Intersections of interests Considering the divergent interests of the countries participating in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Russian economist R. Andreeshchev noted that in the case of the SCO there are no obvious prerequisites for cooperation. In his opinion, the cementing factor is the reluctance of the countries of Central Asia, as well as Russia and China, to accept the policies imposed by the US administration, the active economic and political expansion of which does not meet the interests of these countries. No less important is the issue of stability, which still remains unresolved for the region and causes statements by representatives of Western countries about an alleged “lack of democracy” in the former republics of the USSR. Considering the divergent interests of the countries participating in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Russian economist R. Andreeshchev noted that in the case of the SCO there are no obvious prerequisites for cooperation. In his opinion, the cementing factor is the reluctance of the countries of Central Asia, as well as Russia and China, to accept the policies imposed by the US administration, the active economic and political expansion of which does not meet the interests of these countries. No less important is the issue of stability, which still remains unresolved for the region and causes statements by representatives of Western countries about an alleged “lack of democracy” in the former republics of the USSR. According to A. A. Koltyukov, head of the Institute of Military History of the Russian Ministry of Defense, China, Pakistan, Iran and India, not least of all, view the SCO as a tool to counter the American military presence in the region, which undoubtedly poses a threat to the security of these countries. According to A. A. Koltyukov, head of the Institute of Military History of the Russian Ministry of Defense, China, Pakistan, Iran and India, not least of all, view the SCO as an instrument to counter the American military presence in this region, which undoubtedly poses a threat to the security of these countries
Interests of the participating countries and their divergences China, considering the SCO countries as a promising sales market, believes that the SCO priorities between anti-terrorist and economic activities should be divided equally, and in the future, economic strategy may take the main place in the activities of the organization. Russia, on the contrary, insists on maintaining the traditional activity of the SCO in the fight against manifestations of the “three evils” (in SCO terminology): terrorism, extremism and separatism and, fearing the establishment of economic hegemony of the PRC in post-Soviet Asia, is making efforts to restrain Beijing’s proposals to intensify economic cooperation within the SCO. China, considering the SCO countries as a promising sales market, believes that the SCO's priorities between anti-terrorist and economic activities should be divided equally, and in the future, economic strategy may take the main place in the organization's activities. Russia, on the contrary, insists on maintaining the traditional activity of the SCO in the fight against manifestations of the “three evils” (in SCO terminology): terrorism, extremism and separatism and, fearing the establishment of economic hegemony of the PRC in post-Soviet Asia, is making efforts to restrain Beijing’s proposals to intensify economic cooperation within the SCO.
Cooperation in the field of security The activities of the SCO initially lay in the area of mutual intraregional actions to suppress terrorist acts, as well as separatism and extremism in Central Asia. According to Chinese Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan, it became the first international organization to make the idea of combating terrorism the core of its activities. The SCO's activities initially lay in the area of mutual intraregional actions to suppress terrorist acts, as well as separatism and extremism in Central Asia. According to Chinese Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan, it became the first international organization to make the idea of combating terrorism the core of its activities.
Economic cooperation Despite the fact that the SCO was initially created with the goal of jointly protecting the borders of neighboring states, almost immediately its activities also acquired an economic focus. A few months after the start of the SCO, at their first meeting in Almaty, the prime ministers of the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization discussed issues of regional trade and economic cooperation, the development of the SCO and other problems, signed a Memorandum between the governments of the SCO member states on the main goals and areas of regional economic cooperation and the launch of a process to create favorable conditions in the field of trade and investment. Despite the fact that the SCO was initially created with the goal of jointly protecting the borders of neighboring states, almost immediately its activities also acquired an economic focus. A few months after the start of the SCO, at their first meeting in Almaty, the prime ministers of the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization discussed issues of regional trade and economic cooperation, the development of the SCO and other problems, signed a Memorandum between the governments of the SCO member states on the main goals and areas of regional economic cooperation and launching a process to create favorable conditions in the field of trade and investment
Cultural and humanitarian cooperation In the Declaration on the creation of the SCO, the participating countries also stated the need to develop cultural cooperation. In the Declaration on the creation of the SCO, the participating countries also stated the need to develop cultural cooperation. For the first time, the ministers of culture of the participating countries met in Beijing on April 12, 2002. Governments actively supported the holding of Culture Days, the participation of artistic groups and artists. Since that time, humanitarian cooperation has gradually intensified: joint events are held to coincide with significant historical dates of the SCO member countries, exchanges of students and teaching staff are practiced, and attempts are made to create joint educational centers. For the first time, the ministers of culture of the participating countries met in Beijing on April 12, 2002. Governments actively supported the holding of Culture Days, the participation of artistic groups and artists. Since that time, humanitarian cooperation has gradually intensified: joint events are held to coincide with significant historical dates of the SCO member countries, exchanges of students and teaching staff are practiced, and attempts are made to create joint educational centers.
