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The Board of Yaroslav the Wise The presentation was made by a student of the 10th grade of Gymnasium No. 22 Petrieva AnastasiaSlide 2
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Foreign policy of Yaroslav the Wise In 1030, Yaroslav made a successful campaign into the lands of the Baltic “Chudi” and built the city of Yuryev (now Tartu) to the West of Lake Peipus, Yuri - the name given to Yaroslav at baptism. In 1036, Yaroslav's army inflicted a crushing defeat on the Pechenegs near Kiev, from which they were unable to recover. To replace the Pechenegs in the 11th century. the Polovtsians will come. The forces of the Novgorodians, Varangians and the Kyiv militia were involved in the battle. In 1038 he pacified the Yatvingians. In 1040 he went on a campaign against Lithuania and Mazovia. In 1043 he fought with Byzantium. But it was unsuccessful: Yaroslav sent his eldest son (Vladimir) on a campaign, a storm broke out, the ships were capsized, and the Byzantines who sailed ashore were taken prisoner, sometimes blinded. Only in 1046, according to a peace treaty, Russian prisoners were returned. At the conclusion of the peace treaty, Constantine Monomakh gave his daughter to Yaroslav's son, Mstislav, as a wife, from whom Vladimir Monomakh would later be born. In 1047 he conquered Mazovia for his ally, Casimir I. In 1030-1031. The united army of Mstislav and Yaroslav defeated the Polish king, after which the disputed Cherven cities (Belez, Cherven, Przemysl) again went to Rus'.
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Foreign policy of Yaroslav the Wise He developed foreign relations through dynastic marriages: his sister Maria was married to the Polish king Casimir, and the king’s sister was married to Yaroslav’s son, Izyaslav. Yaroslav's daughter was married to the French king Henry l. Another daughter, Elizabeth, is the wife of the Viking Harold the Bold, later King of Norway. Anastasia married the Hungarian King Andrew l. All his sons were married to princesses of Poland, Germany, and Byzantium.
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Death of Yaroslav the Wise On February 20, 1054, Yaroslav Vladimirovich died in Kyiv in the arms of his son Vsevolod. The Grand Duke was buried in a marble shrine in his beloved St. Sophia Cathedral, on the wall of which, as a sign of respect for the deceased, an inscription was made on behalf of the people about the death of “our king.”
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Army Its core was the senior and junior squads, commanded by the Grand Duke himself. In the 11th century The Kyiv prince had up to 500-800 warriors. The army marched under the princely banners. The prince rode ahead, the horse squad pranced behind him, and then the regiment moved on.
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Cities By the second half of the 11th century. There were already about 42 large cities in Rus'. In the city, first of all, there was a Kremlin or Detinets. The Kremlin, as a rule, was located in the center of the city, surrounded by a high wall. In front of the wall there was a deep ditch filled with water, with drawbridges that led to the gates of the city. In the center of the Kremlin stood a local shrine - the main city cathedral. In Kyiv and Novgorod these were the churches of St. Sophia, in Chernigov - the Church of the Savior. From the Kremlin, the prince exercised control, carried out justice and reprisals. Tributes and booty captured in war were brought there. Judicial and trade duties were collected here.
