Tasks 4. Geoecological problems
Global climate change can lead to the melting of ice caps and, as a result, the level of the World Ocean. Which of the following Russian cities could suffer the most in the event of such a development?
1) Kemerovo
2) Kaliningrad
3) Novosibirsk
Unfavorable climatic phenomena such as droughts, hot winds and dust storms significantly complicate the economic use of the territory. For which of the listed territories of Russia are they most typical?
1) Kirov region
2) Kamchatka region
3) Astrakhan region
4) Komi Republic
Permafrost affects human economic activities: mining, construction of roads and buildings. In which of the listed regions of Russia is it necessary to take into account the consequences of permafrost thawing?
1) Samara region
2) Krasnoyarsk region
3) Rostov region
4) Chuvash Republic
4. Global climate change can lead to the melting of ice caps and, as a result, an increase in the level of the World Ocean. Which of the following Russian cities could suffer the most in the event of such a development?
1) Smolensk
2) Ekaterinburg
3) Arkhangelsk
4) Novosibirsk
Seismicity and underwater volcanism are closely related to the danger of huge sea waves - tsunamis, which threaten the territories of coastal cities and populated areas. In which of the listed territories of Russia is the work of special services required to warn the population about a tsunami?
1) Chukotka Peninsula
2) Kola Peninsula
3) Kuril Islands
4) Novaya Zemlya archipelago
For the safety of people in earthquake-prone areas, a special construction technology is used. In which of the following regions is it necessary to carry out earthquake-resistant construction?
1) Tula region
2) Smolensk region
3) Leningrad region
4) Sakhalin region
Unfavorable climatic phenomena such as droughts, hot winds and dust storms significantly complicate the economic use of the territory. Which of the following territories are they most typical for?
1) Republic of Kalmykia
2) Perm region
3) Khabarovsk region
4) Republic of Karelia
For many countries, monitoring of volcanic activity and the work of services to alert the population about upcoming volcanic eruptions are relevant. For which of the following countries is constant monitoring of volcanic activity important?
1) Finland
2) Iceland
4) Australia
Mudflow is a mud or mud-stone flow, characterized by destructive power and sudden occurrence. In which of the listed regions of Russia is the occurrence of mudflows most likely?
1) Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
2) Smolensk region
3) Republic of Kalmykia
4) Kaliningrad region
Earthquakes are natural disasters that often affect people. Timely notification of the population by special services can prevent the catastrophic consequences of earthquakes. In which of the following countries are such special services required?
1) Australia
2) Mexico
3) Ireland
4) Netherlands
Seismicity and underwater volcanism are closely related to the danger of huge sea waves - tsunamis, which threaten the territories of coastal cities and populated areas. In which of the listed regions of Russia is the work of special services needed to warn the population about the approaching tsunami?
1) Transbaikal region
2) Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
3) Primorsky Krai
4) Arkhangelsk region
Seismicity and underwater volcanism are closely related to the danger of huge sea waves - tsunamis, which threaten the territories of coastal cities and populated areas. Which of the following countries requires the work of special services to warn the population about the approaching tsunami?
2) Bulgaria
3) Turkmenistan
4) Philippines
13. Snow avalanches are one of the most formidable and dangerous natural phenomena. In which of the listed regions of Russia do snow avalanches pose the greatest danger?
1) Chuvash Republic
2) Kaliningrad region
3) Arkhangelsk region
4) Republic of North Ossetia - Alania
Floods are natural disasters that affect people living on the banks of rivers. On which of the following rivers do floods most often occur in the summer?
Earthquakes are natural disasters that often affect people. Timely notification of the population by special services can prevent catastrophic consequences. In which of the following countries are such special services required?
1) Finland
3) Netherlands
1. In which ocean is the Mariana Trench located? 1) Indian 2) Pacific 3) Atlantic 4) Arctic. 2. Which of the renumerical sea currents operating in the Pacific Ocean?
1) Gulf Stream 2) Brazilian 3) Guinean 4) Kuroshio.
3. Sable is an animal living in a natural area:
1) steppes 2) taiga 3) deserts 4) tundra
4. One of the main modern types of human economic activity in the tundra is:
1) logging 2) mining 3) raising livestock 4) growing grain
5. Among the listed closed lakes are:
1) Baikal 2) Victoria 3) Chad 4) Onega.
6. Which island has the maximum average annual precipitation?
1) Iceland 2) Kalimantan 3) Madagascar 4) Tasmania.
7.What mineral deposits are confined to ancient platforms?
1) oil 2) iron ores 3) copper ores 4) polymetallic ores
8.Which of the listed travelers made a great contribution to the discovery and study of Africa?
1) I. Moskvitin 2) D. Cook 3) D. Livingston 4) F. Magellan
9. Moderate maritime climate is typical for:
1) Sumatra Islands 2) Iberian Peninsula 3) Great Britain 4) Yucatan Peninsula
10.Which of the listed mountain systems is the longest?
1) Cordillera 2) Urals 3) Alps 4) Appalachians
11.Which peninsula has monsoons throughout the year?
1) Labrador 2) Alaska 3) Indochina 4) Somalia
12. Which of the following natural zones is characterized by the largest number of rodents?
1) taiga 2) tundra and forest-tundra 3) steppes 4) semi-deserts and deserts
13.Which of the listed rivers has a large number of rapids?
1) Volga 2) Amazon 3) Congo 4) Mississippi
14. A sign of a marine climate type is:
1) summer is dry and hot 2) winter is wet and warm 3) large amplitude of temperature fluctuations
15. Oak, myrtle, wild olive - representatives of the natural area:
1) equatorial forests2) hard-leaved forests3) tropical deserts 4) deciduous forests
1) Cordillera 2) Andes 3) Himalayas 4) Alps.
