Anyone can launch a rocket. To do this, there is no need to rent a spaceport or spend a multi-million dollar fortune, because you can build a real water rocket from an ordinary plastic bottle.
First, let's look at the necessary materials for a water rocket.
We will need a regular plastic bottle, one fitting (you can use a fitting from an old tire tube or buy it on the market for about a dollar), a glue gun, a piece of thread (preferably nylon, since it is stronger), a regular pump and tap water.
First, you need to make a small hole in the bottle cap, screw a fitting into this hole and seal everything with hot glue for greater fixation and insulation and tightness.
Next, you need to grow one ring on both sides of the lid. This must be done so that when winding it around the lid, the thread does not slip off. You also need to remember to fix one edge of the thread when building up rings.
The rocket is ready. The question remains, how exactly does this design work?
You need to fill the bottle with a little more than half of the water, and then tighten the cap. There is no need to tighten the lid too tightly, since its main role is to keep air out. The next thing you need to do is take a pump and pump air into the bottle. Next, all that remains is to take the thread and screw it onto the lid. To launch the rocket, all you need to do is lightly hold the bottle with your left hand, and quickly pull the thread with your right so that the cap quickly unscrews.
The pressure of air and water lifts the rocket into the air.
ATTENTION!!! Maintain safety precautions. Never launch the rocket in the closed position.
One of the most popular materials for making various crafts today is plastic bottles.
This material will probably be found in every home; if not, it costs a penny, and it can also be easily processed in all sorts of ways.
And with a little imagination, it turns into the most unusual and original things. For example, you can make a rocket out of plastic bottles! You should definitely involve little fidgets in such an exciting process; they will be very interested!
This master class describes in detail the entire process of creating a rocket from a plastic bottle with your own hands!
Materials and tools for making a rocket:
— plastic bottle (any volume);
- colored cardboard;
- acrylic paints;
- brush;
- foil;
- glue;
- marker;
- scissors;
- pencil.
All handles and labels, if any, are cut off from the plastic bottle. The bottle will be the main part of the rocket - its body. It is necessary to select a bottle of such a shape that it is as close as possible to the shape of a rocket.
From colored cardboard, any shade, one-sided, a cone is created and securely fixed with glue.
It will be glued to the neck of the bottle, that is, to the top of the rocket body.
A marker is used to draw a porthole, which should be left unpainted.
Then, on a sheet of cardboard on the reverse side, a sketch of the rocket support is made and cut out.
In total, you need 3 pieces, so that they are all the same, first the template is cut out, and then its outline is transferred to the same sheet of cardboard and also cut out.
On the lower part of the body, a marker marks the places for three supports.
Afterwards, using acrylic paints, the rocket body is painted.
You can safely experiment with the color scheme of the rocket and combine shades at your discretion.
The plastic case should be coated with paint in at least two thick layers, otherwise there will be bald spots on the surface, and this will significantly spoil the appearance of the product.
At the bottom of the rocket, notches are made along the marked lines to secure the supports.
Then, ready-made supports are inserted into these notches.
The convex bottom of the bottle bottom is painted with black paint.
And cut out stars are glued to the supports.
You can decorate the rocket a little differently, based on your personal preferences.
This is such a wonderful rocket made from plastic bottles!
The final look of the craft. Photo 1.
The final look of the craft. Photo 2.
This plastic bottle toy will last a child for quite a long time. The theme “space” is very interesting for kids, which means the craft will certainly take its rightful place on the shelf in the children’s room!
As is our custom, at the end of the master class we offer to make a new craft. This time we propose to make a hedgehog!
The air-hydraulic model is one of the simplest types in rocket modeling. It is characterized by simplicity of design and operation. This model makes it possible to conduct many different experiments and, most importantly, get acquainted with the action of a jet engine. You can easily build an air-hydraulic rocket yourself.
