide with the Tatar sounds e, i, ü, ö, u, o. (Tatar - Turkish) et - it it - et sүз - söz tөr - tür kul - kol toz - tuz In general, the Tatar language was more influenced by Russian than other Turkic languages. For example, the Tatar language has many Russian borrowings, and they are pronounced the same as in Russian. This means that the Tatar language also uses the phonetic system of the Russian language. The influence of the Russian language comes not only from the phonetic and lexical side, but also in morphology and syntax. For example, in the Tatar language there are many words copied from Russian. In Russian: I am 20 years old. In Tatar: Mina 20 yash. In Kazakh: Men 20 zhastamyn. Tatar is a very melodic language. Folk songs are very beautiful. I often listen to Tartip-FM radio via the Internet. The beauty of the Tatar language motivates people to study it. Studying Tatar gave me a lot - friends, acquaintances, experience, memories. In a word, he opened a new world for me. This is the most interesting and useful thing about learning a foreign language. I want to say: don’t think that Tatar is of no use to anyone and doesn’t help you in anything. Forgetting the beautiful and unique Tatar language means throwing into a landfill a treasure passed down by our ancestors from generation to generation. If you do not value it and switch to Russian, believing that it is more convenient, this will lead to the disappearance of the nation. Perhaps in the current conditions this is very difficult, but the transformation of Tatar into a useful and necessary language depends on the Tatars themselves. I would also be glad to make at least a small contribution to the future of the Tatar language, as a person who has studied this language with desire and love. Mizuki Nakamura, winner of the Grand Prix of the International Olympiad in Tatar Language and Literature 2017, is Japanese. “I am amazed when reading poetry in Tatar” - My father’s mother was a Tatar, my “Tatar” family goes back to the Ileshevsky district of Bashkortostan. Somewhere at the age of 10, I learned that I have Tatar blood, and an interest in this beautiful language appeared. The Tatar language, the Tatar world for me was an unknown, mysterious world unfamiliar to me. I have always been interested in such mysterious worlds. In Japan, it was not possible to find any manuals on the Tatar language written in Japanese - neither a textbook nor a dictionary. Even today it cannot be found, which means that the Japanese have not yet discovered the Tatar world. And I thought - how interesting my life would be if I knew the whole essence of this world. As I already said, there was no Tatar textbook in Japanese, but there were textbooks written in Russian. Therefore, I had to learn Russian first. I entered the university, learned Russian well, and then, with the help of Russian, began to study the Tatar language. Now my great helper is the online school “Ana Tele”. I am amazed when reading poetry in Tatar. Tatar literary pronunciation is so amazing, it sounds so beautiful! The study of Tatar continues in my research work. Now, in my master’s degree, I am studying the problem of language in the regions of Central Asia, or more precisely, the center of my master’s work is the problem of the linguistic situation of the modern Tatar diaspora. Naturally, in this activity of mine, knowledge of the Tatar language is very necessary. By the way, my university, the University of Tsukuba, entered into an agreement with KFU in 2015 on the basis of a student exchange program. There are undergraduate and graduate students who came to Tsukuba from Kazan, and there are also students from our city studying here. For example, a friend of mine from Japan completed two weeks of training in Kazan as part of this program. He is currently studying Russian literature, but is also interested in the Tatar language. Now my dream is to deeply study the Tatar language, and become a teacher of the Tatar language in Japan, and take part with my “students” in the international Olympiad in the Tatar language. Because I already became a champion once, and I can no longer go as a participant. Mahmat Safa Dunmaz is a graduate student at the Department of Turkish Language and Turkish Literature at Anadolu University in Iskisheher, Turkey. “For me, the main feature of the Tatar language is that it is similar to our old Turkish language” - My interest in the Turkic peoples inhabiting the East pushed me to study the Tatar language. I am truly in love with the Turkic peoples! This is a powerful ethnic group that unites many related peoples, numbering more than 250 million people. For me, the most important feature of the Tatar language is that it strongly resembles our old Turkish language. A person who knew the language of the Kazan Tatars understood all Kipchak languages. Through Tatar I communicate with my Tatar friends, and with the help of relatives and friends I am mastering the conversational level of the Tatar language. While I was studying Tatar, I had to memorize a lot of words, because there are differences from Turkish. I listened to Tatar songs a lot - this also made learning Tatar easier to some extent. I am interested in what is happening in the Tatar world, I constantly follow the news. Oleg Merentyev, Russian, translator, Moscow. “By knowing the Tatar language, I can speak several Turkic languages.” –I learned Tatar through the online school “Ana Tele”. Nowadays I also often refer to this portal. I love learning foreign languages. Perhaps I also decided to learn Tatar because my father’s grandfather was a Tatar, his last name was Bulatov. Due to the fact that I live in Moscow, I do not often use Tatar in everyday life. Of course, the Tatar language has many peculiarities; it is not similar to Russian. For example, in a Tatar sentence I have to wait a long time for the main word to appear... There may be several sentences, so in order to understand the main meaning, I have to take into account the entire sentence. You also have to wait a long time for the verb; it, as in German, usually comes at the end of the sentence. The grammar of the Tatar language is a bit like the grammar of Chinese. Wherever I go, I can speak Tatar fluently. I read various information about Tatarstan, and enjoy watching Tatar films. I want to say that thanks to my knowledge of the Tatar language, I can speak several Turkic languages - for example, Bashkir, Kazakh, Turkmen and others. I understand German and Chinese better. Bernard Monot, former adviser to the French Foreign Ministry (diplomat of the Eastern Department), winner of the Portugal-Arab Cooperation Organization medal, Knight of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, French. “Learning the Tatar language helps me a lot in life.” – I started studying Turkish in 1972. Therefore, I passed the exam to work as a secretary in the Eastern department of the French Foreign Ministry. When I entered the ministry, I was told that studying Arabic would be useful to me. Because at that time - during the Soviet Union - Turkish was not so important. In addition to modern Turkish, I also studied Ottoman. I must say that Tatar is very similar to Turkish. The Tatar language has many Arabic and Persian words. Turkish and Arabic words helped when learning the Tatar language. I also wanted to master other Turkic languages. Turkish is part of