Tests in the discipline “Ecology and basic life safety”
1. The term “ecology” is translated from Greek as the science of............
e) about house, dwelling
In what year was the term “ecology” introduced?
Which scientist first proposed the term “ecology”.........
b) E. Haeckel
Select the scientists with whom the second stage of ecology development is associated (after the 60s of the 19th century – 50s of the 20th century.
e)K.F. Roulier, N.A. Severtsov, V.V. Dokuchaev
5. What ecology studies:
d) laws of existence (functioning) of living systems in their interaction with the environment.
The subject of ecology research is
f) biological macrosystems and their dynamics in time and space
Three main directions of ecology:
d) Autecology, synecology, de-ecology.
When did ecology finally take shape as an independent science?
d) at the beginning of the twentieth century
Which branch of ecology studies the interaction of geophysical living conditions and inanimate environmental factors...
e) geoecology
13. The interaction between individual organisms and environmental factors is studied by the section of ecology….
a) Autecology
14. The section of ecology that studies the relationship of a population with its environment is called:
a) demecology
Synecology studies
d) community ecology
16. The shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms is called:
a) biosphere
17. A group of organisms with a similar external and internal structure, living in the same territory and producing fertile offspring is called:
a) population
The level at which a natural system has formed, covering all manifestations of life within our planet is called.....
c) biosphere
A set of pelagic actively moving animals that do not have a direct connection with the bottom. They are represented mainly by large animals that are able to overcome long distances and strong water currents..................
20. A set of pelagic organisms that do not have the ability for rapid active movements:
21. A set of organisms living at depth (on or in the ground) of water bodies:
b) Plankton
What levels of organization of living systems belong to the microsystem.....
a) molecular, cellular
23. Abiotic conditions that determine the field of existence of life:
a) oxygen and carbon dioxide
Which factor is not abiotic?
c) agricultural development
25. Plant communities are called:
e) phytocenosis
26. By type of nutrition, green plants and photosynthetic bacteria are:
a) Autotrophs.
27. Organisms that permanently live in the soil:
a) Geobinds
28. Decomposers are:
a) bacteria and fungi
29. Organisms that produce organic substances are called:
b) producers
The main source of oxygen in the atmosphere
d) plants
31.Organisms with a mixed type of nutrition:
e) Mixotrophs.
32. Light-loving plants:
b) Heliophytes
33.Shade-loving plants:
e) Sciophytes.
34. Plants growing in conditions of increased moisture:
a) Hygrophytes.
35. Adaptation of organisms develops with the help of:
c) Variation, heredity and natural selection.
36. Types of adaptation of organisms:
d) Morphological, ethological, physiological.
37. What is photoperiodism…..
a) Adaptation to the length of the day;
38.What factors limit during some process, phenomenon or existence of an organism: a) Limiting.
39.Environmental factors are divided into:
a) Abiotic, biotic, anthropogenic.
40.What is the limiting factor in water….
d) Oxygen.
41. Microbiogenic biotic environmental factors include:
b) Microbes and viruses.
Which law states that the endurance of the body is determined
the weakest link in the chain of its environmental needs:
d) Liebig's law of the minimum.
When was the law of “tolerance” discovered?
44. Which of the scientists discovered the maximum law:
c) W. Shelford.
45. The law of the minimum discovered:
e) J. Liebig.
Two species cannot exist sustainably in a limited space if the growth of both is limited by one vital resource, the quantity and availability of which is limited
b) Gause's law
What law indicates that the endurance of an organism is determined by the weakest link in the chain of its environmental needs.......
c) Gause's law (rule of competitive exclusion)
48. In 1903, V. Johansen introduced the term….
d) population
What is population homeostasis?
d) Constancy of population size;
50. Types of population growth are:
e) Exponential and logistic.
51. The territory occupied by a population is called:
52. Population size is:
e) The number of individuals included in it.
53. Define ecological population density:
b) the average number of individuals per unit area or volume occupied by the population of space
What is called biocenosis?
a) A deeply regular combination of organisms in certain environmental conditions.