Studying the history of the creation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization - a regional international organization founded in 2001 by the leaders of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. Economic and security cooperation.
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The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) arose on the basis of the Shanghai Five (Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China and Tajikistan), formed in accordance with the Agreement on Strengthening Confidence in the Military Field in the Border Area (1996) and the Agreement on Mutual Reduction of Armed Forces near the border (1997). In 2000, Uzbekistan joined the Shanghai Five. The population of the SCO member countries is 1.5 billion people, and the territory occupies 3/5 of the Eurasian continent.
The highest decision-making body in the SCO is the Council of Heads of Member States. It meets once a year and makes decisions and instructions on all important issues of the organization. The Council of Heads of Government of the SCO member states meets once a year to discuss the strategy of multilateral cooperation and priority areas within the organization, resolve fundamental and pressing issues of economic and other cooperation, and also approves the annual budget of the organization. In addition to meetings of the Council of Heads of State and Government, there is also a mechanism for annual meetings at the level of ministers of foreign affairs, economy, transport, culture, defense, security, prosecutors general, as well as heads of border agencies and ministries of emergency situations. The coordination mechanism within the SCO is the Council of National Coordinators of the SCO Member States. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization has two permanent bodies - the Secretariat in Beijing and the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure in Tashkent. The Executive Secretary and the Director of the Executive Committee are appointed by the Council of Heads of State for a period of three years.
To conclude the first of these two agreements, the leaders of the five states met in the spring of 1996 in Shanghai, which gave rise to the term “Shanghai Five”. The Shanghai summit and the Moscow summit that followed a year later became the prototypes of the structure that, after six years, was transformed into a full-fledged organization of multidisciplinary cooperation. Joint work to implement the above-mentioned agreements served as the fundamental basis of what came to be called the “Shanghai spirit”, which includes mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, respect for each other’s interests and opinions, mutual consultations, reaching mutual understanding through consensus and voluntary agreement to implement reached agreements.
At the third summit of the Five in July 1998 in Almaty, an understanding was reached about the need to continue in-depth consultations on regional and Asian security issues, to establish large-scale and long-term cooperation, including in the areas of trade, economics, energy resources, as well as the joint fight against ethnic separatism, religious extremism, international terrorism and transnational crime. The Almaty meeting gave impetus to the process of rapprochement between the five states, made it possible to approach it with new expanded criteria and plans, and marked the beginning of work to synchronize approaches to a number of pressing problems in the Central Asian region and international life in general.
The idea of broader interaction received practical development in the fundamental agreements following the fourth summit of the five countries in August 1999 in Bishkek, during which the Russian side’s proposal was supported to hold meetings of the heads of law enforcement agencies, ministers of defense and foreign affairs of the five states, as well as to conduct business with creating joint working groups of economic experts to prepare specific recommendations for projects and programs of five-party business partnerships. On March 29-30, 2000, the first meeting of defense ministers was held in Astana. Since then, military contacts have been carried out on a regularly scheduled basis. The “Bishkek Group” of heads of law enforcement agencies and intelligence services of the SCO member states has been formed. The interaction of the Shanghai Five states is becoming increasingly closer and multifaceted.
The fifth summit of the Shanghai Five took place on July 5, 2000 in Dushanbe. It marked the beginning of the transformation of the Five into a forum for considering key issues in Central Asia (security, defense, law enforcement, foreign policy, economics, environmental protection, culture).