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Trade Over the centuries, trade has gained strength. In the XI – XII centuries. In Russian cities, merchants made up a significant part of the population. There were entire areas where traders from Khazaria, Poland, Scandinavian countries, and German lands lived. There were many traders in Russian cities from Volga Bulgaria, countries of the East - Persia, Khorezm. And Russian merchants were welcome guests in the markets of Byzantium, Poland, and Germany. There was a Russian court in Constantinople, where traders from Rus' constantly stayed. Coins from different countries jingled at the auction. Payments were made in Russian silver hryvnias and kunas, in eastern dirhams, and in Western European denarii. Animal skins and livestock were also used as money. Church Church religious life was created in the image and likeness of the Byzantine church, headed by the patriarch. All who were baptized by Byzantium were ecclesiastically subordinate to the Patriarch of Constantinople. The head of the Christian Church in Rus' was the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus', and the Russian Church was considered part of the Orthodox world, one of the metropolises. In large cities, ecclesiastical authority was exercised by bishops. The princes not only supported the church organizationally, but also provided it with all kinds of material support. In 1051, Hilarion, an educated priest of the princely church, the summer residence of the Grand Duke, was elected Metropolitan of All Rus' at a meeting of bishops and with the support of Yaroslav Mudrov. Early Christian church of the 11th century 
- 862 – beginning of the Rurik dynasty
- 862-879 – reign of Rurik
- 879-912 – Oleg’s reign
- 882 - Oleg’s campaign against Kyiv, the beginning of the Russian state
- 898 peace treaty with the Hungarians
- 907 - Oleg's campaign against Byzantium
- 912-945-Igor's reign
- 945-962-Olga's reign
- 962-972 - reign of Svyatoslav
- 980-1015 – reign of Vladimir
- 988-baptism of Rus'
- 996 – the main temple of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built in Rus'
Rurik
Rurik Dynasty
Igor, Olga
Svyatoslav
Oleg
Vladimir
Yaropolk
Izyaslav
Boris
Svyatopolk (Cursed)
Svyatoslav
Mstislav
Gleb
Yaroslav
Polotsk
Novgorod
Yaroslav
Principality of Tmutarakan
Mstislav
Kyiv
Varangians
Pechenegs
Boleslav 1
Svyatopolk, son of Yaropolk, married to a Polish princess
Transcarpathia
Boris and Gleb sons of Vladimir from the Byzantine princess Anna
- Boris was in a camp on the Alta River here and was wounded by order of Svyatopolk On July 24, 1015, Boris was wrapped in a tent and brought to Kyiv, he was still alive, and before the eyes of Svyatopolk they finished him off with balls.
- On the way to Kyiv, Gleb was notified by Yaroslav about the death of his father and the death of his brother. Halfway to Kyiv on the Dnieper, Gleb was killed.
- In the 11th century both princes were canonized as holy martyrs.
- Then Svyatopolk sent assassins to another brother, the Drevlyan prince Svyatoslav.
Svyatopolk
Yaroslav
Squad and hired Pechenegs
Took me to Kyiv
40,000 army led by Varangians
Winter 1016 - opponents met on the Dnieper
near Lyubech. Early in the morning Yaroslav's army
crossed the bank and were the first to attack
Kievites The defeat of Svyatopolk was complete, flight to
Poland. In 1017 Yaroslav occupied Kyiv.
- Svyatopolk the Accursed returned with the Polish army and occupied Kyiv, Boleslav 1 captured the Cherven cities, Yaroslav fled to Novgorod.
- The first unrest in Rus' led to the collapse of the state.
- Uprising in Kyiv, Poles leave the city.
- Yaroslav moved south.
- Flight of Svyatopolk to the Pechenegs.
- 1018 – battle on the Alta River, in the place where Boris died. The regiments of the warring parties met in hand-to-hand combat three times. By the end of the day, Yaroslav defeated his opponent and entered Kyiv. Svyatopolk fled to the Poles, then to the Czechs, on the way he lost his mind and died.
- 1024 – near Listviny (not far from Chernigov ) Mstislav defeated Yaroslav and won his right to half of Rus'. The possessions were divided by the Dnieper
- 1024-1036 – joint management.
IN 1036 After the death of the childless Mstislav, Rus' united under the rule of Yaroslav (the Wise). The long turmoil is over
Strengthened the country's governance system, sent his sons to large cities
Thirteen-domed Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv
Education, culture, and literacy developed in Rus'.
The power of Rus' was established on the western shore of Lake Peipsi
Campaigns against the Baltic tribes of Lithuanians and Yatvags
Reconquest of Cherven cities from Polish cities
Peace treaty
In the north there are close friendly relations with Sweden and Norway.
Yaroslav was married to the daughter of the Swedish king Ingigerda
Defeat of the Pechenegs under the walls of Kyiv 1036
The Pecheneg raids stopped, and the Golden Gate was erected in honor of the victory.
In 1043, Rus' went to war against Byzantium (retribution against Russian merchants in Constantinople)
In 1046, Rus' and Byzantium made peace (marriage of Vsevolod and Anastasia)
Yaroslav was married to the daughter of the Swedish king Ingigerda.
Yaroslav's sister Dobroneg was married to the Polish king Casimir 1, and Yaroslav's son Izyaslav married the king's sister. Yaroslav's eldest daughter Anna, wife of the French king Henry 1. Anastasia became the wife of the Hungarian king Andrew.
The youngest daughter Elizabeth married the Norwegian king, and after his death she married the king of Denmark.
Son Vsevolod married the daughter of the Byzantine king Constantine Anastasia.
- Rus' under Yaroslav the Wise turned into a great power.
