LESSON OBJECTIVES 1. NAME AND SHOW AREAS OF HIGH POPULATION DENSITY AND MAIN RACES; 2. EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCES IN EACH RACE AND THE PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; 3. NAME AND SHOW THE LARGEST COUNTRIES BY AREA; 4. DETERMINE THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE COUNTRY AND ITS CAPITAL BY THE MAP.
Checking homework GEOGRAPHICAL DICTANT Assignment. Write down the numbers of the correct answers. 1. Savannah 2. Madagascar 3. Agulhas 4. Nile 5. Kilimanjaro 6. Congo 7. Desert 8. Victoria 9. Serengeti 10. Samum Question Answer 1. The largest lake in Africa by area. 2. The deepest river in Africa. 3. The national park is world famous. 4. Natural zone, occupying 40% of the continent's area. 5. The highest point of the mainland. 6. The largest island on the mainland. 7. The climate in this zone is tropical dry. 8. The southernmost point of the mainland. 9. The longest river on the continent and in the world. 10. A strong wind carrying clouds of sand.
LET'S CHECK! Question Answer 1. The largest lake in Africa by area.8. Victoria 2. The deepest river in Africa.6. Congo 3. National park, is world famous.9. Serengeti 4. Natural zone occupying 40% of the continent's area.1. Savannah 5. The highest point of the continent.5. Kilimanjaro 6. The largest island on the mainland.2. Madagascar 7. The climate in this zone is tropical dry.7. Desert 8. The southernmost point of the continent.3. Agulhas 9. The longest river of the continent and the world.4. Nile 10. Strong wind carrying clouds of sand.10. Simoom
PEOPLES OF AFRICA Race name Peoples Place of residence Characteristic features Equatorial (Negroid) Tutsi Nilots Masai Pygmies Savannah and northern parts of the continent Equatorial forest zone Very dark, almost black skin, height cm. Less dark skin, thin lips, wide nose, stocky, short ( 150 cm)
INTERESTING! It is known that on planet Earth there are people with different skin colors: black, yellow-faced, pale-faced. But the Tuaregs who inhabit Niger are called the “blue people of the desert.” Their indigo-colored festive clothes, under the bright rays of the sun, cast blue reflections on their dark skin, and the unstable dye is absorbed into it.
INTERESTING! On the border of Uganda and Sudan live the Karamojong tribes, isolated from the outside world, belonging to the group of Nilotes, the tallest people on the planet. The average height of women, who are much shorter than men, reaches 190 cm. These African Gullivers are also the darkest.
DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION From the analysis of the map it is clear that the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Guinea and the southeastern coast of the mainland are relatively densely populated. High population density in the Nile Delta, where there are 1000 people per 1 km². Less than 1% of the total population lives in the Sahara Desert, which occupies almost ¼ of the continent, and in some areas it is completely absent.
CONCLUSION The population of Africa exceeds 780 million people. Africa has a relatively sparse population, which is extremely unevenly distributed across the continent. The distribution of the population is influenced not only by natural conditions, but also by historical reasons, primarily the consequences of the slave trade and colonial rule.
COLONIAL PAST OF THE CONTINENT Colonization of the mainland began in the Middle Ages. And by the beginning of the 20th century, almost the entire territory of Africa was divided among the capitalist countries of Europe and turned into a continent of colonies (countries deprived of political and economic independence). The colonialists oppressed and exploited the indigenous population, took away the best lands, and drove them from their homes to areas unsuitable for life. They mercilessly plundered countries. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were only two free states in Africa. Now all countries on the mainland are independent.
AFRICA COUNTRIES 1. Using the map, determine which countries are located in Northern, Western, Central, Eastern, Southern Africa. 2.Draw their boundaries on a contour map. 3. Student presentations. 1. Using the map, determine which states are located in Northern, Western, Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa. 2.Draw their boundaries on a contour map. 3. Student presentations.
Let's check! RegionsCountriesPeoplesRace North AfricaAlgeria, Morocco Libya, Mauritania Egypt, Tunisia Algerians Moroccans Egyptians French Caucasian Central Africa Zaire, Angola Chad, Congo Cameroon, Gabon Congo pygmies, Malawi Zulu, Fulani Equatorial South Africa Namibia, Botswana Mozambique, South Africa Zimbabwe, Lesotho Anglo-Africans, bush barter, Hottentots Bantu Caucasoid Mongoloid Equatorial East Africa Sudan, Ethiopia Somalia, Kenya Tanzania, Zambia Ethiopians Amhara Oromo Intermediate
ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Which country is located further east - Algeria or Egypt? 2. Which state has a larger area - Egypt or Sudan? 3. What peoples inhabit Africa and how are they distributed on the continent? 4. Which African countries would you like to travel to? Why?
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Population and countries of Africa Geography 7th grade Geography teacher MOU-SOSH village. Sofino Shmeleva Tatyana Viktorovna
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LESSON OBJECTIVES TO NAME AND SHOW AREAS OF HIGH POPULATION DENSITY AND MAIN RACES; EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCES IN REPRESENTATIVES OF EACH RACE AND THE PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION PLACEMENT; NAME AND SHOW THE LARGEST COUNTRIES BY AREA; DETERMINE THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE COUNTRY AND ITS CAPITAL BY THE MAP.
