The material contains various forms of work: searching for geographical objects using atlas maps, working in a contour map, working with a textbook. During the work, students remember the names of scientists and travelers, nomenclature. They strengthen their skills in working with a map.
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SOUTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA IS A CONTINENT OF MANY RECORDS.
1.The longest mountain range is located here
The highest peak in the western hemisphere, Aconcagua
The highest lake Lake Titicaca
The largest lowland is the Amazonian lowland.
The most extensive forest area of the Evergreen Forests
The deepest river is the Amazon.
Coastline 1. What berries does the continent resemble in its outline? 2. Rate the coastline. Draw a conclusion. 3. work on the contour map: mark: Gulf of Venezuela, Lake Maracaibo, Titicaca. Sargasso Sea Islands: Tierra del Fuego, Falklands, Galapagos, Haiti, Trinidad Straits: Magellan, Drake. Capes: Horn. Froward, Cabo Branco, Parinhas, Gallinas; Isthmus of Panama.
History of discovery option 1 - Christopher Columbus. (date of travel, purpose of travel, what was discovered, 2 options - Spaniards and Portuguese. (purpose of travel. 3 option - Alexander Humboldt Date, purpose, discoveries (research) 4 options - Russian travelers explorers (date, purpose, research
Santa Maria P inta Niña baby
Who really discovered the continent?
FGP of South America Factors that determine the FGP of the continent South America Africa Conclusion about the similarities and differences of FGP Relation to the equator Relation to the prime meridian Relation to other continents Relation to the oceans
South America Africa Conclusion about the similarities and differences of FGP Relation to the equator Most of the continent is located in the southern hemisphere The equator crosses the continent almost in the middle. Both continents are crossed by the equator, but it crosses Africa in the middle. Most of South America lies south of the equator. Relation to the prime meridian. Located in the western hemisphere. Most of the continent is in the eastern hemisphere; the prime meridian crosses the continent in the west. Relationship to other continents In the north it borders with North America Influence of Antarctica In the north it borders with Eurasia Relationship to the oceans In the east it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. In the west, by the Pacific Ocean. In the west, it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, in the east, by the Indian. Both continents are washed by the Atlantic Ocean, but Africa is also washed by the Indian Ocean, and South America, by the Atlantic.
By the 15th century, sailing ships (caravels) that were reliable enough for ocean navigation had been created, compasses and sea maps had been improved, and
experience required for long-distance navigation.
The discovery of South America is associated with Columbus's search for a new route to India.
Basedideas about
sphericity
Earth,
navigator
Christopher Columbus
offered
to attempt
reach India,
sailing west on
Atlantic
ocean.
The first expedition of Christopher Columbus consisted of three ships: “Pinta”, “Santa Maria” and “Nina”. The flotilla left Palos on August 3
1492 October 12, 1492.Columbus landed on
the shore which
local residents
called Guanahani,
planted it on it
banner, announced
open land
property
Spanish king and
formally entered
in possession
island. Island them
named
San Salvador. October 14-24 Columbus
approached a few more
Bahamas, and 28
October - December 5 opened
part of the northeastern
coast of Cuba.
Reached the island on December 6
Haiti and moved along
north coast.
Famous navigator
was sure that he
located on the territory
Asia, and named the islands
Western Indies - West Indies.
On March 15, 1493 he returned to Castile. From America, Columbus brought seven captive American natives, who in Europe
nicknamed Indians, as well as some gold andplants and fruits never seen before in the Old World, including
corn (in Haiti it is called maize), tomatoes, peppers, tobacco
,pineapples, cocoa and potatoes (because of its beautiful pink and white
flowers). Second expedition (1493-96), led by Admiral
Columbus, as viceroy of the newly discovered lands,
consisted of 17 ships.
November 3-15, 1493 Columbus discovered the islands of Dominica,
Guadeloupe and about 20 Lesser Antilles,
November 19, Puerto Rico island.
In March 1494, he made a military campaign in search of gold.
deep into the island of Haiti, in the summer opened the southeastern and southern
the coast of Cuba, the islands of Juventud and Jamaica.
