mine weapons
Project 675 submarines- a series of Soviet nuclear submarines with cruise missiles. In total, 29 submarines of the project were built in 1968. This project was a development of diesel-electric submarines of Project 651. The design of the nuclear submarine began at the Rubin Central Design Bureau for MT under the leadership of chief designer P. P. Pustyntsev.
Design
Frame
The project included a double-hull design of the boat and the division of the durable hull into 10 compartments:
- Bow torpedo compartment;
- Living/battery compartment;
- Missile control post;
- Central post;
- Diesel generator compartment;
- Reactor compartment;
- Turbine compartment;
- Electric motor compartment;
- Living compartment
- Aft torpedo compartment.
Representatives
29 Project 675 submarines were built, 16 of them at Sevmash. The submarines served in the Northern and Pacific fleets. Some Kamchatka boats were on combat duty in the Indian Ocean.
Current status
Accidents and incidents
K-56
On June 14, 1973, at 1 a.m., near Cape Povorotny in Peter the Great Bay, the Pacific Fleet Guards nuclear submarine K-56 collided with the research vessel Akademik Berg. The boat (which carried 1.5 crew, the crew of K-23 was handing over its combat mission) was on the surface, returning after a successful firing. 27 people died, including 16 officers, 5 midshipmen, 5 sailors, and one civilian specialist from Leningrad. About 140 people were saved. A monument to the dead sailors was erected in the city of Fokino (former Pacific Ocean village).
K-431
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Excerpt characterizing Project 675 Submarines
During his recovery, Pierre only gradually unaccustomed himself to the impressions of the last months that had become familiar to him and got used to the fact that no one would drive him anywhere tomorrow, that no one would take his warm bed away, and that he would probably have lunch, tea, and dinner. But in his dreams, for a long time he saw himself in the same conditions of captivity. Pierre also gradually understood the news that he learned after his release from captivity: the death of Prince Andrei, the death of his wife, the destruction of the French.A joyful feeling of freedom - that complete, inalienable, inherent freedom of man, the consciousness of which he first experienced at his first rest stop, when leaving Moscow, filled Pierre's soul during his recovery. He was surprised that this internal freedom, independent of external circumstances, now seemed to be abundantly, luxuriously furnished with external freedom. He was alone in a strange city, without acquaintances. Nobody demanded anything from him; they didn't send him anywhere. He had everything he wanted; The thought of his wife that had always tormented him before was no longer there, since she no longer existed.
- Oh, how good! How nice! - he said to himself when they brought him a cleanly set table with fragrant broth, or when he lay down on a soft, clean bed at night, or when he remembered that his wife and the French were no more. - Oh, how good, how nice! - And out of old habit, he asked himself: well, then what? What will i do? And immediately he answered himself: nothing. I will live. Oh, how nice!
The very thing that tormented him before, what he was constantly looking for, the purpose of life, now did not exist for him. It was no coincidence that this sought-after goal of life did not exist for him at the present moment, but he felt that it did not and could not exist. And it was this lack of purpose that gave him that complete, joyful consciousness of freedom, which at that time constituted his happiness.
He could not have a goal, because he now had faith - not faith in some rules, or words, or thoughts, but faith in a living, always felt God. Previously, he sought it for the purposes that he set for himself. This search for a goal was only a search for God; and suddenly he learned in his captivity, not in words, not by reasoning, but by direct feeling, what his nanny had told him long ago: that God is here, here, everywhere. In captivity, he learned that God in Karataev is greater, infinite and incomprehensible than in the Architect of the universe recognized by the Freemasons. He experienced the feeling of a man who had found what he was looking for under his feet, while he strained his eyesight, looking far away from himself. All his life he had been looking somewhere, over the heads of the people around him, but he should have not strained his eyes, but only looked in front of him.
He had not been able to see before the great, incomprehensible and infinite in anything. He just felt that it must be somewhere and looked for it. In everything close and understandable, he saw something limited, petty, everyday, meaningless. He armed himself with a mental telescope and looked into the distance, to where this small, everyday thing, hiding in the fog of the distance, seemed great and endless to him only because it was not clearly visible. This is how he imagined European life, politics, Freemasonry, philosophy, philanthropy. But even then, in those moments that he considered his weakness, his mind penetrated into this distance, and there he saw the same petty, everyday, meaningless things. Now he had learned to see the great, the eternal and the infinite in everything, and therefore naturally, in order to see it, to enjoy its contemplation, he threw down the pipe into which he had been looking until now through the heads of people, and joyfully contemplated the ever-changing, ever-great world around him. , incomprehensible and endless life. And the closer he looked, the more calm and happy he was. Previously, the terrible question that destroyed all his mental structures was: why? did not exist for him now. Now to this question - why? a simple answer was always ready in his soul: because there is a God, that God, without whose will a hair will not fall from a man’s head.
Pierre has hardly changed in his external techniques. He looked exactly the same as he had been before. Just as before, he was distracted and seemed preoccupied not with what was in front of his eyes, but with something special of his own. The difference between his previous and present state was that before, when he forgot what was in front of him, what was said to him, he, wrinkling his forehead in pain, seemed to be trying and could not see something far away from him . Now he also forgot what was said to him and what was in front of him; but now, with a barely noticeable, seemingly mocking, smile, he peered at what was in front of him, listened to what was being said to him, although obviously he saw and heard something completely different. Before, although he seemed to be a kind person, he was unhappy; and therefore people involuntarily moved away from him. Now a smile of the joy of life constantly played around his mouth, and his eyes shone with concern for people - the question: are they as happy as he is? And people were pleased in his presence.
Before, he talked a lot, got excited when he spoke, and listened little; Now he rarely got carried away in conversation and knew how to listen so that people willingly told him their most intimate secrets.
The princess, who had never loved Pierre and had a particularly hostile feeling towards him since, after the death of the old count, she felt obliged to Pierre, to her chagrin and surprise, after a short stay in Orel, where she came with the intention of proving to Pierre that, Despite his ingratitude, she considers it her duty to follow him; the princess soon felt that she loved him. Pierre did nothing to ingratiate himself with the princess. He just looked at her with curiosity. Previously, the princess felt that in his gaze at her there was indifference and mockery, and she, as before other people, shrank before him and showed only her fighting side of life; now, on the contrary, she felt that he seemed to be digging into the most intimate aspects of her life; and she, at first with distrust, and then with gratitude, showed him the hidden good sides of her character.
At the Chelomey experimental design bureau in the late 1950s. On the basis of the P-5 RK, the main purpose of which was to fire at coastal targets, they developed the P-6 PRK. Work on an anti-ship missile with a terminal homing system began in the USSR back in 1948, but the firing range of the first anti-ship missiles was several tens of kilometers. At the same time, the main surface targets - American aircraft carriers - had a depth of 24-hour and all-weather missile defense (anti-aircraft) defense of about 150...200 kilometers. In the early 1960s, new F-4 Phantom fighter-interceptors equipped with all-aspect AIM-7 Sparrow air-to-air missiles and E-2A Hawkeye carrier-based AWACS aircraft appeared in service with the US Navy. Therefore, the depth of defense increased to 250...300 kilometers. This required response measures - the creation of anti-ship missiles with a long range (about several hundred kilometers).