On June 14-15, 2001, a meeting of the heads of six states - Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan took place in Shanghai, at which it was announced the creation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization - a new regional association that declared strengthening between the participating states as its goals mutual trust, friendship and good neighborliness; encouraging effective cooperation between them in political, trade, economic, scientific, technical, cultural, educational, energy, transport, environmental and other fields; maintaining and ensuring peace, security and stability in the region.
The Declaration on the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, adopted at the summit, reflected the fundamental guidelines for building the SCO, which during the year were translated into legal language and enshrined in the basic founding document - the SCO Charter, adopted at the next summit in St. Petersburg. The Charter was signed by the President of the Russian Federation on June 7, 2002 in St. Petersburg during a meeting of the heads of the six founding states of the SCO and ratified by the Federation Council in 2003. The Charter is the fundamental document of the SCO, which defines the goals, objectives and main directions of cooperation of this organization, its structure and the order of relations with other countries and international organizations.
In addition, at the Shanghai summit the Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism was signed, which laid the legal foundations for collectively countering threats and challenges common to all countries in the region. On the basis of the Convention within the SCO, in order to improve interaction in the fight against terrorism, separatism, extremism, illicit drug and weapons trafficking, as well as illegal migration, the Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure (RATS) was created - which received the status of a permanent body in 2002 SCO.
The Organization is actively working to establish practical cooperation in various areas. In April 2003, a meeting of the foreign ministers of the founding states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was held in Almaty. It preceded the meeting of the heads of SCO member states, which took place on May 28-29, 2003 in Moscow. The ministers prepared a whole package of documents defining the procedure for the work of the SCO statutory bodies, the formation and execution of the organization's budget: provisions on the Councils of heads of state, heads of government, foreign ministers, national coordinators, on meetings of heads of ministries and departments, on the SCO Secretariat and other mechanisms provided for Charter of the organization. At the meeting, the ministers confirmed that they had made progress towards further creating the framework of the organization, and the SCO should become a full-fledged international organization with a well-functioning structure, capable of adequately and in the shortest possible time finding the right answers to new challenges and threats to the region.
At the third summit of the Shanghai Organization in the Moscow Kremlin on May 28-29, 2003, the institutional construction of this new international organization was almost completed. At the Summit, a number of documents were approved regulating the work of the SCO statutory bodies, in particular the provisions on the councils of heads of state, heads of government on the regulations of the executive committee of the SCO regional anti-terrorist structure, etc. The leaders of the SCO member states approved the candidacy of the first executive secretary - this is a most experienced diplomat , Ambassador of the People's Republic of China to Russia Zhang Deguang. It was decided to locate the secretariat in Beijing. At the summit, an Agreement was signed on the procedure for forming and executing the SCO budget, a kind of financial Charter of the Organization. In addition to the organizational documents, following the summit in Moscow, a political Declaration was adopted.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is of great importance for building a collective security system in the Asia-Pacific region. The SCO, along with other multilateral mechanisms and institutions operating in this region, in the opinion of all members of the organization, is a new important link in the system of multilateral cooperation. The anti-terrorist direction in the activities of the SCO, which has recently become a priority for the Organization, received additional impetus after the events of September 11, 2001 in the United States. Long before the events in the United States, the SCO member states faced a threat from terrorist forces that had found refuge in Afghanistan. The SCO member states have long called on the international community to correctly assess the scale of the threat looming over the world and have taken appropriate countermeasures both at the national level and in bilateral relations, as well as within the Organization.
The SCO is not a military bloc or a closed alliance, but an open organization focused on broad international cooperation, including the possibility of expanding its composition. The main objectives of the SCO are to maintain peace and stability in the region and develop trade and economic cooperation. India, Iran, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, the USA, Japan, ASEAN, the EU and other states and organizations are already showing significant interest in the activities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
One of the main achievements of the Shanghai process over the years has been the easing of tensions along the border with China, including the creation of 100 km deep zones on both sides where mutual military inspections are carried out. In this way, confidence measures are provided that allow any doubts and misunderstandings to be removed.
