Starting in late autumn and then throughout the winter, the tree and shrub species of the flora of our region are dormant. There are many reasons for such winter phenomena in plant life. Among them - a significant decrease in temperature, lack of sufficient nutrition, and others. The life processes of plants are inhibited, and even under favorable conditions that have arisen suddenly, they cannot resume. Many have probably noticed that if in December-January you bring home a cut twig of a tree and put it in warm water, then it does not "wake up", retaining its lifeless appearance. But if you already do this at the very end of winter, when spring is approaching, then the buds instantly bloom, although it is still very cold outside. Why is this happening? What role does winter play in plant life? What makes the flora in the wild and in the surrounding squares and parks wake up with fresh foliage? We will try to answer these and others in our article.
Plants in winter
In hot countries, both winter and summer - the temperature does not really "jump" from the main averages. Therefore, trees in the subtropics and tropics grow and turn green all year round. Another thing is the middle zone of Russia, for example. Or Siberia. Here, temperature fluctuations "plus or minus" sometimes make breaks of fifty degrees, and this is simply destructive for many species of deciduous trees. Wise nature has invented for these plants with foliage, protective reactions to poor living conditions that arise in the cold. Winter phenomena in plant life are a kind of "blockage" of life processes, helping to survive difficult times. What happens to them?
Metabolism
Winter phenomena in the life of plants cause a state of dormancy, a slowdown inside the trunk. The visible growth of trees is suspended. As well as the release of moisture into the atmosphere. Like eating with No, trees naturally grow in winter too. Only they do it very slowly, imperceptibly for the human eye. Moisture also circulates (the complete cessation of circulation, according to the observations of scientists, occurs at a temperature of minus 18). And in winter, a large tree still evaporates up to 250 ml of moisture into the air. But, you see, these processes are much slower than in the spring and summer.
Shedding foliage
Almost all trees shed their foliage for the winter (except evergreens). It gradually turns yellow throughout the fall and falls off, leaving bare branches. These winter phenomena in plant life are also associated with the mechanisms of protection from cold weather: the plant loses its leaves and, as it were, closes itself off from the effects of the environment. Photosynthesis, the process for chlorophyll-containing leaves, is almost completely stopped. Nutrition becomes minimal as the main portions are processed using the foliage. And the root system, due to frost, reduces the supply of moisture and minerals from the soil.
Features of the transition to hibernation
We can say that the first signal for plants is a reduction in daylight hours. When it is noticeably shortened, a change in the ratios between substances responsible for the metabolism and growth of tissues occurs in the cells. The tree, as it were, begins to prepare itself to slow down life processes.
How long does the hibernation of trees last
This state of deep winter dormancy, comparable to hibernation, lasts differently in different species of trees and shrubs. So, for example, near a birch or poplar - until the end of January. And maple or linden is carried out in this state for up to six months (in especially cold winters). In lilacs, the hibernation period ends by December.
In nature, certain phenomena are repeated with constant succession from year to year. In spring, the days become warm and sunny, the snow melts, the trees are leafy, and birds fly in. In summer, the vegetation blooms magnificently, fruits and seeds ripen, chicks grow up in bird nests. In the fall, the sun warms weaker, the vegetation freezes. Then rivers and lakes freeze, the ground is covered with white, fluffy snow - winter comes. These seasonal phenomena are studied by the science of phenology.
Long-term observations have established that seasonal natural phenomena in each area are replaced in a constant order. For example, blue flies appear in Leningrad and its environs around March 14, rooks arrive on March 16, starlings arrive on March 25, on April 2 you can hear the first song of a lark, on April 3 the mother-and-stepmother blooms, on April 15 - gray alder, April 20 - white anemone, May 10 - rape, dandelion, etc.
In years with the normal course of seasonal phenomena, the intervals between their onset are also constant: for example, in the Moscow region, about 44 days pass between the flowering of rye and its ripening; in the Kursk region, the interval between the blooming of coltsfoot and the ripening of rye ranges from 98 to 101 days. After the start of sap flow (in the Moscow region around April 2), birch blooms after 29 days, bird cherry - after 38 days, lilac - after 47 days, etc. Knowing the timing of the onset of seasonal phenomena and the intervals between them, one can confidently plan the start of agricultural work ...
The main reason for seasonal changes in nature is solar heat. Its amount varies at different times of the year and depends on the geographical latitude and the height above sea level. To a certain extent, seasonal phenomena are also influenced by the amount of moisture in the air and soil and the duration of illumination.
SPRING
The beginning of spring is defined in different ways. Meteorologists consider the beginning of spring to be March 1, and each season is given three months. Astronomers count the beginning of spring from the vernal equinox - March 21. But in nature, the arrival of spring often does not coincide with these dates. In the south, it is significantly ahead of them, in the north, it lags behind. And in the same area, spring begins at different times in different years. Therefore, phenology timed the onset of spring to seasonal phenomena in nature. In the plant world, the beginning of spring is considered the beginning of sap flow in Norway maple (in Leningrad, about April 2, in Moscow - March 21, and in the south of the USSR - in February). Maple sap flow occurs when the ground is still covered with snow. After 10 days, sap flow near the birch begins, which lasts about 20 days.