17.Which continent is the hottest:
1) Africa 2) Australia 3) South America 4) North America
18. Southernmost point of Africa:
1) Cape Agulhas 2) Cape of Good Hope 3) Cape Almadi 4) Cape Ras Hafun.
19. Climatic zone of Africa with pronounced seasonality: dry winter and wet summer:
1) equatorial 2) subequatorial 3) tropical 4) subtropical.
20.The saltiest sea belongs to the basin:
1) Pacific Ocean 2) Atlantic Ocean 3) Pacific Ocean 4) Arctic Ocean
Part B
1. Distribution of climate zones in Africa in order of decreasing density of the river network:
1) equatorial 2) tropical 3) subequatorial.
2. Match.
Natural zone: Climatic zone:
1. Rainforests a) subtropical
2. Savannah b) tropical
3. Deserts c) subequatorial
d) equatorial.
3. Distribute the southern continents as their area increases:
1) Antarctica 2) Africa 3) South America 4) Australia.
Part C
1. Why is the highest point in Africa - the Kilimanjaro volcano - located within the platform, and not
folded area, like on other continents?
2. Are there glaciers in Africa, and if so, in what part of the continent?
3. Why do platforms usually have plains?
1) In which of the following countries does the majority of the population profess Catholicism: Ukraine; Netherlands; Italy; Greece; Philippines;Indonesia; Sudan; Argentina?
Which of the following peoples belong to the Indo-European family of languages: Chinese, Hindustani, Russians, Japanese, 1. With which of the listed states does Russia have a maritime border? 1) Latvia 2) USA 3) Azerbaijan 4) Estonia 2. The extreme northern point of Russia which of the following rocks is metamorphic in origin1) pumice2) marble3) pebbles4) gypsum in humid equatorial forestsSouth America 1) there is a dry and wet season of the year 2) the vegetation contains many vines of ferns 3) chestnut soils predominate 4) eucalyptus trees predominate in the tree layer
Which of the following countries has the highest average population density1) Canada2) Japan3) Algeria4) Brazil
Which of the following countries has the highest GDP per capita1) Belgium2) Algeria3) Morocco4) Argentina
Which of the following countries does Russia border on the Amur River1) Kyrgyzstan2) Mongolia3) Kazakhstan4) China
in which of the listed regions of Russia are the agroclimatic conditions most favorable for growing sugar beets and corn1) Komi Republic2) Vologda region3) Tver region4) Voronezh region
Which of the following types of minerals is mined in the Volga region1) copper ores2) iron ores3) oil4) coal
in the supply of which of the listed types of products to the world market does Russia have a particularly large share1) semiconductors2) cars3) ships4) metals
If the risk was great, a person either refused to use floodplain lands or tried to reduce the danger by building simple protective structures. Sooner or later, these protective measures turned out to be insufficient and the person again faced the need to choose. Human activities leading to floods. Man has struggled with floods throughout his entire existence, and many such natural disasters have occurred over its centuries-old history.
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Plan:
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..3
1. Types and causes of floods………………………………………….4
2. Examples of floods in Russia and the world……………………………..8
3. Problems of floods and safety of hydraulic structures.12
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………14
List of references………………………………………………………15
Introduction.
It is well known that the state, development and vital activity of the biosphere and human society are directly dependent on the state of water resources, but water does not always play a positive role in the functioning of all living things. Unfortunately, sometimes it becomes a powerful element capable of destroying everything in its path.
For many centuries, humanity, making incredible efforts to protect against floods, cannot succeed in this matter. On the contrary, flood damage continues to increase with each passing century. Catastrophic floods and floods quite often occur on the rivers of our country. Vast areas of agricultural land, towns and cities are flooded. Livestock and crops are dying, transport arteries and bridges, residential buildings and industrial structures are being destroyed. Sometimes people die.
Severe floods occur almost every year. Some arise as a result of the rapid melting of heavy snow that covered vast drainage areas, others due to heavy and prolonged rainfall, and others as a result of surge winds that prevent rivers from flowing into their terminal basins.
Catastrophic river floods are perhaps the most significant natural hazard. For centuries and millennia, people have intuitively assessed the risk of floods - they have compared the benefits of developing coastal areas with the potential consequences of their flooding. If the risk was great, people either refused to use floodplain lands or tried to reduce the danger by building simple protective structures. Sooner or later, these protective measures turned out to be insufficient, and the person again faced the need to choose.
1. Types and causes of floods.
Nowadays, rivers have acquired importance as a source of energy, irrigation, industrial water supply, a receiver of wastewater, and also as a place of mass recreation, tourism and sports. A flood is the intense inundation of a large area with water above annual levels, one of the natural disasters. Occurs during floods, floods, and dam and dam breaks.
A flood is a relatively prolonged rise in water levels in rivers; which repeats annually in the same season and is accompanied by a high and prolonged rise of water, usually its exit from the channel onto the floodplain. During floods, structures in river floodplains are damaged, banks are washed away, and sometimes valuable agricultural land is covered with sand. The greatest floods lead to floods, which are considered natural disasters.
Flood is an intense, relatively short-term rise in the water level in a river, caused by heavy rains, downpours, and sometimes rapid melting of snow during thaws. Unlike floods, floods can occur several times a year. A particular threat is posed by the so-called flash floods associated with short-term but very intense downpours, which also occur in winter due to thaws.
Natural causes of flooding include:
A) Spring-summer melting of snow and glaciers in drainage areas. Such floods can be predicted by season, and based on snow reserves - also approximately by height and duration. It should be borne in mind that the correlation between snow reserves and flood height is not that high. With relatively small snow reserves, a friendly spring can lead to a large flood. The condition of the underlying rocks (frozen or not) on which the snow cover is located is also important. And vice versa, with large snow reserves, but not frozen soils and an extended spring, when frosts alternate with thaws, the snow in the catchment areas “rots” to a large extent, preventing runoff.