The creation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization convincingly demonstrates that a new dynamic association is emerging in the center of the Eurasian continent, covering about a fifth of the planet's population and including such global powers as Russia and China, which entered the new century as strategic partners. We can say that, on the one hand, the proclamation of the SCO is a kind of “intermediate finish”, but at the same time it is also a start to a new long and responsible distance.
In parallel with organizational building, practical interaction between members of the Organization is gaining momentum. Naturally, one of the priorities in this context is the joint fight against new threats. Work is underway on regulatory documents regarding the deployment of the RATS headquarters in Bishkek. There is a general understanding of the need to quickly establish cooperation in curbing the drug threat.
The SCO has consistently demonstrated its openness and readiness for broad international cooperation in solving problems of common interest. New confirmation of this is the mentioned temporary scheme of relations between the SCO and states and other international organizations. Its purpose is to create conditions for the speedy establishment of interaction between the Organization and interested associations, since the preparation and approval of permanent regulatory documents will take time.
The SCO continues to attract close attention in the world. A number of countries and international associations have already shown a desire to establish contacts with the Organization. In particular, ASEAN expressed its intention to establish cooperation with the SCO in various fields. On behalf of the Council of People's Commissars of the SCO, in December 2002, the Special Representative of the Russian President for SCO Affairs, National Coordinator from Russia V.Ya. visited Jakarta. Vorobyov to discuss relevant issues in the Secretariat of the Association. In this regard, the Russian diplomat noted that the SCO and ASEAN operate on the basis of the same principles - equality and consensus. In addition, these organizations share similar worldviews on many issues.
Since January 2004, the SCO has been functioning as a full-fledged international organization. Its permanent bodies officially began to operate: the SCO Secretariat in Beijing, headed by the Secretary General, endowed with administrative and technical functions, and the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure (RATS) in Tashkent.
June 17, 2004 - the Council of Heads of SCO Member States was held in the capital of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent. This was the first summit after the completion of the initial stage of the formation of the SCO, and it was important for determining the plans and directions of the Organization’s work at the new stage. The main themes of this summit were “specificity” and “openness”.
During the summit, the heads of six states summed up the work of the Organization in various areas, launched at last year’s Moscow summit, and developed a number of important and specific directives for its further work, especially emphasizing that as the Organization moves to a new stage of development, the main focus is on work to gradually shift to comprehensive practical cooperation, to achieve in every possible way the earliest possible results in establishing cooperation in security, trade, economic, humanitarian and other areas, in the interests of the well-being of the peoples of the six states. In addition, it is necessary to continue to expand exchanges and cooperation with other states and international organizations in order to participate even more actively and constructively in promoting peace and development in the region and the world as a whole.
On July 5, 2005, a summit of the heads of SCO member states took place in Astana. The summit participants adopted a joint declaration. From September 14 to 16, 2005, the SCO, led by the organization's Executive Secretary Zhang Deguang, at the invitation of UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, took part in the High-Level Plenary Meeting of the 60th session of the United Nations General Assembly as an observer. During the Plenary meeting, the SCO Executive Secretary made a statement.
In 2006, the SCO celebrated its fifth anniversary. On June 15, 2006, a summit of the heads of state of the SCO member states took place in Shanghai. In the final declaration, the participants noted that the key to the successful development of the SCO is that it is invariably guided and unswervingly follows the “Shanghai spirit”, which is characterized by mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, mutual consultations, respect for the diversity of cultures, and the desire for common development. According to the meeting participants, the “Shanghai Spirit” is the main holistic concept and the most important principle of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which has enriched the theory and practice of modern international relations, putting into practice the universal desire of the world community to democratize international relations. In addition, the summit adopted a Statement on International Information Security.
On August 16, 2007, the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was held in the capital of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek. The guests of the Bishkek SCO summit were: President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai and President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, as well as UN Deputy Secretary-General Lynn Pascoe. The meeting was also attended by SCO Secretary General Bolat Nurgaliev and Director of the SCO RATS Executive Committee Myrzakan Subanov.
As a result of the meeting in Bishkek, the participants adopted the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, the Bishkek Declaration and a number of other documents, including a joint communique, which recorded the decision to hold the Organization’s summit in 2009 in Russia, a source in the Kremlin said.
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