Which scientist introduced the concept of “biocenosis”.......
B)K. Moebius
56.The term “biocenosis” was introduced:
What characterizes the tiering of a biocenosis?
d) Spatial structure
58. What is habitat...
a) The entire environment surrounding a living organism;
59. Pollution of the natural environment by living organisms that cause various diseases in humans is called:
a) Radioactive.
60. The set of abiotic factors within a homogeneous area is..."
61. What do they call the latest formations of a relatively stable stage of change of biocenoses that are in equilibrium with the environment...
d) Succession;
62. What is the name of the community of animals in ecosystems….
a) Biocenosis;
Biogeocenosis is
c) a group of animals and plants living in the same territory
64.What is amensalism….
b) Inhibition of the growth of one species by excretory products of another;
65. What is competition….
d) Suppression of some species by others in biocenoses;
66. This form of connections between species in which the consumer organism uses a living host not only as a source of food, but also as a place of permanent or temporary habitat….
c) Commensalism
67. Mutualism is….
b) Mutually beneficial cooperation;
68. Commensalism is….
b) A relationship that is beneficial for one and not beneficial for the other;
69. The normal existence of two species that do not interfere with each other is……
d) Neutrality;
70. The coexistence of invertebrate animals in a rodent burrow is called..
c) Tenancy;
71. Organisms of one species exist at the expense of nutrients or tissues of other organisms. This form of communication is called:
72. An ecological niche is:
e) +The totality of living conditions within an ecological system.
73. Individuals of one species eat individuals of another species. This relationship is called:
c) predation
The joint, mutually beneficial existence of individuals of 2 or more than 2 species is called:
b) symbiosis
75. The ecological niche of organisms is determined by:
e) +the whole set of conditions of existence
76. The concept of ecological niche applies to:
b) plants
77. Organisms with a mixed type of nutrition:
This term has other meanings, see Competition. Competition in biology, any antagonistic relationship associated with the struggle for existence, for dominance, for food, space and other resources between organisms or species ... Wikipedia
- (from the Latin mensa meal) a type of interspecific relationship in which one species, called amensal, undergoes inhibition of growth and development, and the second, called an inhibitor, is not subject to such tests. Antibiosis and... ... Wikipedia
- (from Lat. com “with”, “together” and mensa “table”, “meal”; literally “at the table”, “at the same table”; formerly communion) a way of coexistence (symbiosis) of two different types of living organisms, in which one population benefits... Wikipedia
- (from other Greek ἀντι against, βίος life) antagonistic relationships between species, when one organism limits the capabilities of another, the impossibility of coexistence of organisms, for example due to intoxication by some organisms (antibiotics, ... ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Symbiosis (meanings). Clown fish and sea anemone are organisms coexisting in a mutualistic symbiosis ... Wikipedia
- (Late Lat. organismus from Late Lat. organizo arrange, give a slender appearance, from other Greek. ὄργανον tool) a living body that has a set of properties that distinguish it from inanimate matter. As a separate individual organism... ... Wikipedia
The request "Predator" is redirected here; see also other meanings. The query "Predators" redirects here; see also other meanings... Wikipedia
Between two ants of the species Oecophylla longinoda. Thailand. Trophallaxis ... Wikipedia
Co-evolution of biological species interacting in an ecosystem. Changes affecting any characteristics of individuals of one species lead to changes in another or other species. The concept of coevolution was first introduced by N.V. Timofeev Resovsky... ... Wikipedia
This article or section contains a list of sources or external references, but the sources of individual statements remain unclear due to the lack of footnotes... Wikipedia
Books
- Semiotic theory of biological life, N. A. Zarenkov. Is it possible to understand what life is by limiting ourselves to the study of the flesh of organisms - signs of life: molecules, chromosomes, cells, tissues and organs? This book substantiates the negative answer to...
Types of relationships between organisms
Animals and plants, fungi and bacteria do not exist in isolation from each other, but enter into complex relationships. There are several forms of interaction between populations.