At the end of winter, the cones of spruce, pine, alder, heated by the sun's rays, open, seeds pour out of them. Spruce and pine have winged seeds, and the wind carries them over long distances. Alder seeds are carried by melt water, get stuck on the banks of rivers and streams, and germinate there.
In the forest, the soil freezes less than in open places, and thaws in early spring. The roots of trees absorb water. It ascends through arboreal vessels, dissolves the reserves of organic matter deposited over the past summer in the roots and in the wood, and carries them to the buds.
In the spring, in the forest soil, still under snow, at temperatures close to zero, plants begin to awaken. For example, the oak anemone, chistyak, scrub, lungwort and other plants start growing. In coltsfoot, windweed, and lungwort, wintering rhizomes germinate, in goose onions and tulips - bulbs, in chickweed and corydalis - nodules. In the rhizomes, bulbs and nodules, reserves of nutrients are deposited, which allow these plants, as soon as the snow melts, to grow and flourish quickly even before the flowering of meadow plants.
At the edge of the forest at this time you can find shoots of maple, birch, alder. Their seeds, scattered in autumn (maple) or early spring (alder), swell when the snow melts and begin to germinate.
With the first rays of spring, willow buds shed their dark-colored caps. The white fluffy hairs that cover the buds protect them from sudden temperature fluctuations. Male alder earrings become loose and crack. In the Leningrad region, they reveal their anthers around April 15th. At the same time, small reddish female flowers bloom at the ends of alder twigs next to the male inflorescences. The wind picks up pollen from the catkins and carries it to other trees.
Soon after the alder, hazel-hazel blossoms (in the Leningrad region - about April 20). In winter, its female flowers are hidden in the buds, and during the flowering period, purple feathery stigmas appear from the expanding scales.
Both alder and hazel are wind-pollinated plants. They grow in groups. Before the leaves appear, the wind freely passes through the crowns of trees and in dry weather transfers pollen from one tree to another. In wet weather, the anthers close and the pollen does not spill out.
Behind the hazel, other trees also bloom: red willow, aspen, goat willow, silver poplar, warty birch (in the Leningrad region - by May 10).
The willow is pollinated by insects. Its male flowers are collected in bright yellow inflorescences, clearly visible against the background of the still transparent forest. Female flowers are colored paler. Both of them emit a pleasant smell and secrete nectar, which attracts a lot of insects. There are still few other flowering plants, and insects visit willow in search of food. In the period between the blossoming of hazel and warty birch, leaves of red elderberry, black currant, bird cherry blossom. Larch also begins to turn green.
The coloration of deciduous forest is gradually out-. is changing. In winter, the tree crowns are dark in color. With the onset of sap flow, the bud scales begin to gradually move apart, their reddish inner parts protrude, and the crowns of the trees turn noticeably pink. Then green leaves appear, which leads at first to a barely noticeable, and then every day more and more to a stronger change in the color of the forest - the forest begins to turn green.
One of the first herbaceous plants blooms coltsfoot. It grows on the slopes of railway tracks, on wastelands, on clay cliffs. On the southern slopes, it blooms when there is still snow all around, and its yellow heads stand out brightly against the background of last year's brown grass. At this time, small yellowish-green scaly leaves appear in the coltsfoot, and real leaves with a dark green upper and whitish, hairy lower surface bloom later, when the fruitlets are already whitening on the elongated flowering stems.
The name "mother-and-stepmother" comes from the fact that the properties of the lower and upper surfaces of her leaf are different; If you apply the sheet to the cheek with the lower surface covered with hairs, then it warms "like a mother", and the upper one is cold, "like a stepmother."
Following the mother-and-stepmother, the noble coppice blooms, and then the oak anemone, lungwort, goose onion, marigold in damp meadows, chistyak. Behind it, the corydalis, the spleen, blooms, the greenish-yellow, colored leaves of which form bright spots on the spring cover of the forest soil.
All of these plants tend to grow in groups. They reproduce by vegetative organs - rhizomes, nodules, bulbs, but they can also reproduce by seeds. In the spring, insects fly into the still bare forest and contribute to the cross-pollination of forest plants.
The last period of spring begins with the blossoming of yellow acacia (in Leningrad - by May 25, in Moscow - by May 20). During this period, most tree and shrub species bloom. It ends in the first half of June,
SUMMER
According to the calendar, summer begins on June 1. Astronomical summer begins with the summer solstice (June 22), and in phenology, the beginning of summer is usually considered the flowering of lilac lilac and the beginning of dispersion of elm fruits.
Since that time, herbaceous vegetation has been developing magnificently: many meadow and field plants bloom (spreading bell, red clover, field cornflower, willow-herb, cereals). In open places, the first ripe strawberries appear, the seeds of the sweet poplar ripen and scatter. Meadow geranium and rank bloom, in the fields and wastelands - sow thistle, tartar, burdock, in reservoirs - chastuha, water buckwheat. Around July 15 in Leningrad and July 10 in Moscow, small-leaved linden blooms. This moment is considered in phenology to be the beginning of the second summer period. During this period, tansy, elecampane and other plants bloom, the fruits of elderberry, yellow acacia ripen and harvesting of winter rye begins.