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Checking homework GEOGRAPHICAL DICTANT Assignment. Write down the numbers of the correct answers. 1. Savannah 2. Madagascar 3. Agulhas 4. Nile 5. Kilimanjaro 6. Congo 7. Desert 8. Victoria 9. Serengeti 10. Samum Question Answer 1. The largest lake in Africa by area. 2. The deepest river in Africa. 3. The national park is world famous. 4. Natural zone, occupying 40% of the continent's area. 5. The highest point of the mainland. 6. The largest island on the mainland. 7. The climate in this zone is tropical dry. 8. The southernmost point of the mainland. 9. The longest river on the continent and in the world. 10. A strong wind carrying clouds of sand.
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LET'S CHECK! Question Answer 1. The largest lake in Africa by area. 8. Victoria 2. The deepest river in Africa. 6. Congo 3. National park, is world famous. 9. Serengeti 4. Natural zone occupying 40% of the continent’s area. 1. Savannah 5. The highest point of the mainland. 5. Kilimanjaro 6. The largest island on the mainland. 2. Madagascar 7. The climate in this zone is tropical and dry. 7. Desert 8. The southernmost point of the continent. 3. Agulhas 9. The longest river of the continent and the world. 4. Nile 10. Strong wind carrying clouds of sand. 10. Samum
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STUDYING NEW MATERIAL AFRICA IS THE ORIGINAL HOMELAND OF MAN. The modern population of Africa belongs to three main races: Caucasoid, Equatorial, Mongoloid. The main part of the mainland's inhabitants is the indigenous, permanent population.
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PEOPLES OF AFRICA Race name Peoples Place of residence Characteristic features Caucasian Algerians Moroccans Egyptians Berbers North Africa Dark skin, dark hair and eye coloring, elongated skull, narrow nose and oval face
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PEOPLES OF AFRICA Race name Peoples Place of residence Characteristic features Equatorial (Negroid) Tutsi Nilots Masai Pygmies Savannah and northern parts of the continent Equatorial forest zone Very dark, almost black skin, height 180-200 cm. Skin less dark, thin lips, wide nose, stocky, short (150 cm)
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PEOPLES OF AFRICA Race name Peoples Place of residence Characteristic features Mongoloid Bushmen Hottentots Semi-desert deserts Yellowish-brown skin color, wide flat face. Bushmen are short, but thin-boned.
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PEOPLES OF AFRICA Race name Peoples Place of residence Characteristic features Intermediate Ethiopians Malagasy Madagascar Lighter skin, but with a reddish tint. Mixing of Mongoloid and Negroid races.
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INTERESTING! It is known that on planet Earth there are people with different skin colors: black, yellow-faced, pale-faced. But the Tuaregs who inhabit Niger are called the “blue people of the desert.” Their indigo-colored festive clothes, under the bright rays of the sun, cast blue reflections on their dark skin, and the unstable dye is absorbed into it.
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INTERESTING! On the border of Uganda and Sudan live the Karamojong tribes, isolated from the outside world, belonging to the group of Nilotes, the tallest people on the planet. The average height of women, who are much shorter than men, reaches 190 cm. These African Gullivers are also the darkest.
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DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION From the analysis of the map it is clear that the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Guinea and the southeastern coast of the mainland are relatively densely populated. High population density in the Nile Delta, where there are 1000 people per 1 km². Less than 1% of the total population lives in the Sahara Desert, which occupies almost ¼ of the continent, and in some areas it is completely absent.
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CONCLUSION The population of Africa exceeds 780 million people. Africa has a relatively sparse population, which is extremely unevenly distributed across the continent. The distribution of the population is influenced not only by natural conditions, but also by historical reasons, primarily the consequences of the slave trade and colonial rule.
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COLONIAL PAST OF THE CONTINENT Colonization of the mainland began in the Middle Ages. And by the beginning of the 20th century, almost the entire territory of Africa was divided among the capitalist countries of Europe and turned into a continent of colonies (countries deprived of political and economic independence). The colonialists oppressed and exploited the indigenous population, took away the best lands, and drove them from their homes to areas unsuitable for life. They mercilessly plundered countries. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were only two free states in Africa. Now all countries on the mainland are independent.
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AFRICA COUNTRIES According to natural conditions and population composition, Africa can be divided into four parts: North, West and Central, East, South.
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AFRICA COUNTRIES 1. Using the map, determine which countries are located in Northern, Western, Central, Eastern, Southern Africa. Draw their boundaries on a contour map. 3. Student presentations.
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Repetition. Working with an interactive map.
Slide 3
Lesson Plan
- Races and peoples of Africa
- African population density
- Religious composition of Africa
- Distribution of peoples and population of Africa
- Slavery and colonization on the African continent
Slide 4
1. Are there differences between black and white people? 2. Who do the people of Africa believe in?3. Which
Are religions common on the African continent? 4. How did slavery affect the population and economy of Africa? 5.What peoples live in Africa. What are the living conditions and traditions of these peoples?
