Phraseological character is also widely used in all styles of speech of the modern literary language, stable phrases: to join the fight, stand up for defense, enjoy confidence, expose to fire, etc.

Speech unification is the choice of one option from several possible ways of transmitting the same information, the establishment and application of rules for constructing sentences according to certain models.

The issue of clichés in speech is associated with a well-known contradiction. On the one hand, speakers and writers are urged to abandon clichés, and on the other hand, they are actually urged to use some kind of stamp fixed in speech practice, noticing that this is an established phrase. And the second is quite understandable: the standards are convenient for both the writer (the speaker) and the reader (the listener). We are satisfied with the easy reproducibility of ready-made speech formulas, a certain automation of the speech process, and facilitating communication between team members. Of particular note is the saving of effort and time - one of the important principles of speech practice, which manifests itself not only in material savings, but also in the economy of mental activity. Therefore, it is quite natural to use speech standards (stereotypes, clichés). The use of ready-made formulas of official business speech is justified by the tradition and convenience of formalizing business papers.

But it is necessary to distinguish between speech clichés (stereotypes, standards) and chanceries (clericalisms), although it can be the same word or a combination of words. In an official business style of speech, the use of speech clichés is justified and often mandatory. In a conversational style, there is no need to use pre-prepared phrases, as this can be perceived negatively. For example, the expression "I hereby bring to your attention..." is common and convenient in business documents, but completely out of place in a conversation between two friends. In the first case, this is the vocabulary of an official business style, in the second, it is clerical. The concept of "clerk" was introduced by K. Chukovsky. Offices are words and expressions of official business speech used outside of it. Forests, bakery products, hats, retail outlets and other similar expressions are clearly out of place in conversation, and in a work of art, and in journalism. But in official business speech they are expedient and necessary. Business speech needs common names and strives for them. The basic law of stylistics is relevance and expediency, therefore, in a business style of speech, the excessive use of clerical stamps, words and phrases that have lost their meaning is also undesirable.

K. Chukovsky more than once cited examples of the clogging of the literary language with clericalism. He wrote about this: “5 course of details”, “along the line of development” and “reflection of the moment” - such a replacement of human words with clerical ones still does not cause indignation in me, since this is a temporary, transient matter. The Russian language is so strong that it happened to overcome even less deformities.” In the book “Living Like Life”, K. Chukovsky says: “I remember how A. Gorky laughed when the former senator, a respectable old man, who assured him that he could translate “from 10 languages”, brought such a translation of the romantic fairy tales: "For lack of a red rose, my life will be broken." Gorky pointed out that the clerical turnover “for lack of” is out of place in a romantic fairy tale. The old man agreed and wrote in a different way: “Due to the absence of a red rose, my life will be broken,” which proved his complete unsuitability for translating romantic tales. He translated the entire text in this style: “I need a red rose, and I will get one for myself ... As for my heart, it is given to the prince.”

It is necessary to distinguish between speech stamps and speech clichés. A speech cliché is a ready-made stable form: it is hereby brought to your attention; hold cultural events; pay attention to; promote development; solving current issues, etc. These standard formulas, which have long come into use, are convenient for formalizing business papers.

Speech stamps are hackneyed expressions that have lost their exact, specific meaning and imagery from frequent use: to be always on the lookout; lifelong roads; black gold, etc. Initially, such stable turns of speech were new and sounded emotional, but rather quickly turned into meaningless clichés.

The use of speech stamps and clericalism entails numerous stylistic errors, for example:
Why don't you use the elevator? Just go outside the gate, you will immediately see a green array. What activities are you taking to activate the bite? (From the conversation of the fishermen.)
What are you crying about, baby?

Often derivative prepositions are used incorrectly in the case, in part, along the line, etc. For example:
The work of the head of the kindergarten in terms of taking children to the country house has been done extremely large.

When it comes to raising young...

Inappropriately used speech stamp we have: We have a lack of well-established accounting.

A dry, clerical tone is given to speech by the accumulation of verbal nouns ending in -enie, -anie, -utie, -etie: We must raise the issue of educating the population in improving attitudes towards greening the city. In this small sentence, five verbal nouns in the genitive case have piled up. This is unacceptable even for an official business style of speech.

Clerical stamps should not litter live colloquial speech. And there is no need to congratulate on the successes achieved, to correct the existing errors, to consider the proposals received, because it is pointless to congratulate on the successes that have not been achieved, to correct the errors that are not there, or to consider the proposals not received.

"around" + φράσις “statement”) is an indirect, descriptive designation of an object based on the selection of any of its qualities, features, features, for example, “ blue planet" instead of "Earth", " one-armed bandit” instead of “slot machine”, etc.

Paraphrase classifications

Although some researchers consider paraphrase as a type of trope, not everyone agrees with this position. According to I. B. Golub, only figurative periphrases that are metaphorical in nature should be classified as tropes, while non-figurative periphrases (other authors call them “logical”), in which the direct meaning of the words that form them, are not tropes. For example, from two paraphrases denoting A. S. Pushkin - “ the sun of Russian poetry" and "a author of "Eugene Onegin"”- only the first is figurative.

The indicated division is close to the division of periphrases by way of education into metaphorical and metonymic. The criterion for separation is the use of one or more words that make up the paraphrase in a figurative sense. Comparing two well-established paraphrases - " stationery rat" (official) and " sea ​​worker"(fisherman), - you can see that only the first of them is metaphorical, since the word "rat" is used in a figurative sense, while in the second both nouns are used in their main meaning.

By frequency of use periphrases can be divided into individual author's and general language, firmly established in the lexicon, such as, for example, " weaker sex», « our little brothers», « people in white coats», « land of the rising sun», « third Rome". In a number of cases, one can trace the literary roots of general language paraphrases. So, thanks to A. S. Pushkin, such paraphrases as “ copper saddle ik "(monument to Peter I on the Senate Square)," admiralty needle"(spire of the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg)," semi-dominant ruler"(A. D. Menshikov), etc.

By the presence or absence of the paraphrased word in the text paraphrases are divided into dependent and independent. So, in the lines of A. S. Pushkin “Meanwhile, the moon floats in the azure skies, the queen of the night” paraphrase “ queen of the night”is explained by the main word “moon”. Often, a dependent paraphrase requires mandatory disclosure: the heading of the article " Moscow director responded to criticism addressed to him "does not give an understanding of who exactly he is talking about - this requires deciphering the paraphrase in the text. Independent paraphrases that do not have such explanations require intellectual efforts and a certain outlook from the reader or listener. For example, the paraphrase used in G. R. Derzhavin's poem "My idol" art by Praxiteles"can be correctly understood only if the reader knows that Praxiteles was an ancient Greek sculptor, which means that the author means sculpture, the art of sculpture.

The use of paraphrases

Paraphrases in literary speech serve as a means of artistic expression. They were most common in the 18th - early 19th centuries, when simple words were considered non-poetic. So, M. V. Lomonosov uses numerous paraphrases in his poems: “ beautiful luminary" (Sun), " thundering thunderbolts" (lightning), " namesake Grandfather and Vnu k "(Ivan III and Ivan IV), etc. In the poem "In front of the tomb of the saint" A. S. Pushkin never names M. I. Kutuzov, but describes him in a detailed paraphrase:

Sleeping under them this lord,
This idol of the northern squads,
The venerable guardian of the sovereign country,
Subduer of all her enemies,
This rest of the glorious flock
Catherine's Eagles.