Such a simple rocket can be made very quickly from scrap materials. First you need to decide what size the rocket will be. The base of its body will be a simple plastic soda bottle. Depending on the volume of the bottle, the flight characteristics of our future rocket will vary. For example, 0.5 liters, although it will be small in size, will also take off not very high, 10-15 meters. The most optimal size is a bottle with a volume of 1.5 to 2 liters, you can, of course, also take a five-liter vessel, but this will be too powerful for us, not to fly to the moon. To start, you will also need a basic tool - a pump, it is better if it is a car pump and with a device for measuring pressure - a pressure gauge.
The main component in the rocket will be the valve, the effectiveness of our entire rocket will depend on it. With its help, air is pumped into the bottle and retained. Let’s take a punctured or perhaps working chamber from any bicycle and cut out the “nipple” from it, the part to which we connect the pump. You will also need a regular stopper from bottles of wine or champagne, but since there are so many of them in different shapes and sizes, the main selection criterion for us there will be a length of at least 30 mm and a diameter so that the cork fits into the neck of the bottle with an interference fit of 2/3 of its length. Now in the found cork you should make a hole of such a diameter that the “nipple” fits into it with force. It is better to drill a hole in two steps, first with a thin drill, and then with a drill of the required diameter, and the main thing is to do this gently with little effort. Next, we connect the “nipple” and the stopper together, after dropping a little “super glue” into the hole of the stopper to prevent air from leaking out of the bottle. The last piece in the valve will be the pad, which is used to secure the valve to the launch pad. It needs to be made of durable material, for example metal or fiberglass with a thickness of 2-3 mm and dimensions of 100x20 mm. After making 3 holes for fastening and nipples, you can glue the plug to it, but it is better to use epoxy glue for a more durable connection. In the end, the main thing is that part of the nipple protrudes above the platform by about 8-11 mm, otherwise there will be nothing to connect the pump to.
I started on the rocket itself. To make it you will need two 1.5 liter bottles, a table tennis ball, and colored tape. You can put one bottle aside for now, and let’s perform the operation with the second. You need to carefully cut off the top of the bottle so that the total length is approximately 100 mm. Next, we saw off the threaded head from this part. As a result, we got a head fairing, but that’s not all. Since there is a hole left in the middle, it needs to be closed and in this case you will need a prepared ball. Let's take a whole bottle, turn it upside down, put a ball on top and put on the head fairing. In total, it turned out that the ball protrudes slightly beyond the circumference of the bottle; it will serve as an element that softens the impact on the ground during descent from orbit. Now the rockets need to be decorated a little, since the bottles are transparent, the rocket will be difficult to see in flight, and for this, where there is a smooth cylindrical surface, we wrap it with colored tape. So, in the end, the treasured missile turned out, although it looks more like a ballistic intercontinental missile. You can, of course, make stabilizers to make it look like a standard rocket, but they will not affect the flight of this projectile in any way. Stabilizers in the amount of four can be easily made from cardboard from household appliances by cutting them into a small area. You can glue them to the rocket body using liquid nail glue or something similar.
Now let's start making the launch pad. To do this, we need a flat plywood sheet 5-7 mm thick, cut into squares with sides 250 mm long. In the center, we first fix the previously made platform with the valve, choose the distance between the holes arbitrarily, the distance between the two platforms must be at least 60 mm, and for this we use bolts with a diameter of 4 or 5 mm and a length of at least 80 mm as fastening. Next, in order to fix the rocket on the launch pad, you will need to make a holder with a launching device, which consists of two corners, two nails and 4 bolts with fastening. At the corner, on one side, we drill two holes for fastening to the launch pad; the distance between the holes, both in the corner and in the main platform, should be the same, for example 30 mm. On the other side of both corners, you also need to make two holes with a diameter of 5 mm for two large nails of the same diameter, but the distance between the holes should be such that the distance between the nails themselves is from 28 to 30 mm. When everything is assembled, you should adjust the height of the fixing nails. To do this, we will install the bottle on the valve, as in combat mode, with great effort, and after that we need to select the height of the corners so that the nails slide easily in the holes themselves and between the neck of the bottle. The nails also serve as a release mechanism, but we will also need to make a special plate connecting them and for the rope that we will pull to launch the rocket. The final elements in the launch pad will be the legs, for which you need to drill 4 holes in all corners of the pad and screw 4 small bolts from 30 to 50 mm long; they serve to fix the launch pad in the ground.