- The length of the borders is about 7 thousand km. (from the Carpathian Mountains to the Kama River, from the Baltic to the Black Sea).
- By the middle of the 11th century, about 4 million people lived in Rus'. Human.
Died at 76 in 1054
Before his death, he handed over the grand ducal throne to his eldest son - Izyaslav
Svyatoslav –Chernigov and Tmutarakan lands
Vsevolod - Pereyaslavl Principality.
WILLED:
So that from now on the eldest in the family will be the Grand Duke of Rus'.
Inheritance in a direct line from father to son, which was accepted in many European countries, gave way to patriarchal, purely family custom.
- Homework:
- Paragraph - 6
- Dates (by heart)
Foreign policy. Yaroslav proved himself to be a wise statesman. Near Kiev, he inflicted a severe defeat on the Pechenegs, nomads, the then opponents of Rus'. This defeat was so strong that the Pechenegs no longer risked attacking Russian lands and disappeared from Russian history. (They were replaced by new nomads - the Polovtsy). Under Yaroslav the Wise in 1043, Rus' made its last campaign against Byzantium. The campaign was unsuccessful, and Rus' no longer fought with its southern neighbor. Relations between the two states became increasingly friendly.
Domestic politics Under Yaroslav, Kyiv became one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. Yaroslav wanted Kyiv to be in no way inferior to Constantinople. After all, Byzantium is a large state, and Rus' is a large state, Constantinople is located in a beautiful place - on the banks of the Bosphorus Strait, and Kyiv is located in a beautiful place - on the banks of the Dnieper. In Kyiv, under Yaroslav, about 400 churches and 8 markets were built. Kyiv was surrounded by a high stone wall, the main entrance to Kyiv was built - the Golden Gate.
St. Sophia Cathedral In 1037, near Kiev, on the very spot where he defeated the Pechenegs, Yaroslav built St. Sophia Cathedral - after all, the main temple of Byzantium was St. Sophia. The cathedral was built by Byzantine craftsmen from stone, and was decorated with frescoes and Byzantine icons that had never been seen before in Rus'. Kyiv Sofia amazed the imagination of contemporaries.
The frescoes have survived in some places to this day. They give us an idea of life in the 11th century. They depict the prince in formal clothes, horsemen, archers, squires, dancers, musicians, and buffoons. The frescoes of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople depicted Emperor Justinian and his family to perpetuate the memory of the creator of this cathedral. Yaroslav and his family were depicted on the frescoes of Kyiv Sofia. St. Sophia cathedrals under Yaroslav were also built in Polotsk and Novgorod, and St. Sophia of Novgorod has survived to this day in its original form.
With the construction of temples in Rus', stone architecture appeared. The first masters in Rus' were the Byzantines, but gradually the Russians adopted their skills. The first Russian painting arose - icon painting, since for a long time its subjects were religious: images of saints, images of Jesus Christ, images of the Virgin Mary. In Rus', the image of the Mother of God became especially beloved among icon painters and people. According to a figurative expression, the Russian people dedicated as many icons to the Mother of God “as there are stars in the sky.” Over time, the cult of the Mother of God developed in Rus'.
Under Yaroslav the Wise, the organization of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Russian lands was finally formed. In 1031, a metropolitan appointed by the Patriarch of Constantinople appeared in Kyiv. Proof of Yaroslav's authority and strength is that in 1051, Yaroslav, without the knowledge of the Patriarch of Constantinople, himself appointed Hilarion, a metropolitan of Kyiv - Russian by birth. Hilarion was an outstanding church figure and a talented writer. His most famous work, “The Word on Law and Grace,” was dedicated to the Christian exploits of Vladimir, the Baptist of Rus'. Speaking about the rulers of Kievan Rus, Hilarion wrote: “They were not rulers in a bad land, but in a Russian one, which is known and heard in all ends of the earth.”
Yaroslav cared about educating the people. Under him, the first public schools appeared, where both boys and girls were educated. In Novgorod, on his order, a higher school was established for 300 boys for the children of elders and clergy. It taught: writing, counting, reading, the basics of Christian doctrine; studied Greek and Latin, and were engaged in regular translations of church literature from Greek.
Under Yaroslav the Wise, the first monasteries appeared, the largest of which was Kiev-Pechersk, founded in the middle of the 11th century. It was in the monasteries that literature began to develop, in particular regular chronicle writing. Yaroslav ordered singers from Byzantium. This is how church singing appeared in Rus'. In Rus', church singing received further development and is currently a unique phenomenon of Russian singing culture.