Neutralism
Cohabitation of two species in the same territory, which has neither positive nor negative consequences for them.
In neutralism, cohabiting populations of different species do not influence each other. For example, we can say that a squirrel and a bear, a wolf and a cockchafer, do not directly interact, although live in the same forest.
Antibiosis
When both interacting populations or one of them experience a harmful, life-suppressing influence.
Antagonistic relationships can manifest themselves as follows:
1. Competition.
A form of antibiotic relationship in which organisms compete with each other for food resources, sexual partners, shelter, light, etc.
In competition for food, the species whose individuals reproduce faster wins. Under natural conditions, competition between closely related species weakens if one of them switches to a new food source (that is, they occupy a different ecological niche). For example, in winter, insectivorous birds avoid competition by searching for food in different places: on tree trunks, in bushes, on stumps, on large or small branches.
Displacement of one population by another: In mixed crops of different types of clover, they coexist, but competition for light leads to a decrease in the density of each of them. Thus, competition that arises between closely related species can have two consequences: either the displacement of one species by another, or different ecological specialization of species, which makes it possible to coexist together.
Suppression of one population by another: Thus, fungi that produce antibiotics suppress the growth of microorganisms. Some plants that can grow on nitrogen-poor soils secrete substances that inhibit the activity of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as well as the formation of nodules in legumes. In this way, they prevent the accumulation of nitrogen in the soil and the colonization of it by species that require large amounts of it.
3. Amensalism
A form of antibiotic relationship in which one organism interacts with another and suppresses its vital activity, while it itself does not experience any negative influences from the suppressed one (for example, spruce and lower tier plants). A special case is allelopathy - the influence of one organism on another, in which waste products of one organism are released into the external environment, poisoning it and making it unsuitable for the life of another (common in plants).
5. Predation
This is a form of relationship in which an organism of one species uses members of another species as a food source once (by killing them).
Cannibalism is a special case of predation - killing and eating one’s own kind (found in rats, brown bears, humans).
Symbiosis
A form of relationship in which the participants benefit from cohabitation or at least do not harm each other. Symbiotic relationships also come in a variety of forms.
1. Protocooperation is a mutually beneficial, but optional coexistence of organisms, from which all participants benefit (for example, hermit crab and sea anemone).
2. Mutualism is a form of symbiotic relationship in which either one of the partners or both cannot exist without a cohabitant (for example, herbivorous ungulates and cellulose-degrading microorganisms).
Lichens are an inseparable cohabitation of fungus and algae, when the presence of a partner becomes a condition of life for each of them. The hyphae of the fungus, entwining the cells and filaments of the algae, receive substances synthesized by the algae. Algae extract water and minerals from the fungal hyphae.
Many grasses and trees develop normally only when soil fungi (mycorrhiza) settle on their roots: root hairs do not develop, and the mycelium of the fungus penetrates into the root. Plants receive water and mineral salts from the fungus, which in turn receives organic substances.
3. Commensalism is a form of symbiotic relationship in which one of the partners benefits from cohabitation, and the other is indifferent to the presence of the first. There are two types of cohabitation:
Housing (some sea anemones and tropical fish). The fish sticks by clinging to large fish (sharks), uses them as a means of transportation and, in addition, feeds on their waste.
The use of structures and body cavities of other species as shelters is widespread. In tropical waters, some fish hide in the respiratory cavity (water lungs) of sea cucumbers (or sea cucumbers, an order of echinoderms). The fry of some fish find refuge under the umbrella of jellyfish and are protected by their stinging threads. To protect the developing offspring, fish use the durable shell of crabs or bivalves. The eggs laid on the gills of the crab develop under conditions of an ideal supply of clean water passing through the gills of the host. Plants also use other species as habitats. These are the so-called epiphytes - plants that settle on trees. These can be algae, lichens, mosses, ferns, flowering plants. Woody plants serve as a place of attachment for them, but not as a source of nutrients.