- A. S. Pushkin, "In front of the tomb of the saint", 1831

In affective speech (oratory, colloquial), the paraphrase serves to enhance the impact of the statement on the addressee: “enough wag your tongue!" (instead of "talking"), "look what they say scribbled scribblers(journalists).

Both in artistic and in business speech, periphrases allow you to avoid repetition. For example, in the text of a scientific review: “The work of I. Ivanov leaves a good impression. young scientist able to show... Author of the work asserts..."

Since periphrases, as a rule, concentrate on any one sign, they may contain an assessment of the designated object. So, in a magazine article about animals, the word lion can be replaced by a neutral paraphrase (“ member of the cat family”), negative (“ ruthless African predator"") or positive (" lord of the savannah», « king of beasts», « majestic animal"). Thus, periphrases can carry both ameliorative (praising, positively evaluative) and pejorative (negatively evaluative) functions. This property of paraphrases is actively used in journalism, socio-political speech.

In official business speech, paraphrases can be used in order to avoid direct naming of an object, event or to give it a neutral character: “the police stopped the riots"," according to the application measures taken».

In addition, paraphrases can act as a euphemism: " put yourself in the worst light"(to disgrace)," ease your nose"(blow your nose) or dysphemism:" stuff your belly"(eat)," turn up one's face» (refuse).

Paraphrases of famous people

Numerous stable paraphrases of famous historical figures have developed in the Russian language. So, polls show a high degree of recognition of such paraphrases as:

• father of Russian aviation(N. E. Zhukovsky),
• father of Russian radio(A. S. Popov),
• father of Russian cosmonautics(K. E. Tsiolkovsky),
• founder of the Russian theater(F. G. Volkov),
• great kobzar(T. G. Shevchenko),
• leader of the world proletariat (

Introduction

Conclusion to chapter Ι

Conclusion to chapter ΙΙ

Conclusion

List of sources

Introduction

In this course work, cases of the use of speech stamps are considered on the example of the texts of Belgorod journalists.

Topic term paper is relevant, tk. To date, the vocabulary of many journalists is littered with various types of speech stamps. It is also important for us to analyze how competently journalists are able to select vocabulary that makes the greatest impression on the reader.

The relevance of research. Despite the fact that this topic has been sufficiently developed, speech stamps in periodicals are rarely studied using the example of regional newspapers.

aim this course work is to identify various kinds of speech stamps, as well as the use of clerical style in newspaper publications of journalists of the Belgorod region.

Based on this, the following tasks are set in the course work:

· analyze the use of speech stamps in print media;

Consider the concept of "speech stamp", its varieties;

identify errors associated with the use of speech stamps;

Show possible ways to solve the problem associated with the use of speech stamps;

· consider speech stamps in the texts of Belgorod journalists;

Give a general description of printed publications;

· to analyze the texts of Belgorod journalists;

Subject of study - identification of speech stamps in the texts of Belgorod journalists;

Object of study- regional print media.

speech stamp printed edition

The research will use the following methods: description, quota sampling method, comparative analysis, semantic-stylistic method, statistical method.

Speech stamps will be considered on the example of newspaper publications of journalists of the Belgorod region. For analysis were taken city ​​newspapers"Dawns" (Stary Oskol); "New time" (Gubkin) and

local newspapers: Valuyskaya Zvezda" (newspaper of the Valuysky district); "Dawn" (interdistrict newspaper of the Alekseevsky and Krasnensky districts); "Sources" (newspaper of the Prokhorovsky district); "Red October" (newspaper of the Vlokonovsky district); "Red Banner" (newspaper of the Shebekinsky district); "Our Life" (inter-district newspaper of the Rakityansky and Krasnoyaruzhsky districts).

"Banner of Labor" (newspaper of the Krasnogvardeisky district); "Victory" (newspaper of the Yakovlevsky district); "Prioskolye" (newspaper of the Chernyansky district); "Appeal" (newspaper of the Borisovsky district); "Forward" (newspaper of the Novooskolsky district). "Rodnoy Krai" (newspaper of the Graivoronsky district); "Clear key" (newspaper of the Korochansky district).

Regional newspapers: Belgorodskiye Izvestia"; "Belgorodskaya Pravda", "Change".

The structure of the work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources and a list of references. The first chapter deals with an abstract review of scientific literature on the topic of this course work, in the second chapter - an analysis of speech stamps in the texts of Belgorod journalists is carried out, based on the theoretical provisions described in the first chapter.

Chapter I. Use of speech stamps in print media

1.1 The concept of "speech stamp", its varieties

Speech stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Stamps are words, phrases and even whole sentences that arise as new, stylistically expressive speech means, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery. There are many types of stamps, among which clericalisms occupy a special place, scientists still cannot come to a consensus on whether clericalisms should be attributed to speech stamps or should they be singled out as an independent unit. In our work, we consider them as a type of speech stamps.

Chancellery - a word coined by K.I. Chukovsky to designate the style of the Russian language, used mainly among officials and lawyers. Chukovsky took the suffix "it" from the names of inflammatory diseases ("appendicitis", "bronchitis", "sinusitis").

Now the dictionary of linguistic terms gives the clerk the following definition: clericalisms are set phrases, grammatical forms and constructions, the use of which in the literary language is traditionally assigned to the official business style, especially to its clerical business sub-style, for example: to help (instead of helping).

Chukovsky considered the chancery a virus. In his book "Alive as Life", he wrote: "It is not for this that our people, together with the geniuses of the Russian word - from Pushkin to Chekhov and Gorky - created for us and for our descendants a rich, free and strong language, striking with its sophisticated, flexible, in infinitely varied forms, this greatest treasure of our national culture was not left to us as a gift, so that we, having abandoned it with contempt, reduced our speech to a few dozen stamped phrases.This is our main misfortune, that many people have appeared among us, literally in love with a clerical template, flaunting - even in the most simple conversation! - bureaucratic forms of speech.I heard with my own ears how a certain restaurant visitor, wanting to order a pork cutlet, said to the waiter without a shadow of a smile:

Now let's focus on meat.

In the fight against stamps, Chukovsky was supported by many scientists. For example, Ya. Parandovsky wrote: “It is sad to see when what was once bold and fresh becomes worn out and unbearable with time. “Painted carpet of flowers”, “emerald meadow”, “azure of heaven”, “pearl laughter”, "torrents of tears" might well refer to their noble lineage and sigh for lost youth, but now, if they happen to turn up under an irresponsible pen, they spread the musty smell of an old closet for a whole page. The first who compared a woman to a flower was a great poet whoever did it second was an ordinary blockhead."