The rocket must be filled with water in a strictly specified amount, this is 1/3 of the total length of the entire bottle. It is easy to verify experimentally that you should not pour too much water or too little, since in the first case there is too little space left for air, and in the second there is too much. The engine thrust in these cases will be very weak, and the operating time will be short. When the valve opens, the compressed air begins to eject water through the nozzle, resulting in thrust, and the rocket develops an appropriate speed (about 12 m/s). It should be borne in mind that the amount of thrust is also affected by the cross-sectional area of the nozzle. The thrust, which decreases as water is thrown out, will allow the rocket to reach a height of 30 - 50 m.
Several test launches in light or moderate winds lead to the conclusion that with a sealed connection between the valve and the bottle, proper filling with water and with the model mounted vertically at launch, it can reach a height of about 50 m. Installing the rocket at an angle of 60° leads to a decrease in height lifting, but the flight range increases. With flatter trajectories, either the model’s launches will be unsuccessful or the flight range will be short. A model launched without water will be very light and will rise only 2 - 5 m. Air-hydraulic models are best launched in calm weather. As a result of the tests, it is easy to notice that the model has good stability and a tendency to orient itself against the wind, both in the presence of traction and after the engine has stopped running. The flight time of the model from start to landing, depending on the height reached, is 5 - 7 seconds.
By the way, air-hydraulic rockets can be multi-stage, that is, they can consist of several bottles or even five or more. In general, the record for the flight altitude of such a rocket is as much as 600 meters; not every standard rocket model can reach such a height. At the same time, they can lift a significant payload, for example, some testers install cameras or mini video cameras and successfully conduct aerial photography.
So, when everything is ready, you can go out and make the first launches. Along with the rocket and equipment, you also need to take additional fuel - several bottles of water. Such missiles can be launched anywhere, in a schoolyard, in a forest clearing, the main thing is that within a radius of 20 meters there are no buildings that would impede a combat flight. In the center of our test site, install the launch pad so that the installed rocket is strictly vertical. Next, we connect the pump to the valve, fill the rocket with water of the required volume and quickly install it on the launch pad, so that the valve fits very tightly into the neck of the bottle. Now we cock the trigger mechanism, insert two nails into the holes, fixing them. It is better to launch an air-hydraulic rocket together, one will pull the string to make the launch, and the other will pump air into the bottle. The length of the rope should be approximately 10 - 15 meters, this distance is enough so that the launcher is not splashed with a fountain of water from the rocket, but you won’t envy the one who will work with the pump, he has a very good chance of taking a cool shower during a non-standard flight of the rocket. Since our rocket consists of a 1.5 liter bottle, it should be inflated to a pressure of 4 - 5 atmospheres, you can try more, but the valve itself and the connection to the pump will not withstand such a high pressure, and a leak will occur. When inflating, you don’t have to be afraid that something might happen to the bottle, because according to technical data, it can withstand 30–40 atmospheres. Air injection lasts approximately 30 seconds. When the required pressure in the bottle is reached, the launcher is given the command “Start”, who with a sharp movement pulls the string and a moment later the rocket rushes into the sky, performing a combat mission. To decorate the flight, you can tint the water, for example, with paints or potassium permanganate, this way you can accurately trace the jet stream and trajectory of the rocket. For the next launch, all that remains is to add fuel from the reserve and again pump air into the engine compartment. Such a rocket can be good fun on a sunny summer day.
AIR-WATER MISSILE
2nd grade student
municipal budgetary educational institution "Lyceum"
Shevchukov Lev Romanovich
Head of work
Gubina Marina Nikolaevna,
primary school teacher MBOU "Lyceum"
2016
Content
Introduction3
1.