Freeloading (large predators and scavengers). For example, hyenas follow lions, picking up the remains of their uneaten prey. There may be different spatial relationships between partners. If one partner is outside the cells of the other, they speak of ectosymbiosis, and if inside the cells, they speak of endosymbiosis.
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EXAMINATION CARD No. 4 |
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Types of nutrition of living organisms. |
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Theories of the origin of life. |
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There are two types of nutrition of living organisms: autotrophic and heterotrophic.
Autotrophs (autotrophic organisms) are organisms that use carbon dioxide as a carbon source (plants and some bacteria). In other words, these are organisms capable of creating organic substances from inorganic ones - carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts.
Heterotrophs (heterotrophic organisms) are organisms that use organic compounds (animals, fungi and most bacteria) as a carbon source. In other words, these are organisms that are not capable of creating organic substances from inorganic ones, but require ready-made organic substances.
Some living beings, depending on living conditions, are capable of both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. Organisms with a mixed type of nutrition are called mixotrophs. Mixotrophs are organisms that can both synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones and feed on ready-made organic compounds (insectivorous plants, representatives of the euglena algae department, etc.)
Detailed solution paragraph § 77 in biology for 10th grade students, authors Kamensky A.A., Kriksunov E.A., Pasechnik V.V. 2014
- Gdz Biology workbook for grade 10 can be found
1. What biotic environmental factors do you know?
2. What types of competition do you know?
Answer. Competition - in biology, any antagonistic relationship associated with the struggle for existence, for dominance, for food, space and other resources between organisms, species or populations of species that need the same resources.
Intraspecific competition is competition between representatives of one or more populations of a species. Goes for resources, intra-group dominance, females/males, etc.
Interspecific competition is competition between populations of different species of non-adjacent trophic levels in a biocenosis. It is due to the fact that representatives of different species jointly use the same resources, which are usually limited. Resources can be either food (for example, the same types of prey for predators or plants for phytophages), or of another kind, for example, the availability of places for breeding offspring, shelters for protection from enemies, etc. Species can also compete for dominance in the ecosystem. There are two forms of competitive relationships: direct competition (interference) and indirect competition (exploitation). With direct competition between populations of species in a biocenosis, antagonistic relationships (antibiosis) evolve evolutionarily, expressed by various types of mutual oppression (fights, blocking access to a resource, allelopathy, etc.). In indirect competition, one of the species monopolizes a resource or habitat, thereby worsening the conditions for the existence of a competitive species of a similar ecological niche.
Both evolutionarily (taxonomically) close species and representatives of very distant groups can compete in nature. For example, gophers in the dry steppe eat up to 40% of plant growth. This means that pastures can support fewer saigas or sheep. And during the years of mass reproduction of locusts, there is not enough food for either gophers or sheep.
3. What is symbiosis?
Typically, symbiosis is mutualistic, i.e. the cohabitation of both organisms (symbionts) is mutually beneficial and arises in the process of evolution as one of the forms of adaptation to the conditions of existence. Symbiosis can occur both at the level of multicellular organisms and at the level of individual cells (intracellular symbiosis). Plants can enter into symbiotic relationships with plants, plants with animals, animals with animals, plants and animals with microorganisms, microorganisms with microorganisms. The term “symbiosis” was first introduced by the German botanist A. de Bary (1879) as applied to lichens. A striking example of symbiosis among plants is mycorrhiza - the cohabitation of the mycelium of a fungus with the roots of a higher plant (hyphae entwine the roots and contribute to the supply of water and minerals from the soil); Some orchids cannot grow without mycorrhizae.
Nature knows numerous examples of symbiotic relationships from which both partners benefit. For example, the symbiosis between leguminous plants and soil bacteria Rhizobium is extremely important for the nitrogen cycle in nature. These bacteria - also called nitrogen-fixing bacteria - settle on the roots of plants and have the ability to “fix” nitrogen, that is, to break down the strong bonds between the atoms of atmospheric free nitrogen, making it possible to incorporate nitrogen into compounds accessible to the plant, such as ammonia. In this case, the mutual benefit is obvious: the roots are a habitat for bacteria, and the bacteria supply the plant with the necessary nutrients.