B) Heavy rains. Here, in the sense of a forecast, we can only talk about a flood season, and in the form of a short-term warning - about calendar dates, approximately - about the duration and height of the expected increase in level. In the climatic conditions of Russia, such rises in level are widespread in the monsoons of the Far East, in the southwest of the European territory of the country, in the rivers of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, etc. It should be noted the peculiarity of the Caucasian rivers, high floods on which can be observed at any time of the year. In mountainous mudflow-prone areas, floods may be accompanied by the movement of water erosion products, as well as bottom sediments, along river valleys.
B) Wind surges of water. They appear on the coasts of reservoirs and in the lower reaches of rivers flowing into these reservoirs. In terms of timing, they are not predictable; in some cases, we can talk about seasons when surges are generally observed more often and are of greater height. In general, we can only talk about a probabilistic description of the height and duration of surge water rises, which can vary greatly along different sections of the coast. On the coasts of marginal seas one has to reckon with the combined manifestation of surge and tidal level rises.
D) Congestion. Congestion - clogging of the riverbed by a stationary ice cover and accumulation of ice floes during the spring ice drift in narrowings and bends of the river bed, restricting the flow and causing a rise in the water level in the place of ice accumulation and above it. Jam floods form at the end of winter or early spring, and arise due to the non-simultaneous opening of large rivers flowing from south to north. The exposed southern sections of the river in its course are being dammed accumulation of ice in the northern regions, which often causes a significant increase in water levels. Jam floods are characterized by a high and relatively short-term rise in the water level in the river.
D) Gluttony. Zazhor - ice plug, accumulation of in-water, loose ice during winter freeze-up in narrowings and bends of the riverbed, causing water to rise in some areas above the level of the main riverbed. Jam floods form at the beginning of winter and are characterized by a significant, but less than jam, rise in the water level and a longer flood duration.
E) Sediment deposition when rivers exit from foothill areas to flat areas with a decrease in flow speed and transport capacity of the flow; At the same time, the riverbed grows, ending up higher than the surrounding area and from time to time “falling” to the side.
J) Fluctuations in the level of closed reservoirs as a result of disturbances in the water balance under the influence of the variability of its components, as is the case, for example, in the Caspian Sea, where the amplitude of the corresponding long-term level fluctuations exceeds 3 m.
The causes of floods are diverse, and each cause or group of causes has its own type of flood. Below we indicate four groups of types of floods.
1. Floods associated with the passage of very large water flows for a given river. Such floods occur during the period of spring snowmelt, with heavy rainfall and rainfall, in the event of dam failures and dammed lakes breaking out.
2. Floods caused mainly by the great resistance that the water flow encounters in the river. This usually happens at the beginning and end of winter due to jams and ice jams.
3. Floods caused by both the passage of large flows of water and significant resistance to water flow. These include mudflows on mountain rivers and water-snow flows in ravines, ravines and hollows.
4. Floods created by wind surges of water on large lakes and reservoirs, and direct causes are associated with various hydraulic engineering measures and the destruction of dams. Indirect - deforestation, drainage of swamps, industrial and residential development, this leads to a change in the hydrological regime of rivers due to an increase in the surface component of runoff. Evapotranspiration is reduced due to the cessation of interception of precipitation by the forest floor and tree crowns. If all forests are removed, the maximum flow can increase to 300%. There is a decrease in infiltration due to the growth of impervious pavements and buildings. The growth of waterproof coatings in urbanized areas increases floods 3 times.
Human activities leading to floods:
1. Restriction of the living cross-section of the flow by roads, dams, bridges, which reduces the throughput of the riverbed and increases the water level.
2. Disruption of the natural flow regime and water levels.
It should be emphasized that in a particular water body, floods are usually caused by several reasons, and therefore, in order to determine the estimated characteristics of possible flooding, a comprehensive analysis should be carried out and a composition of probability distribution laws that are characteristic of individual types of floods should be carried out.
2. Examples of floods in Russia and the world.
Man has struggled with floods throughout his entire existence, and many such natural disasters have occurred over its centuries-old history. In Russia, between 40 and 68 crisis floods occur annually.
Floods with catastrophic consequences on the territory of modern Russia over the past 20 years have occurred:
In 1994 In Bashkiria, the dam of the Tirlyansk reservoir broke and an abnormal release of 8.6 million cubic meters of water occurred. 29 people died, 786 were left homeless. There were 4 settlements in the flood zone, 85 residential buildings were completely destroyed;
In 1998 near the city of Lensk in Yakutia, two ice jams on the Lena River caused the water to rise by 11 m. 97 thousand people were in the flood zone, 15 died;
In 2001 Lensk was again almost completely flooded due to flooding, which led to the death of 8 people. 5 thousand 162 houses were flooded; in total, over 43 thousand people suffered from the flood in Yakutia;
In 2001 In the Irkutsk region, due to heavy rains, a number of rivers overflowed their banks and flooded 7 cities and 13 districts (63 settlements in total). The city of Sayansk was especially affected. 8 people were killed, 300 thousand people were injured, 4 thousand 635 houses were flooded;
In 2001 There was a flood in the Primorsky Territory of the Russian Federation, as a result of which 11 people died and more than 80 thousand were injured. 625 square meters were flooded. kilometers of territory. 7 cities and 7 districts of the region were in the disaster zone, 260 km of roads and 40 bridges were destroyed;
In 2002 As a result of severe flooding in the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation, 114 people died, of which 59 were in the Stavropol Territory, 8 in Karachay-Cherkessia, 36 in the Krasnodar Territory. In total, more than 330 thousand people were affected. 377 settlements were in the flood zone. 8 thousand residential buildings were destroyed, 45 thousand buildings, 350 km of gas pipelines, 406 bridges, 1.7 thousand km of roads, about 6 km of railway tracks, over 1 thousand were damaged. km of power lines, more than 520 km of water supply and 154 water intakes;
In 2002 A tornado and heavy rains hit the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. 15 settlements were flooded, including Krymsk, Abrau-Durso, Tuapse. Novorossiysk and the village of Shirokaya Balka suffered the greatest destruction. The disaster claimed the lives of 62 people. Almost 8 thousand residential buildings were damaged;
In 2004 As a result of the flood in the southern regions of Khakassia, 24 settlements (1077 houses in total) were flooded. 9 people died;
In 2010 In the Krasnodar region there was a major flood caused by powerful torrential rains. 30 settlements were flooded in the Tuapse and Absheron regions and in the Sochi region. 17 people were killed, 7.5 thousand people were injured. As a result of the natural disaster, almost 1.5 thousand households were destroyed, of which 250 were completely destroyed;
In 2012 year, heavy rains led to the most destructive flood in the entire history of the Krasnodar region. 10 settlements were affected, including the cities of Gelendzhik, Novorossiysk, Krymsk, and the villages of Divnomorskoye, Nizhnebakanskaya, Neberdzhaevskaya and Kabardinka. The main blow of the disaster fell on the Krymsky region and directly on Krymsk. As a result of the flood, 168 people died, of which 153 people were in Krymsk, three in Novorossiysk, 12 in Gelendzhik. 53 thousand people were recognized as affected by the disaster, of which 29 thousand completely lost their property. 7.2 thousand were flooded. residential buildings, of which over 1.65 thousand households were completely destroyed.