A. Knyshev dedicated a poem to stamps:

Ad

Attention! kindling fires, dog walking, catching fish and shooting game, grazing and grazing, snake crawled out raising pigs, foal horses and mare horses, spawn, hatching birds from eggs, vykol butterflies and muskrat muskrat, smoked chickens and jumped kangaroos, daisies, peeling berries, cutting down forests and breaking branches, hunt down a hare you think right black grouse, exhale inhale, removal of the body you are by the nose - we are by the ear, gas exhaust, garbage disposal, brood of geese,

geek people, steel smelting, sat down, show off fraerov, shot Aurora, money begging, drill soldier, carpet blowout, fell out of the window expulsion of children, let's take a nap in hammocks, wipe our lips and bulging eyes, vychih runny nose, rattling and confusion of state secrets, bite bite and bite bite, lambing, otel and atas, and most importantly, peep and climb into the hollows with the smoke of bees from there and a taste of honey PROHIBITED AND TERMINATED due to their refusal to suck nectar after plucking flowers and pulling grass, and also due to complete extinction.

A.N. Tolstoy wrote: "The language of ready-made expressions, clichés is so bad that it has lost the feeling of movement, gesture, image. Phrases of such a language glide through the imagination without affecting the most complex keyboard of our brain. "Violent rye" is an image. "Violent growth of our factories "is a visual metaphor: factories really grow, rising with pipes, buildings, towers. "The violent growth of our cinematography" - here is already a complete loss of the visual image, nonsense, - the phrase becomes banal, "newspaper".

However, among scientists there are other points of view regarding stamps.

Soviet linguist G.O. Vinokur emphasized that under certain conditions a person cannot help but use language clichés: “Such is the tradition that draws its strength from some of the basic laws of any social life, each sphere of which needs termed expressions for its specific concepts; all these commonplaces are irreplaceable in their place. stamps like "come to an agreement", "come to a conviction", "avoid", "impose a penalty", etc. The whole point is that these stamps really stand where they need to ".

M. Bakulin wrote in his scientific work: "The desire of the authors for originality (in order to attract the reader, to interest, to occupy their niche) and high rates of production are the reasons for the formation of speech stamps" . "Thus, speech clichés in the texts of popular literature are expressive means that the author abuses, but which make it possible to identify this text with those already read and not deceive the reader's expectations"

The linguistic and psychological nature of the speech stamp is quite simple and easily explained. Words in speech tend to combine into phrases, original language blocks, constructions, or models. This property of speech production makes it easier to understand and speak both native and foreign languages. In long-term memory, we stack both words and word blocks. The property of our speech memory is, in particular, that it tends to turn these blocks into "reinforced concrete structures", i.e. into cliches - after all, in the process of speech it is extremely difficult to look for fresh, non-standard phrases, it is much easier to construct speech from ready-made blocks.

The main danger for the language of the media from the point of view of the fixedness rule - especially for regional periodicals - is stamped speech behavior. Journalists, choosing language means, use a certain set of units, the list of which is limited, closed, actively use newspaper clichés.

Indeed, all these are devastated linguistic signs, serial speech means. Meanwhile, they are different, in fact, and it can be assumed that they appear in the speech of journalists in different ways:

1. There is a name shift, i.e. the linguistic mechanism of the appearance of a speech stamp consists in the addresser's handling of the word - in the fact that an unreasonable substitution of the word occurs. At the same time, at the origins of such a substitution, we will definitely find an expresseme, a successful stylistic use of this word to enhance expressiveness.

2. There is a shift of the object or its attribute, i.e. the linguistic mechanism of the appearance of general language stereotypes consists in the addresser's handling of the object - in the fact that an unreasonable substitution of the object or its features occurs. General linguistic stereotypes appear when the distance between the speaker and the real world increases, the speaker, as it were, moves away from reality, ceases to distinguish its details; specific objects fit into classes and lose their own distinctive features, the special is absorbed by the general. It is in this situation that a certain permanent attribute is attributed to the object.

3. There is an unreasonable substitution of a word and an object due to an unreasonable substitution of a speech situation, these are business standards.

There is no strict division of speech stamps by type, in this paper we decided to present our own, most complete, classification of stamps by type.

Types of stamps:

1. Stamps that have arisen from figurative expressions that have become phraseological units:

In the new housing code black on white it is prescribed that the repair of the house, including the roof, is now carried out at the expense of the tenants. ("Belgorodskaya Pravda" 05/25/2010 No. 73 (21244) "Housing dead end" G. Sokhnov.)

The traditional, fixed character of this expression is found in the fact that the words that make it up cannot be replaced: for example, instead of black on white, one cannot say pink on blue, etc. .

2. Chancellery - words and expressions characteristic of texts of an official business style, used in live speech, journalistic works or in fiction.

These are speech stamps that are appropriate in business and official correspondence, phraseological expressions that are firmly established in the official business style, giving special significance to business documents ( "for outstanding services in the field", "in pursuance of the decision", "for the purposes of establishing", "in the above", "the following" etc.), .

For example: A professional holiday is pleasant because heroes of the occasion receive gifts, awards, congratulations. There was a lot that day great congratulations to the well-known and beloved people - workers of the Houses of Culture, libraries, museums, art schools. Letters of thanks from the Belgorod regional branch of the United Russia party for the implementation of the party program, a great contribution in the cultural development of the Belgorod region, the head of the public reception of the Rakityansky local branch of the party E, V, Dyachkova handed E, A, Shmaraeva, S.A. Melnikova, S.I. Shkileva, G.I. Vladimirova, E.V. Angleless. ("Our life" 03/28/2010 No. 38 (10881) "Merry skit" by T. Kolomiytsev.)

3. Verbal nouns with monotonous suffixes - enie, - anie, - utie, formed according to the Old Slavonic pattern. "And of course, it's funny and sad to listen to the speech of a simple smart Russian woman who talks like this about keeping calves:" When calves are kept in groups, there is a danger of sucking, licking and grabbing wool by calves from each other and getting sick from this. " .

Warmed by the first spring sun, the earth began to revive, so most of the inhabitants of the village according to a long-standing tradition went out to clean up and improve the territory of organizations and households ... Dear residents of the Rovno region, heads of enterprises, do not allow garbage incineration wherever it is. Sooner or later for non-compliance environmental standards residence will definitely get you punishment. ("Rivne Niva" 04/04/2010 No. 28 (9141) "No one allowed to burn garbage" Y. Shepel)

4. Words-dummy ("universal words"), can mean anything, and therefore do not mean anything specific.

For example: Last Wednesday, at their Health Day, about a thousand students of economics and biology and chemistry faculties, speaking in youth terms, "came off" here in full. And as part of the implementation of the university program "Health Saving" for May-June this year, it is planned to " embrace" up to ten thousand people. ("Belgorodskaya Pravda" 06/03/2008 No. 75 (21441) "How lucky you are if you visited Nezhegoli! Amelina V.)

Since the autumn of last year, the transfer of the population to the system of planned payments has been gaining momentum. Now such contracts are concluded with 104 thousand consumers. By the end of the year planned to cover 90-92 percent of the population of the region use such a system. ("Belgorodskaya Pravda" 26.04.2006 No. 31 "They did not become like characters in a fable" by V. Dannikov).

5. Companion words (paired words) are used together in speech, although they are not phraseological units, for example: thunderous applause, warm atmosphere ; azure skies, emerald grass, misty distances, a stubborn crease on the forehead .