The last period of summer begins with the flowering of heather and the ripening of hazel fruits (in Leningrad, around August 20). At this time, the fruits of oak, mountain ash and other plants ripen, harvesting of oats and sowing of winter crops begins.
During the summer, herbaceous and woody plants have time to grow significantly. As an example of the greatest growth, one can cite Sakhalin buckwheat, which grows up to 4-5 m, corn and hemp, which grow up to 3.5 m. The shoots of many young trees reach a meter, and the growth of aspen is 3 m. At the top of each tree shoot and in the axils bumps can be seen during the growth of leaves. These are the rudiments of the future apical and lateral buds. Over the summer, they manage to complete their formation.
In summer, there is a massive flowering of a wide variety of herbaceous plants; by the end of summer, the number of flowering plants decreases. A period of mass ripening of fruits and seeds begins. They have a wide variety of dispersing devices.
Many fruits and seeds are scattered by the wind. Some plants have hairs on their seeds. The wind picks up the seeds and carries them over long distances. Such flying fruits are found in dandelion, sow thistle, tartar, valerian, willow, aspen, poplar, willow and other plants.
Maple, ash, elm, birch have lionfish. Usually the fruits of maple and ash are scattered by strong autumn winds in rainy weather. The rain nails them to the ground, partially buries them. The fruits of birch and elm, spruce and pine seeds are carried in clear weather, they have thin membranous wings.
Animals and humans also contribute to the dispersal of fruits and seeds. Fruits with hooks and hooks (string, gravilat, cocklebur) adhere to animal hair, all seedlings of the burdock break off and cling to the wool. Animals often move over long distances, they rub against various objects, lie on the ground, shake themselves and thus scatter seeds and fruits attached to their wool. Small dusty seeds of some plants (firecracker, monochromatic, small-petaled, poppies) are scattered by the wind.
In juicy fruits, until the seeds are ripe, a green color is hardly noticeable against the general green background. But as they mature, they acquire a bright color and become clearly visible. Juicy, ripe fruits attract animals not only by their color, but also by their smell and taste. Eating these fruits, animals also swallow small seeds, and then throw them intact along with droppings on the ground, where the seeds germinate.
On the migratory routes of birds, seeds of northern plants are found, carried by birds far to the south. The fruits and seeds of marsh plants are carried by birds living in marshes. Ripening, the seeds fall into the bog silt, stick with it to the paws of the birds and are carried by them from one swamp to another.
The seeds of roadside plants stick to the hooves and paws of animals, to the wheels of carts and cars, to the caterpillars of tractors, and are also carried by them over long distances.
Water is of great importance in dispersing fruits and seeds. The water scatters seeds of aquatic and coastal plants (sedges, willows, alders).
But there are many plants that scatter the seeds themselves. For example, when the fruits of the yellow acacia, lupine, vetch and other plants dry out, their walls crack, the walls of the walls twist and, like springs, scatter the seeds far from the plant. From the fruits of poppy, henbane, foxglove, flax and other plants, seeds are scattered when the wind blows or an animal runs past the plant. At the same time, the stems bend, and then straighten and eject the seeds from the fruit, as from a sling. In balsam, ripe fruits, if touched, burst into slices, and the seeds are scattered around with force.
AUTUMN
Autumn falls on September 1st. Astronomers consider the beginning of autumn to be the autumnal equinox, September 23. In phenology, the beginning of autumn is considered the appearance of yellow leaves on a birch. Yellowing of leaves
birch becomes noticeable sometimes already in mid-August. More often, clear signs of autumn can be observed only after the first autumn frosts (in Leningrad - usually in early September). Following the birch, linden and bird cherry leaves begin to turn yellow, aspen and maple leaves turn red.
Simultaneously with the color change, the leaves begin to fall off. Most of our trees fall leaves for several weeks. Leaves fall not only due to the onset of cold weather. If, for example, a birch is grown at room temperature, all the same, its leaves will fall off in the fall. Leaf fall, as well as a change in the color of the leaves, is associated with a change in the vital activity of the plant organism. This is a natural link in the development of plants. By the beginning of autumn, a layer of special cells is formed in the leaf petioles - the so-called separation layer. It separates the leaves from the plant, breaking their connection with the branch. At the slightest breath of wind, the leaves easily fall off the branches.
Leaf fall prepares the plant to go dormant and helps it survive the unfavorable winter conditions. After the leaves fall, the evaporation of water by the plant decreases, and the danger that the snow will break off the branches is also reduced. In addition, during the summer period, a large amount of mineral salts unnecessary to the plant accumulate in the leaves, and with leaf fall it is freed from them.
In southern countries, evergreen trees also shed obsolete leaves, freeing themselves from the mass of unnecessary substances accumulated in them. In some of them, the leaves fall off gradually throughout the year, and therefore these trees are always green. In others, the leaves fall off simultaneously, completely, but for a relatively short period.
