Predation Predators are animals (and some plants) that feed on other animals, which they catch and kill.
The objects of hunting for predators are extremely diverse. The lack of specialization allows predators to use a wide variety of foods. For example, foxes eat fruit; bears pick berries and love to feast on the honey of forest bees.
Although all predators have preferred types of prey, the mass reproduction of unusual prey makes them switch to them. Peregrine falcons forage for food in the air. But when lemmings reproduce en masse, falcons begin to hunt them, snatching prey from the ground. The ability to switch from one type of prey to another is one of the necessary adaptations in the life of predators.
Predation is one of the main forms of struggle for existence and is found in all large groups of eukaryotic organisms. Already among unicellular organisms, eating individuals of one species by another is a common occurrence. Predatory ciliates Didinia attack a shoe. A sucking ciliate sucks out several ciliates with the help of tentacles.
Jellyfish paralyze with stinging cells any organisms that fall within the reach of their tentacles (in large forms, up to 20-30 m in length), and eat them. Typical predators live at the bottom of the sea - starfish, feeding on shellfish and often destroying large populations of coral polyps.
Many centipedes, in particular centipedes, are typical predators with an extremely wide range of prey: from insects to small vertebrates.
A bullfrog attacks a sparrow. To prevent the prey from flying away, she pulled the bird into the water, thereby depriving it of air and the ability to defend itself.
Snakes hunt amphibians, birds and small mammals. The objects of their hunt are not only adult birds, but also bird eggs. Birds' nests are literally devastated by snakes.
A special case of predation is cannibalism - eating individuals of its own species, most often juveniles. Cannibalism is often found in spiders (females often eat males) and in fish (eating fry). Female mammals also sometimes eat their young.
But sometimes the struggle between predator and prey turns into a fierce fight. Therefore, natural selection operating in a population of predators will increase the efficiency of means of searching and catching prey.
This purpose is served by the web of spiders, the poisonous teeth of snakes, and the precise attacking blows of mantises, dragonflies, snakes, birds and mammals.
Complex behavior is developed, such as the coordinated actions of a pack of wolves when hunting deer. Prey, through the process of selection, also improve their means of defense and avoidance of predators.
When a predator attacks a school of fish, all individuals scatter, which increases their chances of surviving. On the contrary, starlings, having noticed a peregrine falcon, huddle together in a dense group. The predator avoids attacking a dense flock, as it risks being injured.
Large ungulates become circled when attacked by wolves. For wolves, the likelihood of repelling and killing an individual as a result of this herd behavior is significantly reduced. Therefore, they prefer to attack animals that are old or weakened by disease, especially those that have strayed from the herd.
Similar behavior has developed in primates. When there is a threat of attack by a predator, females with cubs find themselves in a dense ring of males. In the evolution of the predator-prey relationship, there is constant improvement of both predators and their prey.
The need for nitrogen in plants growing on nutrient-poor soils, washed with water, has led to the emergence of a very interesting phenomenon in them. These plants have adaptations for catching insects.
Sundews constitute one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants. It is characterized by moving glandular tentacles topped with sweet, sticky secretions.
When an insect lands on the sticky tentacles, the plant begins to move the remaining tentacles in the direction of the victim in order to further trap it. Once the insect is trapped, small sessile glands absorb it and the nutrients are used for plant growth.
Feeding on animals - predation - is also found in fungi. The most common type of trap is adhesive three-dimensional networks consisting of a large number of rings formed as a result of the branching of hyphae. As soon as the nematode gets into the ring or loop, it immediately begins to resist, trying to free itself. The more active the movements, the more rings and loops the worm gets caught in. with which he catches nematodes. A sprout extends from the fungus to the nematode, the expanded end of which is called the “infectious bulb”. It penetrates the body of the worm and grows there rapidly until the hyphae fill the entire body cavity of the animal. After about a day, only the skin remains of the nematode.
Lesson topic. Antibiotic relationships between organisms.
1. Educational goals: 1) based on repetition of educational material about positive relationships between organisms, characterize the forms of symbiosis; 2) continue to deepen and expand knowledge about the diversity of relationships between organisms based on studying the characteristics of antibiotic relationships; 3) continue to deepen knowledge about the evolutionary role of these forms of relationships between organisms.
2. Educational goals: learning the ability to highlight the essential, most importantly, work at an optimal pace, save time.
3. Developmental goals: continue to develop students’ skills in working with a book and drawing conclusions; continue to develop the skills of paired independent work; use existing knowledge, life experience, interdisciplinary connections with ecology.