Transparent Nezhegol, fresh air, the tart smell of oak branches burning in fires, guitars and soulful songs, loud laughter and thunderous applause, the last rays of the setting sun are replaced by an icy drizzle. "Here in early September, from dusk to dawn, the muse sadly sees off the Indian summer by the fire. (Belgorodskiye Izvestia, 09/12/2006 "Muse is sad by the fire." M. Litvinova).

After watching the performances, the audience greeted the actors who had gathered on the stage, thunderous applause .

("Rovno Niva" 04/04/2010 No. 28 (9141) "it was the theater that everyone was waiting for" V. Brazhnikov)

We can say that paired words, due to repeated repetition, lost their expressiveness and gradually turned into stylistically flawed phrases: if criticism, then sharp; if the scope, then wide; if a girl, then beautiful; if tasks, then specific; the impression is certainly indelible, the length of time is relatively short etc. .

The boys came to visit lovely women who in their young years worked, sparing no effort. ("Red October" 04/04/2010 No. 28 (19713) I. Vakulenko "With a song through life").

Time flies fast. Yesterday's graduates join the ranks of the Russian Armed Forces. Russian soldiers have always possessed high fighting qualities, which were constantly noted not only by the allies, but also by the enemies of Russia. it unbending will to win, steadfastness on the defensive, firm determination on the offensive, selfless courage and bravery, personal initiative, mass heroism, strong military brotherhood and mutual assistance. ("Rovenskaya Niva" 02/21/2010 No. 15 (9128) "Marine service, male friendship" Zh. Titovskaya).

6. Individual "speech preferences", or the so-called "author's stencils". Some endlessly repeat the words "elements" or "situation", others shuffle the phrase "today" or the expression "of the order of that", etc. We note, by the way, that not every "author's stencil" requires a fight against it.

7. Word-building model, construction p. Inca: with a cunning, with a cunning, with a chuckle, etc. .

8. Revolutions of the Soviet period: front line of struggle for communism, attack on mismanagement and etc.

9. Language stamps perestroika: the process has begun, there is a consensus and etc. . It must be said that these two types of stamps are currently used very rarely and most often to create a comical effect.

10. Worn nickels - we singled out this type based on Rosenthal's research: "In different materials, the same combinations are found that turned into" Worn nickels ". These are the combinations with the word" gold "of any color:" white gold "(cotton) , "black gold" (coal), "blue gold" (hydropower), "liquid gold" (oil). "big bread", "big ore", "big oil" (meaning "a lot."). To such "favorite" combinations also include: "people in gray overcoats", "people in green caps" (foresters, huntsmen, border guards?), "people in white coats" (doctors? sellers?) ".

11. Adverb somewhere: I am outraged somewhere, etc. however, the question of whether it is possible to consider the use of any one word as a stamp, for example, somewhere or exciting, is difficult.

1.2 Errors associated with the use of speech stamps

1. The formation of serial, stamped metaphorical series, when the same metaphor becomes a characteristic of a variety of objects. As a result, there is almost no conspicuous metaphor in the texts of the media.

2. Replacing verbs with participles, participles and nouns, using verbs in a passive form, as well as already "splitting the predicate": "was in a state of fatigue" instead of "he is tired" or "he understands us" instead of "we understand him" - this is typical clericalism. Other examples: “a decision was made” instead of “decided”, “sampling was carried out” instead of “sampling was done”, “feels needed by people” instead of “feels needed by people”, etc. To avoid this mistake, you need to use verbs in the active form: "I drank the juice", and not "I drank the juice", "Vasya ran down the street", and not "Vasya who ran down the street", etc.

3. The use of "smart" words - foreign words and special terms, professionalisms, etc. The norms of the language require avoiding the use of words that may be incomprehensible to the listener or reader, and in the case when there is a choice between a foreign and Russian word, use the latter: "airplane", not "airplane", "industry", not "industry" . In a text intended for the mass reader, it is not permissible to use the word "defrosted" where one can write "defrosted", "sublingually" instead of "under the tongue", etc.

4. Noun chains: "increasing the level of competence", "participation in the struggle to increase labor productivity," a protest strike of the education system in protest against the unsatisfactory state in the field of ensuring the safety of educational institutions, etc.

5. Heavy, confused structure of the phrase: participial and adverbial phrases, numerous subordinate clauses, semantic repetitions, etc. For example: "With professional Internet - distance learning of the necessary range of knowledge, skills and abilities in a particular working profession, computer pedagogical software, in addition to the function of controlling the technical devices of the simulator, training and knowledge control, reference and information data, may also be assigned the tasks of simulation modeling of production -technological environment in the development of operator skills and control skills of certain technological installations, systems, consoles, and so on, as a result of which, in professional and, especially, labor computer training, in addition to computer programs, an important element is the technical means of training connected to the computer, developed and made specifically for this task.

6. The use of stereotyped expressions when they contain contradictory images, the combination of which, contrary to the intentions of the author, can produce a comic effect or create nonsense.

1.3 Possible solutions to the problem of the use of speech stamps

1. Avoid the accumulation of heavy verbal nouns that can be easily replaced by verbs.

2. Constantly strive to search for and create such constructions that, expressing the same idea that is framed in a stencil phrase, allow you to express it in a bright, lively, figurative form. So, the usual comparison is almost lost imagery is strong, like a lion, which no longer evokes the idea of ​​a lion, but this comparison becomes much brighter in this form: He was strong and red, like a lion.

3. Making changes to the running expression frees it from stereotypes and makes it more fresh and expressive. Such an update of stencils is facilitated, for example, by the introduction of additional details. Stenciled and pale expressions such as: The thread broke; The wind howls like a dog. Gorky has such expressive variants of these phrases: The thread that held me together with them somehow immediately rotted and broke; Impetuously, like a huge dying dog, the wind howls.

4. Avoid using phrases found in print media or heard from the lips of a popular TV presenter.

5. Processing of phraseological turns, creation on their basis of a number of images that are in a darkened form enclosed in these turns. Often this is done for the sake of comedy. So, Chekhov, in one of his letters to Kiseleva, jokes using the expression put my teeth on a shelf: If I die before you, then deign to give the closet to my direct heirs, who will put their teeth on its shelves.

"The main area in which stamps function is the language of the media". This is due to the specifics of the newspaper style: “a special place in the newspaper is occupied by messages that can be attributed to the informational style, distinguished along with other written functional styles. Actually, the idea of ​​“newspaper language” is usually associated with this part of the newspaper material, it is here in language "stamps" are reproduced to the greatest extent.

The influence of newspapers is growing steadily and extremely rapidly. Despite this, the most familiar, commonly used types of newspaper statements (frontline, telegram, interview) are built according to a ready-made template, due to the speech stamps already developed in the process of newspaper production, adapted already cast verbal formulas, language clichés. However, journalists always perceive the mere repetition of ready-to-use means of expression as evidence of an uncreative attitude to the matter, hence their constant desire to update the material at their disposal.