Questions for the lesson
Slide 5
Main signs
Dark skin, hair and eye color, spiral or wavy hair, wide nose, thick lips
Dark skin with a yellowish tint, straight black hair, large face, narrow eyes
Light to dark skin with a pinkish or reddish tint, soft, wavy or straight hair
- Equatorial (Negroid)
- Mongoloid
- Caucasian
Slide 6
Racial composition of the population. Page 40
Slide 7
Population density and distribution. Page 38
Slide 8
Religions of Africa. Page 41
Slide 9
Colonization of Africa. Page 63
Slide 10
Slide 11
Africa is home to more than 200 peoples belonging to 16 different language families
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Peoples of Africa
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West Africa
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North Africa Semitic peoples
They live in northern Africa. They belong to the Caucasian race.
Arabs, Berbers, Tuaregs
Some Arabs still roam the Sahara with herds of camels. They are called Bedouins.
- ARAB
- Berbers
- Tuaregs
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East Africa CUSHITE PEOPLES
The Cushitic peoples were formed as a result of the mixing of the Caucasian and Equatorial races.
- Peoples: Ethiopians, Amhara, Somalia
- Maasai
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South and Central Africa BANTU PEOPLES
Bantu are the largest group of African peoples. They inhabit the southern half of the continent.
- Bushmen
- Hattentots Boers
- The most famous of the Bantu are the Zulus.
Slide 17
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PYGMIES
Pygmies are the shortest people in Africa - up to 150 cm.
They live in the central part of the Congo River Basin. Pygmies are forest dwellers and hunters.
Slide 19
NILOTE TRIBES
After marriage, women of the Mursi tribe cut their lower lip and insert a special plate there.
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1. Are there differences between black and white people? 2. Who do the people of Africa believe in?
3. What religions are common on the African continent? 4. How did slavery affect the population and economy of Africa? 5.What peoples live in Africa. What are the living conditions and traditions of these peoples?
Large geographical atlas for schoolchildren. - ed. “AST-pres” - 2005 2. Screenshots were taken from a multimedia textbook on geography for grade 7 “Geography. Our home is the Earth." 1C: Educational collection.3. Sounds and photos were used from the multimedia geography textbook for grade 7 “Geography. Our home is the Earth." 1C: Educational collection.
Resources used
View all slides
Lesson type: learning new educational material
Equipment: educational atlases for grade 7, textbooks, outline of the continent, handouts, educational presentation,
Checking homework:
Working with Aktivstudio flipchats
1. Divide by natural zones:
2. Geographic Lotto Match the pictures and the riddles.
1. Striped like a zebra,
And she's as cowardly as a hare.
I don't attack animals
I only eat carrion.
6. I am a running champion bird.
An athlete can't outrun me
11. Armed to the teeth:
There is armor and a sword.
As I run, the earth trembles, like buckshot.
2. I catch poisonous snakes
And I keep score for them.
I wear a feather behind my ear
And I don't need a bill.
7. From red-haired “Europeans”
Distinctive with ears,
But I am a wonderful predator!
I hunt amazingly!
12. . The neck is arched
Delicate coloring.
Quietly dozing over the water
Bird or fairy tale?
All alone in the desert
I look majestic
That’s why my name is divine -….
I am a living umbrella
But underneath me
You are the shadow
Sometimes you won't find
13. . I am an evergreen tree.
My fruits are inedible
But for the entire population
I can give you shoes.
4. And I look like a mattress
Watermelon and tiger too.
But after thinking, guess
How are we all so similar?
9. Keeps your feet in icy water,
And the heat “falls” on your head.
The fruits serve the nations as bread
Without it, “neither here nor here.”
14. I am not friends with a person,
Although I'm not a predator.
I don't tame
No matter how you ask
I am an ancient plant,
I am a long-liver in the savannahs
I am related to monkeys.
Look for me on the island!
I want to quench your thirst
And I will fly away from illnesses.
Secretary bird
Flamingo
Velvichia
Umbrella palm
Cork oak
Date palm
Work to test knowledge of the map Game Climbing to the Top.
The children receive task cards with geographic nomenclature and mark objects on contour maps. Then, exchanging cards, they check with each other.
1. Motivation. Setting a lesson goal (2 min) (Front work)Presentation Slide 1 Ayalneha Mulatu, a modern Ethiopian poet wrote about Africa
The name is not so important for the country
And the outlines are not so important,
How important it is who lives in that region,
Why people live and how people live.
Find out any country's special character
We can only get to know her people.
"Whose Africa?" - ask me
And I will answer you: “She is mine,
Until death, until the end of time -
Native mother for everyone who was born here! "
Processing of statistical material. Handout.
How is Africa's population changing? Why?
Name the largest countries by population on the mainland.
Average population density 32 people/km2
Cities are growing - administrative, metropolitan, industrial and transport centers.
There are 15 millionaire cities. The largest of them are Cairo and Lagos with 12.5 million people each.
Average life expectancy -53 years In Sierra Leone - 38 years Uganda - 41 years
3.. Many scientists consider Africa to be the ancestral home of modern man. In 1994, in Ethiopia, scientists established the age of the remains of the most ancient man - 5 million years. There is an interesting version that about 6 million years ago, in the ancestral home of humanity (in Africa), an event occurred that changed the hereditary properties of monkeys. What happened?