Along with the adoption of Christianity, all church orders and laws were transferred from Byzantium. The set of Byzantine church laws came to us under the name "The Helmsman's Book." Yaroslav decided to arrange a better order of justice and punishment in worldly affairs. According to the chronicle, judicial customs were written down on his orders. The first collection of Russian laws appeared - "Russian Truth".
Under Yaroslav, Rus' entered the international arena and was accepted into the family of European monarchs. Yaroslav himself in 1019 married the Swedish princess Ingigerd for the second time and had seven sons and three daughters from her. He married his daughter Elizabeth to the Norwegian king Harald, Anna to the French king Henry I, Anastasia to the Hungarian king Endre I. Yaroslav's granddaughter married the German emperor. One of his sons married the daughter of the Polish king, the other - Vsevolod - the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomakh.
The era of Yaroslav the Wise has an enduring significance: 1. Thanks to the efforts of Yaroslav, the existence (existence) of such a unique phenomenon in world culture as Russian culture began. 2. Later, Rus' will face difficult trials more than once, but the historical memory of the people will preserve the image of the great Ancient Rus'. 3. The image of a great state will always cry out for resurrection in the people's memory. Yaroslav died on February 19, 1054 at his country residence in Vyshgorod. He was buried in Kyiv, in St. Sophia Cathedral. Eventually…. “In the summer of 6562 (1054) of the month of February 20th, the Dormition of our king...”
Yaroslav Vladimirovich (in the later historiographic tradition Yaroslav the Wise; . 978 - February 20, 1054, Vyshgorod) - Prince of Rostov (987-1010), Prince of Novgorod (1010-1034),
Grand Duke of Kiev (1016-1018, 1019-1054).
Yaroslav Vladimirovich - son of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich (from the Rurik family) and Polotsk
Princess Rogneda Rogvolodovna, father, grandfather and uncle of many rulers of Europe. At baptism I was
named George. In the Russian Orthodox Church he is revered as a noble prince; Day of Remembrance
- February 20 (March 4) in a leap year or February 20 (March 5) in non-leap years.
Under Yaroslav Vladimirovich, the first known set of laws of Russian law was compiled,
which went down in history as “Russian Truth”.
Rostov period
The Tale of Bygone Years for the year 6496 (988) reports that Vladimir Svyatoslavichsent his sons to various cities. Among the listed sons is Yaroslav,
which Rostov received as a table. However, the date indicated in this article, 988, is sufficient
conditional, since many events fit into it. Historian Alexey Karpov suggests that
Yaroslav could have left for Rostov no earlier than 989.
The chronicles about the reign of Yaroslav in Rostov do not report anything other than the fact of imprisonment
table. All information about the Rostov period of his biography is late and legendary,
their historical reliability is low.
Since Yaroslav received the Rostov table as a child, real power was in the hands of
the mentor sent with him. According to A. Karpov, this mentor could be mentioned in
chronicles in 1018 “the breadwinner and governor named after Buda (or Budy).” He was probably
Yaroslav's closest ally in Novgorod, but breadwinner during the reign of Novgorod
he was no longer needed, so it is likely that he was Yaroslav’s teacher back during
Rostov reign.
Novgorod period
After the death of Vysheslav, the eldest son of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich was consideredSvyatopolk. However, according to Thietmar of Merseburg, he was imprisoned
Vladimir to prison on charges of treason. The next oldest son,
Izyaslav had also died by that time, but even during his father’s life he was actually
deprived of the right to inheritance - Polotsk was allocated to him as an inheritance. And Vladimir in
Novgorod installed Yaroslav.
The Novgorod reign at this time had a higher status than the Rostov and all
others, with the exception of Kyiv. The Novgorod prince paid annually to Kyiv
tribute of 2000 hryvnia, which was 2/3 collected in Novgorod and those subordinate to it
lands of tribute. 1/3 (1000 hryvnia) remained for the maintenance of the prince and his squad, amount
which was second only to the size of the squad of the Kyiv prince.