There are also numerous examples of symbiosis that is beneficial for one species and does not bring any benefit or harm to another species. For example, the human intestine is inhabited by many types of bacteria, the presence of which is harmless to humans. Similarly, plants called bromeliads (which include pineapple, for example) live on tree branches but get their nutrients from the air. These plants use the tree for support without depriving it of nutrients.
A type of symbiosis is endosymbiosis, when one of the partners lives inside the cell of the other.
The science of symbiosis is symbiology.
Questions after § 77
1. What examples do you know of positive and negative interactions between organisms of different species?
2. What is the essence of the predator-prey relationship?
Answer. Predation (+ −) is a type of relationship between populations in which representatives of one species eat (destroy) representatives of another, i.e., organisms of one population serve as food for organisms of another. The predator usually catches and kills its prey itself, after which it eats it completely or partially. Such predators are characterized by hunting behavior. But besides predator-hunters, there is also a large group of predator-gatherers, whose feeding method consists of simply searching and collecting prey. These are, for example, many insectivorous birds that collect food on the ground, in the grass or in trees.
Predation is a widespread form of communication, not only between animals, but also between plants and animals. Thus, herbivory (eating plants by animals) is, in essence, also predation; on the other hand, a number of insectivorous plants (sundew, nepenthes) can also be classified as predators.
However, in a narrow, ecological sense, only the consumption of animals by animals is considered predation.
4. What are the most famous examples of symbiotic relationships that you know of?
Answer. Symbiotic relationships in which stable, mutually beneficial cohabitation of two organisms of different species are observed is called mutualism. Such are, for example, the relationships between the hermit crab and the sea anemone, or highly specialized plants for pollination with the insect species that pollinate them (clover and bumblebee). The nutcracker, which feeds only on the seeds (nuts) of the cedar pine, is the only distributor of its seeds. Mutualism is very widely developed in nature.
5. How do you understand mutualism and symbiosis?
Question 1. Define the main forms of interactions between living organisms.
1. Symbiosis (cohabitation)- a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefit from the interaction without causing harm to the other.
2. Antibiosis- a form of relationship in which both interacting populations (or one of them) experience a negative impact.
3. Neutrality- a form of relationship in which organisms living in the same territory do not directly influence each other. They form simple compounds.
Question 2. What forms of symbiosis do you know and what are their features?
There are several forms of symbiotic relationships, characterized by varying degrees of dependence of the partners.
1. Mutualism- a form of mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner is a prerequisite for the existence of each of them. For example, termites and flagellated protozoa that live in their intestines. Termites cannot themselves digest the cellulose on which they feed, but flagellates receive nutrition, protection and a favorable microclimate; lichens, which represent the inseparable cohabitation of a fungus and an algae, when the presence of a partner becomes a condition of life for each of them. The hyphae of the fungus, entwining the cells and filaments of the algae, receive substances synthesized by the algae. Algae extract water and minerals from the fungal hyphae. Lichen fungi are not found in a free state and are capable of forming a symbiotic organism only with a certain type of algae.
Higher plants also enter into mutually beneficial relationships with fungi. Many grasses and trees develop normally only when soil fungi colonize their roots. The so-called mycorrhiza is formed: root hairs on plant roots do not develop, and the fungal mycelium penetrates into the root. Plants receive water and mineral salts from the fungus, and the fungus, in turn, receives carbohydrates and other organic substances.
2. Cooperation- mutually beneficial coexistence of representatives of different species, which is, however, mandatory. For example, hermit crab and sea anemone soft coral.
3. Commensalism(companionship) - a relationship in which one species benefits, but the other is indifferent. For example, jackals and hyenas, eating leftover food from large predators - lions; fish pilots.
Question 3. What is the evolutionary significance of symbiosis?
Symbiotic relationships allow organisms to most fully and effectively master their habitat; they are the most important components of natural selection involved in the process of divergence of species.
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