Lesson type: combined.
Lesson structure: I. Org. Moment.
II. Checking homework.
Paperwork.
III. Studying new material.
IV. Consolidation of knowledge and skills.
V.Homework.
During the classes.
Org. Moment.
Checking homework. Paperwork. 2 tasks on sheets of paper. Mutual verification, summing up results.
Learning new material.
Interspecies relationships are complex and diverse.
We have studied positive relationships - symbiosis.
Purpose of today's lesson explore antibiotic relationships between organisms and their significance.
Topic: Antibiotic relationships between organisms.
What do you guys associate the term antibiosis with?
How can we define the concept of “antibiosis”?
Antibiosis is a form of relationship in which both interacting populations (or one of them) experience the negative influence of the other.
A plan for studying the topic is written on the board:
Pair 2 - examines the phenomenon of predation in plants and fungi.
The pairs are given task cards.
Pairs work, then a discussion is held on these topics.
Types of relationships between organisms.
|
Type of antibiotic |
5) Performance by students from each pair.
How do you think the relationships between organisms of different systematic groups ensure balance in the ecological system?
Topic: “Interrelations of Organisms”
1) Was rejected by selection long ago,
Feet don't wear heads!
Live, strong brothers,
And I can’t escape fate.
(predator - prey)
2) You and I are in one bond,
Like a friendly family
It has long been unclear
Where are you, and where am I?
(symbiosis)
3) I wish you many years of life,
You don't know about me at all!
I will find dinner and lunch,
As long as you are in my destiny.
Doesn't scare me off at all!
If only from the master's table
I got something.
(freeloading)
Task cards
I
1. Consider the phenomenon of predation in animals.
2.What is the meaning of this type of relationship? Give examples (3).
3.What survival adaptations do predators and their prey have?
4.How can the phenomenon of predation be used in practical human activity?
5.Fill out the table in your notebook.
II
1. Consider the phenomenon of predation in plants and fungi.
3.Fill out the table in your notebook.
2.What is the meaning of this type of relationship? Give 3 examples.
5.Fill out the table in your notebook.
2.What is the meaning of this type of relationship? Give examples.
4.Fill out the table in your notebook.
Open biology lesson
in 11th grade."Antibiotic relationships between organisms".
Teacher: Zharikova L.I.
MOKU May Secondary School 2012.
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article topic: | Antibiotic relationships |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Ecology |
Antibiosis- a form of relationship in which both interacting populations or one of them experience a negative impact. The adverse effects of some species on others can manifest themselves in different forms.
Predation. This is one of the most common forms that is of great importance in the self-regulation of biocenoses. Predators are animals (as well as some plants) that feed on other animals, which they catch and kill. The objects of hunting for predators are extremely diverse. Lack of specialization allows predators to use a wide variety of foods. For example, foxes eat fruit; bears pick berries and love to feast on the honey of forest bees. Although all predators have preferred types of prey, the mass reproduction of unusual prey makes them switch to them. Thus, peregrine falcons obtain food in the air. But when lemmings reproduce en masse, falcons begin to hunt them, snatching prey from the ground.
The ability to switch from one type of prey to another is one of the necessary adaptations in the life of predators. The ability to switch from one type of prey to another is one of the necessary adaptations in the life of predators. Predation is one of the basic forms of struggle for existence and is found in all large groups of eukaryotic organisms. Already among unicellular organisms, eating individuals of one species by another is a common occurrence. Jellyfish paralyze with stinging cells any organisms that fall within the reach of their tentacles (in large forms, up to 20-30 m in length), and eat them. Typical predators live at the bottom of the sea - starfish, feeding on shellfish and often destroying extensive populations of coral polyps. Many centipedes, in particular centipedes, are also typical predators with an extremely wide range of prey: from insects to small vertebrates. Large frogs attack chicks and can cause serious damage to waterfowl breeding. Snakes hunt amphibians, birds and small mammals. Often the objects of their hunt are not only adult birds, but also bird eggs. Bird nests, located both on the ground and on tree branches, are literally devastated by snakes. A special case of predation is cannibalism - eating individuals of its own species, most often juveniles. Cannibalism is often found in spiders (females often eat males) and in fish (eating fry). Female mammals also sometimes eat their young. Predation is associated with the acquisition of resisting and escaping prey. When a peregrine falcon attacks birds, most victims die instantly from a sudden blow from the falcon's talons. Vole mice also cannot resist an owl or a fox. But sometimes the struggle between predator and prey turns into a fierce fight.
Rice. Ciliates Didinia Fig. Starfish
devour slipper ciliates and bivalves
Rice. Scolopendra attacking a lizard
For this reason, natural selection operating in a population of predators will increase the efficiency of means of searching and catching prey.
This purpose is served by the web of spiders, the poisonous teeth of snakes, and the precise attacking blows of mantises, dragonflies, snakes, birds and mammals. Complex behavior is developed, for example, the coordinated actions of wolves when hunting deer.
Prey, through the process of selection, also improve their means of defense and avoidance of predators.
This includes protective coloration, various spines and shells, and adaptive behavior. When a predator attacks a school of fish, all individuals scatter, which increases their chances of surviving. On the contrary, starlings, having noticed a peregrine falcon, huddle together in a dense group. The predator avoids attacking a dense flock, as it risks being injured. Large ungulates, when attacked by wolves, become circled; for wolves, the likelihood of repelling and killing an individual individual as a result of this behavior of the herd is significantly reduced. For this reason, they prefer to attack animals that are old or weakened by disease, especially those that have strayed from the herd.
Rice. Frog eating chick
Similar behavior has developed in primates. When there is a threat of attack by a predator, females with cubs find themselves in a dense ring of males.
Rice. A herd of baboons on the march (A) and when danger arises (B)
In the evolution of the predator-prey relationship, there is constant improvement of both predators and their prey.
The need for nitrogen in plants growing in nutrient-poor soils washed with water has led to the emergence of a very interesting phenomenon. These plants have adaptations for catching insects. Thus, the leaf blades of the Venus flytrap, endemic to North Carolina (USA), have turned into valves with teeth. The valves slam shut as soon as the insect touches the sensitive hairs on the leaf blade. In the round-leaved sundew found in Russia, the leaves are collected in a basal rosette. The entire upper side and edges of each leaf are covered with glandular hairs. In the center of the leaf the glandular hairs are short, along the edges they are long. The head of the hair is surrounded by a transparent droplet of thick sticky viscous mucus. Small flies or ants land or crawl onto the leaf and stick to it. The insect struggles, trying to free itself, but all the hairs of the disturbed leaf bend towards the prey, enveloping it in mucus. The edge of the leaf slowly curls up and covers the insect. The mucus secreted by the hairs contains enzymes, and therefore the prey is quickly digested.
Rice. Venus flytrap. 1. general view, 2. half-closed sheet with the victim, 3. closed sheet.
Antibiotic relationships - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Antibiotic Relationships" 2017, 2018.
AND living organisms can have a positive effect on each other (symbiotic relationship) bad influence (antibiotic relationship) or not influence each other (neutralism).
Neutralism - cohabitation of two species in the same territory, which has neither positive nor negative consequences for them (for example, squirrels and moose).
Symbiotic relationship - such relationships between organisms in which the participants benefit from cohabitation or at least do not harm each other. There are protocooperation, mutualism, commensalism, etc.
Protocooperation - mutually beneficial, but not obligatory, coexistence of organisms from which all participants benefit (for example, hermit crab and sea anemone).
Mutualism - a form of symbiotic relationship in which either one or both partners cannot exist without the partner (for example, herbivorous ungulates and cellulose-degrading microorganisms).
Commensalism - a form of symbiotic relationship in which one of the partners benefits from cohabitation, and the other is indifferent to the presence of the first. There are two forms of commensalism: synoikia , or tenancy(for example, some sea anemones and tropical fish) and trophobiosis , or freeloading(e.g. large predators and scavengers).
Predation - a form of antibiotic relationship in which one of the participants (the predator) kills the other (the prey) and uses it as food (for example, wolves and hares). Cannibalism - a special case of predation is the killing and eating of one’s own kind (found in rats, brown bears, humans).
Competition - a form of antibiotic relationship in which organisms compete with each other for food resources, a sexual partner, shelter, light, etc. There are interspecific And intraspecific competition.
Amensalism - a form of antibiotic relationship in which one organism acts on another and suppresses its vital activity, while it itself does not experience any negative influences from the suppressed one (for example, spruce and lower tier plants).
Anthropogenic factors - human activity leading either to a direct impact on living organisms or to a change in their habitat. At the same time, the impact of man as a biological organism and his economic activity differ (technogenic factors).
Antibiosis is a form of relationship in which both interacting populations or one of them experience a negative effect. The adverse effects of some species on others can manifest themselves in different forms.
Predation.
This is one of the most common forms that is of great importance in the self-regulation of biocenoses. Predators are animals (as well as some plants) that feed on other animals, which they catch and kill. Objects of hunting for predators! extremely varied. The lack of specialization allows predators to use a wide variety of foods. For example, foxes eat fruit; bears pick berries and love to feast on the honey of forest bees. Although all predators have preferred types of prey, the mass reproduction of unusual prey makes them switch to them. Thus, peregrine falcons obtain food in the air. But when lemmings reproduce en masse, falcons begin to hunt them, snatching prey from the ground.
The ability to switch from one type of prey to another is one of the necessary adaptations in the life of predators.
Predation is one of the main forms of struggle for existence and is found in all large groups of eukaryotic organisms. Already among unicellular organisms, eating individuals of one species by another is a common occurrence. Jellyfish paralyze with stinging cells any organisms that fall within the reach of their tentacles (in large forms, up to 20-30 m in length), and eat them. Typical predators live at the bottom of the sea - starfish, feeding on shellfish and often destroying large populations of coral polyps.
Many centipedes, in particular centipedes, are also typical predators with an extremely wide range of prey: from insects to small vertebrates (Fig. 17.21). Large frogs attack chicks and can cause serious damage to waterfowl breeding (Fig. 17.22). Snakes hunt amphibians, birds and small mammals. Often the objects of their hunt are not only adult birds, but also bird eggs. Bird nests, located both on the ground and on tree branches, are literally devastated by snakes.
Cannibalism is a special case of predation. - eating individuals of its own species, most often juveniles. Cannibalism is often found in spiders (females often eat males) and in fish (eating fry). Female mammals also sometimes eat their young.
Predation is associated with the acquisition of resisting and escaping prey. When a peregrine falcon attacks birds, most victims die instantly from a sudden blow from the falcon's talons. Vole mice also cannot resist an owl or a fox. But sometimes the struggle between predator and prey turns into a fierce fight.
Therefore, natural selection operating in a population of predators will increase the efficiency of means of searching and catching prey.
This purpose is served by the web of spiders, the poisonous teeth of snakes, and the precise attacking blows of mantises, dragonflies, snakes, birds and mammals. Complex behavior is developed, such as the coordinated actions of a pack of wolves when hunting deer. Prey, through the process of selection, also improve their means of defense and avoidance of predators.
This includes protective coloration, various spines and shells, and adaptive behavior. When a predator attacks a school of fish, all individuals scatter, which increases their chances of surviving. On the contrary, starlings, having noticed a peregrine falcon, huddle together in a dense group. The predator avoids attacking a dense flock, because risks injury. Large ungulates become circled when attacked by wolves. For wolves, the likelihood of repelling and killing an individual as a result of this herd behavior is significantly reduced. Therefore, they prefer to attack animals that are old or weakened by disease, especially those that have strayed from the herd.
Similar behavior has developed in primates. When there is a threat of attack by a predator, females with cubs find themselves in a dense ring of males.
In the evolution of the predator-prey relationship, there is constant improvement of both predators and their prey.
The need for nitrogen in plants growing on nutrient-poor soils, washed with water, has led to the emergence of a very interesting phenomenon in them. These plants have adaptations for catching insects. The Venus flytrap, found in Russia, has leaves collected in a basal rosette. The entire upper side and edges of each leaf are covered with glandular hairs. In the center of the leaf the glandular hairs are short, along the edges they are long. The head of the hair is surrounded by a transparent droplet of thick sticky viscous mucus. Small flies or ants land or crawl onto the leaf and stick to it. The insect struggles, trying to free itself, but all the hairs of the disturbed leaf bend towards the prey, enveloping it in mucus. The edge of the leaf slowly curls up and covers the insect. The mucus secreted by the hairs contains enzymes, so5 the prey is quickly digested.
Feeding on animals - predation - is also found in fungi. Predatory mushrooms form trapping apparatuses in the form of small oval or spherical heads located on the! short branches of mycelium (Fig. 17.25). However, the most common type of hyphae is adhesive three-dimensional networks consisting of a large number of rings formed as a result of the branching of hyphae. Often, predatory fungi catch animals that are larger than them, such as roundworms. The catching process is reminiscent of catching i flies on sticky paper. Soon after the worm becomes entangled, the fungal hyphae grow inward and quickly fill the entire body. ,The whole process lasts about a day. In the absence of nematodes, fungi do not form traps. Emergence is complicated! the fishing apparatus is stimulated chemically, a product of the vital activity of worms......
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