Under the leadership of Chelomey V.N. In Reutovo, near Moscow, back in 1956, research work began on shaping the appearance of a long-range anti-ship missile. The maximum firing range of the cruise missile included in the complex was supposed to be more than 300 kilometers, to ensure the possibility of destroying enemy aircraft carrier strike formations and groups without entering the zone of their anti-ship and anti-submarine defenses. The anti-ship missile was supposed to have a control system that would ensure the destruction of surface targets of almost all classes, high-explosive fragmentation and high-power nuclear warheads. The missile and shipborne equipment of the complex control system were developed by NII-49 (later referred to as the Granit Research and Production Association), headed by N.A. Charin.
The creation of an “anti-aircraft” system for use on submarines was impossible without ensuring reliable intelligence collection and target designation in the ocean zone. To solve this problem, under the leadership of chief designer I.V. Kudryavtsev. At the Kiev Research Institute of Radio Electronics (today NPO "Kvant") they created the "Success" aviation reconnaissance system, located on Tu-95RTs and Tu-16RTs carriers developed specifically for this purpose. An aviation radar for detecting sea targets was placed on the carriers with further transmission of signals to ships for data processing and issuing target designations to the missile system. Thus, in the Soviet Union, for the first time in the world, a RUS (reconnaissance and strike system) was developed, consisting of reconnaissance assets, strike weapons and their carriers (both sea and air).
The ship's automated system "Argument" solved the problem of controlling the flight of several cruise missiles during a salvo launch, as well as pointing the missile defense system at targets using a radar sight. When several targets were detected, it was possible to selectively destroy them by transmitting a radar image of the target from the missile to the submarine and transmitting commands from the ship to select a specific target.
A significant drawback of the P-6 missile system was the launch of missiles from a surface position. At the same time, the residence time of nuclear submarines with cruise missiles equipped with the P-6 complex in comparison with submarines with P-5 on board increased, since flight control was required until the target was captured by the missile homing head. Despite this obvious drawback, it was believed that the P-6 gave the USSR Navy tangible advantages against large surface ships of a potential enemy. In addition, the program was actively supported by N.S. Khrushchev personally. As a result, on July 17, 1956, a resolution was issued by the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the start of work on Project 675 nuclear missile submarines equipped with P-6 anti-ship missiles and P-5M strategic missile submarines, which were intended to destroy coastal targets.
The design of the nuclear submarine began under the leadership of chief designer P.P. Pustyntsev. at the Central Clinical Hospital of Medical Sciences "Rubin". Captain 1st Rank M.S. Fadeev was appointed chief observer from the Navy, who was replaced by Captain 2nd Rank V.N. Ivanov. The SSGN was intended to attack enemy ships and ships with P-6 missiles during operations on sea and ocean communications, as well as to destroy enemy naval bases, administrative and industrial centers using P-5M cruise missiles.
Structurally, the Project 675 SSGN is a double-hull, twin-shaft submarine with a well-developed fencing superstructure and conning tower. The durable body, which has a cylindrical shape over a large extent, was made of 22-35 mm AK-25 steel. The extremities were given the shape of truncated cones.
The robust body was divided into 10 compartments:
The first is a torpedo;
The second is battery and residential (the wardroom was also located in it);
The third is the missile control post;
The fourth is the central post;
Fifth – diesel generator compartment;
The sixth is reactor;
The seventh is turbine;
Eighth – turbogenerators, switchboards, electric motors;
The ninth is residential;
The tenth is the stern torpedo.
For the manufacture of intercompartment bulkheads, 10 mm AK-25 steel was used. During rocket fire, compensation for the mass of the launching rockets was carried out by taking water into a special tank. replacement tanks. The light hull set and plating were made of SW steel, the thickness of which ranged from 4 to 16 millimeters. The surface of the body was covered with an anti-hydroacoustic coating.
The power plant (total power on two shafts 35 thousand hp) consisted of two VM-A type reactors (70 MW each), two steam turbines and two main 60-D1 turbo-gear units. There were also two DG-400 diesel generators (M-860 diesel engines) and two 900-horsepower PG-116 sneaking electric motors. Rechargeable battery “38-SM” – lead-acid, two groups of 112 elements each. In general, the power plant is almost identical to the submarines of the 627th, 658th and 659th projects.
The missile control antenna of the Argument system was installed on a rotating mast in the front part of the cabin. In the non-operating position, the supporting radiators of the large antenna were inserted into the wheelhouse fence so that the radome, located on the rear side of the antenna, “turned” into the front wall of the wheelhouse fence.
The main armament of the submarine - 8 P-6 cruise missiles (ind. 4K88) - were placed in containers that rose at an angle of 14 degrees to the starting position. The containers were rigidly fastened in pairs and, when not in use, were placed horizontally in the boat's superstructure. Firing, as on Project 659 submarines, was possible only on the surface.
The dimensions of the P-6 rocket were: length - 10800 mm, diameter - 900 mm, wingspan - 2500 mm and launch weight - 5300 kg. The rocket was equipped with launch solid propellant rocket engines and a sustainer turbojet engine. The range of firing ranges is from 35 to 380 kilometers, the maximum flight speed is M=1.3. The missile's flight altitude is 400–7500 meters; before attacking the target, the anti-ship missile dropped to 100 meters.
On nuclear submarines with Project 675 cruise missiles, for the first time in the world, the possibility of salvo missile fire with selective destruction of enemy ships in formation was realized. A nuclear submarine could complete it within 15 minutes. four-missile salvo, two salvos - within 20-30 minutes. taking into account the time required for ascent, preparation for launch, launch and flight of missiles to the target. It was possible to simultaneously fire at a target from various carriers with 12 P-6 missiles, which ensured the penetration of the densest air defense of aircraft carrier formations used in the 1960s. To receive target data from the aviation reconnaissance and target designation system, the Uspeh-U radar system was provided (reception was carried out in a surface or underwater position). However, by the time the submarines were built, it did not have time and was mounted on one submarine after modernization according to Project 675-MU. The remaining SSGNs were equipped with the Kasatka system, designed to receive target designations from satellites (10 submarines were modernized according to Project 675-K and 675-MK).
SSGN pr.675 with raised cruise missile containers
The reconnaissance-strike complex was used as follows: the submarine, which was in a given area, having received a combat order to use missile weapons, rose to periscope depth to establish communication with a reconnaissance and target designation aircraft, transmitting radar information about enemy targets on board the nuclear submarine with cruise missiles . This information was displayed on the screen of the operator’s console of the submarine’s target designation complex. The ship's commander analyzed the target situation, assigning a target from which it was necessary to determine the coordinates (range and bearing). Then this data was entered into the ship's missile system control system, the weapon's reach and the expected probability of target detection by a missile radar sight were assessed. Based on this data, the final decision to open fire was made. The boat set course, carried out pre-launch preparations, surfaced and fired a missile salvo (the maximum number of anti-ship missiles in a salvo is four). The flight of the missile in a salvo relative to the plane of fire was controlled by one operator using the bearing marks on the radar display. If the mark deviated from the given direction, the anti-ship missile was returned by the operator to the firing plane. Upon reaching the estimated range (generated by the ship's control system), the operators gave the command to turn on the radar sights of the missiles and radio channel transmitters to broadcast the information received by the sights. After the radar sight of the anti-ship missile had captured the target, the missile, at the operator’s command, was switched to the homing mode (initially the missile was homing only in the horizontal plane, then the anti-ship missile was in a gentle dive, and a vertical homing mode was introduced a few kilometers before the target).