Conclusion to chapter Ι

Chapter II. Speech stamps in the texts of Belgorod journalists

2.1 General characteristics of printed publications

In order to more thoroughly study the chosen topic, we took several district, city and regional newspapers for analysis.

City newspapers:

"Dawns"(Stary Oskol Socio-political. Founders Administration of Stary Oskol, ANO "RG ZORI". Circulation 7500 copies. Format A3);

"New Time"(gubkin information and public newspaper

Founder: ANO "Editorial office of the newspaper "New time", territorial administration, department of press and information of the administration of the Belgorod region. Circulation 9400 copies).

Regional newspapers:

"Valuyskaya star"(newspaper of the Valuysky district. Coverage of the socio-political and socio-economic life of the region.

Founder: Press and Information Administration of the Belgorod Region Administration; Administration of the city of Valuyki and the Valuysky district of the Belgorod region; ANO "Editorial office of the newspaper" Valuyskaya Zvezda "Publicity of publication: 2-3 times a week);

"Dawn"(inter-district newspaper of the Alekseevsky and Krasnensky districts; Socio-political.

Territory of administration: Central Black Earth Administration

Founder: Press and Information Administration of the Belgorod Region Administration; Administration of the Krasnensky district of the Belgorod region; ANO "Editorial office of the newspaper "Zarya" (Belgorod region); Administration of the Alekseevsky district of the Belgorod region.

"Origins"(newspaper of the Prokhorovsky district Socio-political.

Territory of administration: Central Black Earth Administration

Founder: ANO "Editorial office of the newspaper "Istoki" (Belgorod region); Administration of the Prokhorovsky district of the Belgorod region; Department of press and information of the administration of the Belgorod region

Periodicity of publication: 2 times a week);

"Red October" (newspaper of the Vlokonovsky district Socio-political.

Territory of administration: Central Black Earth Administration

Founder: ANO "Editorial office of the newspaper" Krasny Oktyabr "(Belgorod region); Administration of the Volokonovsky district of the Belgorod region; Department of press and information of the administration of the Belgorod region

Periodicity of publication: 2 times a week);

"Red flag"(newspaper of the Shebekinsky district Krasnoe znamya

Publication of general content (politics, economics, society).

The newspaper is distributed in the Shebekinsky district and the city of Shebekino, it comes out three times a week on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Fridays. Friday in two colors and 8 stripes. Circulation, copy 9300 Format, A3, Black and white edition)

"Our life" ( inter-district newspaper of the Rakityansky and Krasnoyaruzhsky districts. Socio-political, socio-economic, cultural life of the district, region. Territory of administration: Central Black Earth AdministrationFounder: Press and Information Administration of the Belgorod Region Administration; ANO "Editorial office of the newspaper" Nasha Zhizn "(Belgorod region); Administration of the Krasnoyaruzhsky district of the Belgorod region

Periodicity of publication: 2 times a week);

"Victory"(newspaper of the Yakovlevsky district); "Prioskolie" (newspaper of the Chernyansky district. Information and news socio-political publication, focused on different segments of the population. A lot of advertising and announcements, including PR - and image advertising. Seriously covers the problems of the economy, social policy, small business.

Published 3 times a week: Tuesday, Wednesday, Saturday (double, with a TV program). Circulation, copy 5000 Format A3

Black and white edition, Saturday edition - two-color

PublisherANO "Editorial office of the newspaper" Pobeda ")

"Forward"(newspaper of the Novooskolsky district. Socio-political.

Territory of administration: Central Black Earth Administration

Founder: Press and Information Administration of the Belgorod Region Administration; ANO "Editorial office of the newspaper" Forward "(Belgorod region); Administration of the Novooskolsky district of the Belgorod region

"Motherland"(newspaper of the Graivoronsky district. Socio-political.

Territory of administration: Central Black Earth Administration

Founder: Press and Information Administration of the Belgorod Region Administration; ANO "Editorial office of the newspaper" Rodnoy Krai "(Belgor. region); Administration of the Graivoronsky district of the Belgorod region

Publication frequency: 2 times a week).

"Clear Key"(newspaper of the Korochansky district Socio-political.

Territory of administration: Central Black Earth Administration

Founder: Press and Information Administration of the Belgorod Region Administration; ANO "Editorial office of the newspaper "Yasny Klyuch" (Belgorod region); Administration of the Korochansky district of the Belgorod region Periodicity of publication: 2 times a week).

Regional newspapers:

"Belgorod News"(High-quality design execution, easy language, understandable to the audience; a wide range of topics covered, a variety of thematic headings and special projects.

Circulation, copy 22000, Black and white edition, Publisher ANO "Editorial office of the newspaper "Belgorodskie Izvestiya")

"Belgorodskaya Pravda"(socio-political. Each issue contains events of the city and region, in addition, all-Russian and world news. Commercial offers of goods and services are designed for the retail buyer, as well as for enterprises. Circulation, copy 43930

Format A2, Black and white edition, Publisher The team of the editorial staff of the newspaper "Belgorodskaya Pravda")

We divided newspapers into blocks (city, district and regional) and analyzed each of them.

2.2 Analysis of the texts of Belgorod journalists

After analyzing the newspapers, we came to the conclusion that literally every third informational material published in the regional newspaper begins with the stamp "there was a regular meeting (event, meeting) ... it was held ..." or from the stamp "in the hall ... gathered ...":

On March 20, in the meeting room of the district administration gathered members of the coordinating council for the stabilization of the financial and economic situation. The meeting was attended by…

("Our life" 03/28/2010 No. 38 (10881) "Land is an important source of income" by L. Nikolaev).

AT the hall of the regional recreation center gathered specialists in ecology and labor protection ... as guests were present ...

("Our Life" 03/28/2010 No. 38 (10881) "Nature will repay good for care" N. Gamanilov).

political council of the Alekseevsky local branch of the United Russia party.

("Victory" 02.04 2010 No. 51 (11164) "Stay at all levels" I. Lotarev).

Another meeting was held collegium under the head of local self-government of Graivoronsky district. ("Native land" 03/28/2010 No. 25-26 (4384-4385) "On the threshold of spring sowing" E. Krisanov).

Another meeting was held Zasosensky club "From the bottom of my heart".

("Banner of Labor" 04/04/2010 No. 28 (10168) "From the bottom of my heart" by V. Andreev).

In the round hall of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation another meeting was held family counseling center.

("Red Banner" 04/03/2010 No. 53-54 (13620-13621) "At the beginning of a joint life" by V. Fedin).

March 20 in Rakityansky kindergarten No. 3 held a regional seminar... ("Our Life" 03/28/2010 No. 38 (10881) "Kindergarten - a school of life" by V. Slavin).

Another meeting took place district council of veterans with the deputy head of administration. ... All questions asked by veterans were considered, exhaustive answers were given to particular cases in individual villages, wishes and thanks were heard. The conversation has taken a turn electricity, and the answer began to hold V.V. Kovalev and A.G. Buchnev. Their information was exhaustive, however, the veterans asked for clarification such an aspect as electric meter installation. ("Our Life" 4.04.2010 No. 41 (1088) L. Trushenkova "Towards new labor achievements").