A man's old dream
3-5
2.
Who invented the rocket?
5-6
3.
Rocket structure
6-7
4.
Why does the rocket take off?
7-9
5.
Making an air-water rocket
9-15
6.
conclusions
15
7.
Information sources
15
Introduction
As a child, many people dreamed
Fly into starry space.
So that from this starry distance
Explore our land!
Since ancient times, man has been excited and attracted by the heights of the sky, strewn with stars. Yuri Gagarin was the first earthling to realize the dream of humanity - to see our Earth from space.
I am also interested in the question - why do rockets take off? Why do they fly into space on rockets?
Objective of the project: creating a model of an air-water rocket with your own hands
Tasks:
1.expand your ideas about space;
2. find out what laws of physics apply when a rocket takes off;
3. get acquainted with the structure of the rocket;
4.create an air-water rocket with your own hands.
5. create a video of the flight of an air-water rocket.
Project object: air-to-water missile
Project subject: processcreating a model of an air-water rocket with your own hands.
1. A man’s old dream
Since ancient times, people have dreamed of flying like birds. Our ancestors talked about their fantasies in fairy tales. Fairy-tale characters took flight on a magic carpet, in a mortar and on a broom. Many heroes moved through the air in their own way. Baba Yaga in a mortar, Little Muk in magic slippers, Carlson on his little motor.
But most of all people wanted to flap their arms like wings and fly above the earth like birds. More than three thousand years ago, the Greeks created the myth of Daedalus and his son Icarus. The great artist, inventor and architect Daedalus made two pairs of wings from bird feathers, fastened with thread and wax. Daedalus and Icarus took off into the air to fly home to Athens from the island of Crete, where they were held captive by King Minos. Daedalus punished his son - do not approach the sun, its rays will melt the wax. But Icarus, intoxicated by the happiness of flight, rose higher and higher... The sun melted the wax, Icarus fell from a height and died in the sea waves. And Daedalus flew to the ground and descended safely. Since then, the poetic image of Icarus has become the embodiment of man's dream of flight.
But humanity did not abandon its dream of flight. Already many centuries ago, people tried to create wings on which they could fly upward. All attempts to imitate birds were unsuccessful. It was not possible to fly with flapping wings. So, inXVIIIcentury, balloons appeared. The disadvantage of hot air balloons was that they only moved in the direction the wind was blowing.
People thought about the question: how to make a balloon controllable? There were attempts to use the rudder and oars, but to no avail. Until, finally, they came up with an engine. Airships appeared.
But the thought of wings continued to haunt people. However, hot air balloons took people into the air a century and a half earlier than it was possible to fly on wings. Aeronautics is being replaced by aviation, the airplane. Over time, airplanes improved.
The first experimental aircraft with a turbojet engine were built during the Great Patriotic War. The airplane propeller has become unnecessary. The wings became smaller and narrower. A modern jet aircraft can carry hundreds of passengers at a speed of 969 km/h. Flying has become so commonplace that today an airplane comes in to land somewhere in the world every minute. Now there are planes that fly faster than the speed of sound.
Years passed, and people managed to conquer the airspace of the Earth. But they still dreamed of outer space.
Scientists have come up with a spaceship to fly into space. First, they decided to test the safety of flights on four-legged assistants - dogs. They chose not purebred dogs, but mongrels - after all, they are both hardy and unpretentious. The spaceship with four-legged cosmonauts Belka and Strelka orbited the Earth 18 times.
A little later, the very first cosmonaut of the Earth, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin, flew into space. His first flight into space was the most difficult and dangerous.
Currently, astronauts fly on modern high-speed vehicles.
2. Who invented the rocket?
It turns out that man invented rockets a long time ago. They were invented in China many hundreds of years ago. The Chinese used them to make fireworks. They kept the design of the rockets a secret for a long time; they liked to surprise strangers. But some of these surprised strangers turned out to be very inquisitive people. Soon, many countries learned to make fireworks and celebrate special days with fireworks.