the Oghuz group of Altai languages, and Tatar is part of the Kipchak group. Because of this, the Turkish and Tatar languages are close and at the same time different. Thanks to the Ana Tele project, I read a lot of the Tatar language via the Internet. I realized that this is a beautiful and interesting language. It wasn't easy. The Tatar people have lived under the Russian state for more than 500 years, so they think like Russians, many words come from Russian, even similar proverbs. I haven't studied Russian. In my opinion, Russian is more difficult than Arabic. For example, auxiliary and analytical verbs in the Tatar language seem difficult to us, but interesting. Of course, analytical verbs are especially difficult for foreigners. The second difficulty: there are very few pure homonyms in the Tatar language. Many come as homonyms only in some of their forms. In the Tatar language it is a little difficult to distinguish a nominal verb from a noun; to distinguish, you need to rely on the exact meaning of the sentence and the context. For example, “Kurechekne kurmi, gurge kerep bulmy!” (Only a fool confuses fate with fate.) In addition, verbs or words have several meanings, just like in Russian. They are difficult to remember. Studying the Tatar language helps me a lot in life. Now I'm retired. There are no friends in Spain, where I live, or in my native France. The family dispersed all over the world. I rarely meet them. Through “Ana Tele” I also met other people studying the Tatar language, and in the group office I can freely communicate with them. Olivier Mbuebwe, Democratic Republic of the Congo. – As soon as I arrived in Tatarstan, I decided to learn Tatar. The friends I lived with helped me with this. To be honest, I started learning Tatar quickly; it wasn’t difficult. But this is not an easy language for me; I still have to learn quite a lot. There are a lot of benefits from Tatar, it came in handy, for example, when I sang Tatar songs and communicated with friends. I want to improve my Tatar in the future. Sara Scibetta, Master of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Ancient Languages, University of Parma, Italy. “Knowledge of Tatar greatly facilitates the study of languages of the Turkic group” - I learned Tatar while translating the texts of Tatar folk songs. It happened by accident: somehow on the Internet I came across songs performed by the musical group “Shurale”. From that time on, I fell in love with Tatar folk songs, and there was a desire to learn at least a little Tatar words, because I wanted to understand the meaning of Tatar songs. This is the peculiarity of the Tatar language: it is much easier for a person who speaks Tatar to learn other languages of the Turkic group. I noticed: they are so similar to each other that even knowing only the Tatar language, you can understand a word in another Turkic language, that is, I want to say that there are common words. The Tatar language is very close to me. Firstly, I found friends among the Tatars, we constantly communicate and correspond with them. This is a great language learning experience. Secondly, for example, I am now reading in Italian the novel by the famous writer Guzel Yakhina “Zuleikha Opens Her Eyes” - Tatar words appear quite often there. Of course, they are closely related to elements of Tatar folklore and Tatar culture. Since I speak Tatar to some extent, it was not difficult for me to understand these words. Binnur Karyagdi, student at Gazi University in Ankara. “I chose the Tatar department because of my love for Tatar” - I study Turkology at Gazi University. That’s why I love learning languages and am happy to work in this direction. Our university has eight departments, one of them is the Tatar department. Of course, learning Tatar is not easy, but I really liked Tatar, I love this language very much! I want to completely master this language and finally come to Tatarstan. This is my big dream. Dmitry Vtorov, presenter of the State Television and Radio Company "Tatarstan". “The more languages you know, the better your memory becomes.” – When I was in first grade, the Tatar language did not yet exist; later local history appeared. I became closely acquainted with Tatar when my classmate fell ill. It was necessary to conduct “Penmanship” in Tatar and Russian, and I expressed a desire. Interest in the Tatar language was awakened. I can’t explain exactly what prompted me, but I really wanted to learn the language. In 9th grade we were divided into Tatar and Russian groups. I wanted to get into the Tatar group, but they didn’t take me. We - three guys - were eager to learn the Tatar language, in the end the teacher assigned us to a subgroup and began giving us individual tasks. So for a year I regularly studied the Tatar language. It’s a pity that in grades 10-11 the Tatar language was no longer available. But in 1991 he came to work on television, since 1994 he worked on republican television and traveled a lot around the regions. And the television audience was middle-aged Tatars, and the team communicated in Tatar all the time. Therefore, I asked my colleagues “please speak to me in Tatar.” Now I speak Tatar more with my children, although the language is taught at school, I would say that, unfortunately, there are very few hours for studying Tatar at school. If you want to learn Tatar, you need to speak it every day! In my opinion, firstly, in the Republic of Tatarstan there are two full-fledged languages - Tatar and Russian, if you live in Tatarstan, there should be at least respect for the Tatar language, and you should strive to know Tatar at least at a conversational level. Unfortunately, Tatar speech, especially in urban environments, is not particularly audible. Secondly, even if Tatar were not the state language, you yourself should still develop an interest in learning the language of the area where you live. To learn Tatar, I would suggest communicating more with locals. There is an opportunity to talk, at the same time you begin to distinguish the dialects of the Tatar language. Thirdly, no matter what language you study, your language skills increase, your mental and brain activity improves. It’s probably not for nothing that they learn poetry by heart in primary school. The more languages you know, the better your memory becomes. There are no downsides to learning a language. If you compare it with the Russian language, learning Tatar is not difficult, it seems to me. Alexander Kozachevsky, a Frenchman who studied Tatar at the University of Paris. “An amazingly rich language!” – I studied Tatar at the Faculty of Languages. I regularly attended elective courses, only one lesson a week. True, only those who know Russian or Turkish could get here. I am an interested person, and due to the fact that I didn’t know the Tatar culture at all, I decided to study Tatar. It seems to me that Tatar is a very beautiful language with a very soft pronunciation. And his grammar is logical, like mathematics. Amazingly rich language! Thanks to studying the Tatar language, I met countless people and began to better understand Russia and international relations. Moreover, when people in France find out that I am studying the Tatar language, they ask questions all the time, they begin to be interested. Whenever possible, I provide information about the history, culture, and art of Tatarstan.