Around the world you can note:
December 1999 - Severe flooding in Venezuela was caused by rain that continued for a week. A state of emergency was declared in 5 northwestern states and the Federal Capital District. The death toll, according to Western news agencies, exceeded 10 thousand people;
- February - March 2000 - The largest flood in Mozambique was caused by Cyclone Eline. The disaster destroyed hundreds of thousands of houses, huge areas of farmland and caused the death of more than 700 people. About 2 million people, more than 10% of the country's population, were left homeless as a result of the floods;
March 2000 - In Hungary, heavy rains and melting snow caused one of the worst floods in many years. A state of emergency was declared in the eastern regions of the country. More than 200 thousand hectares of land were under water;
September 2000 - in India, the cause of a natural disaster was prolonged and very heavy monsoon rains, which caused a ten-meter rise in water in the rivers. The death toll in the Indian states of West Bengal and Bihar has reached almost 800. In total, up to 15 million people were affected. About 600 settlements were flooded, crops and food storage facilities were completely destroyed;
October 2000 - an emergency in Vietnam was caused by the worst floods in the country's history. Heavy rains in southern Vietnam continued for more than 2 months. The water level in the Mekong River within the city of Ho Chi Minh City exceeded the permissible level and reached 1.26 m. According to official data, 727 people died as a result of the floods, including 239 children. About 45 thousand families were evacuated;
- August 2002 - heavy rains in the summer in northern and central Europe caused catastrophic flooding in August. 250,000 people were directly affected;
2005 - Hurricane Katrina in the United States causes widespread flooding in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. The levees around New Orleans, Louisiana were breached and the entire city was flooded, causing much of the city's population to be evacuated. 1193 people died;
May 2008 - The Ayeyarwaddy Delta in Myanmar floods due to Cyclone Nargis, the largest cyclone ever recorded in the Bay of Bengal. The United Nations reported that 2.4 million people were affected, with about 146,000 dead or missing;
2008 - Haiti. Four tropical disasters Tropical Storm Fay, Hurricanes Gustav, Hanna and Ike, which occurred within 1 month, caused flooding that led to the death of 425 people, destroyed crops throughout the country, up to 600,000 people require international assistance;
2009 - in the Philippines, after two tropical downpours within a week, mudflows and severe flooding occur. The President declares a national disaster. At least 3 million people were affected and more than 540 died;
2009 - Samoa Islands. An earthquake in the sea led to the formation of a wave up to 6 m in height, which washed away all villages up to 1 km inland on the coast of Samoa, American Samoa and Tonga, on the Pacific Islands, killing more than 189 people;
July August 2010 - About 2,000 people died in Pakistan. The flood caused a mass exodus of spiders: they fled from the flow of water on the trees, entangling their crowns with a thick layer of cobwebs, giving the coastal landscapes an ominous look;
July 2011 January 2012 - Thailand was flooded for six months, entire provinces went under water. The flood claimed the lives of more than 600 people.
3. Problems of floods and safety of hydraulic structures.
Floods are among the most destructive and frequently recurring natural disasters. In the Russian Federation, the area of flood-prone areas is about 400,000 km². An area of about 150,000 km², where more than 7 million hectares of agricultural land is located, is subject to floods with catastrophic consequences. The regions most exposed to the risk of flooding include the Krasnodar Territory, Volgograd, Astrakhan, Amur and Sakhalin regions, Transbaikalia, Stavropol Territory, Buryatia, Primorsky Territory, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria. In recent years, in the south of Russia, in the Primorsky Territory, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), there has been an increase in floods with catastrophic consequences for the population and economic facilities.
The main reasons for the occurrence and increase in the risk of floods are climate change and the occurrence of abnormal weather phenomena, as a result of ice jams in river beds, intensive development and construction of drainage and flooded areas, insufficient provision of settlements and agricultural lands, and reliable engineering protection. Risk factors are measures to restrict (reduce) the flow of the river, economic development of flood-prone areas in the lower reaches of hydroelectric facilities, with the placement of residential and economic facilities.
The aggravation of the flood problem in Russia is directly related to the aging of the main production assets of the country's water sector. With the deterioration of the technical condition of hydraulic structures, the risk of their destruction during floods and floods increases. Of the total number of hydraulic structures, over 90% are built from soil and stone-soil materials, for which the service life is about 30 years. However, the share of hydraulic structures with a service life of more than 30 years is about 50%. The fight against floods in the Russian Federation consists mainly of fencing the territory with dams, increasing the capacity of rivers, redistributing flow and other engineering measures.