Herbaceous vegetation also changes in early autumn. Brown tones appear in it, part of the stems and leaves dries up, turns yellow.
There are, however, flowering plants. Some of them - dandelion, meadow clover, heartwood - are blooming for the second time. But there are plants that usually bloom in autumn: chicory, crow's feet, cornflower. Tricolor violets and daisies bloom until late autumn. Sometimes they leave under the snow in a blossoming state. Late summer heather, white-glare, golden rod, various wormwood bloom. After harvesting the crops, many flowering weeds can be found in the fields.
Most annual plants die in the fall. Their seeds fall to the ground and endure the winter cold under the snow. But many annual weeds give several generations over the summer: for example, shepherd's purse, yarut, wood lice. Their seeds do not go through a dormant period; they germinate in the fall. Young plants do not have time to complete their development and continue to develop in the spring after the snow melts.
Biennial and perennial herbaceous plants overwinter in the form of rosettes, tightly pressed to the ground, or in the form of creeping stems, for example, primrose, dandelion, colza, daisy, violet tricolor, cuff, celandine, foxglove, buttercup, dead nettle, strawberries and a number of other plants. Many of them have rhizomes, tubers and bulbs that sprout earlier than other plants in spring.
Algae overwinter at the bottom of reservoirs or form spores by winter, and they themselves die off.
WINTER
According to the calendar, winter comes on December 1. In astronomy - on the day of the winter solstice, December 22. And in phenology, the beginning of winter in the central zone of the Soviet Union is considered the time of freezing of water bodies.
In winter, all life processes seem to completely freeze in the plant world. However, this is not quite true. If cut branches of oak, maple, linden or other trees are placed in water in early October, immediately after the leaves fall, they usually do not bloom. They are in a state of deep rest. Such a dormant period is characteristic of all plants, although its duration is different for different species. For example, in poplar, bird cherry and lilac, the dormant period ends by December, in oak, birch and linden it lasts until January-February. The closer to the end of winter, the sooner the buds will bloom on the branches placed in the water. If the branches are cut in February or March and placed in water, they will quickly form leaves. At this time, their rest becomes forced.
The dormant period is of great importance in the life of plants. Dormant plants do not start growing during occasional thaws, otherwise subsequent frosts would destroy them. When the period of deep dormancy ends, the plants also do not immediately begin to grow: the low ambient temperature leaves them in forced dormancy.
In winter, seeds are poured onto the snow from the dried stems of various plants sticking out from under the snow. They are carried by the wind over long distances. When the sun begins to warm more, spruce and pine cones open, alder cones burst and seeds scatter. These are already signs of the end of winter. After a period of long rest, nature begins to awaken again. And spring comes again.
The species associated with wild nightshades in our climate will survive the winter without our help, but in the gardens, more and more ornamental plants are not fully resistant to low temperatures.
The most tenacious plants
In order to enjoy their beauty in subsequent seasons, changes in plant life in winter, we must provide them with adequate protection from cold temperatures, and also - especially in the case of evergreens - from winter winds. Some species (eg chestnuts, magnolias), those covering the winter will only be necessary in the first few years after planting, like adults, to obtain full frost resistance. However, other species, such as rhododendrons, hydrangeas, garden, BUDGET David, common in our gardens, require safety for the winter every year, regardless of age.
Changes in plant life in winter.
Let's remember that our plants are only good if it provides them with the right path - at the right time and using the right materials, otherwise we can harm them.the life of plants and animals in winter, how to protect
When is the time to cover the plants in winter?
We must not rush to fix the plants for the winter. Plants too early will mean that the plants do not have time to enter a dormant state before the coming winter frosts. Do not be afraid of night frosts - as long as the temperature during the day is not positive, at night the temperature drops only the plants, without damaging them. Covering only assume the life of plants and animals in winter, when the first light frosts come (about -5 s C) - when the topsoil freezes. Basically, this is a necessity in early December, but sometimes, when winter frosts come only after the new year, so we just have to keep an eye on the weather forecast. Vigilance should also keep warming plants - if extremely severe frosts are declared, their time should cover the plants, especially those more sensitive, an additional layer of insulation.
what changes have occurred in the life of plants in winter
How to pack your plants for the winter?
The materials provided to the plant for the winter should be primarily airy, breathable to cover the plants not to rot. They shouldn't absorb a lot of water, and they shouldn't be too heavy. Most often, to protect the roots of plants used: bark, greenery (or branches of conifers - preferably douglas or fir, because their needles persist for a long time), what changes have occurred in plant life in winter, tree leaves (try to avoid using leaves of infected diseases, and also leaves with a high tannin content - such as walnut or oak), sawdust, as well as ordinary garden soil and peat. If you are using lightweight material such as bark, peat or leaves, it should also cover the branches of conifers so that the snowless winters are not scattered by the wind. To cover the aerial parts of the plant, straw mats, jute, white Agrowłóknina or corrugated paper are usually used. In order to shield the bushes, we could also use ordinary cardboard paper - we put it in the plant and fill the space around the insulating material, even the leaves. The isolation of plants in winter should be monitored by the film, since it does not allow air to pass through, and heats up in the sun - for such a screening of the substance, it will fill.plant life in winter presentation
How to protect plants in winter?