- (Rift zone passes)
- (Uranium ores)
Rift faults, volcanism, and earthquakes could have caused the appearance of an unusual human ancestor. As a result of the earthquakes, uranium ores were presumably exposed. Monkeys walked on freshly fallen radioactive volcanic ash. Radiation is known to affect heredity. That is why only here did the monkeys begin to give birth to offspring that were not similar to themselves. The famous biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov came to the conclusion that man is something of a “monkey freak,” like an extraordinary child of apes.
So, modern man appeared in Africa 11 thousand years ago. It is believed that he was small in stature, had strong teeth, and ate plant foods. It was from that moment that various races began to form on the mainland
Race- a system of human populations characterized by similarity in a set of certain hereditary biological characteristics, having an external phenotypic manifestation and formed in a certain geographical region. Traits that characterize different races often arise as a result of adaptation to different environmental conditions over many generations.
The criterion for distinguishing a race from a species is the absence of significant obstacles to the creation of fertile offspring, which leads to the formation of many transitional forms in the area of mixing races.
Filling out the table “Human races and peoples of Africa” (work from the textbook p. 184)
Africa, as a large continent, is divided into several regions.
Fill out the table taking into account the regions.
North Africa
Central Africa
South Africa
Madagascar
Caucasian Naya
Negroid
Mongoloid mixed
Pygmies, himi
Malagasy,
Getting to know the peoples of Africa. Student messages (ahead of the task) Tuaregs, Berbers, Nilotes, Maasai, Bushmen, Pygmies, Zulus and Ethiopians.
Resident of the peoples of Africa.
Human economic activity.(working with a complex map)
- Northern and northeastern - Semitic-Hamitic language family. Peoples - Arabs
- 28 letters, styled from right to left, letters have from 2 to 4 styles. The words shop, zenith, algebra, tariff, halva, coffee, admiral are of Arabic origin.
- Equatorial Africa (between the Sahara and the Gulf of Guinea) - Bantu
- East Africa - Swahili.
- English -16 countries
- French - 17
- Arabic - 11
- Portuguese - 5
- 1/5 of the countries have their local language as their official language.
Political map .
Changes to the map. National liberation movements. The struggle for independence.
Consolidation: Geographical dictation
- The shortest people on Earth, living in equatorial forests (pygmies)
- People inhabiting the Sahara Desert, leading a nomadic lifestyle (Tuareg)
- Residents of the island of Madagascar (Malagasy)
- Slender tall peoples of the savannah of the eastern part of the continent (nilotes)
- Representatives of the southern branch of the Caucasian race inhabiting northern Africa (Boers)
- Descendants of European settlers from the Netherlands inhabiting southern Africa (Afrikaner)
View document contents
“population of Africa presentation for a geography lesson, grade 7”
Population of Africa
Geography teacher, secondary school No. 2, Aksai, Burlinsky district, West Kazakhstan region
Shchapova M.A.
Population of Africa
Class
Goals and objectives:
Identify the peoples and races that inhabit the territory of Africa;
Establish the causes of geographical differences in population density, distribution of races and peoples;
Consider examples of human adaptation to the natural environment;
Study the geography of the main types of human economic activity in Africa;
Practice techniques for working with various sources of knowledge: textbook text, atlas maps, educational lecture text, etc.
Develop the ability to apply theoretical knowledge to acquire new information;
Form a scientific worldview, cultivate a sense of tolerance, camaraderie, responsibility
Population of Africa
Class
Expected results:
Expand the understanding of the peoples inhabiting the territory of Africa;
They will learn to establish the causes of geographical differences in population density, the distribution of races and peoples;
They will gain skills in working with various sources of knowledge: textbook text, atlas maps, educational lecture text, etc.
Learn to apply theoretical knowledge to acquire new information;
A scientific worldview, a sense of tolerance, camaraderie, and responsibility will be formed
Population Africa
7th grade
- Divided by natural areas
- Welwitschia, fennec fox, bushman, low atmospheric pressure, leopard, Congo, Tanganyika, red ferrallite, dunes, camel, pygmies, baobab, Bengal current, date palm, elephant grass, pastures, streams and lakes, showers, Namib, Zulu.
Lesson Plan
- Organizing time.
- Repetition of covered material
- Learning new material.
- Consolidation of what has been covered
1. Striped like a zebra, And she's as cowardly as a hare. I don't attack animals I only eat carrion.
6. I am a running champion bird. An athlete can't outrun me
2. I catch poisonous snakes And I keep score for them. I wear a feather behind my ear And I don't need a bill.
11. Armed to the teeth: There is armor and a sword. As I run, the earth trembles, like buckshot.
7 . From red-haired “Europeans” Distinctive with ears, But I am a wonderful predator! I hunt amazingly!
12. . The neck is arched Delicate coloring. Quietly dozing over the water Bird or fairy tale?
All alone in the desert I look majestic That’s why my name is divine -….