Reservoirs are important because they reduce flood peaks. This is why it is planned to release the reservoirs before the onset of the flood, but this is not enough. In conditions of increasing anthropogenic pressure, pollution and degradation of land and water sources, and the increasing risk of catastrophic floods, the use of an ecosystem approach to environmental management is of decisive importance. It considers environmental, economic and social resources and their interactions. The problem of flooding and the safety of hydraulic structures is an environmental, socio-economic and technical problem. Along with engineering measures, to solve the problem of floods, it is necessary to analyze factors, the safety of the operation of hydraulic structures and, at the same time, focus on preventing and reducing the negative consequences of floods, timely ensuring the trouble-free passage of flood waters, modernizing and increasing the safety of hydraulic structures. The fundamental basis for this is a systematic analysis of the state of functioning of water bodies and hydraulic structures, drainage and flood-prone areas, the causes of the consequences of floods, taking into account natural, social and economic resources.
To prevent crisis situations, it is necessary to improve the unified state management system, which presupposes the presence of the Federal Center, basin, regional, municipal structures and, accordingly, unified information and analytical systems based on monitoring of water bodies and hydraulic structures. The mechanism for implementing measures to solve the problem of floods and the safety of hydraulic structures includes the use of a set of organizational, legislative, regulatory, methodological and socio-economic measures.
Conclusion.
Floods are an inevitable natural phenomenon. The task of humanity is to study the characteristics of floods in as much detail as possible and learn to prevent catastrophic consequences.
From history it is clear that man copes with this problem quite successfully. Hydrological scientists carry out the necessary calculations and forecasts, carry out work aimed at combating floods - agrotechnical, forest reclamation, field protection. However, the accuracy of calculations and the timeliness of activities carried out leaves much to be desired. This can be corrected by the widespread introduction into practice of new technical means of collecting and processing information about the state of the natural environment.
Man continues to build up the banks of rivers and lakes, actively develops river valleys, and storms mountains. For these reasons, the scope of flood control work is increasing. Floods as a natural disaster are becoming increasingly intolerable. Scientific, engineering and socio-economic feasibility studies for flood protection projects are among the most important tasks of specialists in many fields, primarily hydraulic engineers, hydrologists, ecologists and economists.
In the age of technological progress, floods have claimed millions of lives and caused enormous material damage, which tends to increase.
List of used literature.
1. Federal Law “On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies” No. 68-FZ dated December 21, 1994 (as amended on July 21, 2014).
2. Vorobyov Yu.L. Catastrophic floods of the early 21st century: lessons and conclusions. Moscow: Dex-Press, 2003.- 352 p.
3. Oleinik T. F. Great natural disasters: floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, tornadoes. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, - 2006. - 254 p.
4. Chumakov B.N. How to survive natural disasters. Moscow: Eksmo, 2005. - 58 p.
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Humanity has been familiar with floods since ancient times. We have received information about catastrophic spills on (in 2297 BC) and on the Nile River (about 3000 years ago). Previously, these natural disasters occurred quite rarely, but in recent centuries their frequency and the extent of the damage they cause have increased rapidly. If we take the period BC, then the most dangerous floods, the causes of which will be discussed below, occurred approximately once every 50 years (for example, in China). Now such disasters occur several times a year. During the most “fruitful” time, these disasters occur every 2-3 days, which the media immediately informs us about. Maybe that’s why the topic “Flood” is relevant for many people, and interest in it is constantly growing.
Water problems
It is well known that the development of human society depends on quality. Many politicians and experts are confident that the water problem is at the top of the list of common problems of recent decades. “Water issues” can arise in four cases: in the absence or insufficient amount of life-giving moisture, in the case of a discrepancy between the regime of water bodies and the optimal functioning of ecosystems, in the case of a supply regime that does not meet the economic and social requirements of the population, and in the event of an excess of moisture in inhabited areas suffering from water damage. for this from floods. On a global scale, the first three problems were generated by the bygone century, and the fourth has been haunting humanity since ancient times. And although people understood what a flood was and took measures to protect themselves from it, they could not succeed in this. And with every century, the damage from this disaster continues to increase. In the second half of the twentieth century alone, the damage caused increased 10 times.
Story
You can find out the estimated date of the flood using a hydrological forecast. It is a study aimed at scientifically substantiating the scale and nature of this disaster. Forecasts are divided into ultra-long-term (more than 1 quarter), long-term (up to 3 weeks), short-term (10-12 days), territorial and local. The consequences and scale of floods depend on their duration, the nature of the soil, time of year, terrain, flow speed, height of water rise and other factors. Everyone has heard the legend of the Great Flood. Many researchers who know what a flood is believe that the legends about the flood are based on disasters that actually occurred in different regions of the Earth. Ethnographers, historians, geographers and archaeologists have established that in the 3rd and 4th millennium BC these natural disasters occurred in Mesopotamia. The inhabited areas in the Euphrates and Tigris valley seemed like a whole world to people. Therefore, they associated enormous floods with a large number of victims with a global flood. Nowadays, archaeologists, historians and other specialists have done a lot of work researching the legends about the Great Flood. Based on the list of these legends, major floods occurred in almost all regions of the Earth. And this list is very impressive. It includes tales of the flood on all continents of the planet.
Major floods
With population growth, destruction of forests and other human activities harmful to nature, floods have become much more frequent. At the beginning of the article we mentioned two catastrophic floods. Now we’ll tell you about a few more.
1. Flooding in Europe. Covered the territory of Germany, Great Britain and the Netherlands in 1953. With a strong storm wind, huge waves covered the northern coast. This caused a sharp rise in water (3-4 meters) in the estuaries of the Scheldt, Meuse, Rhine and other rivers. The Netherlands suffered more than other countries. 8% of the territory was flooded. About 2,000 people died.