This is how a cover crop for winter depends on several factors - primarily on its genre, such as the degree of frost resistance, plant life in winter presentation, and also whether it is a type of evergreen for winter leaves. Otherwise, we provided frost to perennial plants and shrubs of various columnar habits. It is also clear that species more sensitive to frost will require a more thorough cover.plant life in winter in the country
The most widely used method of protecting plants from frost is a heap, involving usypaniu around the base of the plant, about a 30-40 inch mound of insulating material. Such a layer will protect the roots from frost - even if some aboveground freezing occurs, the plant will affect the roots or buds rooted low to the ground. This is sufficient protection for species of shrubs, where aboveground and so severely limited in early spring, plant care in winter, for example. Roses and big discounts, Buddleya David, plant life in winter in the country, tree hydrangea or bouquets. In the same way, we can protect most vineyards and more sensitive trees and perennials. In the case of discount perennials, simply put on their surface a few centimeters of a thick layer of insulating material, for example.caring for plants in winter,
Winter protection of evergreens not only to protect them from low temperatures, but also from the dehumidifier by the action of the sun and wind (under their influence, the leaves lose water, plants in winter under snow, but the plant cannot be obtained from frozen soil to replenish stocks). For evergreen species, the abolition of frost protection will be a screen, protection of plants from wind and sun. - We can do this, for example, with mats, plants in winter under the snow, or use a special fabric shader (available on the market in white and green). The more sensitive species (rhododendrons, holly, laurel cherry) should cover the aerial part. This cover cannot be too tight, as insufficient ventilation of the plants under cover often leads to the development of gray mold on the needles or leaves. The thermal insulation material should not touch the plants, so it is better to unfasten it on supports (usually stakes, as plants winter in winter, driven into the ground around the plants), creating a kind of tent around the plant. Such a shield stands a crush on the ground, for example. Stones at the bottom there is no wind inside the tent. For evergreens, a sufficient supply of water has been accumulated in the tissues, it is important to water abundantly, as plants hibernate in winter, before they cover them for the winter, remember also to water them during the winter thaw.
how plants winter in winter
Many varieties of columnar habits require protection from similar deformations due to the deposition of snow, or the action of strong winter winds. To do this, simply tie a rope to the plant along its entire length. The tying is not too strong so that the ropes will not damage or deform the branches, but strong enough to withstand the pressure of wind and snow. For this purpose, we can also use the shade chain-link or white a.
covering material for plants for the winter.
Before the onset of cold weather should be protected as ornamental grasses sensitive to frost, for example. Pampas grass, some types of sedge. Leaves of grass just tie a knot, a covering material for plants for the winter, and the ground around the vegetation cover with a layer of bark or twigs of conifers - to protect both inner plants from frost, and as moisture, the excess of many types of grasses cannot be tolerated. In the case of species that are more sensitive to frost, further around the plant we stick out pegs on which cardigans are insulating material, for example, a covering material for plants for the winter.Page 11 of 19
My hometown (village, aul, khutor, village)
Take a guided tour ..
My hometown is Krasnodar
1. What is the name of your settlement? And its main street? Why did she get this name? Answer: The city of Krasnodar, the main street is Krasnaya. The street got its name even before the revolution, it means "beautiful".
- How is winter weather different from autumn? Answer: In winter it gets colder, sometimes it snows, puddles are covered with ice.
- What changes have occurred in plant life? Answer: Almost all flowers have ceased to bloom, leaves have fallen from the trees. Harvested from the fields.
- What's new in animal behavior? Answer: Migratory birds flew south. Six of the many animals grew thicker. Some animals and birds began to settle closer to humans in order to feed themselves. Hedgehogs and turtles lay down in hibernation.
- How has people's clothes changed with the arrival of winter? Answer: People began to wear thick jackets and coats, warm hats, winter boots.
- What kind of work do people do in winter? Which ones have you taken part in? Answer: People in winter clear the snow on the roads, sprinkle the sidewalks and roads with salt.
- How do you feel watching the winter changes in nature? Answer: As long as there is no snow, everything looks dull and boring. When it snows, the street immediately becomes light and even joyful!
In the practical task on page 63, in the "Winter" column, color with crayons ...
See photo
Spring phenomena in plant life
Spring is the time for the awakening of nature. According to the calendar, spring begins on March 1st. In nature, spring comes into its own with the beginning of sap flow in the trees, earlier in the south, and later than March 1 in the north.
The spring movement of sap near trees and shrubs is the first sign of spring. It occurs after the soil thaws and water from the roots begins to flow into all the organs of the plant. At that time leaves not yet. Water accumulating in cells plant stems, dissolves the organic matter stored in them. These solutions move to swollen and dissolving kidneys... Already at the beginning of March͵ earlier than in other trees, spring sap flow begins in Norway maple, a little later - in birch.