Even under Peter I, a one-pound signal flare of the “1717 model” was created and used, which remained in service until the end of the 19th century. It rose to a height of up to one kilometer. Some inventors proposed using the rocket for aeronautics. Having learned to rise in balloons, people were helpless in the air.
A controlled apparatus heavier than air - this is what the revolutionary N. Kibalchich dreamed of in the casemate of the Peter and Paul Fortress, sentenced to execution for the attempt on the life of the Tsar. Ten days before his death, he completed work on his invention and handed over to the lawyer not a request for pardon or a complaint, but a “Project for an Aeronautical Instrument” (drawings and mathematical calculations of a rocket.) It was the rocket, he believed, that would open the way to the sky for man.Kibalchich was thinking about how to use the energy of gases generated when explosives ignite for flight. In his reasoning, he came to the idea not of an airplane, but of a starship, since his device could move both in the air and in airless space. In his “Project...” he wrote: “I believe in the feasibility of my idea. If my ideas, after careful discussion by specialist scientists, are considered feasible, then I will be happy...”
3. Rocket structure
The rocket consists of 3 identical stages located one on top of the other. Each rocket stage consists of an engine and fuel tanks. The lowest stage is the first to turn on and operate. This rocket is the most powerful, since its task is to lift the entire structure into the air. When the fuel burns and the tanks are empty, the lower stage breaks off, and then the second stage engines begin to work. At this time, the rocket picks up speed and flies faster. When the fuel runs out, the second stage breaks off and the third and final stage is activated, which accelerates the ship even more. Here the first cosmic speed is switched on and the ship enters orbit, and then flies alone, since the last stage of the rocket almost completely burns out when disconnected.
The rocket also has stabilizers - small wings at the bottom. They are needed so that the rocket flies smoothly and straight. If the rocket does not have these stabilizers, then it will swing from side to side in flight.
Stabilizers change the whole picture. When the rocket begins to deviate to the side, or skid to the side, like a car skidding on a slippery road, the stabilizers are exposed to the air flow with their wide part and are carried back by this flow. But large space rockets either have no stabilizers at all, or they are very small, because such rockets have not one, but many jet engines at once. Of these, there are several large ones that push the rocket upward, and there are also small ones that are needed only to correct the flight of the rocket.
The shape of the rocket (like a spindle) is connected only with the fact that it has to fly through the air on its way to space. The air makes it difficult to fly quickly. Its molecules hit the body and slow down the flight. In order to reduce air resistance, the shape of the rocket is made smooth and streamlined.
4.Why does the rocket take off?
You can now admire the takeoff of a space rocket on TV and in movies. The rocket stands vertically on a concrete launch pad. At a command from the control center, the engines turn on, we see a flame igniting below, we hear a growing roar. And so the rocket, in a puff of smoke, takes off from the Earth and, at first slowly, and then faster and faster, rushes upward. A minute later she is already at such a height that planes cannot reach, and in another minute she is in Space, in the near-Earth airless space.
Rocket engines are called jet engines. Why? Because in such engines the traction force is a reaction force (counteraction) to the force that throws in the opposite direction a stream of hot gases obtained from the combustion of fuel in a special chamber. As you know, according to Newton's third law, the force of this reaction is equal to the force of action. That is, the force that lifts the rocket into outer space is equal to the force that is developed by the hot gases escaping from the rocket nozzle. If it seems incredible to you that gas, which is supposed to be ethereal, throws a heavy rocket into space orbit, remember that air compressed in rubber cylinders successfully supports not only a cyclist, but also heavy dump trucks. The white-hot gas escaping from the rocket nozzle is also full of strength and energy. So much so that after each rocket launch, the launch pad is repaired by adding concrete knocked out by the fire whirlwind.
Newton's third law can be formulated differently as the law of conservation of momentum. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.