The boat's torpedo armament consisted of four bow 533-mm torpedo tubes (maximum firing depth of 100 meters) and two stern 400-mm torpedo tubes (maximum firing depth of 250 meters). The ammunition load consisted of 20 torpedoes. “Ladoga” was used as a torpedo weapon control system.
The submarine is equipped with a complex of navigation systems “Sila N-675”, SJSC “Arktika-M”, a gyrocompass “Mayak”, a radar “Albatross”, a celestial navigation system “Lira-11” and other equipment.
In the west, the Project 675 boats were considered a modernized version of the Project 659 SSGN and were given the designation “Echo-II class.”
Modifications
Boats of the 675th project were one of the most actively modernized ships of the Soviet fleet. This was largely due to the rapid improvement of the main enemy of submarines - the aircraft carriers of the US Navy. Thus, the P-6 missile was upgraded to P-6M (4K48).
Under the leadership of Tsvetkov A.P. Since 1959, at NII-49, work has been carried out on the Molniya station, which provided autonomous over-the-horizon target designation using the phenomenon of tropospheric scattering of microwave radio waves. The Molniya station was adopted by the Navy in December 1969 for installation on Project 675 nuclear missile submarines and Project 651 diesel missile submarines. On some ships, the Arktika-M SJSC was replaced by the more advanced Kerch hydroacoustic complex.
Project 675-K provided for the installation of “Kasatka” equipment, which would ensure the reception and processing of target designation information from satellites. Under this project, one nuclear submarine with cruise missiles, the K-48, was modernized.
In the 1960-70s, 10 submarines of the 675th project were modernized according to the 675-MK project (K-23, -57, -56, -94, -104, -128, -175, -184, -189) and project 675-MU (K-28 with the “Success-U” station). The submarines were equipped with the new P-500 Basalt anti-ship missiles (the same as on the Project 1164 missile cruisers). On the modernized submarines, in addition to new anti-ship missiles, they installed the equipment of the Kasatka-B space target designation receiving system (except for one project 675-MU). The displacement of the boats increased by 600 tons.
Modernization of nuclear submarines with cruise missiles under Project 675-MKV began in the late 1980s. The submarines were equipped with the new P-1000 Vulcan missile system, which has a significantly increased firing range, as well as the modern Kerch SJSC. During the modernization, the SSGNs received the Strela-3 portable anti-aircraft system, which provides surface defense against enemy air. The displacement of Project 675-MKV ships increased by 1000 tons. In total, five ships were modernized under the 675-MKV project - K-1, K-22, K-35, K-34 and K-10 (the latter was written off before the modernization was completed).
In 1986, K-86, one of the SSGNs of Project 675, was modernized according to Project 675-N and was turned into a carrier of a midget submarine and combat swimmers. Missile weapons were removed from the submarine, as well as missile fire control devices, special equipment was installed, the necessary premises were equipped to accommodate swimmers and their exit under water, as well as a gateway and fastenings for the SMPL Project 1861 (“X-Ray class”).
Construction program
The construction of Project 675 submarines was carried out at the SMP in Severodvinsk and the SZLK in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. K-166, the lead Severodvinsk ship, was accepted into the Northern Fleet in 1963. This was preceded by the state. tests that were successfully completed with four-rocket salvo fire. Total in 1963-1968. The navy received 29 submarines of the 675th project (13 hulls were built at the SZLK, 16 at the SMP).
Status for 2007
Project 675 submarines began to enter service with the Soviet Navy in the 1960s: 16 submarines for the Northern Fleet (one was transferred to the Pacific Fleet in 1966), 13 ships for the Pacific Ocean. All vessels of this project were assigned to the BPL subclass on July 25, 1977, and on January 15, 1978 they were again returned to the KrPL subclass.
Project 675 boats were actively used in the Pacific and Northern fleets. The submarines carried out combat service in the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. In November 1965, by directive of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, the commander of the Northern Fleet was tasked with preparing two nuclear-powered ships for the transition to the Pacific Fleet through one of the southern routes. To participate in the transition, it was decided to allocate the K-166 missile carrier and the Project 627-A torpedo boat. The ships began moving on February 2, 1966. The distance between the ships traveling underwater was 60 miles. Sometimes submarines came together to communicate on ultra-short waves or via a sound-underwater communication channel. Having covered almost 25 thousand miles, on March 20, 1966, the submarines entered Avacha Bay in Kamchatka. The transition, skillfully presented by the official propaganda of the USSR, received significant political resonance. All crew members were awarded medals and orders, and five participants were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
To expand the coverage area of Soviet submarines, they searched for new maneuverable bases. In 1967, for this purpose, the complex expedition “Tide” was sent to the equatorial waters of the Atlantic under the leadership of Admiral L.A. Vladimirsky. The nuclear submarine K-128 also took part in it.
In the period from March 1 to December 31, 1969, the submarine K-131, while in the Mediterranean Sea in the war zone, provided assistance to the Egyptian armed forces.
In 1970, the first Soviet nuclear submarine, the K-7, was sent to perform combat service in the Indian Ocean. This boat also fired missiles at the corner reflectors (a Tu-95RTs aircraft was used to provide target designation). For three months of 1971, the K-31 submarine also served in the Indian Ocean.
Project 675 boats were involved not only in tracking surface ships, but sometimes “spoilt the blood” of American submarines on combat duty. For example, in 1967, K-135 continuously monitored the nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine Patrick Henry for 5.5 hours.
SSGN project 675 in 1989-92. began to be actively withdrawn from the fleet. The first to leave the fleet were K-116 in 1985, and K-431 (formerly K-31) in 1987 due to accidents in the main power plants. The very last to leave in 1994 were: B-47 (K-47), B-22 (K-22) and K-131.
The main tactical and technical characteristics of the Project 675 nuclear submarine with cruise missiles:
Surface displacement - 4450 tons;
Underwater displacement – 5760 tons;
Maximum length – 115.4 m;
Maximum width – 9.3 m;
Draft along the vertical line – 7.8 m;
Main power plant:
- 2 pressurized water reactors VM-A, with a total power of 140 mW;
- 2 GTZA-601;
- 2 PPU OKA-150;
- 2 steam turbines with a total power of 35,000 hp. (29400 kW);
- 2 GPM-21 turbogenerators, each with a power of 1400 kW;
- 2 diesel generators DG-400, power of each 450 kW;
- 2 auxiliary motors PG-116, each with a power of 140 hp;
- 2 shafts;
- 2 propellers;
Surface speed – 14...15 knots;
Underwater speed - 29 knots;
Working immersion depth – 240 m;
Maximum diving depth – 300 m;
Autonomy – 50 days;
Crew - 137 people (including 22 officers);
Missile weapons:
- PKRK P-6/P-6M launchers – 8 X 1;
- anti-ship missile 4K88/4K48 (SS-N-3B “Sepal”) or cruise missile P-5D (SS-N-3C “Shaddock”) – 8;
Torpedo weapons:
Torpedo tubes 533 mm caliber – 4 (bow);
533-mm torpedoes SET-53M and 53-61 – 8;
Torpedo tubes 400 mm caliber – 2 (aft);
400-mm torpedoes SET-40 – 4;
Mine weapons - can carry mines instead of part of the torpedoes;
Electronic weapons:
Combat information and control system - no data;
General detection radar system – RLK-101 “Albatross” (Snoop Tray);
Hydroacoustic system:
- MG-200M “Arktika-M”;
Fire control radar – “Argument” (Front Piece/Front Door) for the P-6 anti-ship missile system;
Electronic warfare equipment:
- “Nakat-M” (Quad Loop D/F) RTR
- “Van” (Stop Light) Electronic warfare (Brick Pulp)
Navigation complex:
- “Power N-675”;
- “Lira-11” celestial navigation system;
- “Mayak” gyrocompass;
Radio communication complex - a set of tools;
State identification radar station - MRP.