, Bashkortostan and in some areas of Mari El, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Mordovia, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Astrakhan, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Ryazan, Tambov, Kurgan, Tomsk regions, Perm region of Russia, as well as in certain areas of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

The number of speakers in Russia is about 4.28 million people, as of 2010 (5.1 million according to the 1989 census). The Tatar language is also common among the Bashkirs, Russians, Chuvash and Mari, as well as some other peoples of Russia.

Proficiency of Tatar by different peoples

(peoples with a population of more than 500 thousand), 2002.

People	Number owning
Tatars	4 488 330
Bashkirs	524 399
Russians	136 617
Chuvash	68 624
Mari	42 892
Udmurts	26 242
Kazakhs	9 909
Azerbaijanis	5 752
Mordva	3 970
Ukrainians	3 688
Armenians	1 608
Belarusians	944
Chechens	845
Germans	813
Kumyks	589
Lezgins	376
Avars	252
Ossetians	205
Buryats	175
Dargins	145
Kabardians	131
Ingush	100
Yakuts	46

Prevalence of Tatar by region, 2002.

Region	Number owning	%
Russian Federation	5 347 706	100
Central Federal District	167 898	3,1
Moscow region	29 731	0,6
Moscow	98 314	1,8
Northwestern Federal District	46 781	0,9
Saint Petersburg	18 092	0,3
Southern Federal District	128 670	2,4
Krasnodar region	17 600	0,3
Astrakhan region	56 317	1,1
Volgograd region	19 603	0,4
Volga Federal District	4 355 618	81,4
Republic of Bashkortostan	1 396 947	26,1
Mari El Republic	40 632	0,8
The Republic of Mordovia	43 825	0,8
Republic of Tatarstan	2 014 517	37,7
Udmurt republic	89 689	1,7
Chuvash Republic	39 968	0,7
Kirov region	39 045	0,7
Nizhny Novgorod Region	41 513	0,8
Orenburg region	138 299	2,6
Penza region	82 696	1,5
Perm region	124 437	2,3
Samara Region	102 905	1,9
Saratov region	44 826	0,8
Ulyanovsk region	156 319	2,9
Ural federal district	466 207	8,7
Kurgan region	17 544	0,3
Sverdlovsk region	116 173	2,2
Tyumen region	189 880	3,6
Chelyabinsk region	142 610	2,7
Siberian Federal District	158 385	3,0
Krasnoyarsk region	29 282	0,5
Irkutsk region	16 622	0,3
Kemerovo region	29 574	0,6
Novosibirsk region	19 080	0,4
Omsk region	35 766	0,7
Tomsk region	13 349	0,2
Far Eastern Federal District	24 147	0,5

Tatar language in Tatarstan

The Tatar language, along with Russian, is the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan (in accordance with the law of the Republic of Tatarstan “On the languages of the peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan” dated). In Tatarstan and in the places where Tatars live, there is a developed network of educational and educational institutions in which the Tatar language is used: preschool institutions with the Tatar language as the language of education, primary and secondary schools with the Tatar language as the educational language.

Dialects

The colloquial Tatar language is divided into 3 main dialects:

Story

The modern Tatar language has undergone many changes in its development; it was formed from the Bulgarian, Kipchak and Chagatai dialects of the Turkic languages.

The Tatar language was formed together with the native people of this language in the Volga and Urals regions in close communication with other, both related and unrelated languages. He experienced a certain influence of Finno-Ugric (Old Hungarian, Mari, Mordovian, Udmurt), Arabic, Persian, Russian languages. Thus, linguists believe that those features in the field of phonetics (changes in the vowel scale, etc. - “vowel interruption”), which, on the one hand, unite the Volga-Turkic languages with each other, and on the other, contrast them with other Turkic languages, are the result of their complex relationship with the Finno-Ugric languages.

The earliest surviving literary monument is the poem "Kysa-i Yosyf" - written in the 13th century. (The author of the poem Kul Gali died during the Mongol conquest of Volga Bulgaria in). The language of the poem combines elements of the Bulgar-Kypchak and Oghuz languages. During the era of the Golden Horde, the language of its subjects became Volga Turkic- a language close to the Ottoman and Chagatai (Old Uzbek) literary languages. During the period of the Kazan Khanate, the Old Tatar language was formed, which is characterized by a large number of borrowings from Arabic and Persian. Like other literary languages of the pre-national period, the Old Tatar literary language remained poorly understood by the masses and was used only by the literate part of society. After the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, active penetration of Russianisms and then Western terms into the Tatar language began. From the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. The Tatar intelligentsia began to actively use Ottoman socio-political vocabulary.

From the second half of the 19th century, on the basis of the middle (Kazan) dialect, the formation of the modern Tatar national language began, which was completed at the beginning of the 20th century. In the reform of the Tatar language, two stages can be distinguished - the second half of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century (before) and -1917. At the first stage, the main role in the creation of the national language belonged to Kayum Nasyri (1825-1902). After the revolution of 1905-1907. The situation in the field of reforming the Tatar language has changed dramatically: there is a rapprochement between the literary language and the colloquial language. In 1912, Fakhrel-Islam Ageev founded the children's magazine "Ak-Yul", which marked the beginning of children's fiction in the Tatar language. In the 1920s language construction begins: a terminological apparatus is developed, first based on the actual Tatar and Arab-Persian vocabulary, and from the 1930s - on Russian and international ones using Cyrillic graphics. When switching to Cyrillic graphics, they relied on Western phonetics (Mishar), therefore, the throat sounds of the middle dialect /ʁ/ and /q/ were ignored, and Chch was used instead of Shch in the spelling of words.

The modern literary Tatar language is close to the middle dialect in phonetics and vocabulary, and to the Western dialect in morphological structure.

Writing

Linguistic characteristics

Phonetics and phonology

The pronunciation norm of the modern literary language is assigned to the dialect of the Kazan Tatars.

Distinctive features of the literary Tatar language in phonetics:

the presence of 10 vowel phonemes, one of which is diphthongoid in nature;
the presence of vowels of incomplete education;
the presence of labialized [a°] (typical, as a rule, when [a] is the first in the word: Alma- [ºalmá] - apple: second A unlabialized (not rounded);
vowels O, ө , e in the first syllable instead of common Turkic at, ү , And, vowels at, ү , And instead of common Turkic ones O, ө , e(this is also characteristic of the Bashkir language);
absence of labiodental phoneme V;
non-affricative character h And җ .

Vowels

In the modern Tatar language, there are 9 vowel letters to record 13 vowel phonemes, of which 9 (10) are native Tatar:

Climb	Row
	front		average	rear
	neogub.	gub.		neogub.	gub.
high	And/i/	ү /y/	s (/ɨ/ )	th /ɯɪ/	at/u/
average	uh, e /ĕ/ (/e~ɛ/)	ө /ø̆/		s /ɤ̆/	O /ŏ/ (/o/)
short	ә /æ/		A(/a/)	A /ɑ/	A [ɒ]

The vowels of the upper and lower rows are relatively long, the vowels of the middle row are relatively short (except for Russian vowels, see below).