. I am a living umbrella But underneath me You are the shadow Sometimes you won't find
4. And I look like a mattress Watermelon and tiger too. But after thinking, guess How are we all so similar?
9. Keeps your feet in icy water, And the heat “falls” on your head. The fruits serve the nations as bread Without it, “neither here nor here.”
13. . I am an evergreen tree. My fruits are inedible But for the entire population I can give you shoes.
14. I am not friends with a person, Although I'm not a predator. I don't tame No matter how you ask
I am an ancient plant, I am a long-liver in the savannahs
I am related to monkeys. Look for me on the island!
I want to quench your thirst And I will fly away from illnesses.
Secretary bird
Velvichia
flamingo
Umbrella
Date palm
Suberic
Population of Africa
The name is not so important for the country
And the outlines are not so important.
How important it is who lives in that region,
Why people live and how people live.
Find out any country's special character
We can only get people to know her.
“Whose Africa?” - ask me
And I will answer you: “She is mine,
until death, until the end of time -
Native mother for everyone who was born here!”
Ailnah Mulatu modern Ethiopian poet
- 1970 - 352 million. people
- 2005 - more than 800 million. people
- 800 million people = 14% of the world's population
- The largest country in terms of population is Nigeria 125 million. people
Population distribution(working with the map on pp. 12-13 of the atlas)
- Using the map, highlight which parts of the continent are the most populated and which are sparsely populated? Why?
- Average population density 22 people/km2
- The most populous Egypt 1 thousand people/km2
- Average life expectancy -53 years
- In Sierra Leone - 38 years
- Uganda - 41 years old
2/3 of the population lives in rural areas
Cities are growing - administrative, metropolitan, industrial and transport centers.
15 millionaire cities
The largest of them are Cairo,
Lagos 12.5 million people
Africa is the ancestral home of humanity; the peoples of the continent are very ancient.
Australopithecus "southern ape" is a human ancestor who lived 2 - 1.5 million years ago.
- There is an interesting version that about 6 million years ago, in the ancestral home of humanity (in Africa), an event occurred that changed the hereditary properties of monkeys. What happened?
- Remember what processes took place on Earth in the early era of its development?
- What is geologically interesting about northeast Africa? (Rift zone passes)
- What minerals are found in this part of the continent? (Uranium ores)
Races
equatorial
Mongoloid
Caucasian
Main signs
light to dark skin with a pinkish or reddish tint, soft, wavy or straight hair (usually blonde), straight forehead
The skin is light or dark with a yellowish tint, the hair is straight and coarse (usually black) , the face is large, significantly flattened, narrow eye shape
dark color of skin, hair and eyes, spirally curled or wavy hair, underdeveloped and wide nose, thick lips protruding forward
R e p e r d e v e r s
Berbers, Arabs
Pygmies, Bantu peoples, Nilotes
E + M: Bushmen, Hottentots
E+E: Ethiopians
Races and peoples of Africa (work on the textbook p. 184)
North Africa
Races
Caucasian Naya
Central Africa
Peoples
South Africa
Bantu, Arabs, Tutsis and Himi, Nilotes
Negroid
Madagascar
Mongoloid, intermediate (Ethiopians)
Pygmies, himi
Bushmen and Hottentots, Afrikaners, English
Mongoloid mixed
Malagasy,
Arab peoples make up the majority of the population of Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. The total population in Africa is about 100 million people. They speak dialects of Arabic. The vast majority of Arabs are employed in agriculture - farming and cattle breeding.
Arab peoples
The Malinke are a Mandigo people of Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Mali, Gambia and Sierra Leone. The total number is 3.34 million people. The main occupation is manual farming. Many Malinke are employed in industry, management and service. Religion – Islam.
Pygmies are short tribes of Central Africa, numbering 300 thousand people. They make up the pygmy Negroid race, characterized by short stature, yellowish skin tone, narrow lips, narrow and low nose. They engage in hunting, gathering, and fishing.
The Bantu peoples are a group of peoples inhabiting mainly southern Africa. Number of people: 133 million. They belong to the Negroid race. They speak Bantu languages. The majority adheres to traditional beliefs.
Bantu peoples
Hottentots are the people of Southern and Central Namibia (80 thousand people) and in South Africa (2 thousand people). They speak Hottentot languages. The main occupation is semi-sedentary cattle breeding. Most of them work as hired workers on farms, while others live on reservations. The Hottentots are Christians and retain traditional beliefs (spirit cults, magic).
Hottentots
Bushmen are a people living in the desert regions of Namibia, adjacent regions of South Africa, and also in Tanzania. Number of people: 75 thousand people. They speak Bushman languages.
The Malagasy are the people who make up the main population of Madagascar; the anthropological and ethnic composition of the Malagasy is heterogeneous. Ethnic groups of different origins remain. Traditional occupation is agriculture and cattle breeding.
Malagasy
The Maasai are a people in the border areas of Kenya and Tanzania. Number of people: 0.5 thousand. Traditional occupation - nomadic cattle breeding, crafts.
Somalia is the people, the main population of Somalia. Live in Ethiopia, Djibouti and Kenya. Number of people: 6460 thousand people. They speak Somali. Occupation: nomadic cattle-breeding, also engaged in agriculture on the Red Sea coast - fishing, crafts are developed. Somalis are Muslim by religion.