2. Flood in the Ganges Delta. Happened in 1970. A 10-meter wave covered the sacred river and turned the flow back. Approximately 20,000 square meters were flooded. km. Hundreds of villages and dozens of cities were destroyed. About 1.5 million people died. Since the flood destroyed almost all wells, there was an acute shortage of drinking water. Hundreds of thousands of people died from hunger and epidemics of typhoid and cholera.
3. Amur flood. Happened on the territory of the Russian Federation in July 2013. The total damage exceeded 3 billion rubles. 29 bridges were destroyed. Almost 300 kilometers of roads have been washed out. Agriculture suffered greatly. There were more than ten settlements in the flood zone.
Causes and types of floods
For a deeper understanding of the topic, let's define this natural disaster. After all, not everyone knows what a flood is. Let's correct this omission. The simplest definition is the flooding of significant areas of land with water. Now let us list the causes of this disaster.
Causes
1. Melting snow.
2. Tsunami waves.
3. Long rains.
4. Anthropogenic causes.
There are direct reasons associated with the destruction of dams and the implementation of hydraulic engineering measures, and indirect reasons - residential and industrial development, drainage of swamps, deforestation. All this changes the hydrology due to an increase in the surface component of runoff. Clearing all forests will increase the maximum flow to 300%.
Now let's look at the main types of floods. We are sure that our readers will find this topic very interesting.
Kinds
1. High water. Occurs when snow melts in the spring on the plains or in the mountains. Has seasonal frequency. Characterized by a significant rise in water level.
2. Flood. Occurs during winter thaws due to melting snow or intense rains. Does not have a clearly defined periodicity. It is characterized by a rather short-term and intense rise in water level.
3. Jam and jam floods. They occur when resistance to water flow is created in certain areas of the river bed. It occurs due to the accumulation of ice floes in narrowings of the channel during ice drift (jams) or freeze-up (jazhi). River jam flooding occurs in early spring or late winter. Has a relatively short-term high rise in water level. A flood occurs at the beginning of winter. It is characterized by a significant rise in water levels and a significant duration of the disaster.
4. Surge floods. They occur as a result of water in river mouths, as well as in rather windy areas of reservoirs, large lakes and sea coasts. Can happen at any time of the year. They have no periodicity. The rise in water level is significant.
5. Floods resulting from dam failures. In the event of a disaster, water overflows from a reservoir or reservoir due to a break in a pressure structure (dam, dam, etc.) or an emergency release of water. Another reason is a natural dam failure due to natural factors, etc.). During a disaster, a breakthrough wave is formed, flooding vast territories and damaging or destroying objects (structures, buildings, etc.) encountered along the path of its movement.
So, we have found out the causes and types of floods, but we must not forget that these natural disasters are also divided into classes. The main principles for separating these disasters are the recurrence period and the scale of spread.
Flood classes
1. Low. Typically cause minor damage. Covers small coastal areas. Agricultural land is flooded to less than 10%. They hardly dislodge the population from the current rhythm of life. Repeatability - 5-10 years.
2. High. Apply significant and material). Cover large areas of river valleys. About 10-15% of the land is flooded. They disrupt both the everyday and economic life of the population. Partial evacuation of people is very likely. Frequency - 20-25 years.
3. Outstanding. They cause great material damage, covering river basins. Approximately 50-70% of farmland is under water, as well as a certain part of populated areas. Major floods not only disrupt everyday life, but also paralyze economic activity. It is necessary to evacuate material assets and the population from the disaster zone and protect the main objects of economic importance. Repeatability - 50-100 years.
4. Catastrophic. They cause enormous material damage, spreading over vast areas within one or more river systems. Lead to human casualties. More than 70% of the land, many settlements, utilities and industrial enterprises are flooded. Production and economic activities are completely paralyzed, and the everyday life of the population is changing. Periodicity - 100-200 years.
Consequences of floods
The main features of the situation that arises during such natural disasters are: the rapid increase in the strength of damaging factors, the difficulty of access to victims, the destructive nature of the situation, small survival rates of victims, as well as the presence of difficult weather conditions (mudflows, ice drift, heavy rains, etc. ).
Characteristics of water flow as a damaging factor
1. Highest water level.
2. Highest water consumption.
3. Current speed.
4. Flood area.
5. Repeatability of the highest water level.
6. Duration of flooding.
7. Water temperature.
8. Providing the highest water level.
9. Start time of the disaster.
10. The rate of water level rise during the entire flood period.
11. Depth of flooding of the territory in the area under consideration.
Characteristics of consequences
1. Population in the disaster area (victims, injured, etc.).
2. The number of objects in economic sectors affected by natural disasters.
3. The number of settlements affected by the disaster zone.
4. Length of roads (railways and roads), communication and power lines located in the flood zone.
5. Number of tunnels, bridges and residential buildings damaged, destroyed and flooded as a result of the disaster.
6. The number of dead animals previously involved in the agricultural sector.
7. Area of farmland affected by the disaster, etc.
Rescue work
The main goal of emergency rescue operations is to search and rescue people caught in a flood zone. It is necessary to help them as soon as possible and ensure their survival in the current situation. Success during rescue operations is achieved through a number of actions.
1. Conducting early and systematic training of commanders, soldiers of civil defense units who know exactly what a flood is, as well as members of search and rescue services for carrying out rescue operations.
2. Quick response to a disaster, alerting and providing the necessary forces and means.
3. Organization of operational reconnaissance and deployment of a control system.
4. The use of effective technologies for searching for victims and rescuing them, as well as methods for protecting economic facilities and the population.
What does urgent emergency work include?