Consonants

Tatar has 28 consonant phonemes:

Consonants of the Tatar language

	Labiolabial		Labiodental		Labio-velar	Dental		Alveolar	Postalveolar		Palatal	Rear lingual		Postvelar		Pharyngeal
Explosive	p /p/	b /b/				t /t/	d /d/					to /k/	r /ɡ/	k, kb /q/		ъ, е, ь /ʔ/
Nasal	m /m/					n /n/						ң /ŋ, ɴ*/
Fricative			f /f/	in /v/		with /s/	z /z/		w /ʃ/ h /tɕ~ɕ/	w /ʒ/ җ /dʑ~ʑ/				x /χ/	g, gъ /ʁ~ɢ/	һ /h/
Trembling								r /r/
Approximant					in, at /w/						th /j/ ()
Lateral approximant									l /l/

There are also sounds from Russian: V/v/ , f, V/f/ sch /ɕː~ʃː/ , h/t͡ɕ/, ts/t͡s/, which are used in loanwords. Sounds h/h/, ъ, uh, ъ /ʔ/, f/f/ is present in a significant number of borrowings from Arabic and Persian.

Each consonant has a palatalized and non-palatalized phonetic variant (except җ ) .

G read as a voiced stop velar /g/, e.g.: әгәр“if” - /æ"gær/, and in syllables with back vowels as the Turkic voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/, for example: gasyr“century” - /ʁɒ"sɤr/.

Letter with front vowels To read as voiceless stop velar /k/, e.g.: koz“autumn” - /køz/, and in syllables with back vowels like the Turkic voiceless uvular stop /q/, for example: Kyzyl“red” - /q(ɤ)"zɤl/.

In borrowings from Arabic and Persian, /ʁ/ and /q/ can be combined with front-lingual /æ/ and /ø/, orthographically ha, ka, th, co or g, k: Homer/ʁøˈmer/ “life”, sag/sæˈʁæt/ “hour”, mәkal/mæˈqæl/ “proverb”, wild/diqˈqæt/ “attention”, shigariyat/ʃiʁriˈjæt/ “poetry”. To indicate the anterior linguality of an orthographically posterior lingual vowel, a silent soft sign is used after the subsequent consonant.

There is a progressive assimilation of consonants according to:

voicedness and deafness: tash + Dan - Tashtan"from the stone"; tal + Yes - talda"on the willow."
by nasal timbre: tun + lar - Tunnar"fur coats"; tun + Dan - Tongnan"from the fur coat."

Regressive assimilation of consonants by:

deafness: kuz + sez- [kusses] (orf. kuzsez) "eyeless"; toz + syz- [tossos] (orf. tozsyz) "unsalted".
uvularity: boryn + gee- [borongo] (orf. Borings) "ancient"; salyn + ky- [salynky] (orf. salynki) "saggy".
posterior tongue: Kieren + ke- [kiyerenke] (orf. Kierenka) "tense".
lip involvement: un + ber- [umber] (orf. unber) "eleven"; un + bish- [umbish] (orf. unbish) "fifteen".

In modern spelling, assimilation is partially reflected.

Voiced consonants at the end of words are deafened, except for [z].

Morphology

In morphology, analytical tense forms are widely represented, as well as combinations of the main verb with auxiliary verbs, expressing the nature of the action, its intensity, degree of completeness, etc. The past and future tenses of a verb are divided into known And possible(categorical or implied), for example: junk - we were definitely on our way, Barganbyz - we might have walked; barachakbyz - we'll definitely go, Baryrbyz - maybe we'll go. In syntax, the design of nominal predicates with predicate affixes is extremely rare; synthetic subordinate clauses are diverse. The vocabulary is full of Arabic, Persian and Russian borrowings.

Noun

Cases	Questions	Case affixes
Nominative	by whom? (who?), ni, nәrsә? (What?)	-
Accusative	who? (who?), nor (not), nәrsә(not)? (What?)	-us/-not, -n
Possessive	who? (from whom?), nәrsә(neң), ni(neң)? (from what?)	-now/-not
Local-temporal	who? (in (on) whom?), nәrsәdә? (in (on) what?), kaidah? (where?), kaichan? (When?)	-da/-dә, -ta/-tә, -nda/-ndә
Original	who? (from whom?), nәrsәdan? (from what?), nida? (why?), kaidan? (where?)	-dan/-dәn, -tan/-tәn, -nan/-nәn, -nnan/-nnәn
Directional	who? (to whom?), nәrsәgә? (why?), nigә? (why?), kaya? (Where?)	-ga/-gә, -ka/-kә, -a/-ә, -na/-nә

Anthroponymy

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Notes

Literature

Abdullina R. S. Spelling and orthoepy of the modern Tatar language = Khazerge Tatar telen orthographyse һәm orthoepyase. - Kazan: Magarif, 2009. - 239 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-7761-1820-3.
Akhatov G. Kh. Tatar dialectology = Tatar dialectology (textbook for students of higher educational institutions). - Kazan, . - 215 s. - 3000 copies.
Akhatov G. Kh. Vocabulary of the Tatar language. - Kazan, . - 93 s. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-298-00577-2.
Akhunzyanov G. Kh. Russian-Tatar dictionary. - Kazan, 1991.
Dialectological dictionary of the Tatar language. - Kazan, 1993.
Zakiev M.Z. Tatar language // Languages of the world: Turkic languages. - M.: Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1996. - P. 357-372. - (Languages of Eurasia). - ISBN 5-655-01214-6.
Nurieva A. Spelling dictionary of the Tatar language. - Kazan, 1983-84.
Russian-Tatar Dictionary / Ed. F. A. Ganieva. - M., 1991.
Safiullina F. S., Zakiev M. Z. Modern Tatar literary language. - Kazan, 1994.
Tatar grammar. In 3 volumes - Kazan, 1993.
Tatar-Russian dictionary / Comp. K. S. Abdrazakov et al. - M., 1966.
/ Ed. Sabirova R. A..
Comparative-historical grammar of the Turkic languages. Regional reconstructions / E. R. Tenishev (ed.). - M., 2002.
Phraseological dictionary of the Tatar language / G. Kh. Akhatov (author-compiler). - Kazan, . - 177 p. - 3000 copies.
Kharisova Ch. M. Tatar language: reference book. - Kazan: Magarif, 2009. - 200 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-7761-2060-2.
Yakupova G.K. Bibliography on Tatar linguistics (1778-1980). - Kazan, 1988.