The period of the Novgorod reign of Yaroslav until 1014 is also little described in the chronicles,
like Rostov. It is likely that from Rostov Yaroslav first went to Kyiv, and from there
I have already left for Novgorod. He probably arrived there no earlier than 1011. To Yaroslav
Novgorod princes from the time of Rurik lived, as a rule, on the Settlement near
Novgorod, Yaroslav settled in Novgorod itself, which, by that time, was
significant settlement. His princely court was located on the Trade side of Volkhov,
This place was called "Yaroslav's Dvorishche". In addition, Yaroslav had
also a country residence in the village of Rakoma, located south of Novgorod.
Rebellion against father
In 1014, Yaroslav resolutely refused to pay his father, the Kyiv prince VladimirSvyatoslavich, an annual lesson of two thousand hryvnia. Historians suggest that these
Yaroslav's actions were connected with Vladimir's intention to transfer the throne to one of
younger sons, Rostov Prince Boris, whom he brought closer to
himself and transferred command of the princely squad, which actually meant recognition
Boris as heir. It is possible that this is why the eldest son rebelled against Vladimir
Svyatopolk, who was then imprisoned (he stayed there until his father’s death). And these are the ones
the news could have prompted Yaroslav to oppose his father. In order to resist
father, Yaroslav, according to the chronicle, hired the Varangians overseas, who arrived led by
Eymund. Vladimir, who in recent years lived in the village of Berestovo near Kiev, ordered
“to pave the way and build bridges” for the campaign, but fell ill. Moreover, in June 1015
the Pechenegs invaded and the army gathered against Yaroslav, led by Boris, was
forced to go to repel the raid of the steppes, who, having heard about the approach
Boris, they turned back. At the same time, the Varangians hired by Yaroslav, doomed to
inaction in Novgorod, they began to organize riots. As a result, Novgorodians, not
Having withstood the violence, they rebelled and killed the Varangians in one night. Yaroslav at this time
was at his country residence in Racom. Having learned about what had happened, he called to him
representatives of the Novgorod nobility who participated in the rebellion, promising them forgiveness, and
when they arrived to him, he brutally dealt with them. This happened in July - August
1015 After this, Yaroslav received a letter from his sister Predslava, in which she
reported the death of her father and the events that happened after that. This news forced the prince
Yaroslav to make peace with the Novgorodians. He also promised to pay the viru for each
killed. And in subsequent events, the Novgorodians invariably supported their prince.
The struggle for the Kyiv throne
On July 15, 1015, Vladimir Svyatoslavich died in Berestovo, having never managed to repayson's rebellion. And Yaroslav began the fight for the Kiev throne with his brother Svyatopolk,
who was released from prison and declared their prince by the rebellious Kyivians. IN
In this struggle, which lasted four years, Yaroslav relied on the Novgorodians and
a mercenary Varangian squad led by King Eymund.
Rus' in the time of Yaroslav the Wise
In 1016, Yaroslav defeated the army of Svyatopolk near Lyubech and occupied Kyiv in late autumn.He generously rewarded the Novgorod squad, giving each warrior ten hryvnia. Victory
near Lyubech did not finish the fight with Svyatopolk: he soon approached Kyiv with
Pechenegs, and in 1018 the Polish king Boleslav the Brave, invited by Svyatopolk,
defeated Yaroslav's troops on the banks of the Bug, captured his sisters, wife Anna and stepmother in Kyiv
Yaroslav and, instead of transferring the city (“table”) to his daughter’s husband Svyatopolk, he himself
made an attempt to establish himself in it. But the people of Kiev, outraged by the furies of his squad,
began to kill the Poles, and Boleslav had to hastily leave Kyiv, depriving Svyatopolk
military assistance. And Yaroslav, having returned to Novgorod after the defeat, prepared to flee
"beyond the sea." But the Novgorodians, led by the mayor Konstantin Dobrynich, hacked him
court, told the prince that they wanted to fight for him with Boleslav and Svyatopolk. They collected
money, concluded a new agreement with the Varangians of King Eymund and armed themselves. in spring
In 1019, this army, led by Yaroslav, carried out a new campaign against Svyatopolk. In battle
on the Alta River Svyatopolk was defeated, his banner was captured, he himself was wounded, but escaped
Kyiv period
In 1026, Yaroslav, having gathered a large army, returned to Kyiv and made peace at Gorodets with his brother Mstislav, agreeing with his peace proposals. The brothers dividedland along the Dnieper. The left bank was retained by Mstislav, and the right bank by Yaroslav. Yaroslav, being the Grand Duke of Kyiv, preferred to stay in Novgorod until 1036
year (time of Mstislav's death).