A huge place in printed periodicals is occupied by stamps - headlines:

"Catch, fish, in winter and summer." ("Belgorodskaya Pravda" 02/27/2010 No. 26 (21584 "Catch, fish, in winter and summer" V. Batishchev)

"Not all silence is golden." ("Belgorodskaya Pravda" 21.02.2010 No. 190 (21361) "Not all silence is gold" G. Sokhnova)

"Ax of bureaucracy- by childhood". ("Sources" 04/04/2010 No. 28 (14184) " Ax of bureaucracy- in childhood "V. Chursin)

"Burning is harmful to health and the environment"

("Native land" 04.04.2010 No. 28 (4387) "Waste burning is harmful to health and the environment" A. Kazantsev).

"Growing seedlings". ("Valuyskaya Zvezda" 03/28/2010 No. 52-53 (14323-14324) "Growing seedlings" P. Kharlamov)

"Retraining is the way to employment." ("Prioskolie" 04.04.2010 No. 28 (8104) "Retraining - the path to employment" L. Lykov).

"Educate patriots from childhood." ("Prioskolie" 04/04/2010 No. 28 (8104) "Educate patriots from childhood" S. Golubitsky).

"First-hand information". ("Our life" 03/28/2010 No. 38 (10881) "Information from the first mouth" by T. Kolomiytsev).

"They don't eat gold - they eat bread and potatoes." ("Rovno Niva" 21.02.2010 No. 15 (9128) "They don't eat gold - they eat bread and potatoes" Y. Makarov).

The main part of newspaper stamps is occupied by satellite words (words that are constantly used together and are not phraseological units) as well as stamps that arose from figurative expressions that have become phraseological units:

Yesterday at the Lebedinsky Mining and Processing Plant solemnly celebrated 40th anniversary of the enterprise. ("Belgorodskaya Pravda" 06/14/2007 No. 100 (21271) "At the source of the steel stream" S. Gubsky).

Wide and solemn the inhabitants of Rovno celebrated the 200th anniversary of the great Russian writer N.V. Gogol. And all of them [events] fascinated the viewer, first of all, the subtly conveyed atmosphere of Gogol's works is the stage design, scenery, costumes and manner of performance, and most importantly - bribed the live play of the actors, their sincerity and charm, their skillful combination of acting and musical, folklore elements. ("Rivne Niva" 04/04/2010 No. 28 (9141) "It was the theater that everyone was waiting for" V. Brazhnikov).

The mother and children were not immediately discharged from the hospital, they had to gain weight. Finally, the babies are home! The girls have just been born, and already become family idols, all walk on tiptoe around the new center of attraction. ("Clear key" 04/04/2010 No. 27 (9000) "We have twins" I. Ivchenko).

The streets, called Central and Zarechnaya, are dressed in asphalt surface. And although the majority of pensioners live on them, the houses, nevertheless, look younger than their owners, who many years of work created wealth for themselves. ("Clear key" 04/04/2010 No. 27 (9000) "Whose house is better" E. Tarannikov).

First swallow in the area - the store "Farmer". ("Victory" 04/04/2010 No. 52-53 (6393-6394) "Yakovlevsky family farms" - to residents of the regional center "B. Perekopskaya).

... Anna went, like many young people at that time, " Behind the fog and the smell of the taiga" to Siberia, where she worked as a teacher. … former students eternally grateful to my mentor .

Infinitely loving your native land and, knowing his history perfectly, she was able to infect your wards with your love. ("Our life"

04/04/2010 No. 41 (1088) "The teacher is a mentor and creator" by I. Shestakov).

It is noteworthy that the favorite stamps of Belgorod journalists are stamps "with hands" and "golden" stamps:

Limit of dreams- educational resource center (or cluster). Its essence is S.P. Timofeev described, not sparing colors. it concentration of the most perfect technology and the most qualified teachers. And its graduates will real pros, luxury specialists and will be worth their weight in gold. ("Belgorodskaya Pravda" 05/04/2007 No. 62 (21233) "Learning to teach" T. Soboleva).

They say: Man does not live by bread alone, but they don't eat gold. ("Rovno Niva" 02/21/2010 No. 15 (9128) "They don't eat gold - they eat bread and potatoes" Y. Makarov).

"Not all silence is golden." ("Belgorodskaya Pravda" 02/21/2010 No. 190 (21361) "Not all silence is gold" G. Sokhnova)

In this area, only hands of the strong half of humanity. ("Dawn" 04/02/2010 No. 51 (11164) "Social labor helps out" T. Kudinova).

We hope that those who have been released will return to the village. working hands from enterprises where the so-called personnel optimization is taking place.

Personnel must be taken care of tirelessly. The management of the economy understands this and constantly thinks about how to attract more young hands. ("Rovno Niva" 02/21/2010 No. 15 (9128) "They don't eat gold - they eat bread and potatoes" Y. Makarov).

Having carefully studied the texts of journalists, we came to the conclusion that stamps and stationery are an integral part of the works of most journalists from the Belgorod region.

Here is an example, in our opinion, of one of the most unsuccessful journalistic works. The author writes: "One of the employees of Sberbank was fraud committed against clients. Fraudster using official position, appropriated money citizens through withdrawals from accounts. Thus, he made about 70 facts of fraud... "then the author turns to his interlocutor, who continues:" ... a district doctor (CRH) and a doctor from the first city hospital were caught on bribes, who wrote out sick leave certificates for temporary disability for money. The fee for one day of the patient was about 200 rubles ... "(" Zori "03/21/2010 No. 44-45 (7305-73-06)" Sick leave for a bribe, Tax 200 rubles / day "V. Vedmanov).

After reading the text, one gets the impression that the journalist glued his remarks from ready-made, memorized, read or heard sentences somewhere. Such a clerical style of writing kills the reader's interest, both in the text itself and in the information offered in it. The author's interlocutor, on the contrary, speaks interestingly, lively, coherently and understandably.

From this we can conclude that the clerical style, for some journalists, is a kind of basis for writing any material. It is as if a list of words and expressions that need to be used has long been compiled specifically for each topic, and any deviation from this list is unacceptable.

It is also noteworthy that the main mistake generated by clericalism is "smart" words (foreign words and special terms, professionalism, etc.):

Here their artistry, creative mental activity and the ability to convey to the viewer love for his profession. ("Rovno Field" 04/04/2010 No. 12-13 (9125-9126) "Forward, students, walk boldly!" S. Zheltobryukhova).

[They don't eat zloty - they eat bread and potatoes]. In these words hidden deep meaning of centuries of suffering peasant philosophy ... today is sharp personnel question. ("Rovno Niva" 21.02.2010 No. 15 (9128) "They don't eat gold - they eat bread and potatoes" Y. Makarov).

… March 31 for the theater-goers of our region has become a real holiday. On the stage of the Palace of Culture ... they showed the play "Marriage" ...

Cultural workers approached this event innovative... a video about the life and work of the writer was shown. ("Our life " 0 04/04/2010 No. 41 (1088) "We celebrated the anniversary of the classic" by V. Slavin)

Such types of speech stamps as: design with. Inkoy, Revolutions of the Soviet period, Language stamps of perestroika, adverb somewhere, were not found in the newspapers taken for analysis.