Links

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Culture

Settlement

Attitude to religion

Tatar language

Ethnographic groups

Miscellaneous



State language of the Russian Federation

Official languages subjects of the Federation

Languages with official status

Ogur ("Bulgar") languages

Actually Turkic languages

Ancient Turkic group

Gorno-Altai group

Kyrgyz-Kypchak

Northern Altai

Karluk group



Karluk-Uyghur

Karluk-Khorezmian

Kipchak group



Nogai-Kypchak

Volga-Kypchak

Polovtsian-Kypchak

Oguz group



Uzbek-Oghuz

Western Oghuz languages

Eastern Oghuz languages

South Oghuz languages

Sayan (Tobaska) group

Steppe

Taiga

Khakass (Kyrgyz) group

Yakut group

Topics related to Turkic languages

Writing

An excerpt characterizing the Tatar language

“No, you know, I don’t believe it, that we were animals,” Natasha said in the same whisper, although the music had ended, “but I know for sure that we were angels here and there somewhere, and that’s why we remember everything.” ...
-Can I join you? - said Dimmler, who approached quietly and sat down next to them.
- If we were angels, then why did we fall lower? - said Nikolai. - No, this cannot be!
“Not lower, who told you that lower?... Why do I know what I was before,” Natasha objected with conviction. - After all, the soul is immortal... therefore, if I live forever, that’s how I lived before, lived for all eternity.
“Yes, but it’s hard for us to imagine eternity,” said Dimmler, who approached the young people with a meek, contemptuous smile, but now spoke as quietly and seriously as they did.
– Why is it difficult to imagine eternity? – Natasha said. - Today it will be, tomorrow it will be, it will always be and yesterday it was and yesterday it was...
- Natasha! now it's your turn. “Sing me something,” the countess’s voice was heard. - That you sat down like conspirators.
- Mother! “I don’t want to do that,” Natasha said, but at the same time she stood up.
All of them, even the middle-aged Dimmler, did not want to interrupt the conversation and leave the corner of the sofa, but Natasha stood up, and Nikolai sat down at the clavichord. As always, standing in the middle of the hall and choosing the most advantageous place for resonance, Natasha began to sing her mother’s favorite piece.
She said that she did not want to sing, but she had not sung for a long time before, and for a long time since, the way she sang that evening. Count Ilya Andreich, from the office where he was talking with Mitinka, heard her singing, and like a student, in a hurry to go play, finishing the lesson, he got confused in his words, giving orders to the manager and finally fell silent, and Mitinka, also listening, silently with a smile, stood in front of count. Nikolai did not take his eyes off his sister, and took a breath with her. Sonya, listening, thought about what a huge difference there was between her and her friend and how impossible it was for her to be even remotely as charming as her cousin. The old countess sat with a happily sad smile and tears in her eyes, occasionally shaking her head. She thought about Natasha, and about her youth, and about how there was something unnatural and terrible in this upcoming marriage of Natasha with Prince Andrei.
Dimmler sat down next to the countess and closed his eyes, listening.
“No, Countess,” he said finally, “this is a European talent, she has nothing to learn, this softness, tenderness, strength...”
- Ah! “how I’m afraid for her, how afraid I am,” said the countess, not remembering who she was talking to. Her maternal instinct told her that there was too much of something in Natasha, and that this would not make her happy. Natasha had not yet finished singing when an enthusiastic fourteen-year-old Petya ran into the room with the news that the mummers had arrived.
Natasha suddenly stopped.
- Fool! - she screamed at her brother, ran up to the chair, fell on it and sobbed so much that she could not stop for a long time.
“Nothing, Mama, really nothing, just like this: Petya scared me,” she said, trying to smile, but the tears kept flowing and sobs were choking her throat.
Dressed up servants, bears, Turks, innkeepers, ladies, scary and funny, bringing with them coldness and fun, at first timidly huddled in the hallway; then, hiding one behind the other, they were forced into the hall; and at first shyly, and then more and more cheerfully and amicably, songs, dances, choral and Christmas games began. The Countess, recognizing the faces and laughing at those dressed up, went into the living room. Count Ilya Andreich sat in the hall with a radiant smile, approving of the players. The youth disappeared somewhere.
Half an hour later, an old lady in hoops appeared in the hall between the other mummers - it was Nikolai. Petya was Turkish. Payas was Dimmler, hussar was Natasha and Circassian was Sonya, with a painted cork mustache and eyebrows.
After condescending surprise, lack of recognition and praise from those not dressed up, the young people found that the costumes were so good that they had to show them to someone else.
Nikolai, who wanted to take everyone along an excellent road in his troika, proposed, taking ten dressed up servants with him, to go to his uncle.
- No, why are you upsetting him, the old man! - said the countess, - and he has nowhere to turn. Let's go to the Melyukovs.
Melyukova was a widow with children of various ages, also with governesses and tutors, who lived four miles from Rostov.
“That’s clever, ma chère,” the old count picked up, getting excited. - Let me get dressed now and go with you. I'll stir up Pashetta.
But the countess did not agree to let the count go: his leg hurt all these days. They decided that Ilya Andreevich could not go, but that if Luisa Ivanovna (m me Schoss) went, then the young ladies could go to Melyukova. Sonya, always timid and shy, began to beg Luisa Ivanovna more urgently than anyone not to refuse them.
Sonya's outfit was the best. Her mustache and eyebrows suited her unusually. Everyone told her that she was very good, and she was in an unusually energetic mood. Some inner voice told her that now or never her fate would be decided, and she, in her man’s dress, seemed like a completely different person. Luiza Ivanovna agreed, and half an hour later four troikas with bells and bells, squealing and whistling through the frosty snow, drove up to the porch.