The Beja are a people in Sudan and in the border areas of Ethiopia and Egypt. Number of people: 1.3 million. The Beja are engaged in nomadic and transhumance cattle breeding, and in the river valleys they switched to settled agriculture and cattle breeding. Crafts - jewelry and leather - are developed.
- For business you need peace, but for travel you need dry weather.
- Tomorrow July could hit you too.
- Those who have not seen the Nile admire the spring.
- Dew cannot compete with the sun.
- One rotten banana will spoil the entire branch.
- You can't cross the river during high water
- The cure for envious people is desert
- The sun in our homeland makes even the stones scream
- Deliver dates to Barsa
- What problems are facing the peoples of Africa?
- How can they be solved?
- Homework: read paragraph 51. Prepare reports on the countries of North and West Africa.
- Summing up and grading
Africa. Business card. Africa is the second largest continent after Eurasia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Sea from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south. The continent of Eurasia is the Mediterranean Sea Red Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Africa is also called the part of the world consisting of the continent of Africa and adjacent islands. part of the world Africa has an area of 29.2 million km², with islands of about 30.3 million km² or 6% of the Earth's surface area and 20.4% of the land surface. In Africa there are 54 states, 5 unrecognized states and 5 dependent territories (island). The population of Africa is about a billion people. The population of Africa is considered the ancestral home of humanity.
Origin of the name Initially, the word “afri” was used by the inhabitants of ancient Carthage to call people who lived near the city. Carthaginian people This name is usually attributed to the Phoenician afar, which means “dust”. After the conquest of Carthage, the Romans called the province Africa (lat. Africa). Phoenician commata. Later, all known regions of this continent, and then the continent itself, began to be called Africa.
Origin of the name Another theory is that the name of the Afri people comes from the Berber ifri, "cave", referring to the cave dwellers. The Afri people are Berber. The Muslim province of Ifriqiya, which later arose on this site, also retained this root in its name. Muslim Ifriqiyaroot According to historian and archaeologist I. Efremov, the word “Africa” came from the ancient language of Ta-Kem (Egypt. “Afros” foam country). This is due to the collision of several types of currents that form foam when approaching the continent in the Mediterranean Sea.Mediterranean Sea There are other versions of the origin of the toponym.toponym
The appearance of Europeans in Africa The penetration of Europeans (Portuguese and Spaniards) into Africa began in the 15th-16th centuries. Already at the end of the 15th century, the Portuguese actually controlled the western coast of Africa and in the 16th century launched an active slave trade.slave trade. Following them, European powers rushed to Africa: Holland, Spain, Denmark, France, England, Germany. The slave trade with Zanzibar gradually led to the colonization of East Africa. Zanzibar All of North Africa (except Morocco) became part of the Ottoman Empire by the beginning of the 17th century. Morocco Ottoman Empire The final division of Africa between the European powers was completed in the 1880s.1880s
Colonization of Africa The process of colonization became widespread in the second half of the 19th century, especially after 1885 with the beginning of the so-called race or fight for Africa. 1885 race or fight for Africa Almost the entire continent (except for Ethiopia and Liberia, which remained independent) by 1900 was divided between a number of European states: Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy. 1900 Spain and Portugal retained their old colonies and somewhat expanded them.
Possessions of Great Britain. In the southern and central part of the continent: Cape Colony, Natal, Bechuanaland (now Botswana), Basutoland (Lesotho) Swaziland, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Northern Rhodesia (Zambia).Cape Colony NatalBechuanaland Botswana Basutoland LesothoSwaziland Southern Rhodesia ZimbabweNorthern Rhodesia Zambia In the east: Kenya, Uganda, Zanzibar, British Somalia. Kenya Uganda Zanzibar British Somalia In the northeast: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, formally considered a co-ownership of England and Egypt. Anglo-Egyptian Sudan In the west: Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Gold Coast. Nigeria Sierra -Leone GambiaGold Coast In the Indian Ocean Indian Ocean Mauritius (island) Seychelles Mauritius (island)
The colonial empire of France was not inferior in size to the British, but the population of its colonies was several times smaller, and the natural resources were poorer. Most of the French possessions were in Western and Equatorial Africa and a considerable part of their territory was in the Sahara, the adjacent semi-desert Sahel region and tropical forests: French Guinea (now the Republic of Guinea), Ivory Coast (Ivory Coast), Upper Volta (Burkina) -Faso), Dahomey (Benin), French Guinea Republic of Guinea Ivory Coast Ivory Coast Haute Volta Burkina Faso Dahomey Benin Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, French Sudan (Mali), Gabon, Chad, Middle Congo (Republic of the Congo), Mauritania NigerSenegal French Sudan MaliGabon ChadMiddle Congo Republic of the Congo Ubangi-Chari (Central African Republic),Ubangi-Chari Central African Republic French coast of Somalia (Djibouti), Madagascar,Somalia DjiboutiMadagascar Comoros, Reunion.Comoros Reunion
Portugal Owned: Angola, Angola Mozambique, Mozambique Portuguese Guinea (Guinea-Bissau), which included the Cape Verde Islands (Republic of Cape Verde), Portuguese Guinea Guinea-Cape Verde Islands Republic of Cape Verde Sao Tome and Principe. Sao Tome Principe
Other metropolises Belgium owned the Belgian Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in Zaire); Italy Eritrea and Italian Somalia, Spain Spanish Sahara (Western Sahara), Northern Morocco, Equatorial Guinea, Canary Islands; Germany by German East Africa (now mainland Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi), Cameroon, Togo and German South West Africa (Namibia).