In 1029, helping his brother Mstislav, he made a campaign against the Yases, expelling them from Tmutarakan. In the next 1030, Yaroslav defeated Chud and founded the city of Yuryev (now Tartu,
Estonia). In the same year he took Belz in Galicia. At this time, an uprising arose against King Mieszko II in the Polish land, the people killed bishops, priests and boyars. In 1031
Yaroslav and Mstislav, supporting Bezprym’s claims to the Polish throne, gathered a large army and marched against the Poles, recaptured the cities of Przemysl and Cherven, and conquered
Polish lands, and, having captured many Poles, divided them. Yaroslav resettled his prisoners along the Ros River. Shortly before this, in the same year 1031, Harald III the Severe,
the king of Norway, half-brother of Olaf the Saint, fled to Yaroslav the Wise and served in his squad. It is generally believed that he took part in Yaroslav's campaign against the Poles and was
co-leader of the army. Subsequently, Harald became Yaroslav's son-in-law, taking Elizabeth as his wife.
In 1034, Yaroslav installed his son Vladimir as prince of Novgorod. In 1036, Mstislav suddenly died while hunting, and Yaroslav, apparently fearing any claims to
reign of Kiev, imprisoned his last brother, the youngest of the Vladimirovichs - the Pskov prince Sudislav - in a dungeon (cut). Only after these events
Yaroslav decided to move with his court from Novgorod to Kyiv.
In 1036, he defeated the Pechenegs and thereby freed Kievan Rus from their raids. In memory of the victory over the Pechenegs, the prince founded the famous Hagia Sophia Cathedral in
Kyiv, artists from Constantinople were called to paint the temple. In the same year, after the death of his brother Mstislav Vladimirovich, Yaroslav became the sole ruler
most of Rus', with the exception of the Principality of Polotsk, where his nephew Bryachislav reigned, and after the death of the latter in 1044 - Vseslav Bryachislavich.
In 1038, Yaroslav's troops made a campaign against the Yatvingians, in 1040 against Lithuania, and in 1041 a water expedition on boats to Mazovia. In 1042, his son Vladimir defeated the Yams,
Moreover, during this campaign there was a large loss of horses. Around this time (1038-1043), the English prince Edward the Exile fled from Canute the Great to Yaroslav. Besides, in
In 1042, Prince Yaroslav the Wise provided great assistance in the struggle for the Polish royal throne to the grandson of Boleslav the Brave - Casimir I. Casimir married Yaroslav's sister
- Maria, who became the Polish Queen Dobronega. This marriage was concluded in parallel with the marriage of Yaroslav’s son Izyaslav to Casimir’s sister, Gertrude, as a sign of alliance with
Poland.
In 1043, Yaroslav, for the murder of “one famous Russian” in Constantinople, sent his son Vladimir together with Harald Surov and governor Vyshata to
campaign against Emperor Constantine Monomakh, in which hostilities unfolded on sea and land with varying success and which ended in peace concluded in
1046. In 1044, Yaroslav organized a campaign against Lithuania.
In 1045, Prince Yaroslav the Wise and Princess Irina (Ingegerda) went to Novgorod from Kyiv to their son Vladimir to lay the foundation stone for the St. Sophia Cathedral, instead
burnt wooden
In 1047, Yaroslav the Wise broke the alliance with Poland.
In 1048, ambassadors of Henry I of France arrived in Kyiv to ask for the hand of Yaroslav's daughter Anna. The reign of Yaroslav the Wise lasted 37 years. Last years of life
Yaroslav spent in Vyshgorod. Yaroslav the Wise died on February 20, 1054 in Vyshgorod on the feast of the Triumph of Orthodoxy in the arms of his son Vsevolod, having outlived his life by four years.
wife Ingigerda and for two years the eldest son Vladimir. However, the date of death is not accepted by all researchers. Professor Viktor Ziborov dates this event to 17
February 1054. Yaroslav was buried in St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv.
Foreign policy
In foreign policy, Yaroslav, like his father, relied more on diplomacy,than for weapons. He managed to provide recognition and high status for Kievan Rus
authority among other European powers. At that time the main way
"European integration" were dynastic marriages. And European leaders
states were not averse to becoming related to Yaroslav. On his sister
Dobrogneva was married to the Polish prince Casimir; Yaroslav's son Izyaslav took
the wife of Casimir's sister, another son - Vsevolod - was married to a Greek
princess, two more of his sons - as German princesses. Norwegian king
Harald entered into a marriage alliance with Yaroslav's daughter Elizabeth, Hungarian
King Andrew - with his daughter Anastasia, the French King Henry I was
married to his third daughter, Anna Yaroslavna. Yaroslav himself married
Ingigerda (in Orthodoxy - Irina), daughter of the Norwegian king Olaf.