1. Construction of enclosing ramparts and dams.
2. Construction of drainage channels.
3. Equipment of berths for special equipment.
4. Elimination of jams and congestion.
5. Restoration of power supply.
6. Restoration and protection of road structures.
7. Localization of foci of secondary damage factors.
Flood reconnaissance tasks
1. Determination of the flood area.
2. Managing the dynamics of disaster development.
3. Identification of places where people and farm animals in need of help are located.
4. Detection of material assets that must be removed from the disaster site.
5. Search and equipment of helicopter landing sites in the disaster zone.
6. Search and selection of routes for the evacuation of material assets, people and animals using watercraft. If necessary, berth equipment.
Emergency rescue operations are carried out by units of the Civil Defense Army, search and rescue services and reinforced landing and landing equipment. To carry out other urgent work, taking into account its nature, engineering and technical and road formations are appointed. When searching for victims in flooded areas, rescuers must use aviation equipment (helicopters and airplanes).
And one last thing. Don't forget that the threat of flooding is always there. Therefore, prepare in advance to meet this natural phenomenon.
FLOODING is a significant flooding of an area as a result of a rise in the water level in a river, lake or sea during snowmelt, rainfall, wind surges, congestion, ice jams, etc.A special type includes floods caused by wind surges of water into river mouths. Floods lead to the destruction of bridges, roads, buildings, structures, cause significant material damage, and at high speeds of water movement (more than 4 m/s) and high heights of water rise (more than 2 m), they cause the death of people and animals. The main cause of destruction is the impact on buildings and structures of hydraulic shocks from a mass of water, ice floes floating at high speed, various debris, watercraft, etc. Floods can occur suddenly and last from several hours to 2 – 3 weeks.
Types of flood
Depending on the cause of the occurrence, floods are divided into 5 types:
- flood – flood resulting from melting snow and the release of a reservoir from its natural banks
- flood – flooding associated with heavy rainfall
- floods caused by large accumulations of ice that block a river bed and prevent water from flowing downstream
- surge floods , occurring due to a strong wind that drives water in one direction, most often against the current
- floods resulting from dam break or reservoirs.
| High water | Flood | Congestion | Zazhor | Wind surge |
| a periodically repeated, fairly long-term rise in water levels in rivers, usually caused by spring melting of snow on the plains or rainfall. Floods low-lying areas. | an intense, relatively short-term rise in the water level in a river, caused by heavy rains, downpours, and sometimes rapid melting of snow during thaws. Unlike floods, floods can occur several times a year. A particular threat is posed by the so-called flash floods associated with short-term but very intense downpours, which also occur in winter due to thaws. | clogging of the riverbed by a stationary ice cover and accumulation of ice floes during the spring ice drift in narrowings and bends of the riverbed, restricting the flow and causing a rise in the water level in the place of ice accumulation and above it. Ice jam floods form in late winter or early spring, and occur due to the non-simultaneous opening of large rivers flowing from south to north. The exposed southern sections of the river in its course are being dammed accumulation of ice in the northern regions, which often causes a significant increase in water levels. Jam floods are characterized by a high and relatively short-term rise in the water level in the river. | ice plug, accumulation of inland, loose ice during winter freeze-up in narrowings and bends of the riverbed, causing water to rise in some areas above the level of the main riverbed. Jam floods form at the beginning of winter and are characterized by a significant, but less than during a jam, rise in the water level and a longer duration of the flood. | rising water levels at the mouths of large rivers and on windy areas of the coast of seas and large lakes, reservoirs caused by the impact of strong winds on the water surface. They are characterized by a lack of periodicity, rarity and significant rise in water level, and, as a rule, short duration. Floods of this type have been observed in Leningrad (1824, 1924), the Netherlands (1953). |
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Causes of floods:
- Long rains
- Snow melting
- tsunami wave
- Bottom profile
- Dam failure
- Other natural and man-made causes
Flood classification:
1. storm (rain);2. floods and floods (associated with melting snow and glaciers);
3. gluttony and congestion (associated with ice phenomena);
4. blockage and breakthrough;
5. surge (wind on the coasts of the seas);
6. tsunamigenic (on the coasts from underwater earthquakes, eruptions and large coastal landslides).
River floods are divided into the following types:
1. low (small or floodplain) - low floodplain is flooded;
2. medium - high floodplains are flooded, sometimes inhabited or technogenically cultivated (arable lands, meadows, vegetable gardens, etc.);
3. strong - terraces with buildings, communications, etc. located on them are flooded, often requiring evacuation of the population, at least partially;
4. catastrophic - vast areas are significantly flooded, including cities and towns; emergency rescue operations and mass evacuation of the population are required.
According to the scale of manifestation, there are 6 categories of floods:
1. The Flood;
2. continental;
3. national;
4. regional;
5. regional;
6. local.
Anthropogenic causes of floods:
Direct causes are associated with the implementation of various hydraulic engineering measures and the destruction of dams.Indirect - deforestation, drainage of swamps (drainage of swamps - natural runoff accumulators increases runoff to 130 - 160%), industrial and residential development, this leads to a change in the hydrological regime of rivers due to an increase in the surface component of runoff. The infiltration capacity of soils decreases and the intensity of their washout increases. Evapotranspiration is reduced due to the cessation of interception of precipitation by the forest floor and tree crowns. If all forests are removed, the maximum flow can increase to 300%.
There is a decrease in infiltration due to the growth of impervious pavements and buildings. The growth of waterproof coatings in urbanized areas increases floods 3 times.
Human activities leading to floods:
1. Restriction of the living cross-section of the flow by along-channel roads, dams, and bridge crossings, which reduces the channel's throughput capacity and increases the water level.
2. Disruption of the natural regime of flows and water levels, as happens in the lower Volga as a result of seasonal regulation of flow by overlying reservoirs: the need for winter energy forced a 2-3-fold increase in water flows in winter, which, in the presence of ice cover, is accompanied by an increase in water levels (winter floods), often above high water levels.
3. Development of territories in the lower reaches of reservoirs for long-term flow regulation. Economic development of floodplains increases the maximum flow.