Decolonization of Africa After World War II, the process of decolonization of Africa began rapidly. The Year of Africa, the year of liberation of the largest number of colonies, was declared. In this year, 17 states gained independence. World War II 1960 Most of them were French colonies and UN trust territories under French control: Cameroon, Togo, Malagasy Republic, Congo (formerly French Congo), Dahomey, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Chad, Central African Republic, Gabon, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Mali. The largest country in Africa in terms of population, Nigeria, which belonged to Great Britain, and the largest country in terms of territory, the Belgian Congo, were declared independent. British Somalia and Italian Trust Somalia were united and became the Somali Democratic Republic.
Decolonization - Year of Africa. This year, 17 states gained independence. France: Cameroon, Togo, Malagasy Republic, Congo, Dahomey, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Chad, Central African Republic, Gabon, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Mali. Nigeria, which belonged to Great Britain, and the largest in territory, the Belgian Congo, were declared independent. Somalia - Italy.
The following were proclaimed as sovereign states: in 1961 the British possessions of Sierra Leone and Tanganyika; 1961 Sierra Leone in 1962 Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda; 1962 Uganda Burundi Rwanda in 1963 Kenya and Zanzibar; 1963 Kenya in 1964 Northern Rhodesia (which called itself the Republic of Zambia, according to the name of the Zambezi River) and Nyasaland (Malawi); in the same year, Tanganyika and Zanzibar united, creating the Republic of Tanzania; 1964 The Republic of Tanzania in 1965 The Gambia; 1965 The Gambia in 1966 Bechuanaland became the Republic of Botswana and Basutoland the Kingdom of Lesotho; 1966 The Republic of Botswana in 1968 Mauritius, Equatorial Guinea and Swaziland; 1 968Mauritius Equatorial Guinea Swaziland in 1973 Guinea- Bissau; 1973 to 1975 (after the revolution in Portugal) Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe, as well as 3 of the 4 Comoros Islands (Mayotte remained a possession of France); 1975 Angola Mozambique Sao Tome and Principe Comoros Mayotte France in 1977 Seychelles, and French Somalia became the Republic of Djibouti; 1977 Somalia became the Republic of Djibouti in 1980 Southern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zimbabwe; 1980 Republic of Zimbabwe in 1990 Trust Territory of South West Africa the Republic of Namibia. 1990 Republic of Namibia
Gaining independence and new problems The declaration of independence of Kenya, Zimbabwe, Angola, Mozambique and Namibia was preceded by wars, uprisings, and guerrilla warfare. But for most African countries, the final stage of the journey was completed without major bloodshed, it was the result of mass demonstrations and strikes, the negotiation process, and, in relation to the trust territories, decisions of the United Nations.
Gaining independence and new problems (continued). Due to the fact that the borders of African states during the “Race for Africa” were drawn artificially, without taking into account the settlement of various peoples and tribes, as well as the fact that traditional African society was not ready for democracy, civil wars began in many African countries after gaining independence. war. democracies civil wars Dictators came to power in many countries. dictators The resulting regimes are characterized by disregard for human rights, bureaucracy, and totalitarianism, which, in turn, leads to an economic crisis and growing poverty. human rights bureaucracy totalitarianism
Remaining possessions Spanish enclaves in Morocco Ceuta and Melilla, Canary Islands (Spain). Spain British possessions: St. Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha and the Chagos Archipelago. French possessions: Reunion, the islands of Eparce and Mayotte. Portugal - Madeira.
Change of names of states Portuguese South-West Africa 1975 Republic of Angola Dahomey 1975 Republic of Benin Bechuanaland Protectorate 1966 Republic of Botswana Republic of Upper Volta 1984 Republic of Burkina Faso Oubangui-Chari 1960 Central African Republic Republic of Zaire 1997 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Population Africa's population is about 1 billion people. The continent's population growth is the highest in the world: in 2004 it was 2.3%. Over the past 50 years, average life expectancy has increased from 39 to 54 years. The population consists mainly of representatives of two races: Negroid sub-Saharan, and Caucasian in northern Africa (Arabs) and South Africa (Boers and Anglo-South Africans). The most numerous people are the Arabs of North Africa.
Peoples of Africa There are from 500 to 7000 peoples and ethnic groups in Africa. This discrepancy is explained by the unclear delimitation of peoples and their divisions. Most likely, the number of peoples and large ethnic communities uniting several closely related peoples ranges from 1 to 2 thousand.