The second sign of spring is the blooming of wind-pollinated trees and shrubs. Gray alder is the first to bloom in the middle zone of the European part of the USSR. Its flowers are inconspicuous, but the blossoming earrings of staminate flowers are clearly visible 123
... One has only to touch an alder branch with earrings, as the wind picks up a whole cloud of yellow pollen. 
Alder pistillate flowers are collected in small grayish-green inflorescences. Next to them, dry, blackened cones of last year's inflorescences are usually clearly visible.
Almost simultaneously with the alder, the hazel tree blooms, which you met in the fall. Hazel stamen flowers develop in inflorescences - complex catkins, and reddish stigmas of pistillate flowers protrude from generative (flower) buds.
Early flowering of alder, hazel and other wind-pollinated plants- a good adaptation to life in the forest. Bare leafless branches do not obstruct pollination. Pollen, caught by the wind, is freely transferred from one plant to another.
Blooming mother-and-stepmother is also a sign of the coming spring. This herbaceous perennial plant grows in open, sunlit places, on railroad embankments, river banks, steep slopes and cliffs. As soon as the snow melts, and its scaly stems are already appearing - peduncles with bright yellow inflorescences, similar to dandelion inflorescences 124
... Large leaves of coltsfoot grow after its fluffy fruits ripen and scatter. 
Mother-and-stepmother got her unusual name for the originality of the leaves. Their underside is covered with white, soft, like felt, hairs, and the upper side of the leaves is smooth and cold.
The blooming of coltsfoot in early spring, before the leaves bloom, perhaps because in its thick long rhizomes reserves of nutrients are accumulated, which were deposited in the summer of last year. Feeding on these reserves, flowers grow escapes and fruits are formed.
The third sign of spring is the flowering of perennial herbaceous plants in deciduous forest. In areas of the middle lane, they bloom almost simultaneously with coltsfoot. The first to bloom in the forest are the noble liverwort with azure flowers and the medicinal lungwort, then the oak and buttercup anemones 125 , corydalis 119 , spring cleanser 126 , spring primrose 127 ... All of them are photophilous and bloom under the forest canopy, when there is still no foliage on the trees and shrubs.
In the life of some early flowering herbaceous plants of the forest, their snowy growth is very interesting. Plants such as scrub or snowdrop grow even in winter under the snow.
In the spring, many of them emerge from the snow with green leaves and buds that were formed in the previous autumn. Οʜᴎ often bloom before the snow melts 128 ... This is why these plants are called snowdrops.
Plants blooming in early spring always attract attention because they are beautiful and because they are the first plants to bloom after a long winter. Unfortunately, they are often collected in large bouquets. Plants are often destroyed entirely by pulling them out from the roots. Plants with torn off flowering shoots do not produce fruits and seeds. This makes it difficult for them to reproduce. Many of the plants have become very rare, for example, the noble liverwort, the dream-herb. Their complete disappearance cannot be allowed. We are obliged to take care of the preservation of plants, not to tear them in order to throw them away in a day, not to damage wild plants and actively protect nature.
Protection of Nature and the rational use of the country's natural resources are legalized by the Constitution of Russia, that is, they are obligatory for all citizens of our country.
Trees and shrubs pollinated by insects bloom later, after the leaves have opened. If you observe the progress of spring from year to year, you will be able to establish the sequence of spring development of plants.
In the middle zone of the European part of the USSR, usually in 8 days after the blooming of the coltsfoot, the lungwort begins to bloom, in 21 days - the dandelion and willow-rakita. The pear blooms on the 29th day, the yellow acacia on the 30th, and the linden on the 75th day after the coltsfoot begins to bloom.
Every year, spring events occur in a strict sequence. For example, lungwort always blooms later than coltsfoot, but earlier than dandelion.
Observing the spring phenomena in plant life helps to establish the best terms for agricultural work and to prepare for them in a timely manner.
For example, it is known: in the regions of the middle lane, the best harvest of cucumbers is obtained when sowing their seeds during the flowering of lilac and yellow acacia, and the best harvest of turnips and beets is obtained when sowing them during the flowering of aspen.
Knowing how many days after the blooming mother-and-stepmother lilacs bloom, it is easy to set the date for sowing cucumbers and prepare for it.
>> Spring phenomena in plant life
§ 61. Spring phenomena in plant life
Spring is the time for the awakening of nature. According to the calendar, spring begins on March 1st. In nature, spring comes into its own with the beginning of sap flow in the trees, earlier in the south, and later than March 1 in the north.
The spring movement of sap near trees and shrubs is the first sign of spring. It occurs after the soil thaws and water from the roots begins to flow into all organs of the plant. At that time leaves not yet. Water accumulating in cells plant stems, dissolves the organic matter stored in them. These solutions move to swollen and dissolving kidneys... Already in early March, earlier than other trees, spring sap flow begins in Norway maple, a little later - in birch.
The second sign of spring is the blooming of wind-pollinated trees and shrubs. Gray alder is the first to bloom in the middle zone of the European part of the USSR. Its flowers are inconspicuous, but the blossoming earrings of staminate flowers are clearly visible 123 ... One has only to touch an alder branch with earrings, as the wind picks up a whole cloud of yellow pollen.