Natasha was the first to give the tone of Christmas joy, and this joy, reflected from one to another, intensified more and more and reached its highest degree at the time when everyone went out into the cold, and, talking, calling to each other, laughing and shouting, sat in the sleigh.
Two of the troikas were accelerating, the third was the old count’s troika with an Oryol trotter at the root; the fourth is Nikolai's own with his short, black, shaggy root. Nikolai, in his old woman's outfit, on which he put on a hussar's belted cloak, stood in the middle of his sleigh, picking up the reins.
It was so light that he saw the plaques and eyes of the horses glinting in the monthly light, looking back in fear at the riders rustling under the dark awning of the entrance.
Natasha, Sonya, m me Schoss and two girls got into Nikolai’s sleigh. Dimmler and his wife and Petya sat in the old count’s sleigh; Dressed up servants sat in the rest.
- Go ahead, Zakhar! - Nikolai shouted to his father’s coachman in order to have a chance to overtake him on the road.
The old count's troika, in which Dimmler and the other mummers sat, squealed with their runners, as if frozen to the snow, and rattled a thick bell, moved forward. The ones attached to them pressed against the shafts and got stuck, turning out the strong and shiny snow like sugar.
Nikolai set off after the first three; The others made noise and screamed from behind. At first we rode at a small trot along a narrow road. While driving past the garden, shadows from bare trees often lay across the road and hid the bright light of the moon, but as soon as we left the fence, a diamond-shiny snowy plain with a bluish sheen, all bathed in a monthly glow and motionless, opened up on all sides. Once, once, a bump hit the front sleigh; in the same way, the next sleigh and the next were pushed and, boldly breaking the chained silence, one after another the sleighs began to stretch out.
- A hare's trail, a lot of tracks! – Natasha’s voice sounded in the frozen, frozen air.
– Apparently, Nicholas! - said Sonya's voice. – Nikolai looked back at Sonya and bent down to take a closer look at her face. Some completely new, sweet face, with black eyebrows and mustache, looked out from the sables in the moonlight, close and far.
“It was Sonya before,” thought Nikolai. He looked at her closer and smiled.
– What are you, Nicholas?
“Nothing,” he said and turned back to the horses.
Having arrived on a rough, large road, oiled with runners and all covered with traces of thorns, visible in the light of the moon, the horses themselves began to tighten the reins and speed up. The left one, bending its head, twitched its lines in jumps. The root swayed, moving its ears, as if asking: “should we start or is it too early?” – Ahead, already far away and ringing like a thick bell receding, Zakhar’s black troika was clearly visible on the white snow. Shouting and laughter and the voices of those dressed up were heard from his sleigh.
“Well, you dear ones,” Nikolai shouted, tugging on the reins on one side and withdrawing his hand with the whip. And only by the wind that had become stronger, as if to meet it, and by the twitching of the fasteners, which were tightening and increasing their speed, was it noticeable how fast the troika flew. Nikolai looked back. Screaming and screaming, waving whips and forcing the indigenous people to jump, the other troikas kept pace. The root steadfastly swayed under the arc, not thinking of knocking it down and promising to push it again and again when necessary.
Nikolai caught up with the top three. They drove down some mountain and onto a widely traveled road through a meadow near a river.
“Where are we going?” thought Nikolai. - “It should be along a slanting meadow. But no, this is something new that I have never seen. This is not a slanting meadow or Demkina Mountain, but God knows what it is! This is something new and magical. Well, whatever it is!” And he, shouting at the horses, began to go around the first three.
Zakhar reined in the horses and turned around his face, which was already frozen to the eyebrows.
Nikolai started his horses; Zakhar, stretching his arms forward, smacked his lips and let his people go.
“Well, hold on, master,” he said. “The troikas flew even faster nearby, and the legs of the galloping horses quickly changed. Nikolai began to take the lead. Zakhar, without changing the position of his outstretched arms, raised one hand with the reins.
“You’re lying, master,” he shouted to Nikolai. Nikolai galloped all the horses and overtook Zakhar. The horses covered the faces of their riders with fine, dry snow, and near them there was the sound of frequent rumblings and the tangling of fast-moving legs and the shadows of the overtaking troika. The whistling of runners through the snow and women's squeals were heard from different directions.
Stopping the horses again, Nikolai looked around him. All around was the same magical plain soaked through with moonlight with stars scattered across it.
“Zakhar shouts for me to take a left; why go left? thought Nikolai. Are we going to the Melyukovs, is this Melyukovka? God knows where we are going, and God knows what is happening to us - and it is very strange and good what is happening to us.” He looked back at the sleigh.
“Look, he has a mustache and eyelashes, everything is white,” said one of the strange, pretty and alien people with a thin mustache and eyebrows.
“This one, it seems, was Natasha,” thought Nikolai, and this one is m me Schoss; or maybe not, but I don’t know who this Circassian with the mustache is, but I love her.”
-Aren't you cold? - he asked. They did not answer and laughed. Dimmler shouted something from the back sleigh, probably funny, but it was impossible to hear what he was shouting.
“Yes, yes,” the voices answered laughing.
- However, here is some kind of magical forest with shimmering black shadows and sparkles of diamonds and with some kind of enfilade of marble steps, and some kind of silver roofs of magical buildings, and the piercing screeching of some animals. “And if this really is Melyukovka, then it’s even stranger that we were traveling God knows where, and came to Melyukovka,” thought Nikolai.
Indeed, it was Melyukovka, and girls and lackeys with candles and joyful faces ran out to the entrance.
- Who it? - they asked from the entrance.
“The counts are dressed up, I can see it by the horses,” answered the voices.