Peoples of Africa Most peoples of Africa number several thousand or even hundreds of people and inhabit 1-2 villages. Almost 90% of Africa's population consists of 120 nations numbering over 1 million people, of which 2/3 are accounted for by 30 nations numbering over 5 million people. Almost half of the population of all Africa) are made up of at least 10 largest peoples, numbering over 10 million people: Arabs, Hausa, Fulbe, Yoruba, Igbo, Amhara, Oromo, Rwanda, Malagasy, Zulu.
Languages The autochthonous languages of Africa are divided into 32 families, of which 3 (Semitic, Indo-European and Austronesian) “penetrated” the continent from other regions. Languages Semi-Semitic Indo-European Austronesian There are also 7 isolated and 9 unclassified languages. Isolated unclassified languages The most popular indigenous African languages include the Bantu languages ( Swahili, Congo), Fula. BantusWahiliKongofula Indo-European languages have become widespread due to the era of colonial rule: English, Portuguese, French are official languages in many countries. EnglishPortugueseFrench languages In Namibia since the beginning of the 20th century. There is a densely populated community that speaks German as its primary language.
Languages (continued) The only language belonging to the Indo-European family that arose on the continent is Afrikaans, one of the 11 official languages of South Africa. Afrikaans South Africa Also, communities of Afrikaans speakers live in other countries of Southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Botswana Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe For Mbia It is worth noting, however, that after the fall of the apartheid regime in South Africa, the Afrikaans language was replaced by other languages (English and local African ones). The number of its speakers and the scope of its use are declining. apartheid The most widespread language of the Afroasiatic language macrofamily, Arabic is used in North, West and East Africa as a first and second language. Arabic
Languages (continued) The Austronesian languages are represented by the Malagasy language, which is spoken by the population of Madagascar. The Malagasy people are of Austronesian origin, who arrived here presumably in the 34th century AD. The Malagasy language is the Madagascaramalagacy in the 14th century. Residents of the African continent are characterized by their command of several languages at once, which are used in various everyday situations. For example, a representative of a small ethnic group that retains its own language may use a local language in the family circle and in communication with their fellow tribesmen, a regional interethnic language (Lingala in the DRC, Sango in the Central African Republic, Hausa in Nigeria, Bambara in Mali) in communication with representatives of other ethnic groups, and the state language (usually European) in communication with authorities and other similar situations. Lingalasangobambara In this case, language proficiency may be limited only by the ability to speak (the literacy level of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2007 was approximately 50% of the total number of inhabitants).2007
Religion in Africa Among world religions, Islam and Christianity predominate (the most common denominations are Catholicism, Protestantism, and, to a lesser extent, Orthodoxy and Monophysitism). East Africa is also home to Buddhists and Hindus (many of them from India). Followers of Judaism and Baha'ism also live in Africa. Among the “major” traditional African religions are Ifa or Bwiti.
Subregions of Africa In cultural and ethnographic terms, the territory of Africa is divided into 2 historical and ethnographic provinces: North African and Tropical Africa. The Tropical African province, in turn, includes 6 historical and ethnographic regions: West Africa, Equatorial Africa, South Africa, East Africa, Northeast Africa and Madagascar.
Population During the colonial development of the mainland, many state borders were drawn without taking into account ethnic characteristics, which still leads to interethnic conflicts. The average population density in Africa is 30.5 people/km², which is significantly less than in Europe and Asia.
Indicators of the Human Development Index in Africa (2004). The redder, the lower. Human Development Index r 2004, derived from 2006 UN HDI report. An HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent low development and an HDI 0.8 or more is considered to represent high development. For an exact list of countries by their HDI, see the List of countries by Human Development IndexList of countries by Human Development Index and over under n/a This image is complemented by en:Image:HDImaen:Image:HDIma
Change of names of states Past name Year Current name New names Portuguese South-West Africa Republic of Angola Angola Dahomey Republic of Benin Benin Protectorate Bechuanaland Bechuanaland Republic of Botswana Botswana Republic of Upper Volta Republic of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Oubangui-Chari Central African Republic Republic of Zaire Zaire Democratic Republic of the Congo Middle Congo Republic of the Congo Ivory Coast Republic of Ivory Coast*Ivory Coast French Afar and Issa territory Republic of Djibouti Djibouti Spanish Guinea Republic of Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea
Change of names of states Abyssinia 1941 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ethiopia Gold Coast 1957 Republic of Ghana Ghana part of French West Africa French West Africa 1958 Republic of Guinea Guinea Portuguese Guinea 1974 Republic of Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau Protectorate of Basutoland Basutoland 1966 Queen State of Lesotho Lesotho Nyasaland Protectorate Nyasaland 1964 Republic of Malawi Malawi French Sudan 1960 Republic of Mali Mali German South West Africa 1990Republic of Namibia Namibia German East Africa German East Africa/Rwanda-Urundi Rwanda-Urundi 1962Republic of Rwanda/Republic of Burundi Rwanda Burundi British Somaliland British Somaliland/Italian Somaliland Italian Somaliland 1960Republic of Somalia Somalia Zanzibar Zanzibar/Tan Ganyika Tanganyika 1964United Republic of Tanzania Tanzania Buganda 1962Republic of Uganda Uganda Northern Rhodesia 1964Republic of Zambia Zambia Southern Rhodesia 1980Republic
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