Flood classes
1. Low. Typically cause minor damage. Covers small coastal areas. Agricultural land is flooded to less than 10%. They hardly dislodge the population from the current rhythm of life. Repeatability – 5-10 years.
2. High. Cause significant damage (moral and material). Cover large areas of river valleys. About 10-15% of the land is flooded. They disrupt both the everyday and economic life of the population. Partial evacuation of people is very likely. Frequency – 20-25 years.
3. Outstanding. They cause great material damage, covering river basins. Approximately 50-70% of farmland is under water, as well as a certain part of populated areas. Major floods not only disrupt everyday life, but also paralyze economic activity. It is necessary to evacuate material assets and the population from the disaster zone and protect the main objects of economic importance. Repeatability – 50-100 years.
4. Catastrophic. They cause enormous material damage, spreading over vast areas within one or more river systems. Lead to human casualties. More than 70% of the land, many settlements, utilities and industrial enterprises are flooded. Production and economic activities are completely paralyzed, and the everyday life of the population is changing. Periodicity – 100-200 years.
Hazards:
1. height of water level change;2. the rate of its change;
3. duration of the rise period;
4. accompanying phenomena (wind, landslides, soil erosion, stormy streams, destruction of agricultural products, livestock, loss of life, etc.).
Water flow as a damaging factor
Characteristics of water flow as a damaging factor:
1. Highest water level.
2. Highest water consumption.
3. Current speed.
4. Flood area.
5. Repeatability of the highest water level.
6. Duration of flooding.
7. Water temperature.
8. Providing the highest water level.
9. Start time of the disaster.
10. The rate of water level rise during the entire flood period.
11. Depth of flooding of the territory in the area under consideration.
Damaging factors:
The combined impact of waves, wind, and rainfall causes flooding of the area. This is accompanied by significant erosion of the coast, leading to the destruction of buildings and structures, erosion of railways and roads, accidents on utility and electrical networks, destruction of crops and other vegetation, casualties among the population and the death of domestic animals and natural ecosystems. After the water recedes, buildings and land sag, and landslides and collapses begin.Consequences of floods:
The main features of the situation that arises during such natural disasters are: the rapid increase in the strength of damaging factors, the difficulty of access to victims, the destructive nature of the situation, small survival rates of victims, as well as the presence of difficult weather conditions (mudflows, ice drift, heavy rains, etc. ).The amount of damage depends on:
1. - lifting height;
2. - rate of water level rise;
3. - flood areas;
4. - timeliness of the forecast;
5. - presence and condition of protective structures;
6. - degree of population and agricultural development of the river valley;
7. - duration of standing flood waters;
8. - frequency of recurrence of floods (with repeated rises in the water level, the damage is less than with the initial one).
The passage of floods (flooding of agricultural land) after harvesting leads to less damage than before harvesting.
The severity of emergencies during channel floods depends not so much on the absolute value of the water level rise, but on its value relative to the altitudinal location of populated areas.
How to prepare for a flood?
If your area often suffers from floods, study and remember the boundaries of possible flooding, as well as elevated, rarely flooded places located in close proximity to your place of residence, and the shortest routes to them. Familiarize family members with the rules of conduct during organized and individual evacuation, as well as in the event of sudden and violent flooding. Remember the storage locations for boats, rafts and building materials for their manufacture. Make a list of documents, property and medicines to be removed during evacuation in advance. Place valuables, necessary warm clothes, food supplies, water and medicines in a special suitcase or backpack.
HOW TO ACT DURING A FLOOD
Upon receiving a warning signal about the threat of flooding and evacuation, immediately, in the prescribed manner, leave (move out) from the dangerous zone of possible catastrophic flooding to a designated safe area or to elevated areas, taking with you documents, valuables, necessary things and a two-day supply of non-perishable food. At the final evacuation point, register.Before leaving home, turn off the electricity and gas, turn off the fire in heating stoves, secure all floating objects located outside the building or place them in utility rooms. If time permits, move valuable household items to the upper floors or attic of a residential building. Close the windows and doors, if necessary and if there is time, board the windows and doors of the first floors from the outside with boards (shields). In the absence of organized evacuation, until help arrives or the water subsides, stay on the upper floors and roofs of buildings, on trees or other elevated objects. At the same time, constantly give a distress signal: during the day - by hanging or waving a clearly visible banner attached to a pole, and in the dark - with a light signal and periodically with a voice. When rescuers approach, calmly, without panic or fuss, and taking precautions, get into the swimming craft. At the same time, strictly follow the requirements of rescuers and do not overload the watercraft. While driving, do not leave the designated places, do not board the aircraft, and strictly follow the requirements of the crew. It is recommended to get out of a flooded area on your own only if there are such serious reasons as the need to provide medical assistance to victims, a continuing rise in water levels with the threat of flooding of the upper floors (attic). In this case, it is necessary to have a reliable swimming device and know the direction of movement. During your independent deployment, do not stop sending the distress signal.
Provide assistance to people floating in water and drowning.
IF A PERSON DROWNS
Throw a floating object to a drowning person, encourage him, call for help. When getting to the victim by swimming, take into account the current of the river. If the drowning person does not control his actions, swim up to him from behind and, grabbing him by the hair, tow him to the shore.
HOW TO ACT AFTER A FLOOD
Before entering a building, check whether it is in danger of collapsing or falling of any object.Ventilate the building (to remove accumulated gases). Do not turn on electric lighting, do not use open flame sources, and do not light matches until the room is completely ventilated and the gas supply system is checked to ensure that it is working properly. Check the serviceability of electrical wiring, gas supply pipelines, water supply and sewerage. Do not use them until you have verified that they are in good working order with the help of a professional. To dry the premises, open all doors and windows, remove dirt from the floor and walls, and pump out water from the basements. Do not eat food that has been in contact with water. Organize the cleaning of wells from applied dirt and remove water from them.
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