For 40 days, Columbus explored the southern coast of Haiti,
the conquest of which continued in 1495.
In the spring of 1496 he sailed home, completing his second voyage on June 11
in Castile, Columbus announced the opening of a new route to Asia.
Christopher Columbus died in 1506, fully confident that he had discovered a new route to India. Four expeditions of Columbus.
The travels of the navigator Amerigo Vespucci were important for understanding the essence of the discovery of Christopher Columbus. In 1499-1504
years he committed fourtravel to the shores of America. A. Vespucci, under the Portuguese flag, examined the Brazilian
coast to Cape Cananea and hypothesized that open
Columbus lands - not China and India, but a new continent and
proposed to call it the “New World”. In 1507 the German
cartographer and publisher Martin Waldseemüller in the preface to
Vespucci suggested calling the book "New World" in honor of
Amerigo - America (without Vespucci's knowledge) and this name
came into use. One of the important points
in the history of the development of the South
America is considered
scientist's expedition
Alexander Humboldt.
German explorer
set out to study
the nature of the continent and explore
its indigenous population.
His works are priceless - he
described the environment around him
nature, studied about 12
thousands of plants and even
created a map of South
America, which you can
call it geological.
Panama Canal A shipping canal connecting the Pacific Bay of Panama with the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Located on the Isthmus of Panama in Panama. Length 81.6 km, including 65.2 km on land and 16.4 km on the bottom. The average passage time of a vessel is 9 hours.
Christopher Columbus, October 12, 1492 Columbus was the first reliably known traveler to cross the Atlantic Ocean in the subtropical and tropical zone of the northern hemisphere and the first European to sail in the Caribbean Sea. He laid the foundation for the discovery of South America and the isthmuses of Central America. He discovered all the Greater Antilles, the central part of the Bahamas archipelago, the Lesser Antilles, as well as a number of small islands in the Caribbean Sea and the island of Trinidad off the coast of South America. In total he made 4 trips to America: 1st - August 3, 1492 - March 15, 1493, 2nd - September 25, 1493 - June 11, 1496, 3rd - May 30, 1498 - November 25 1500, 4th – 9 May 1502 – November 1504
Amerigo Vespucci, 1507 Amerigo took part in equipping Columbus's expeditions and was familiar with him. Columbus's successes inspired him with the idea of leaving trading in order to get acquainted with new lands. In letters to noble friends, Vespucci described his travels and geographical discoveries. In addition to Vespucci's letters, many books and diaries of his travels were published. The advertising did its job - it was his name that began to be associated with the newly discovered continent, and in 1507 the cartographer Waldseemüller attributed the discovery of a new continent made by Columbus to Vespucci and named it America, and in 1538 Mercator named the northern part of the continent by this name.
Nunez de Balboa, 1510 Spanish conquistador who founded the first European city in America and was the first European (at the head of a detachment of 190 Spaniards and 600 Indian porters) to reach the shores of the Pacific Ocean. Balboa was the first of the Spaniards to visit the interior of the mainland in search of gold and slaves. To obtain the information he needed from the Indians, he did not disdain either promises or torture. The natives were especially terrified by dogs, which, at the command of the conquistador, could tear anyone to pieces.
Francisco de Orellano, Mr. One of the first conquistadors who participated in the conquest of Peru. He was the first to walk along the Amazon from eastern Peru to the mouth of this great river.
CONQUISTADORS (Spanish singular conquistador - conqueror, conqueror), participants in the Conquista, that is, the aggressive campaigns of Europeans (mainly Spaniards) in the New World: sea - in the West Indies, the Philippines, along the coasts of North and South America; land - deep into both continents. Hernan Cortes - Spanish conquistador who conquered Mexico and destroyed the Aztec state Francisco Pizarro - Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire and founded the city of Lima in 1501 Vasco Nunez de Balboa reaches the Pacific coast
Alexander Humboldt, 1799–1804 years of travel Collected and summarized together with the French. Botanist Aimé Bonpland has a large geographical material about the natural features of the South American continent. He substantiated the idea of altitudinal zonation using the example of the Andes, described the nature of the cold current off the western shores, and the geological structure of individual territories.