Pelageya Danilovna Melyukova, a broad, energetic woman, wearing glasses and a swinging hood, was sitting in the living room, surrounded by her daughters, whom she tried not to let get bored. They were quietly pouring wax and looking at the shadows of the emerging figures when the footsteps and voices of visitors began to rustle in the hall.
Hussars, ladies, witches, payassas, bears, clearing their throats and wiping their frost-covered faces in the hallway, entered the hall, where candles were hastily lit. The clown - Dimmler and the lady - Nikolai opened the dance. Surrounded by screaming children, the mummers, covering their faces and changing their voices, bowed to the hostess and positioned themselves around the room.
- Oh, it’s impossible to find out! And Natasha! Look who she looks like! Really, it reminds me of someone. Eduard Karlych is so good! I didn't recognize it. Yes, how she dances! Oh, fathers, and some kind of Circassian; right, how it suits Sonyushka. Who else is this? Well, they consoled me! Take the tables, Nikita, Vanya. And we sat so quietly!
- Ha ha ha!... Hussar this, hussar that! Just like a boy, and his legs!... I can’t see... - voices were heard.
Natasha, the favorite of the young Melyukovs, disappeared with them into the back rooms, where they needed cork and various dressing gowns and men's dresses, which through the open door received the naked girlish hands from the footman. Ten minutes later, all the youth of the Melyukov family joined the mummers.
Pelageya Danilovna, having ordered the clearing of the place for the guests and refreshments for the gentlemen and servants, without taking off her glasses, with a restrained smile, walked among the mummers, looking closely into their faces and not recognizing anyone. Not only did she not recognize the Rostovs and Dimmler, but she also could not recognize either her daughters or her husband’s robes and uniforms that they were wearing.
-Whose is this? - she said, turning to her governess and looking into the face of her daughter, who represented the Kazan Tatar. - It seems like someone from Rostov. Well, Mr. Hussar, what regiment do you serve in? – she asked Natasha. “Give the Turk, give the Turk some marshmallows,” she said to the bartender who was serving them: “this is not prohibited by their law.”
Sometimes, looking at the strange but funny steps performed by the dancers, who had decided once and for all that they were dressed up, that no one would recognize them and therefore were not embarrassed, Pelageya Danilovna covered herself with a scarf, and her entire corpulent body shook from the uncontrollable, kind, old lady’s laughter . - Sashinet is mine, Sashinet is that! - she said.
After Russian dances and round dances, Pelageya Danilovna united all the servants and gentlemen together, in one large circle; They brought a ring, a string and a ruble, and general games were arranged.
An hour later, all the suits were wrinkled and upset. Cork mustaches and eyebrows were smeared across sweaty, flushed and cheerful faces. Pelageya Danilovna began to recognize the mummers, admired how well the costumes were made, how they suited especially the young ladies, and thanked everyone for making her so happy. The guests were invited to dine in the living room, and the courtyard was served in the hall.
- No, guessing in the bathhouse, that’s scary! - said the old girl who lived with the Melyukovs at dinner.
- From what? – asked the eldest daughter of the Melyukovs.
- Don’t go, you need courage...
“I’ll go,” said Sonya.
- Tell me, how was it with the young lady? - said the second Melyukova.
“Yes, just like that, one young lady went,” said the old girl, “she took a rooster, two utensils, and sat down properly.” She sat there, just heard, suddenly she was driving... with bells, with bells, a sleigh drove up; hears, comes. He comes in completely in human form, like an officer, he came and sat down with her at the device.
- A! Ah!...” Natasha screamed, rolling her eyes in horror.
- How can he say that?
- Yes, as a person, everything is as it should be, and he began and began to persuade, and she should have occupied him with conversation until the roosters; and she became shy; – she just became shy and covered herself with her hands. He picked it up. It's good that the girls came running...
- Well, why scare them! - said Pelageya Danilovna.
“Mother, you yourself were guessing...” said the daughter.
- How do they tell fortunes in the barn? – asked Sonya.
- Well, at least now, they’ll go to the barn and listen. What will you hear: hammering, knocking - bad, but pouring bread - this is good; and then it happens...
- Mom, tell me what happened to you in the barn?
Pelageya Danilovna smiled.
“Oh, well, I forgot…” she said. - You won’t go, will you?
- No, I'll go; Pepageya Danilovna, let me in, I’ll go,” said Sonya.
- Well, if you're not afraid.
- Luiza Ivanovna, may I? – asked Sonya.
Whether they were playing ring, string or ruble, or talking, as now, Nikolai did not leave Sonya and looked at her with completely new eyes. It seemed to him that today, only for the first time, thanks to that corky mustache, he fully recognized her. Sonya really was cheerful, lively and beautiful that evening, like Nikolai had never seen her before.
“So that’s what she is, and I’m a fool!” he thought, looking at her sparkling eyes and her happy, enthusiastic smile, making dimples on her cheeks from under her mustache, a smile that he had never seen before.
“I’m not afraid of anything,” said Sonya. - Can I do it now? - She stood up. They told Sonya where the barn was, how she could stand silently and listen, and they gave her a fur coat. She threw it over her head and looked at Nikolai.
“What a beauty this girl is!” he thought. “And what have I been thinking about so far!”
Sonya went out into the corridor to go to the barn. Nikolai hurriedly went to the front porch, saying that he was hot. Indeed, the house was stuffy from the crowded people.
It was the same motionless cold outside, the same month, only it was even lighter. The light was so strong and there were so many stars on the snow that I didn’t want to look at the sky, and the real stars were invisible. In the sky it was black and boring, on earth it was fun.
“I’m a fool, a fool! What have you been waiting for so far? thought Nikolai and, running onto the porch, he walked around the corner of the house along the path that led to the back porch. He knew that Sonya would come here. Halfway along the road there were stacked fathoms of firewood, there was snow on them, and a shadow fell from them; through them and from their sides, intertwining, the shadows of old bare linden trees fell onto the snow and the path. The path led to the barn. The chopped wall of the barn and the roof, covered with snow, as if carved from some kind of precious stone, glittered in the monthly light. A tree cracked in the garden, and again everything was completely silent. The chest seemed to breathe not air, but some kind of eternally youthful strength and joy.
Feet clattered on the steps from the maiden porch, there was a loud creaking sound on the last one, which was covered with snow, and the voice of an old girl said:
- Straight, straight, along the path, young lady. Just don't look back.
“I’m not afraid,” answered Sonya’s voice, and Sonya’s legs squealed and whistled in her thin shoes along the path towards Nikolai.
Sonya walked wrapped in a fur coat. She was already two steps away when she saw him; She also saw him not as she knew him and as she had always been a little afraid. He was in a woman's dress with tangled hair and a happy and new smile for Sonya. Sonya quickly ran up to him.
“Completely different, and still the same,” thought Nikolai, looking at her face, all illuminated by moonlight. He put his hands under the fur coat that covered her head, hugged her, pressed her to him and kissed her on the lips, above which there was a mustache and from which there was a smell of burnt cork. Sonya kissed him in the very center of his lips and, extending her small hands, took his cheeks on both sides.
“Sonya!... Nicolas!...” they just said. They ran to the barn and returned each from their own porch.

When everyone drove back from Pelageya Danilovna, Natasha, who always saw and noticed everything, arranged the accommodation in such a way that Luiza Ivanovna and she sat in the sleigh with Dimmler, and Sonya sat with Nikolai and the girls.
Nikolai, no longer overtaking, rode smoothly on the way back, and still peering at Sonya in this strange moonlight, looking for in this ever-changing light, from under his eyebrows and mustache, that former and present Sonya, with whom he had decided never again to be separated. He peered, and when he recognized the same and the other and remembered, hearing that smell of cork, mixed with the feeling of a kiss, he deeply inhaled the frosty air and, looking at the receding earth and the brilliant sky, he felt himself again in a magical kingdom.
- Sonya, are you okay? – he asked occasionally.
“Yes,” answered Sonya. - And you?
In the middle of the road, Nikolai let the coachman hold the horses, ran up to Natasha’s sleigh for a moment and stood on the lead.
“Natasha,” he told her in a whisper in French, “you know, I’ve made up my mind about Sonya.”
-Did you tell her? – Natasha asked, suddenly beaming with joy.
- Oh, how strange you are with those mustaches and eyebrows, Natasha! Are you glad?
– I’m so glad, so glad! I was already angry with you. I didn't tell you, but you treated her badly. This is such a heart, Nicolas. I am so glad! “I can be nasty, but I was ashamed to be the only happy one without Sonya,” Natasha continued. “Now I’m so glad, well, run to her.”
- No, wait, oh, how funny you are! - said Nikolai, still peering at her, and in his sister, too, finding something new, extraordinary and charmingly tender, which he had never seen in her before. - Natasha, something magical. A?
“Yes,” she answered, “you did great.”
“If I had seen her before as she is now,” thought Nikolai, “I would have asked long ago what to do and would have done whatever she ordered, and everything would have been fine.”
“So you’re happy, and I did good?”
- Oh, so good! I recently quarreled with my mother over this. Mom said she's catching you. How can you say this? I almost got into a fight with my mom. And I will never allow anyone to say or think anything bad about her, because there is only good in her.
- So good? - Nikolai said, once again looking for the expression on his sister’s face to find out if it was true, and, squeaking with his boots, he jumped off the slope and ran to his sleigh. The same happy, smiling Circassian, with a mustache and sparkling eyes, looking out from under a sable hood, was sitting there, and this Circassian was Sonya, and this Sonya was probably his future, happy and loving wife.
Arriving home and telling their mother about how they spent time with the Melyukovs, the young ladies went home. Having undressed, but without erasing their cork mustaches, they sat for a long time, talking about their happiness. They talked about how they would live married, how their husbands would be friends and how happy they would be.
On Natasha’s table there were mirrors that Dunyasha had prepared since the evening. - Just when will all this happen? I'm afraid I never... That would be too good! – Natasha said getting up and going to the mirrors.
“Sit down, Natasha, maybe you’ll see him,” said Sonya. Natasha lit the candles and sat down. “I see someone with a mustache,” said Natasha, who saw her face.
“Don’t laugh, young lady,” Dunyasha said.
With the help of Sonya and the maid, Natasha found the position of the mirror; her face took on a serious expression and she fell silent. She sat for a long time, looking at the row of receding candles in the mirrors, assuming (based on the stories she had heard) that she would see the coffin, that she would see him, Prince Andrei, in this last, merging, vague square. But no matter how ready she was to mistake the slightest spot for the image of a person or a coffin, she saw nothing. She began to blink frequently and moved away from the mirror.
- Why do others see, but I don’t see anything? - she said. - Well, sit down, Sonya; “Nowadays you definitely need it,” she said. – Only for me... I’m so scared today!
Sonya sat down at the mirror, adjusted her position, and began to look.
“They’ll definitely see Sofya Alexandrovna,” Dunyasha said in a whisper; - and you keep laughing.
Sonya heard these words, and heard Natasha say in a whisper:
“And I know that she will see; she saw last year too.
For about three minutes everyone was silent. “Certainly!” Natasha whispered and didn’t finish... Suddenly Sonya moved away the mirror she was holding and covered her eyes with her hand.
- Oh, Natasha! - she said.
– Did you see it? Did you see it? What did you see? – Natasha screamed, holding up the mirror.
Sonya didn’t see anything, she just wanted to blink her eyes and get up when she heard Natasha’s voice saying “definitely”... She didn’t want to deceive either Dunyasha or Natasha, and it was hard to sit. She herself did not know how or why a cry escaped her when she covered her eyes with her hand.
– Did you see him? – Natasha asked, grabbing her hand.
- Yes. Wait... I... saw him,” Sonya said involuntarily, not yet knowing who Natasha meant by the word “him”: him - Nikolai or him - Andrey.
“But why shouldn’t I say what I saw? After all, others see! And who can convict me of what I saw or did not see? flashed through Sonya's head.
“Yes, I saw him,” she said.
- How? How? Is it standing or lying down?
- No, I saw... Then there was nothing, suddenly I see that he is lying.
– Andrey is lying down? He is sick? – Natasha asked, looking at her friend with fearful, stopped eyes.
- No, on the contrary, - on the contrary, a cheerful face, and he turned to me - and at that moment as she spoke, it seemed to her that she saw what she was saying.
- Well, then, Sonya?...
– I didn’t notice something blue and red here...
- Sonya! when will he return? When I see him! My God, how I’m afraid for him and for myself, and for everything I’m afraid...” Natasha spoke, and without answering a word to Sonya’s consolations, she went to bed and long after the candle had been put out, with her eyes open, she lay motionless on the bed and looked at the frosty moonlight through the frozen windows.

Soon after Christmas, Nikolai announced to his mother his love for Sonya and his firm decision to marry her. The Countess, who had long noticed what was happening between Sonya and Nikolai and was expecting this explanation, silently listened to his words and told her son that he could marry whomever he wanted; but that neither she nor his father would give him his blessing for such a marriage. For the first time, Nikolai felt that his mother was unhappy with him, that despite all her love for him, she would not give in to him. She, coldly and without looking at her son, sent for her husband; and when he arrived, the countess wanted to briefly and coldly tell him what was the matter in the presence of Nicholas, but she could not resist: she cried tears of frustration and left the room. The old count began to hesitantly admonish Nicholas and ask him to abandon his intention. Nicholas replied that he could not change his word, and the father, sighing and obviously embarrassed, very soon interrupted his speech and went to the countess. In all his clashes with his son, the count was never left with the consciousness of his guilt towards him for the breakdown of affairs, and therefore he could not be angry with his son for refusing to marry a rich bride and for choosing the dowryless Sonya - only in this case did he more vividly remember what, if things weren’t upset, it would be impossible to wish for a better wife for Nikolai than Sonya; and that only he and his Mitenka and his irresistible habits are to blame for the disorder of affairs.

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