If the rocket's engines are powerful, the rocket will very quickly gain speed, sufficient to launch the spacecraft into low-Earth orbit. This speed is called the first escape velocity and is approximately 8 kilometers per second. The power of a rocket engine is determined primarily by what fuel is burned in the rocket engines. The higher the combustion temperature of the fuel, the more powerful the engine. In the earliest Soviet rocket engines, the fuel was kerosene and the oxidizer was nitric acid. Now rockets use more active (and more poisonous) mixtures. The fuel in modern American rocket engines is a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen. The oxygen-hydrogen mixture is very explosive, but when burned it releases a huge amount of energy.
In order to understand the operation of a jet engine, let's conduct an experiment with a balloon. Let's inflate the balloon and let it go without tying it. With a funny sound, it will quickly begin to rush from side to side until it deflates. The ball flew because air was coming out of it. And this is jet motion. There is a law of nature: if a part of it is separated from an object, then this object begins to move in the opposite direction.
3. Zhuravleva A.P. Initial technical modeling. M.: Education, 1999.
4 Svirin A.D. It's still a long way from Earth. Book of knowledge. M.: Det. world, 1992.
5. Sinyutkin A.A. Space a meter from the Earth. Izhevsk, Udmurtia, 1992.
1) First you need to choose a suitable cylinder. For example: let’s take a 1.5 liter bottle. To achieve the highest flight altitude, the ratio of the diameter of the rocket and the length of the rocket should be 1:7. If the rocket is too short, it will not fly smoothly, and if the rocket is too long, it will break into two parts.
2) Secondly, we need a bicycle nipple. On old domestic cameras, most likely, there will be a spool valve, like on cars. Although this one can be used.
3) A stopper from some shampoo or lemonade, which is made in the form of a valve. The cork must be strong and not loose. Then she will not let air through. It’s better to check this right away - screw it onto the bottle, close it and squeeze the bottle tightly. For the best flight of your rocket, the nozzle diameter should be 4-5 mm.
4) Now you need to drill another hole in the center of the bottom of the bottle so that the nipple can fit into it. Insert it from the inside with the nose facing out. It's not easy, but it can be done. Screw the clamping screw onto the nipple so that it fits very tightly and tightly to the hole. In other words, it is necessary to ensure the tightness of the perforated bottle. When closed, the bottle should not allow air to pass through!
5) And finally, we attach stabilizers to the bottle. They help the bottle fly smoothly.
That's it, the rocket is ready.
Now, let's make a "launching pad" for our rocket. This is not difficult to do: you need a piece of board and an iron rod (it will serve as a guide). As a result, you should have a design like the one in my picture.
How it works:
All is ready! Take a rocket, a pump, a supply of water and go outside. It is advisable to take a friend with you, as you will need their help.
In order for the rocket to rise into the air, it is necessary to pour water into it, about a third. To obtain the greatest thrust impulse, the table shows the proportions of the weight of water and the volume of the cylinder.
The rocket is primed. Now let's start the launch.
One person holds the bottle with the cork down and at the same time firmly presses the cork with his hands so that it does not open from the pressure, and the second at this time takes the pump and inflates the bottle with all his might. Pump approximately 3-6 atmospheres into the bottle and disconnect the pump. One of the launch participants continues to hold the rocket, and the second moves away a short distance. When everyone is ready, you can let go. After the start, water under pressure flows out of the cylinder and thereby creates a thrust impulse. As for the explanation for the fact that the rocket flew, everything is simple. Complete analogy with real rockets with combustible fuel. Only in them there is an emission of light combustion products at a tremendous speed, and in a water rocket there is an emission of rather heavy water, although at a lower speed. The mass of water compensates for its low speed. Hurray your rocket has taken off. The only negative is that the launcher ends up in the rain of “fuel”, and therefore it is better to launch in the warm season. Another option is also possible. The rocket can only bounce slightly and fall, spraying everyone with a stream of water. This most likely means that the hole in the plug is too small. Look for another one.
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