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In the United States, after the Polaris A1 ballistic missile system was adopted in November 1960, interest in the ballistic missile as a strategic weapon faded. As a means of combating surface ships, they were also of little interest to the Americans, who had powerful carrier-based aircraft. In our country the situation was different. For a number of reasons, they began to look for an alternative, one of which was the Kyrgyz Republic. This approach was largely determined by the views of N.S. Khrushchev on the development of the Navy. He believed that the aircraft was obsolete, and that missile weapons would be a much more effective means of waging war at sea.
While ballistic missiles equipped with SBCs could be successfully used to strike coastal targets, they were of little use for combating moving sea targets. First of all, due to the difficulty of ensuring target designation and guidance of the warhead at the final part of the flight path, including when using the Legend ICRC. At the same time, the idea itself turned out to be so attractive that in our country, from the mid-60s to the end of the 70s of the last century, they tried to implement it in the D-5 complex with the R-27K missile. Although the results of its tests were considered successful, the customer was not interested in this weapon system.
In our country, when creating the first-generation boat-based SCRC, the problem of target designation was solved through the use of naval reconnaissance aircraft (later, through the already mentioned ICRC “Legend”), and the problem of guidance was solved through the use of telecontrol and a radar homing head. In the process of developing domestic anti-ship missile systems for operational purposes, target designation could not be provided by the carrier's radio equipment.
In Western SCRCs, which were in service with submarines, this problem was solved mainly due to the relatively short flight range of the missiles and the perfection of the radio equipment themselves. Possible errors in the distribution of targets were fully compensated for by the massive use of missiles. It should be noted that foreign SCRCs, as a rule, were universal in terms of media. This circumstance made it possible to use carrier-based or base aviation not only to strike enemy naval groups, but also to conduct reconnaissance in the interests of other carriers - surface ships and submarines. Despite the obvious progress in the development of technology, the problem of selectively targeting anti-ship missiles at targets during an attack on a large naval group remains a difficult task to solve even today, especially in the context of the use of electronic warfare (EW) means.
In the 50s of the last century, they tried not to think about insurmountable obstacles, and the leadership of the Soviet Union saw in the RCC a real opportunity to achieve parity with the US Navy. It was believed that they would become the most effective means of combating aircraft carrier formations of a potential enemy, which formed the basis of the striking power of his fleet. In the first quarter of 1956 (i.e., three years before the P-5 was put into service), OKB-52 proactively began work on a homing projectile aircraft, which received the letter designation P-6. It was assumed that it would be a modification of the P-5, equipped with a radar homing head and a new control unit. The OKB-52 initiative was first supported by the head of TsKB-18, P.P. Pustyntsev, and then the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy.
As a result, on August 17, 1956, a government decree was issued providing for the creation of two anti-ship missile systems with P-35 and P-6 missiles. The first was to be in service with surface ships and coastal defense units, and the second was to be in service with carrier boats of the P-5 complex. Actually, the last requirement predetermined the design features of each of these missiles. Initially, it was planned to obtain the P-6 by simply introducing a radar homing head onto the P-5. For the purpose of testing, the P-5RG projectile was built. In addition to the homing head, it had a new control unit. In particular, the prototype autopilot received a Doppler track and drift meter. In addition, instead of a barometric altimeter, a radio altimeter was used, which made it possible to more accurately maintain the specified flight altitude of the projectile aircraft.
However, after the first tests, it became obvious that it was almost impossible to ensure effective combat use of the P-6 by limiting ourselves to only these innovations. On the one hand, the ship's radio equipment did not allow it to detect targets at a distance equal to its flight range. On the other hand, even the significantly modernized control system of this projectile did not provide the required firing accuracy, and at the moment of reaching the specified range, the target might not fall into the viewing sector of the homing head. Thus, the problem of providing target designation became one of the main ones in the process of developing the first boat-based SCRC. For her permission, P.P. Pustyntsev and V.N. Chelomey first proposed placing one or two small-sized unmanned reconnaissance aircraft on each of the carriers of this complex. In terms of dimensions, these devices were supposed to be smaller than the P-6 anti-ship missiles and be placed two in a standard container. It was assumed that they would detect enemy ship groups and transmit information about them to the carrier.
During the design work, it was decided to abandon the use of unmanned reconnaissance aircraft. The task of providing target designation was assigned to special coastal-based aircraft with a long range (Tu-95RTs or Tu-16RTs), and the task of monitoring the target, clarifying coordinates, transmitting data to the carrier and missiles of the salvo was assigned to one of the missiles of this salvo. This decision led to the need to place on the ship two additional (compared to the nuclear submarine Project 659) antenna devices with the corresponding equipment. The first of them was called “Argument” and was located in the bow of the wheelhouse fence. It was intended for two-way communication with salvo missiles, adjusting their flight trajectory and distributing targets between them. The second device – “Success” – served to receive target designation from base aviation aircraft patrolling in the area of operation of the nuclear submarine. Its antenna post was located on one of the ship's PMUs.
In June 1958, TsKB-18 came up with a proposal to develop Project 675 based on additions to the TTZ for Project 659, which resulted from the need to install the P-6 anti-ship missile system. This proposal was supported by a joint decision of the Navy and the State Committee of the Council of Ministers for Shipbuilding. Technical project 675 was submitted to TsKB-18 for approval in October 1958. It was developed under the leadership of P.P. Pustyntsev and under the supervision of M.S. Fadeeva, and then V.N. Ivanova.
In contrast to the basic project, the nuclear submarine pr.675 was armed with P-6 anti-ship missile systems (if necessary, with P-5D strategic missile systems) and had eight (not six) TPKs, as well as a longer (by four meters) PC due to the introduction of an additional compartment, which housed the Argument and Success systems. In addition, the ship was supposed to receive the Kerch GAS (instead of the Arktika-M GAS). Initially, it was assumed that two bow containers would store exclusively P-6 anti-ship missiles, and six others would store either P-5D or P-6 missiles. In all other respects, the nuclear submarine Project 675 repeated the prototype and was also highly unified with the nuclear submarine Project 658 and Project 627A. Since by the time the Kerch SJSC was put into service (1967), most of the Project 675 ships had already been built, it was decided to equip them with the same hydroacoustic equipment as the Project 659 nuclear submarine. They received “standard” hydroacoustic weapons in the process of medium repairs or upgrades.
The nuclear submarine pr. 675 was developed by TsKB-18 under the leadership of P.P. Pustyntsev based on Project 659. It was intended to strike P-6 anti-ship missiles against moving surface ships and enemy vessels when operating on ocean and sea communications, as well as P-5D anti-ship missiles against coastal targets located deep in enemy territory.
The ship had a double-hull architecture, with a developed superstructure, fencing for retractable devices and a conning tower. The durable body was made of high-carbon steel AK-25 (22-35 mm thick). Along most of its length it was made in the shape of a cylinder, and at the ends - in the form of truncated cones. It was divided into 10 compartments by flat waterproof bulkheads designed for a pressure of 10 kg/cm2. The lightweight body was made of low-magnetic steel and lined with an anti-hydrolocation coating.