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, Mr. Russian botanist, plant breeder, geneticist, geographer and organizer of science. He established ancient centers of origin and diversity of cultivated plants on the mainland. The expedition to South America lasted 3 years.
Geographical position of the continent Extreme points: Northern - cape Galinas Southern - cape Froward Western - cape Parinhas Eastern - cape Cabu Branco Length: from north to south - 7350 km from west to east - 4900 km Intersected by: the southern equator tropical
The presentation "Discovery of South America" is used when studying the topic "Great Geographical Discoveries." There is a complete description of the expeditions of H. Columbus; all 4 expeditions are indicated on the map. The presentation helps to activate the mental activity of students when studying a topic and to consolidate knowledge.
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Slide captions:
Discovery of South America
By the 15th century, sailing ships (caravels) that were reliable enough for ocean navigation had been created, the compass and sea charts had been improved, and the experience necessary for long-distance navigation had been acquired.
The discovery of South America is associated with Columbus's search for a new route to India.
Based on the idea that the Earth was spherical, the navigator Christopher Columbus proposed trying to reach India by sailing west along the Atlantic Ocean.
The first expedition of Christopher Columbus consisted of three ships: “Pinta”, “Santa Maria” and “Nina”. The flotilla left Palos on August 3, 1492.
October 12, 1492. Columbus landed on the shore, which the locals call Guanahani, planted a banner on it, declared the open land the property of the Spanish king and formally took possession of the island. He named the island San Salvador.
On October 14-24, Columbus approached several more Bahamian islands, and on October 28 - December 5, he discovered part of the northeastern coast of Cuba. On December 6 he reached the island of Haiti and moved along the northern coast. The famous navigator was sure that he was on the territory of Asia, and called the islands the Western Indies - the West Indies.
On March 15, 1493 he returned to Castile. From America, Columbus brought seven captive American natives, who were called Indians in Europe, as well as some gold and plants and fruits never seen before in the Old World, including corn (in Haiti it is called maize), tomatoes, peppers, tobacco, pineapples, cocoa and potato (because of its beautiful pink and white flowers).
The second expedition (1493-96), led by Admiral Columbus, as viceroy of the newly discovered lands, consisted of 17 ships. On November 3-15, 1493, Columbus discovered the islands of Dominica, Guadeloupe and about 20 Lesser Antilles, and on November 19, the island of Puerto Rico. In March 1494, in search of gold, he made a military campaign deep into the island of Haiti, and in the summer he discovered the southeastern and southern coasts of Cuba, the islands of Juventud and Jamaica. For 40 days, Columbus explored the southern coast of Haiti, the conquest of which he continued in 1495. In the spring of 1496 he sailed home, completing his second voyage on June 11 in Castile, Columbus announced the opening of a new route to Asia.
Christopher Columbus died in 1506, fully confident that he had discovered a new route to India. Four expeditions of Columbus.
The travels of the navigator Amerigo Vespucci were important for understanding the essence of the discovery of Christopher Columbus. In 1499-1504 he made four trips to the shores of America.
A. Vespucci, under the Portuguese flag, explored the Brazilian coast to Cape Cananea and put forward the hypothesis that the lands discovered by Columbus were not China and India, but a new continent and proposed calling it the “New World”. In 1507, the German cartographer and publisher Martin Waldseemüller, in the preface to Vespucci’s book, proposed calling the “New World” in honor of Amerigo - America (without Vespucci’s knowledge) and this name came into use.
The expedition of the scientist Alexander Humboldt is considered one of the important moments in the history of the exploration of South America. The German researcher set himself the goal of studying the nature of the continent and studying its indigenous population. His works are priceless - he described the nature around him, studied about 12 thousand plants and even created a map of South America, which can be called geological.
The result of this expedition was the fundamental work “Journey through the tropical regions of the New World...” (30 volumes, 1807-1834).
Lesson objectives: to form an idea of the physical and geographical position of South America and the history of the discovery of the continent. The area of South America is 18 million sq. km.
Slide 2: What continents are we talking about?