Pistillate alder flowers are collected in small grayish-green inflorescences. Next to them, dry, blackened cones of last year's inflorescences are usually clearly visible.
Almost simultaneously with the alder, the hazel tree blooms, which you met in the fall. Hazel stamen flowers develop in inflorescences - complex catkins, and reddish stigmas of pistillate flowers protrude from generative (flower) buds.
Early flowering of alder, hazel and other wind-pollinated plants- a good adaptation to life in the forest. Bare leafless branches do not obstruct pollination. Pollen, caught by the wind, is freely transferred from one plant to another.
Blooming mother-and-stepmother is also a sign of the coming spring. This herbaceous perennial plant grows in open, sunlit places, on railway embankments, river banks, steep slopes and cliffs. As soon as the snow melts, and its scaly stems are already appearing - peduncles with bright yellow inflorescences, similar to dandelion inflorescences 124 ... Large leaves of coltsfoot grow after its fluffy fruits ripen and scatter.
Mother-and-stepmother got her unusual name for the originality of the leaves. Their underside is covered with white, soft, like felt, hairs, and the upper side of the leaves is smooth and cold.
The blooming of coltsfoot in early spring, before the leaves bloom, perhaps because in its thick long rhizomes reserves of nutrients are accumulated, which were deposited in the summer of last year. Feeding on these reserves, flowers grow escapes and fruits are formed.
The third sign of spring is the flowering of perennial herbaceous plants in deciduous forest. In areas of the middle lane, they bloom almost simultaneously with coltsfoot. The first to bloom in the forest are the noble liverwort with azure flowers and the medicinal lungwort, then the oak and buttercup anemones 125 , corydalis 119 , spring cleanser 126 , spring primrose 127 ... All of them are photophilous and bloom under the forest canopy, when there is still no foliage on the trees and shrubs.
In the life of some early flowering herbaceous plants of the forest, their snowy growth is very interesting. Plants such as scrub or snowdrop grow even in winter under the snow.
In the spring, many of them come out from under the snow with green leaves and buds that formed last fall. They often bloom before the snow melts. 128 ... This is why these plants are called snowdrops.
Plants blooming in early spring always attract attention because they are beautiful and because they are the first plants to bloom after a long winter. Unfortunately, they are often collected in large bouquets. Plants are often destroyed entirely by pulling them out from the roots. Plants with torn off flowering shoots do not produce fruits and seeds. This makes it difficult for them to reproduce. Many of the plants have become very rare, for example, the liverwort, the dream-herb. Their complete disappearance cannot be allowed. We are obliged to take care of the preservation of plants, not to tear them in order to throw them away in a day, not to damage wild plants and actively protect nature.
Lesson content lesson outline support frame lesson presentation accelerative methods interactive technologies Practice tasks and exercises self-test workshops, trainings, cases, quests home assignments discussion questions rhetorical questions from students Illustrations audio, video clips and multimedia photos, pictures, charts, tables, schemes humor, jokes, jokes, comics parables, sayings, crosswords, quotes Supplements abstracts articles chips for the curious cheat sheets textbooks basic and additional vocabulary of terms others Improving textbooks and lessonsbug fixes in the tutorial updating a fragment in the textbook elements of innovation in the lesson replacing obsolete knowledge with new ones For teachers only perfect lessons calendar plan for the year methodological recommendations of the discussion program Integrated lessonsFor three spring months, nature has time to change beyond recognition. In March, she is just beginning to wake up from hibernation. The spring warmth is not enough to make the snow and ice blocks melt, but the air gradually warms up, preparing all living things for a gradual awakening, the first cumulus clouds appear, which still hover very high.
The most common natural phenomena in spring:
Active snow melting starts in the first half of April. It is caused by the sun, which is already high enough above the horizon. The air around is filled with the murmur of streams, which can provoke the onset of floods - a clear spring sign.
Fascinating and alarming. Ice-bound rivers will not be able to get rid of their shackles soon, but as soon as the sun gains its strength, they will rebel and try to break the ice shell with their current. Sometimes the ice does not have time to melt, congestion is formed, which can cause devastating floods. But if the rivers are opened correctly, and the ice is broken at the same time in several places, then serious consequences can be avoided.
The sun gradually fills the earth with its warmth, which reflects it and creates the prerequisites for education spring winds... While they are still weak and unstable, but the warmer it gets around, the more the air masses move. Such winds are called thermal, they are typical for this time of the year.
Here and there, the snow comes off the ground, forming nondescript thawed patches... They appear wherever the snow cover was thinnest. It is the appearance of thawed patches that suggests that winter has surrendered its rights, and a new season has begun. The first greenery quickly makes its way through them, on them you can find the first spring flowers - snowdrops. Snow will lie in crevices and depressions for a long time, but on a hill it melts quickly, exposing the islets of land to the warm sun.
They appear on trees in late April - early May. The grass has already pierced its green stalks, and the trees are preparing to put on their green outfits. The leaves will bloom quickly and suddenly. Today you were glad that the buds were swollen, and tomorrow they already flaunt with a large leafy bud, which is about to open. How beautiful and joyful it is around. The singing of birds can be heard, the first bees and insects buzzing. Everything is awakening around and preparing for the celebration of the flowering of life.