The central hospital was located in 16 tanks. Four of them were emergency ballast and served to restore the buoyancy of the boat with three flooded containers. Ventilation of all central city hospitals is separate. The kingstons and ventilation valves are controlled remotely using hydraulic drives. On the nuclear submarine pr. 675, three emergency venting columns of the Central City Hospital were installed (in the shelter compartments) (on the prototype there was one - in the central control room). The fast-acting valves of these columns were equipped with a bypass device that regulates the rate of pressure build-up in the emergency purge pipeline. The mass of fired missiles was replaced by receiving sea water into special durable tanks. The structures of the durable and outer hulls were designed taking into account the requirements of anti-nuclear protection.
The arrangement of durable transport and launch containers (TPC) was, in principle, the same as that of the prototype. However, they were combined not into three, but into four paired blocks (one block at the bow, one at the side and two at the stern of the wheelhouse fence). Each of the blocks was lifted by hydraulic lifts located in the second, fourth, sixth and eighth compartments. Moreover, each of the containers of the second block had its own lift and guides that ran along the fence of the wheelhouse. TPK was equipped with: fire extinguishing system; internal irrigation system; container air gas analysis system; ventilation, drying, gas purification and air pressure maintenance systems; heating system; external irrigation system; instruments for measuring temperature and pressure, as well as instruments for determining the level and presence of water. On the nose cover of the TPK there was a special antenna and equipment that made it possible to check the functionality of the missile's radar sight. The outer surfaces of the TPK were covered from above with fairings that formed one whole with the contours of the superstructure.
The P-6 (or P-5D) anti-aircraft missile system provided the ability for both single missile launches from any container and two four-missile salvoes with an interval of 12 minutes. At the same time, the possibility of firing various types of missiles during one ascent of the boat was excluded. The first salvo was fired from containers 4-3-7-8, and the second from containers 1-6-2-5. Both volleys were carried out according to the “cross to cross through block” pattern. The interval between them was determined by the time of pre-launch preparation of the missiles of the second salvo. To start, the containers were raised at an angle of 15°. Lifting and locking of containers, opening, closing and locking of their lids were carried out by hydraulic drives. The launch scheme provided for the emergency release of faulty missiles overboard using their starting engines. The submarine could dive at any stage of the pre-launch preparation of the missiles after closing the lids of all containers or with the lids of three containers open.
The control system of the P-6 PKRK solved the problems of controlling the flight of the missile and guiding it with the help of a radar sight to targets located both within the geometric visibility of the carrier and beyond it. If several targets were detected, it was possible to selectively destroy them by broadcasting a radar image from the cruise missile to the submarine and transmitting a command from the boat to the missile to select a target.
Determination of the bearing and range to the target was carried out by the ship's Argument equipment based on data received from reconnaissance equipment and from submarine navigation aids. The main antenna of the Argument system was a parabolic structure with an area of about 10 m2, with the radiators of the system’s transmitting path protruding approximately 1.5-2 m. This antenna was located in the conning tower fence on a rotating mast. In the non-working position, the antenna was automatically inserted into the fence by several successive operations, and the radome was the frontal part of the wheelhouse fence.
In 1963-1968. At SSZ-402 (from 1966 SMP) and SSZ-199 (from 1966 Shipyard named after Leninsky Komsomol) 29 ships of Project 675 were built. During operation, most of them underwent the following modernizations and re-equipment:
– Project 675MU - modernized submarine (K-28) with the replacement of the Argument system by the Argon system and the Success system by the Success-U system, developed in 1967 by the Rubin LPMB;
- Project 675K - modernized submarines (K-47 and K-125) for testing the Kasatka-B complex of the MKRTS system, developed in 1969 by the Rubin LPMB;
– Project 675MK - modernized submarines (K-23, K-56, K-57, K-94, K-104, K-128, K-175, K-184 and K-189) with replacement of the P-6 complex the "Basalt" complex, the "Argument" system - the "Argon-K" system, as well as with the installation of the "Kasatka-B" complex of the MKRTS system (instead of the "Success" target designation system), developed in 1975. LPMB "Rubin";
- Project 675MKV - modernized submarines (K-1, K-22, K-34 and K-35) with the replacement of the P-6 complex with the Vulcan complex, the Argument system with the Argon-KV system, as well as installation of the “Kasatka-B” complex of the MCRTs system (instead of the “Success” target designation system), developed in 1980 by the Rubin LPMB;
- Project 675NK - converted submarine (K-170) into a carrier of ultra-small submarines, developed in 1977. SPMBM "Malachite".
The nuclear submarine pr.675, located in a given area, after receiving a combat order to use missile weapons, surfaced to periscope depth and established contact with a reconnaissance and target designation aircraft, which transmitted data about surface targets. These data were entered into the ship's SCRC control system. After assessing the probability of hitting the intended target, the boat was put on a combat course, and pre-launch preparation of the anti-ship missiles began. To carry out missile firing, it floated to the surface. After lifting the rocket using a hydraulic drive to an angle of 15°, the covers were opened, the missile propulsion engines were launched and put into flight mode.
After the submarine surfaced, it took three minutes to prepare the first salvo of missiles before launch. During pre-launch preparation, the boat could interrupt it at any time and begin diving with the lids of no more than three containers open. Blowing through the emergency ballast tanks provided for these purposes compensated for the loss of buoyancy of the ship in a submerged position when sailing with flooded containers. Firing was carried out in two salvoes of four missiles each with an interval of 12 minutes between salvos. After the launch of the last rocket, the antenna device of the Argument system installed in the forward part of the wheelhouse fence was deployed into the working position (180°). The flight control of each anti-ship missile in the salvo relative to the firing plane was carried out by one operator using bearing marks on the radar indicator. When the missile reached its estimated range, at the command of the operators, the radar sights and radio channel transmitters were turned on to broadcast the information received by the sights.
After the target was captured by the anti-ship missile radar sight, it, at the operator’s command, was switched to homing mode. If necessary, it was possible to selectively hit a target by transmitting a radar image of targets from the anti-ship missile system to the boat and transmitting a command from the ship to select a target. After the end of the telecontrol mode, the SSGN submerged, and the missiles descended and flew up to targets at low altitude, having contact with them using a homing head. It was possible to strike 12 anti-ship missiles from various carriers. The effectiveness of the Project 675 nuclear submarine was low due to the surface launch of missiles and the need to control them in flight. In addition, the small number of anti-ship missiles in a salvo and the long firing range made them vulnerable to enemy missile defense systems.
In 1961-1968. 29 ships of Project 675 were built in Molotovsk (Severodvinsk) and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. It is interesting that the lead boat of the series - K-175 (production No. 171) - was laid down in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, where there was experience in building nuclear submarines of Project 659. However, K-166 (production No. 530) was the first to be commissioned. , ordered by SSZ-402. The technology for constructing the nuclear submarines of Project 675 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur was the same as that of the ships of Project 659: after the hull was fully formed, they were taken out of boathouse No. 3 and lowered into the water along inclined guides, with the log to its edge. In Molotovsk, construction was carried out in exactly the same way as the construction of the nuclear submarine pr.658, and on the same technological “threads” of workshop No. 50. With the start of construction of ships Project 675 at TsKB-18 under the leadership of P.P. Pustyntsev began work on Project 675M. This ship was supposed to be armed with 10 P-6 anti-ship missiles, whose TPKs were supposed to be combined into four blocks (two aft built). It was planned to use liquid metal materials of a new modification as the main power plant. These works were not continued because in the mid-60s, preference began to be given to anti-ship missiles with underwater launch.