The equator runs almost in the middle; The driest continent; The wettest continent; The most sparsely populated continent; The smallest continent in area. From the hottest continent; It ranks second in area; The longest mountain range on land; There are many deep rivers flowing on the mainland; The largest desert in the world is located
Slide 3: South America is the continent of many natural records
The Andes are the longest mountain range on land
Slide 4: The Amazon is the deepest river in the world
The Amazonian Plain is the largest land plain
Slide 5
The highest waterfall in the world is Angel, 1054 m.
Slide 6
Titicaca is the largest of the Earth's high mountain lakes. Its area is more than 8300 sq. km.
Slide 7: Anaconda is the largest snake. It reaches a length of 8.5 m and weighs up to 230 kg
Slide 8: The smallest bird is the hummingbird (weight 1.6 g, length -5.5 cm)
Slide 9: The largest beetle in the world is Hercules, its body length is up to 20 cm
10
Slide 10
Victoria Regia is the largest aquatic plant, the diameter of the leaves reaches 2 m.
11
Slide 11
The slowest mammal is the sloth. Its movement speed is 2.5 m/min.
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Slide 12: Extreme points of the continent
Northern - cape Galinas Southern - cape Froward Western - cape Parinhas Eastern - cape Cabu Branca Determine the coordinates of the extreme points. Determine the length of the continent from west to east along latitude 10 S. and from north to south along the 70th meridian west.
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Slide 13: Define:
What oceans wash the continent; What large islands are located near the mainland; What straits and bays are located off the coast of South America; The highest point of the continent; What volcanoes are located on the mainland
14
Slide 14
HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY AND CONTROL OF SOUTH AMERICA The discovery of South America is directly related to the name of Christopher Columbus, the famous navigator who searched for India. His search continued for about a month, three ships "Pinta", "Santa Maria" and "Nina" left Spain in 1492 to cross the Atlantic Ocean. Then Columbus saw the land that is now the Bahamas. THE HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF SOUTH AMERICA Then the famous navigator was sure that he was on the territory of Asia, and called the islands the Western Indies - the West Indies. After that discovery, the navigator made three more sea voyages. And only in 1498 Columbus visited South America - he landed on the shore located opposite the island of Trinidad. Columbus was sure that he had discovered India. The real discovery of South America occurred with the help of another navigator - Amerigo Vespucci. This happened at the beginning of the 16th century, when an Italian took part in a voyage to the shores of the “West Indies”. Then Vespucci realized that his predecessor had discovered not India, but an unknown continent, which was then called the New World. The name came from the name of Vespucci himself - the territory was called the land of Amerigo, which later turned into America. The proposal to call the continent exactly this way came from the German scientist Waldseemüller. Subsequently, one of the countries in South America was named after Columbus.
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Last presentation slide: Physiographic location and history of the discovery of South America
HISTORY OF CONTINENT EXPLORATION The significance of the discovery of the continent of South America is still talked about. Indeed, in those days, the inhabitants of Europe knew nothing about the other part of the world, and Columbus’s bold journey forever changed humanity’s understanding of our planet. This is the biggest geographical discovery. But after the discovery, a long process of colonization began. After it became known about the discovery of new lands by Columbus, conquerors headed there from Europe who wanted to find incredible treasures, riches and appropriate the lands for themselves. These conquerors were called conquistadors. But in order to implement their ideas, they needed to exterminate and enslave the indigenous population of South America. This process was accompanied by constant plunder and devastation of the newly discovered territories. Simultaneously with the conquest, many geographical studies of new lands took place: maps of the coast and long journeys overland were created. The expedition of the scientist Alexander Humboldt is considered one of the important moments in the history of the exploration of South America. The German researcher set himself the goal of studying the nature of the continent and studying its indigenous population. His works are priceless - he described the nature around him, studied about 12 thousand plants and even created a map of South America, which can be called geological. He conducted such in-depth research for 20 years that the book he subsequently wrote was called almost the second discovery of America. This work is of particular scientific importance, since the research of the German scientist is extensive and concerns many geographical factors. Russian scientists also studied South America. For example, the botanist Vavilov studied the origin of many cultivated plants in 1932-1933. The homeland for these plants is South America.
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