At the end of May, the first thunderstorm may thunder. Not so strong yet, but fervent. Heavy rains will finally cut off the spring mud and prepare the ground for the start of next season. The transition to summer will not drag on for a long time. This is the only seasonal period that passes quickly and unnoticed.
Bright blooms, luscious greenery, warm air - all this suggests that summer will come into its own in the shortest possible time. In many regions of our country, according to local signs and beliefs, the end of spring symbolizes the appearance of the first mosquitoes. As soon as he buzzed over your ear, it means that summer has come.
Students age: 9 years.Pedagogical goal: Formation of ideas learning about seasonal changes in plant life in spring.
Tasks:
Broaden your horizons about spring changes in plant life;
To promote the aesthetic education of students by means of nature and art;
Create conditions for the formation in children of an idea of \ u200b \ u200bwhat changes are taking place in nature with the arrival of spring;
Develop observation, the ability to analyze and draw conclusions;
To foster a respect for nature.
Location: The school site.
Route: Cabinet; school yard; Birch; spruce; Linden; chestnut; lilac; cabinet.
Objects: School lot trees.
Equipment: Magnifier; notebook; pencil; thermometer.
Excursion progress
– Guys, today we are going on an excursion to nature, which will take place at the school site. The theme of our excursion is “Seasonal changes in plant life in spring”. On the excursion we will need a magnifying glass, notebook, pencil and thermometer.
– Guys, how should you behave during the excursion?
1. Briefing:
Strictly follow all orders of the teacher, observe discipline, do not arbitrarily change the established route of movement and the location of the group.
Be attentive while driving - follow the traffic rules.
Do not touch dangerous reptiles, insects, as well as thorny plants and shrubs.
Do not taste any plants, fruits or mushrooms.
Take good care of nature.
To go on an excursion in the ranks.
2. Introductory conversation.
– People have long noticed the changes taking place in nature at different times of the year, compared them. These observations were reflected in signs and sayings. Does anyone know examples of such signs?
- Well done.
– Guys, stand so that the sun is shining on your right hand. What do you feel?
– The sun rises above the horizon in spring, the day becomes longer, so more heat gets to the earth and the air temperature in spring is higher than in winter. Let's measure the temperature and compare it with the temperature in winter. (Measure and mark in your notebook)
– What was the ground covered with in winter? Is there snow now? What has he become?
– Where do you think so much water could have disappeared?
– What happened to the plants in winter?
– See what has changed in the appearance of the trees?
– At first glance, it seems that no changes have occurred in the life of the trees with the arrival of spring. Let's get closer to the birch and see if we can notice any changes.
– On the branches of the birch, the buds have become larger - their protective scales have swollen and slightly opened, from under which you can see green leaves.
– What allowed these changes to take place?
– And so, guys, you and I were able to notice that nature in early spring has its merits, and we also admired the landscape around us.
3. Division of children into groups and their performance of tasks.
– And now we will divide into groups, and each of the groups will receive a separate task written on the card.(Annex 1.)
Microgroups :
Spruce;
Linden or maple (whichever comes first);
Chestnut;
Lilac.
4. Report of subgroups on the execution of tasks.
Each of the microgroups characterizes its own plant for other microgroups.
– So, what changes in plant life have occurred with the onset of spring? (On the bark, sap is released from the crack. The trees begin to flow sap in the spring. It has become warm, and water with dissolved substances from the soil rises along the trunk to the buds. They come to life and dissolve the leaves.)
– How do trees differ from shrubs? (The tree has only one very hard stem - this is the trunk. And the bush has not one, but several hard stems.)
– Do you know why you can see dense grass immediately after the snow melts? (Herbaceous plants differ in the characteristics of overwintering. Some of them keep alive, green leaves for the winter, which emerge from under the snow in spring. Others lose their entire aerial part by winter and endure the cold season in the form of rhizomes, tubers and In the spring, these plants reappear above the ground, as if starting life anew.)
5. Summing up and reflection.
– Guys, after our excursion, let's draw general conclusions about how nature has changed in spring. On the card, mark what changes have occurred in the life of the plants.(Appendix 2.)
Then the students, together with the teacher, check the correctness of the assignment.
6. Students receive creative assignments.
Each group submits a project about the results of the excursion "Admire the spring is coming!" there you can put legends and poems about spring plants, drawings or photographs.
Annex 1.
Which group does the plant you observe belong to?(Trees, shrubs)Does this plant have leaves?
What color and shape are the leaves?(If yes)
Are there many of them on your plant?
What group of plants does your plant belong to?(Coniferous or deciduous).
What color is the bark of your plant?
Use a magnifying glass to examine the area of the tree where there is a crack in the bark. What did you see?
Appendix 2.
How has nature changed in spring? Underline the correct answers.Leaf fall began.
Buds appear on the trees.
The snow melted.
The sun shines more often.
The ground was covered with snow.
Grass appears.
It is getting warmer.
The birds flew south.
Apple trees are ripening.
The color of the tree bark is brighter.
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