Basic TTE
Displacement, t:
– normal.4450
– underwater 5760
Main dimensions, m:
– maximum length 115.4
– maximum body width 9.3
– average draft 7.9
Buoyancy reserve, % 27
Architectural and structural type double-hull
Immersion depth, m 300
Autonomy, days 90
Crew, people 104
Power plant:
– atomic type
PPU:
– quantity x type (brand) YAR 2 xVVR (VM-A)
– total thermal power of nuclear reactors, mW 140
Vocational school:
– quantity x power (brand) GTZA, hp. 2 x (GTZA-601) 17,500
– TG type. mounted
– quantity x power (brand) TG, kW 2 x (GPM-21) 1400
– number x type of propulsors 2 x fixed propellers
Backup energy sources and means of propulsion:
– quantity x power (brand) of diesel generator, kW. 2 x 460 (M-820)
– AB type. lead-acid (38-CM)
– number of groups AB x elements in a group 3 x 112
– quantity x power of the motor on the shaft line, kW. 2 x 450
Cruising range under propulsion propulsion (at cruising speed, knots), miles. 500 (5-6)
Travel speed, knots:
– highest surface 14
– largest underwater 23
Armament:
Rocket:
– name of the complex P-5D or P-6
– ammunition (type) PKR 8 (P-5D or P-6)
– surface view of the launch, from raised rocket launchers
– fire control and target guidance system “Argument”
– preparation and launch system “Sever D-675”
– control system based on data from aircraft. "Success"
Torpedo:
– quantity x caliber TA, mm 4 (N) x 533
– ammunition (type) of torpedoes 4 (53-65M or 53-65K)
– quantity x caliber TA, mm 2 (K) x 400
– ammunition (type) of torpedoes 6 (SET-40 or MGT-1)
– PUTS “Ladoga”
Radioelectronic:
– NK “Sila-N-675”
– celestial navigation system “Lira-11”
– GLS-ShPS “Arktika-M”
– ShPS all-round view MG-10
– GLS mine detection “Plutonium”
– GAS ZPS “Sviyaga”
– GAS OGS “Svet-M”
– SJSC “Kerch” (MGK-100)
– GISZ “Beresta-M” (MG-23)
– Radar "Albatross" (RLK-101)
– KSS “Molniya”
– identification station “Chrome-M”
– SORS “Nakat-M”
– echo sounder NEL-5
– radio direction finder ARP-53 or AVP-53R
– anti-aircraft periscope, with navigation device PZNG-10
– periscope PR-14
The monograph collects and systematizes the publicly published works of specialists related to the design, construction and operation of domestic boats after the end of World War II and until the collapse of the Soviet Union. It describes all projects, including unrealized ones, talks about the history of their creation, technical features and all modernizations, as well as foreign analogues. In addition, a brief assessment of the tactical properties is given. Appearance diagrams, longitudinal sections of projects and each of their modifications are presented. The monograph also contains information about all domestic boats built during this period. Data is provided on their names, serial numbers, dates of construction, decommissioning and exclusion from the fleet lists, as well as the most important stages of operation. The most typical accidents and disasters are described.
Modernization of project 675
Modernization of project 675
During the construction period, the nuclear submarine Project 675 was recognized, at least by the Soviet command, as a force capable of effectively fighting naval groups of a potential enemy. At the same time, their significant drawback was the lack of shipborne radio equipment that would provide reliable target designation over the full flight range of the P-6 missile. It was obvious that the use of reconnaissance aircraft for these purposes could not be effective for a number of reasons: the accuracy of determining the coordinates of detected targets in the open ocean; in terms of the efficiency of communicating the received data to the SCRC carriers and in terms of low combat stability. Despite this, in 1964 the maritime radar target designation system MRTS-1 (“Success”), based on Tu-95RTs aircraft, was put into service.
As an alternative, in June 1960, the development of a naval space reconnaissance and target designation system (MCRS) began. This system, as they say, was created with a long-range view. On the one hand, it was designed to ensure the combat use of the P-6 complex in service, and on the other, promising complexes with an even greater firing range. Such a complex was the “Basalt” with a missile flight range of about 500 km, which was put into service in 1975 - almost simultaneously with the adoption of the MCRC system. The first modernization of the Project 675 nuclear submarine was precisely related to the study of the possibility of their deployment, as well as operation on these ships.
In particular, in LPMB "Rubin" Project 675MU was developed in 1967 to accommodate a prototype of the fire control and target guidance system "Argon" of the "Basalt" complex, and to accommodate the ship's digital computer complex "Kasatka-B" MCRC - in 1969, project 675K. The first of the projects almost completely repeated the prototype. It only changed some of the antennas of the main antenna post of the Argument system, as well as fire control and target guidance devices. In the Basalt complex they were made not on the basis of SKVT (as in the P-6 complex), but on the basis of transistor circuits. Thanks to this, not only did the efficiency of the system increase, but the weight and size characteristics of its devices were reduced. For modernization on Project 675MU, K-28 was allocated. Formally, the work was carried out from October 1968 to January 1975. Based on its volume, the period seems quite long. However, it includes not only the modernization itself (carried out at SRZ-10 in the city of Polyarny), but also tests of the Argon system, as well as the Success-U complex, which replaced the Success complex.
The modernization of Project 675K required a much larger volume of work. The solution to the problem was made easier by the fact that in December 1965 the diesel-electric submarine K-81 Project 651K was transferred to the fleet, on which an experimental model of the Kasatka complex was installed. As installation and testing showed, the equipment and service mechanisms excessively cluttered the ship's compartments, which made it difficult to use in combat and everyday operation. It seemed that on the nuclear submarine pr. 675, thanks to their internal volumes and disproportionately large energy capacities, this problem could be successfully overcome. But that did not happen. The fact is that the modernization of Project 675K involved testing the Kasatka-B complex. It differed from its predecessor in that it was capable of solving an expanded range of problems, but although it was built on the basis of a more advanced computer, it had a larger instrumentation. As a result, it had to be “crowded” among the instrumentation of the Argument fire control and target guidance system. A considerable problem was caused by the placement of the antenna post, equipment and instruments of the Kasatka-B complex. As on the ship pr. 651K, the antenna post was stored in a durable shaft, mounted instead of the PMU of the “Success” system in the fencing of the wheelhouse and retractable devices. Its mechanisms had to be located in the hold of the fourth compartment, which was already cluttered. To accommodate the instrumentation, a special enclosure with an autonomous cooling and air conditioning system was installed on the lower deck of the third compartment (at the expense of the officers’ and midshipmen’s cabins). On Project 675K, from April 1970 to September 1974, K-47 and K-125 were modernized at the Zvezdochka MP in Severodvinsk.