Conclusion to chapter ΙΙ

After analyzing the newspapers, we came to the conclusion that literally every third informational material published in the regional newspaper begins with the stamp "there was a regular meeting (event, meeting) ... it was held ..." or from the stamp "in the hall ... gathered ...". The main part of newspaper stamps is occupied by satellite words (words that are constantly used together and are not phraseological units) as well as stamps that arose from figurative expressions that have become phraseological units. Stamps and stationery are an integral part of the works of most Belgorod region journalists.

Conclusion

After analyzing the texts of Belgorod journalists, we came to the conclusion that the most common words from the newspaper lexicon are no longer words, but a kind of terms that journalists use to compose texts. Apparently believing that the reader will immediately understand what is at stake, but, unfortunately, this is not the case.

Journalists use words in a modified sense, the meaning of the word expands, the shades of its meaning are lost - this is how a favorable situation is created for the appearance of a speech stamp.

The mere repetition of ready-to-use means of expression is always perceived by journalists as evidence of an uncreative attitude to the matter, hence their constant desire to update the material at their disposal.

The main danger for the language of the media from the point of view of the fixedness rule - especially for regional periodicals - is stamped speech behavior. Journalists, choosing language means, use a certain set of units, the list of which is limited, closed, actively use newspaper clichés. To avoid this, one should: constantly strive to search for and create such constructions that, expressing the same idea that is framed in a stencil phrase, allow one to express it in a bright, lively, figurative form; avoid using phrases found in print media or heard from the lips of a popular TV presenter; processing of phraseological turns, creation on their basis of a number of images that are in a darkened form enclosed in these turns.

Stamps greatly interfere with the perception of the text: it becomes either confusing or too specific, like an army order; both make it boring and uninteresting.

Stamps and stationery are an integral part of the works of most Belgorod region journalists.

Stationery style, for some journalists, is a kind of basis for writing any material. It is as if a list of words and expressions that need to be used has long been compiled specifically for each topic, and any deviation from this list is unacceptable.

The use of speech stamps entails many gross logical and syntactical errors.

We came to the conclusion that the language of newspaper journalists is not influenced by such factors as: type of publication, circulation, frequency, theme and genre of the work.

A significant influence is exerted by: industry and agriculture of the settlement, for example, for Gubkin and Stary Oskol, ore will be gold, for the Veydelevsky district, sunflowers, and for Korochansky, apples; traditions and customs n. P.; as well as personal preferences of journalists and their manner of writing.

1. "Belgorodskiye Izvestia" 12.09.2006 "Muse is sad at the fire." M. Litvinova. [Electronic resource] access mode: http://www.izvestia. vbelgorode.ru/

2. "Belgorodskaya Pravda" 04.05.2007 No. 62 (21233) "Learning to teach" T. Soboleva

3. "Belgorodskaya Pravda" 06/14/2007 No. 100 (21271) "At the source of the steel stream" S. Gubsky

4. "Belgorodskaya Pravda" 02/27/2010 No. 26 (21584 "Catch, fish, in winter and summer" V. Batishchev

5. "Belgorodskaya Pravda" 21.02.2010 No. 190 (21361) "Not all silence is gold" G. Sokhnova

6. "Belgorodskaya Pravda" 05/25/2010 No. 73 (21244) "Housing dead end" G. Sokhnov.

7. "Belgorodskaya Pravda" 26.04.2006 No. 31 "They did not become like characters in a fable" V. Dannikov

8. "Belgorodskaya Pravda" 06/03/2008 No. 75 (21441) "How lucky you are if you visited Nezhegoli" by Amelin V.

9. "Valuyskaya Zvezda" 03/28/2010 No. 52-53 (14323-14324) "Growing seedlings" P. Kharlamov

10. "Dawn" 04/02/2010 No. 51 (11164) "Social labor helps out" T. Kudinova

11. "Dawns" 03/21/2010 No. 44-45 (7305-73-06) "Sick leave for a bribe, Tax 200 rubles / day" V. Vedmanov

12. "Origins" 04.04.2010 No. 28 (14184) "By an ax of bureaucracy - in childhood" V. Chursin

13. "Red October" 04/04/2010 No. 28 (19713) I. Vakulenko "With a song through life"

14. "Our life" 4.04.2010 No. 41 (1088) "Teacher - mentor and creator" I. Shestakov

15. "Our life " 04/04/2010 No. 41 (1088) "We celebrated the anniversary of the classic" V. Slavin

16. "Our Life" 03/28/2010 No. 38 (10881) "First-hand information" by T. Kolomiytsev

17. "Our Life" 03/28/2010 No. 38 (10881) "Land is an important source of income" by L. Nikolaev

18. "Our life" 03/28/2010 No. 38 (10881) "Merry skit" T. Kolomiytsev

19. "Victory" 04/04/2010 No. 52-53 (6393-6394) "Yakovlevsky family farms" - residents of the regional center "B. Perekopskaya

20. "Prioskolie" 04/04/2010 No. 28 (8104) "Retraining - the path to employment" L. Lykov

21. "Prioskolie" 04/04/2010 No. 28 (8104) "Educate patriots from childhood" S. Golubitsky

22. "Rivne Niva" 04/04/2010 No. 28 (9141) "No one allowed to burn garbage" Y. Shepel

23. "Rovno Niva" 04/04/2010 No. 28 (9141) "it was the theater that everyone was waiting for" V. Brazhnikov

24. "Rovno Niva" 02/21/2010 No. 15 (9128) "They don't eat gold - they eat bread and potatoes" Y. Makarov

25. "Rovno Field" 04/04/2010 No. 12-13 (9125-9126) "Forward, students, walk boldly!" S. Zheltobryukhova

26. "Rovenskaya Niva" 02/21/2010 No. 15 (9128) "Marine service, male friendship" Zh. Titovskaya

27. "Native land" 04/04/2010 No. 28 (4387) "Waste burning is harmful to health and the environment" A. Kazantsev

28. "Clear key" 04/04/2010 No. 27 (9000) "We have twins" I. Ivchenko

29. "Clear key" 04/04/2010 №27 (9000) "Whose house is better" E. Tarannikov

List of used literature:

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2. Bakulin, M.A. "Speech stamps as constructive elements of texts of modern mass detective stories" [Electronic resource] / M. Bakulin // access mode: http://www.mgopu.ru/DOST/ bakulin. doc

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6. Gal, N. "The word is alive and dead" [Text]: textbook. allowance 5th ed., add. / N. Gal // M.: International relations: 2001-368 p.;

7. Gvozdev, A.N. "Essays on the style of the Russian language" [Text]: textbook. allowance. /A.N. Gvozdev // M.: Enlightenment: 1965 - 408 p.;

8. Knyshev, A. "Announcement" // literary journal "Idiota". No. 30 dated May 1, 1995

9. Kostomarov, V.G. "Russian language on the newspaper page" [Text]: textbook. allowance / V.G. Kostomarov // Moscow State University: 1971 - 266p.

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When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to words associated with the official business style. Elements of official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called bureaucracy. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a coloring typical for official business style ( presence, in the absence of, to avoid, reside, withdraw, the above, takes place etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive ( If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; Currently there is an understaffing of teaching staff).