Foreign policy
Domestic policy
In domestic politics, the reign of Yaroslav the Wise was marked by the flourishing of the “capital city” of Kyiv andstrengthening economic and cultural ties between individual parts of the state. The Grand Duke ordered
legal customs of Rus' and began, in modern terms, the fight against legal nihilism. Under Yaroslav the first
a set of laws that regulated relations within the princely domains, called “Russian Truth”. "Yaroslav's Charter"
or the oldest “Russian Truth”, was given to Novgorod in 1016. It was based on old traditions, the oral “Law
Russian”, which was mentioned in the treaties between Rus' and Byzantium. In fact, it was the first written consolidated code -
criminal, civil and administrative. The first Russian written law concerned primarily issues of public
order, protected people from violence, riots, and fights, which were not uncommon in that era even in the most sophisticated society.
Of course, the document was imperfect. It, for example, provided for punishment for hitting with a bowl or horn, and for
Damaging an opponent's beard resulted in a penalty equal to the fine for murder. An important step in spiritual and political
In the life of the Kyiv principality there was a consistent desire of Yaroslav to free himself from the tutelage of Byzantium in church affairs.
In 1051, under Yaroslav, for the first time, not a Greek, but a Russian Metropolitan Hilarion was appointed to the Kyiv metropolitanate -
brilliant orator, author of the famous “Sermon on Law and Grace”. This work asserted the equality of all peoples and
glorified the Russian land, which, according to its author, should have been “known and heard by all, the end of the earth.”
Yaroslav understood the importance of Christian enlightenment. He considered books to be the main weapon in the fight against paganism. Collecting
book writers and translators everywhere, he increased the number of books in Rus' and gradually introduced them into widespread use.
use. Contemporaries noted that Yaroslav himself was a well-read person in liturgical books and owned
large personal library. He, according to the chronicler, considered books “rivers capable of giving wisdom.” From this
time, book wisdom was firmly established in the Russian lands. Children were gathered all over the land under Yaroslav and taught them
literacy It is significant that Yaroslav’s son, Vsevolod, learned five languages without leaving Kyiv. It seems that then in the capital
Rus' had both the opportunity and the need to master foreign languages.
The times of Vladimir and Yaroslav became the heyday of Kievan Rus, which had every reason to be proud not only
political but also economic power. It is no coincidence that only these princes could afford to mint their own gold coins.
and silver coins - zlatniks and silver coins.
Domestic policy
Wisdom of Yaroslav
Old Russian chroniclers raise the topic of Yaroslav’s wisdom, starting with “praisebooks”, placed under 1037 in the “Tale of Bygone Years”, which consisted, according to
their legends, that Yaroslav is wise because he built the temples of Hagia Sophia in
Kyiv and Novgorod, that is, dedicated the main temples of the cities of Sofia to wisdom
God, to whom the main temple of Constantinople is dedicated. Thus Yaroslav
declares that the Russian Church stands on a par with the Byzantine Church. Having mentioned
wisdom, chroniclers, as a rule, reveal this concept by referring to the Old Testament
Solomon.
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Foreign policy. Domestic policy In the end...
Chuprov L.A Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 3 s. K-Rybolov, Khankaisky district, Primorsky Krai
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Foreign policy.
Yaroslav proved himself to be a wise statesman. Near Kiev, he inflicted a severe defeat on the Pechenegs, nomads, the then opponents of Rus'. This defeat was so strong that the Pechenegs no longer risked attacking Russian lands and disappeared from Russian history. (They were replaced by new nomads - the Polovtsy). Under Yaroslav the Wise in 1043, Rus' made its last campaign against Byzantium. The campaign was unsuccessful, and Rus' no longer fought with its southern neighbor. Relations between the two states became increasingly friendly.
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Domestic policy
Under Yaroslav, Kyiv became one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. Yaroslav wanted Kyiv to be in no way inferior to Constantinople. After all, Byzantium is a large state, and Rus' is a large state, Constantinople is located in a beautiful place - on the banks of the Bosphorus Strait, and Kyiv is located in a beautiful place - on the banks of the Dnieper. In Kyiv, under Yaroslav, about 400 churches and 8 markets were built. Kyiv was surrounded by a high stone wall, the main entrance to Kyiv was built - the Golden Gate.
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Saint Sophia Cathedral
In 1037, near Kiev, on the very spot where he defeated the Pechenegs, Yaroslav built the St. Sophia Cathedral - after all, the main temple of Byzantium was St. Sophia. The cathedral was built by Byzantine craftsmen from stone, and was decorated with frescoes and Byzantine icons that had never been seen before in Rus'. Kyiv Sofia amazed the imagination of contemporaries.
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The frescoes have survived in some places to this day. They give us an idea of life in the 11th century. They depict the prince in formal clothes, horsemen, archers, squires, dancers, musicians, and buffoons. The frescoes of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople depicted Emperor Justinian and his family to perpetuate the memory of the creator of this cathedral. Yaroslav and his family were depicted on the frescoes of Kyiv Sofia. St. Sophia cathedrals under Yaroslav were also built in Polotsk and Novgorod, and St. Sophia of Novgorod has survived to this day in its original form.
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With the construction of temples in Rus', stone architecture appeared. The first masters in Rus' were the Byzantines, but gradually the Russians adopted their skills. The first Russian painting arose - icon painting, since for a long time its subjects were religious: images of saints, images of Jesus Christ, images of the Virgin Mary. In Rus', the image of the Mother of God became especially beloved among icon painters and people. According to a figurative expression, the Russian people dedicated as many icons to the Mother of God “as there are stars in the sky.” Over time, the cult of the Mother of God developed in Rus'.
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Under Yaroslav the Wise, the organization of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Russian lands was finally formed. In 1031, a metropolitan appointed by the Patriarch of Constantinople appeared in Kyiv. Proof of Yaroslav's authority and strength is that in 1051, Yaroslav, without the knowledge of the Patriarch of Constantinople, himself appointed Hilarion, a metropolitan of Kyiv - Russian by birth. Hilarion was an outstanding church figure and a talented writer. His most famous work, “The Word on Law and Grace,” was dedicated to the Christian exploits of Vladimir, the Baptist of Rus'. Speaking about the rulers of Kievan Rus, Hilarion wrote: “They were not rulers in a bad land, but in a Russian one, which is known and heard to all ends of the earth.”
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Yaroslav cared about educating the people. Under him, the first public schools appeared, where both boys and girls were educated. In Novgorod, on his order, a higher school was established for 300 boys for the children of elders and clergy. It taught: writing, counting, reading, the basics of Christian doctrine; studied Greek and Latin, and were engaged in regular translations of church literature from Greek.
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Under Yaroslav the Wise, the first monasteries appeared, the largest of which was Kiev-Pechersk, founded in the middle of the 11th century. It was in the monasteries that literature began to develop, in particular regular chronicle writing. Yaroslav ordered singers from Byzantium. This is how church singing appeared in Rus'. In Rus', church singing received further development and is currently a unique phenomenon of Russian singing culture.
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Along with the adoption of Christianity, all church orders and laws were transferred from Byzantium. The set of Byzantine church laws came to us under the name "The Helmsman's Book." Yaroslav decided to arrange a better order of justice and punishment in worldly affairs. According to the chronicle, judicial customs were written down on his orders. The first collection of Russian laws appeared - "Russian Truth".
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Under Yaroslav, Rus' entered the international arena and was accepted into the family of European monarchs. Yaroslav himself in 1019 married the Swedish princess Ingigerd for the second time and had seven sons and three daughters from her. He married his daughter Elizabeth to the Norwegian king Harald, Anna to the French king Henry I, Anastasia to the Hungarian king Endre I. Yaroslav's granddaughter married the German emperor. One of his sons married the daughter of the Polish king, the other - Vsevolod - the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomakh.
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The era of Yaroslav the Wise has an enduring significance: Thanks to the efforts of Yaroslav, the existence (existence) of such a unique phenomenon in world culture as Russian culture began. Later, Rus' will face difficult trials more than once, but the historical memory of the people will preserve the image of the great Ancient Rus'. The image of a great state will always cry out for resurrection in the people's memory. Yaroslav died on February 19, 1054 at his country residence in Vyshgorod. He was buried in Kyiv, in St. Sophia Cathedral.
Eventually….
“In the summer of 6562 (1054) of the month of February 20th, the Dormition of our king...”
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