The third modernization of the nuclear submarine Project 675 is associated with the replacement of the P-6 complex with the Basalt complex and received the index 675MK. Its project in 1975 was developed at LPMB Rubin. At the same time, the designers solved the same problems as in previous modernization projects: replacing the fire control and target guidance system “Argument” with the “Argon-K” system and placing the ship’s digital computing complex “Kasatka-B” MCRC. In addition, it was necessary to ensure the storage and combat use of the P-500 anti-ship missiles, which had greater weight and size characteristics compared to the P-6 missiles. For this purpose, the length and internal diameter of the containers were increased (by moving the frames to the outer surfaces). At the same time, a fairly large amount of work had to be completed. In particular, all TPKs were removed from the ships. After this, the outer fairings and all the frames were cut off on each of the containers (and in a strictly defined order), as well as the systems for daily and pre-launch maintenance of rockets (fire extinguishing, internal irrigation, gas analysis of container air, ventilation, drying, gas purification and maintaining air pressure, heating, outdoor irrigation, etc.). Then additional rings (to increase their length) and external frames (to increase the internal volume) were welded into the ends of the containers, and all systems for the daily and pre-launch maintenance of the rocket were re-installed.
Since the mass of the TPK has increased, the special hydraulic system had to be modernized accordingly. In addition, before the modernization of some of the ships, it turned out that their lightweight hulls, made of low-magnetic steel, had a large amount of corrosion cracking, and they had to be completely redone with the replacement of low-magnetic steel with high-carbon steel.
In total, from the end of October 1972 to November 1986, nine nuclear submarines were modernized on Project 675MK. Of these, two (K-104 and K-128) were part of the Northern Fleet, and the remaining seven units (K-23, K-56, K-57, K-175, K-184, K-189 and K-204) were part of the Pacific Fleet. It is interesting that the K-204, for example, was put into medium repair at the end of October 1972, which did not involve any modernization. However, this repair took so long that after the Basalt complex was put into service, it was decided to equip this ship with it.
The fourth modernization of the nuclear submarine pr. 675 is associated with the replacement of the P-6 complex with the Vulcan complex and received the index 675MKV. Its project in 1980 was developed at LPMB Rubin. At the same time, the designers continued to solve the same problems as in previous modernization projects: replacing the Argument fire control and target guidance system with the Argon-KV system and placing the ship's digital computing complex Kasatka-B of the MCRC. In addition, it was necessary to ensure the storage and combat use of the P-1000 anti-ship missiles, which had greater weight and size characteristics compared to the P-6 missiles. At the same time, it was necessary to take into account not only the increased weight and size characteristics of the anti-ship missiles of the Vulcan complex, but also the specifics of the operation of their launch accelerators. Unlike the launch units of the P-500 rocket, they used a fundamentally new fuel, created on the basis of powdered aluminum.
This circumstance created very serious problems. The fact is that the P-1000 PKR starting boosters during operation almost completely destroyed the systems and structures of the TPK, as well as the gas ejectors in the superstructure, despite the fact that the designers of the Rubin LPMB, when developing the 675MKV project, calculated this problem. As a result, it was decided to line the internal surfaces of the containers with tiles made of special fire-resistant steels, which covered not only the TPK structures, but also all systems for daily and pre-launch maintenance of missiles. Only one guide remained open. The issue of strengthening the structures of superstructures and gas traps was more difficult to resolve. Since the launches of the PKR-1000 as part of the flight design tests were carried out from a ground stand, it was not possible to identify all the consequences of the impact of the operation of the new launch boosters on the carrier structure.
However, even before the completion of this stage of testing, two ships were delivered for repair and modernization on Project 675MKV - K-1 (from the Northern Fleet) and K-134 (from the Pacific Fleet). They were supposed to not only complete tests of the Vulcan complex, but also to work out constructive measures aimed at preventing the harmful effects of gas jets from launch accelerators on superstructures and gas exhaust shafts. At the same time, it was planned to identify the possibility of placing the Vulcan complex on surface ships, and in particular on cruisers of Project 1164.
On K-1, work was carried out from February 1981 to December 1983. After their completion, 18 launches of PKR-1000 were carried out from on board this ship, in the White Sea, as part of flight design tests of the Vulcan complex, from of which 10 were considered successful. As it turned out, the design form and design of the gas traps did not meet the requirements for them. During the launch of the missiles, the sheets of their casing literally scattered in different directions. They had to be strengthened and the shape of the gas traps themselves had to be changed. In this case, new fire-resistant materials were used. In December 1985, the K-1 was put into service. By this time, the modernization of the K-134 had been completed, and two more ships being modernized - K-22 and K-35 (both from the Northern Fleet) - were in varying degrees of technical readiness. It’s interesting that at that time the Vulcan complex had not yet been put into service, and problems with the structural strength of gas eliminators were never fully resolved. As a result, the K-22 and K-35 entered service with their different shapes. At the same time, the surfaces of superstructures, fences and gas traps exposed to gas jets from the starting accelerators were each time lined with new fire-resistant materials.
The Project 675MKV nuclear submarines also had a number of design features that significantly distinguished them from other Project 675 boats of various modifications. Among them, first of all, we can highlight the system of irrigation with sea water of the external surfaces of the ship’s superstructure, the presence of the “Sluice” space navigation system (ADK-ZM) and the “Strela-3” MANPADS in the armament. On K-1, a durable fender, designed for six air defense missiles, was mounted in the fence of a strong deckhouse. On the remaining boats modernized according to Project 675MKV, the number of such fenders was increased to three. One of them, as before, was located in the enclosure of the strong deckhouse, and the other two were under the superstructure deck (in the area of the exit hatches). Ultimately, all these innovations led to the fact that the ship compartments (especially the bow ones) turned out to be overly loaded with mechanisms, equipment and instruments, which worsened the conditions of their daily operation and combat use.
Initially, it was planned to modernize according to Project 675MKV all ships of Project 675 that retained their original weapons. However, when the Vulcan complex was put into service (in October 1987), the fleet allocated only six boats for these purposes. The full scope of work was carried out only on four of the already mentioned ships. Moreover, on all of them, as in the case of some boats modernized according to Project 675MK, the light hull had to be completely changed. The last of them was K-22, in December 1990. The ships allocated but not modernized included the Pacific K-7 and K-10. Both of them were delivered to the plant in mid-1985, but no work was carried out on them - at first there were not enough Vulcan complexes (the industry simply did not have time to manufacture them), and then, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, they disappeared along with the funding and the military necessity of it.
Standing apart from all the nuclear submarines of Project 675 is the K-170, which underwent conversion according to Project 675N - into a carrier into a carrier of ultra-small submarines. The project for this re-equipment was developed in 1977 at SPMBM Malachite. Almost nothing was reported about him in the open press. It is only known that during the conversion process, all missile and torpedo weapons, as well as the equipment supporting them, were removed from the ship. In the area of the fourth, fifth and sixth compartments, a seat for one special-purpose nuclear boat was installed (most likely, we are talking about PLSMASN pr. 1851), and three thrusters were installed at the ends and middle part of the hull. K-170 underwent re-equipment between 1978 and December 1984.
This submarines lucky with an abundance of nicknames. Because of their noise, NATO experts called them “ Echo II"(Echo II), and the Soviet ones - "roaring cow". Design submarines was unusual. The missiles were installed horizontally, and the launch containers were raised before launch. For this ability the submarine was nicknamed " folding bed».
Project 675 nuclear submarines belonged to the first generation, but despite this they carried out their tasks until the 20th century.
In the 1950s, the Cold War was seen as a prelude to the almost inevitable real war. The old colonial system was falling apart. The countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, one after another, emerging from the tutelage of the colonial powers, sought help and protection from the Soviet Union. The USSR, the United States and its allies simply could not come to terms with the global hegemony of the USSR, especially since at that time the lag of the “Soviets” in the field of nuclear arsenals was very noticeable. The United States is finally becoming the main weapon in the struggle for world domination in the post-war period. The very appearance of only one such giant anywhere on the globe influenced the balance of power in the region. It is always reliably guarded by a group of about a dozen security ships, which includes cruisers, frigates, destroyers and nuclear submarines. The main indicator of the security of an aircraft carrier strike group is the depth of air and missile defense. In the 50s, the United States took enhanced measures to improve the protection of its aircraft carriers. Thanks to new products, the depth has increased to 300 km. It was obvious that a rival country that was unable to inflict damage on the enemy’s main striking force was doomed to defeat. The USSR had to develop an effective means of combating aircraft carriers.
The creation of anti-ship missile systems hastily began in the USSR, under the personal supervision of N. S. Khrushchev, who relied on missiles. In the Design Bureau under the leadership of V.N. Chelomey created the P-6 cruise missile with a maximum range of 300 km. This missile is capable of hitting targets with a high-yield nuclear or high-explosive fragmentation warhead. On August 17, 1956, a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued on the start of development nuclear submarine 675 project equipped with P-6 anti-ship missiles and P-5M strategic cruise missiles capable of hitting coastal targets. The design of the nuclear-powered ship began at the design bureau " Ruby"under the leadership of chief designer P. P. Pustyntsev. As always, there was no time for the construction and full development of the original ship, so the Project 651 diesel submarine armed with four missiles was taken as the basis. The submarine's power plant consisted of two reactors. Just like the steam-producing turbine installation belonged to the first generation, but by the time the 675th project was built, their operation had already been completed nuclear submarine project 627. The reactors served for 25 years without any problems, except for the accident at Soviet submarine « ».
Construction missile carriers unfolded in Severodvinsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Already in October 1963 first submarine K-166 became part of the USSR Navy. A total of 29 were built nuclear submarine Episode 675 who served in the Northern Fleet and the Pacific Fleet. The submarines were on duty in the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and took part in research expeditions.
nuclear submarines 675 project photo
nuclear submarine "Echo II" according to NATO classification
launch of a cruise missile from a Project 675 submarine
modifications of project 675: 675MK, 675MU, 675MKV
Project 675 submarines have long been decommissioned
According to the engineers' plan, eight missiles were launched on the surface from containers that rose at an angle of 14 degrees. To make the first launch from the moment of ascent, it took only 3 minutes until the missile's homing head captured the target. The cruise missile was guided by an operator with submarines. A large control antenna array was located in front of the wheelhouse on a rotating mast. To place the antenna, the designers came up with an unusual solution: to bring the antenna into a combat position, the front part of the wheelhouse rotated 180 degrees. In case of danger Submarine could dive with three open containers, but still, after a missile salvo, the probability of the submarine being destroyed by the enemy was close to 100 percent.
It was believed that these submarines disposable. Initially, Project 675 submarines were created as part of a single complex. It was clear that without the latest search and target systems, actions submarines could not be effective. The designers developed a unique reconnaissance strike system, which included reconnaissance assets, weapons and their carriers, sea and air. For the first time in the world they received an “all-seeing eye”. Now she could survey almost the entire world ocean and coastal areas.
Initial targeting was carried out by aviation using Tu-16 and Tu-95 target designation aircraft. Thanks to the long flight range of the Tu-95, submarine“saw” at a distance of 7500 km. The complex made it possible to destroy surface and coastal targets simultaneously with twelve cruise missiles from various carriers, overcoming the air defense of US carrier strike formations. In addition to submarines 675 project, for the first time in world practice, the possibility of selectively destroying enemy warships that were part of formations using salvo rocket fire was realized. Later, when nuclear submarines were equipped with space communications equipment to receive target designations from a satellite, they surfaced to periscope depth, received a target and prepared to fire. At the very last moment SSGN floated to the surface and launched the rocket within 15 minutes. It took about 30 minutes to launch a rocket in two salvos. The salvo was limited to four missiles due to the impossibility of completely removing the powder gases. In subsequent modifications submarines 675 of the project, the deficiency was eliminated. The rocket was traveling at an altitude of 7 km at a speed twice the speed of sound and was no longer large by the standards of those years; even a fighter could shoot it down.
On these submarines there were other shortcomings - surface launch, imperfect missiles, high noise, but despite them, Project 675 submarines gave a certain advantage to the Soviet fleet in the fight against large enemy warships. Their main goal was.
nuclear submarine 675 project were quite noisy at high speeds, but despite this, the submarines performed well in real combat conditions. In 1967, one of the submarines K-135 carried out continuous monitoring for 5.5 hours American submarine « Patrick Genre"And this is just one example.
Submarines Project 675 became, perhaps, the most modernized among. Equipment and missile systems were changed. The P-6 missiles were replaced by the more advanced P-500 complex " Basalt" Project 675 MKV nuclear submarines envisaged the use of "class" cruise missiles. Volcano" Modernization, on the one hand, provided a greater possibility of defeating the enemy and a greater likelihood of survival for the crew, on the other.
It is no secret that in the field of automation, electronics and telemetry, the USSR seriously lagged behind Western countries. Exactly on nuclear submarine Project 675 depended little on automation. Soviet submariners they said that this made their submarines much more reliable and greatly increased the survivability of the underwater ship. Breakdowns did happen, because even the most reliable equipment breaks down, but the simplicity of the design allowed the crew to fix most of them right on the voyage, and the phenomenal survivability of the submarines often saved lives submariners.
From their predecessors nuclear submarine 675 project received fairly good surface buoyancy, and the crew felt confident on the surface. But the living conditions of personnel on these submarines, as on diesel submarines, remained quite heavy. Places for most of the rest at the same time submariners was not provided. Only 2/3 of the sailors could sleep, the rest were on combat duty. Such conditions were abnormal, so in subsequent modifications, in order to increase the number of berths, they even reduced armament. During the Cold War, crews SSGN 675 of the project were almost never at home. The operating time reached 180 days per year. Much was demanded from Soviet submariners, because they were the ones at the “edge of attack”, in other words, they were the force that held back the threat of the third world war.
Massive noisy submarines managed to pass unnoticed into the Mediterranean Sea through the narrow throat of the Strait of Gibraltar. Moreover, they made such passes regularly. Thanks to the “dominance” of Soviet submariners in the Mediterranean Sea, by default it belonged to the USSR for several decades.
Tasks submarines Project 675 were the most difficult. First of all, this is goal management. Submarine had to always be close to her surface charge. Both Soviet and American sailors tried to demonstrate skill, courage and audacity. Soviet submariners more than once gave cause for concern and even outright fear. In 1966, Israel could have been wiped off the face of the earth. But submarine K-172 single-handedly overcame a barrier consisting of three attack aircraft carriers, several dozen warships and torpedo ships and was ready to fire a salvo of P-6 missiles with nuclear warheads with a yield of almost a megaton.
The historical transition of two nuclear submarine 675 projects from the Northern Fleet bases to Kamchatka. The submarines sailed around Eurasia from the south, at a distance of 60 miles from each other, regularly approaching each other to communicate via VHF or underwater sound communication channel. After almost six months of long-distance autonomous navigation, we safely reached the shores of Kamchatka and entered Avachya Bay. The crews were awarded orders and medals, five participants were awarded the title " Hero of the Soviet Union", A submarine for the first time received the title " guards"in peacetime. But it should be emphasized that almost all trips SSGN 675 projects were no less distant and no less dangerous.
Combat services, maneuvers, transitions - a lot of salt and fresh water has flown under the bridge since then. Submarines
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