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why would a journalist write: Marriage is a negative side in the activity of the enterprise if you can say: It is bad when an enterprise releases marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.

The clerical coloring of speech is often given verbal nouns formed with suffixes -eni-, -ani- and etc. ( revealing, finding, taking, inflating, closing) and non-suffixed ( tailoring, theft, day off). Their clerical shade is exacerbated by prefixes not-, under- (undetected, failure). Russian writers often parodied the syllable "decorated" with such clericalisms [ The case of gnawing the plan thereof by mice(Hertz.); The case of flying in and breaking glass by a crow(Pis.); Having announced to the widow Vanina that in her non-sticking of the sixty-kopeck mark ...(Ch.)].

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, person. This narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example, the following sentence is inaccurate: From the farm manager V.I. Shlyk was shown a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. You might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that Farm manager V.I. Shlyk did nothing to facilitate the work of milkmaids, to prepare fodder for livestock. The impossibility of expressing the meaning of voice by a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in the construction of the type professor's statement(Professor claims or his claim?), love singing(I love sing or listen when they sing?).

The use of speech stamps is usually associated with the influence of the official business style. Speech stamps become widely used words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional coloring. So, in a variety of contexts, the expression get a residence permit begins to be used in a figurative sense ( Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent registration in the tables; Muse Petrovsky has a permanent residence in the hearts; Aphrodite entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now it is registered in our city).

Any frequently repeated speech means can become a stamp, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes ( tears - roses). However, in practical stylistics, the term "speech stamp" has received a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical coloring.

Among the speech stamps that arose as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can first of all single out formulaic turns of speech: at this stage, in this period of time, to date, emphasized with all sharpness etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog the speech: In this period of time, a difficult situation has developed with the liquidation of debts to supplier enterprises; At present, the payment of wages to miners has been taken under unremitting control; At this stage, the crucian spawning is normal, etc. Deleting the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech stamps also include universal words, which are used in a wide variety of, often too broad, indefinite meanings ( question, event, series, conduct, deploy, separate, specific etc.). For example, a noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked ( Of particular importance are nutrition in the first 10-12 days; The issues of timely collection of tax from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention.). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf.: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

Word be, as universal, is also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:

The unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in professional literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be banned, their use should be appropriate, stylistically justified.

Speech stamps are pair words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf.: event - held, scope - wide, criticism - sharp, problem - unresolved, overdue etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically defective, they give rise to speech redundancy.

Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity. For example: This season was held at a high organizational level- this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on preparing the housing stock for winter, and harvesting grapes ...

The set of speech stamps changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become "fashionable", so it is impossible to list and describe all the cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and spread of stamps.

Language standards should be distinguished from speech stamps. locale are called ready-made, reproduced in speech means of expression used in a journalistic style. Unlike a stamp, "the standard ... does not cause a negative attitude, as it has clear semantics and economically expresses an idea, contributing to the speed of information transfer" . The language standards include, for example, such combinations that have become stable: Public sector employees, employment service, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches of Russian government, according to informed sources, - phrases like household service (nutrition, health, recreation etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible to invent new means of expression in each specific case.

Comparing the journalistic texts of the period of "Brezhnev's stagnation" and the 1990s, one can note a significant reduction in clericalism and speech stamps in the language of newspapers and magazines. The stylistic "companions" of the command-bureaucratic system left the stage in the "post-communist time". Now clericalism and all the beauties of the bureaucratic style are more easily found in humorous works than in newspaper materials. This style is wittily parodied by Mikhail Zhvanetsky:

Decree to further deepen the expansion of constructive measures taken as a result of consolidation to improve the state of all-round interaction of all conservation structures and ensure even greater intensification of the mandate of the working people of all masses on the basis of the rotational priority of the future normalization of relations of the same workers according to their own mandate.

The accumulation of verbal nouns, chains of identical case forms, speech clichés firmly “block” the perception of such statements that cannot be comprehended. Our journalism has successfully overcome this "style", and it "decorates" only the speech of individual speakers and officials in state institutions. However, while they are in their leadership positions, the problem of combating clericalism and speech stamps has not lost its relevance.

A speech stamp is a stylistically colored means of speech, deposited in the collective consciousness of the speakers of a given language as stable, always “ready for use” and therefore the most convenient sign for expressing a certain content that has an expressive and figurative load. The formation of speech stamps is based on a functional feature - under the condition of frequent and regular use, any structural and content-semantic language unit (word and phrase, sentence and saying, slogan and saying, etc.) can become a stamp. The concept of "stamp" (as well as "template", "stencil") in this context has a negative and evaluative meaning and refers mainly to the thoughtless and tasteless use of visual means and expressive possibilities of the language. This is the difference between stamps and the neutral concepts of "standard", "stereotype" or "cliche", which have an informative and necessary character and refer to expediently applied ready-made formulas in accordance with the communicative requirements of a particular speech sphere. Stamps are largely characteristic of propaganda and propaganda types of mass communication, although here, too, the growth in popularity and frequency of use leads to a loss in quality, causing an ironic perception. Specialists in the field of sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics discuss the issue of the connection between speech cliches and cliches (and, more broadly, limitedness) of thinking.

Knyazev A.A. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mass Media. - Bishkek: KRSU Publishing House. A. A. Knyazev. 2002 .

See what "Speech Stamp" is in other dictionaries:

speech stamp- same as cliché. * * * STAMP SPEECH STAMP SPEECH, the same as cliché (see KLIONE) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

STAMP SPEECH- same as cliché... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

speech stamp- 1. Ready sample, stencil, which is blindly followed. 2. A type of speech error, consisting in the unjustified use of too frequently used samples, turns of speech, due to the frequent use of those that have lost their brightness: light images, red ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Stamp- (from Italian stampa print) a speech stylistically colored means of speech, deposited in the collective consciousness of the speakers of a given language as a stable, “ready-to-use” and therefore the most “convenient” sign for expressing a certain ... ...

Stamp (disambiguation)- Stamp: A stamp is a relief device for making identical graphic prints for administrative, legal or commercial purposes, as well as the print itself. A stamp in technology is a tool for the machining of materials by the method ... Wikipedia

STAMP- (German). Shell for coinage. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. STAMP 1) an apparatus for imprinting any words or drawings on metal; 2) a machine for the uniform manufacture of any small ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

STAMP- STAMP, ah, husband. 1. A tool, a mold for serial production by pressure or embossing of various objects from blanks. 2. Type of seal (in 5 digits), usually rectangular, with the name of the institution, address; an imprint of such a seal on business paper. Sh.… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

speech stamp- s. In lexical stylistics: the name of a cliché that is negatively evaluated by the speaker, which is associated with too high a frequency of using this cliché. * People in white coats. Black gold. With deep satisfaction. R. sh. on… … Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

Cliche- (French cliché) see Speech stamp ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Phraseologism- (phraseological unit) the general name of semantically related combinations of words and sentences, which, unlike syntactic structures similar to them in form, are not produced in accordance with the general laws of choice and combination ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary