You need to write a summary. Please help!!! I am often asked about the origin of my pseudonym. Indeed - why suddenly “Taffy”? What's a dog's name? It is not for nothing that in Russia many of the readers of the Russian Word gave this name to their foxes and Italian greyhounds. Why does a Russian woman sign her works with some anglicized word? Even if she wanted to take a pseudonym, she could have chosen something more sonorous or, at least, with a touch of ideology, like Maxim Gorky, Demyan Bedny, Skitalets. These are all hints of some kind of poetic suffering and attract the reader. In addition, female writers often choose a male pseudonym. This is very smart and careful. It is customary to treat ladies with a slight grin and even distrust. - And where did she pick it up? - This is probably her husband writing for her. There was the writer Marko Vovchok, a talented novelist and public figure signed “Vergezhsky”, a talented poetess signed her critical articles “Anton Krainy”. All this, I repeat, has its own raison d'etre. Clever and beautiful. But - “Taffy” - what kind of nonsense? So, I want to honestly explain how it all happened. The origin of this wild name refers to the first steps of my literary activity. At that time I had just published two or three poems signed with my real name, and wrote a one-act play, but I had absolutely no idea what to do to get this play on stage. Everyone around me said that it was absolutely impossible, that I needed to have connections in the theatrical world, you need to have a major literary name, otherwise the play will not only not be staged, but will never be read." - Well, which theater director wants to read all sorts of rubbish when "Hamlet" and "The Inspector General" have already been written? And especially ladies' cooking ! That's where I started thinking. I didn't want to hide behind a male pseudonym. It's cowardly and cowardly. It's better to choose something incomprehensible, neither this nor that. But - what? You need a name that would bring happiness. Best of all, the name of some fool - fools are always happy. Of course, it was not a matter of fools. I knew a lot of them. But if you have to choose, then something excellent. And then I remembered one fool, truly excellent and, in addition, one who was lucky, which means that fate itself recognized him as an ideal fool. His name was Stepan, and his family called him Steffy. Out of delicacy, discarding the first letter (so that the fool would not become arrogant), I decided to sign my play “Taffy” and, come what may, sent it directly to the management of the Suvorinsky Theater. I didn’t tell anyone about anything because I was sure that my enterprise would fail. Two months have passed. I almost forgot about my play and from everything I then drew only an edifying conclusion that fools do not always bring happiness. And then I read “New Time” one day and saw something. “Teffi’s one-act play “The Women’s Question” has been accepted for production at the Maly Theater. The first thing I experienced was insane fear. The second is boundless despair. I immediately suddenly realized that my play was impenetrable nonsense, that it was stupid, boring, that you couldn’t hide under a pseudonym for long, that the play, of course, would fail miserably and cover me with shame for the rest of my life. The play was a success. The next day, for the first time in my life, I talked with a journalist who visited me. I was interviewed. - What are you working on now? - I'm sewing shoes for my niece's doll... - Hm... that's how it is! What does your nickname mean? - This is... the name of one fool..., that is, a surname. - And they told me that it was from Kipling. I'm saved! I'm saved! I'm saved! Indeed, Kipling has such a name. I immediately remembered everything. - Well, yes, of course, from Kipling! My portrait appeared in the newspapers with the caption “Taffy”. Of course, there was no introduction.
What is a pseudonym? Many people have probably heard this word, but imagine its meaning, meaning, origin and other interesting features only in general terms. In the article we will get acquainted with this concept in more detail, and you will find out what a pseudonym is and what it is used with.
Definition
A pseudonym is a fictitious, unreal name that a person uses in order not to reveal real data recorded in documents.
Foreign and Russian pseudonyms are equally good, but some people (both “ours” and foreign ones) deliberately use foreign letters so that the finished new name looks as original as possible. Famous personalities who “shine” on screens have a more complete name: an artistic pseudonym or, as it is called differently, a stage name.
Synonyms for nickname. They don't always mean the same thing, but they can be said to be closest to the concept being discussed.
Origin
Despite the similarity of the concepts of “nickname” and “pseudonym,” they are still slightly different. At least because the nicknames appeared earlier. What is a pseudonym? Fictitious name. A nickname is also a name, but most often given to a person by other people for some of his traits and characteristics.
The origin of pseudonyms can be traced back even before the appearance of book production, but the roots come precisely from the ranks of writers. It was the authors who first began to use fictitious names. True, even earlier people began to use nicknames, as mentioned above. It’s just that one day a new name was “stuck” on a person, ridiculing his shortcomings or emphasizing his merits, as a result of which the real data was completely forgotten. Then the more active use of both nicknames and pseudonyms began, and now they are unlikely to ever be abandoned.
Why use pseudonyms
The reasons may vary. The most common ones are listed below:
1. Reluctance to show real data to the public. Again, this has its own ramifications. Reluctance may be caused by:
- Fear of persecution. People do not always write or present to public opinion something that everyone will like. Sometimes real data is revealed, for example, about criminals, which means that someone may want to find the writer and take revenge. It is much easier to track down a person with a real name than someone hiding behind a pseudonym.
- Insufficient status. This was especially true in earlier centuries. People from may not have been taken seriously by the people just because of their origin. This is unfair and offensive, so the authors had to hide their family name.
- Fear of screwing up. Beginning authors never know exactly how critics and ordinary people will react to their work - success or failure awaits them, so pseudonyms inspired more confidence: if the “first pancake” is unsuccessful, you can try again, and no one will be biased because of a previous mistake .
- Natural modesty. Not everyone becomes famous people for the sake of fame; for some it happens almost by accident. To protect strangers from themselves at least a little, modest people take pseudonyms.
2. Dislike for real name. Due to the fact that a person does not like the real name given by his parents, but for personal reasons he does not want to change it officially (for example, because of paperwork with documents), the author can make his dreams of a new name come true in a different way.
3. Unrespectable real name. A real name can be incredibly banal and mediocre, which is why its owner has to come up with a creative pseudonym that can really please the public. This applies to both singers and musicians, as well as more highly specialized people such as fortune tellers, cooks and local (urban, rural, roadside) “stars”.
4. Entertaining nature of the new name. This may manifest itself in:
- A mysterious pseudonym. People are trying to unravel the mystery of what is hidden behind an unusual and strange name, trying to understand why the author chose such a nickname, etc.
- Associations. The author deliberately creates a pseudonym for himself, which most people will involuntarily associate and/or identify with someone/something.
- Curiosity. The author carefully hides, leaving behind only a pseudonym, which makes people incredibly interested in who is behind this or that nickname, what kind of person he is, what kind of person he is, etc.
5. “Automatic” nickname. This option applies to those who do not invent their own nickname. Serial killers, such as famous thieves or other people who acquire an alias through the public and media, fall into this category.
Who has the most common nicknames?
Earlier
As soon as one person gave a fictitious name, others began to repeat after him. Most often, pseudonyms were used by public figures who are constantly visible and whom people know. These could be writers who do not want to show their real data on the covers of books, singers who simply cannot perform with the name Ivan Ivanov, because it is too banal and ordinary, artists and people of other creative professions who have become world-famous criminals (take the same Jack the Ripper), as well as political figures (for example, Lenin).
Now
Of course, modern writers and people of art and other genres continue to use pseudonyms, as before, since this will never go out of fashion among stars, but another category of people has been added who almost have to use this method of hiding their real name. Almost every more or less active Internet user uses pseudonyms: nicknames that regularly need to be invented during numerous registrations are the same pseudonyms.
How to come up with a nickname?
- Own qualities. Smart guy, daredevil, hero, fool, etc. - all these words characterize a person. By identifying your strengths or weaknesses - for those who are not alien to self-irony - you can come up with any nicknames and concepts close to them.
- Composing a new one from existing names/aliases. Marilyn Manson, for example, took his name from the singer Marilyn Monroe - a sex symbol, singer and actress - and the surname of Charles Manson, a once famous murderer.
- Anagrams. Using this, that is, by rearranging syllables, sounds or letters, you can create an incredible number of new, unusual, but at the same time mysterious pseudonyms. A sniper can turn into a Nisper, Truth into a Warp Hell, etc. Sometimes it is almost impossible to recognize an old word in a new word.
Writers (and poets) using pseudonyms
It is most common for writers to sign books with a name other than their own. But since these people are associated with literature, they get really interesting nicknames. Writers' pseudonyms are often well remembered and sound original. But not so much as to shock the reader, and therefore it is not always immediately clear whether the name in front of us is fake or real.
So, the most famous pseudonyms of writers:
- Agatha Christie.
- Andrey Bely.
- Anna Akhmatova.
- Arkady Gaidar.
- Boris Akunin.
- Voltaire.
- Demyan Bedny.
- Jack London.
- Igor Severyanin;
- Lewis Carroll.
- Max Fry.
- Maksim Gorky.
- Mark Twain.
- O.Henry.
- Richard Bachman.
- Sasha Cherny.
Actors and TV presenters using pseudonyms
This includes everyone who shines on screens or in theaters. By the way, the modern world allows us to offer to your attention not only film and/or theater actors or TV presenters, but also video bloggers.
So, well-known “on-screen” personalities using pseudonyms:
- Antonio Banderas.
- Bruce Lee.
- Demmy Moor.
- Jackie Chan.
- Jodie Foster.
- Ilya Maddison.
- Kate Clapp.
- Marilyn Monroe.
- Nicolas Cage.
- Roma Acorn.
- Sophia Loren.
Singers and musicians using pseudonyms
Of course, in addition to writers and TV stars, singers, of whom there are also many, also use fictitious names. The most famous:
- Alena Apina.
- Bono.
- Vera Brezhneva.
- Dima Bilan.
- Zhanna Friske.
- Masha Rasputina.
- Giacomo Meyerbeer.
- Marilyn Monroe.
- Marilyn Manson.
- Tina Karol.
- Freddie Mercury.
- Elton John.
Other figures
Others are everyone else: criminals, politicians, circus performers, etc.
So, the most famous and best pseudonyms of people not related to literature, music and cinema:
- Jack the Ripper.
- Joseph Stalin.
- Konstantin Stanislavsky.
- Leon Trotsky.
- Lenin.
- Paracelsus.
- Pele.
- Sandro Botticelli.
- Student.
- Tintoretto.
Conclusion
Now you know what a pseudonym is, moreover, you can come up with your own. The main thing is not to be afraid to show your imagination - and then the new fictitious name will become truly attractive, interesting and memorable.
We present to your attention texts of presentations with elements of composition, which are based on the stories of A.P. Chekhov.
At the same time, this material can be used in Russian language lessons to reinforce complex topics in syntax and punctuation. The types of work can be varied: explanatory, free and control dictations, all types of grammatical analysis, drawing up sentence diagrams.
The class in which a particular passage is given is determined by the teacher himself.
1. IN THE HOSPITAL
(Based on the story by A.P. Chekhov “The Fugitive”)
Before reading the text, explain to the children that in the time of A.P. Chekhov was spoken doctor, but not doctor, paramedic, paramedic(write on the board) and not nurse.
First, Pashka walked with his mother in the rain along a mown field, then along forest paths, walking until dawn. Then he stood in the dark hallway for two hours and waited for the door to be unlocked. But then the door swung open, and Pashka and his mother entered the hospital waiting room.
The doctor examined his sore elbow, suppressed it, sighed and began to scold his mother for not bringing her son to the hospital on time and that the joint now needed to be operated on. He began to persuade Pashka to stay in the hospital, promising to show him a live fox and go to the fair to buy candy. The doctor, apparently, was a cheerful and flexible fellow, and Pashka wanted to respect him, especially since he had never been to a fair and would have liked to have looked at a live fox. Before he could open his mouth, the paramedic was already leading him up the stairs. Most of all, Pashka liked the bed they sat him on and the rough gray blanket. He touched the pillow and blanket with his hands, looked around the room and decided that the doctor was living very well.
A nurse entered the room holding two tin bowls, spoons and two pieces of bread. Looking into the bowl, Pashka saw fatty cabbage soup, and in the cabbage soup a piece of meat , and again I thought that the doctor’s life was not bad. He ate the cabbage soup for a long time, then began to eat the meat, trying to eat it as long as possible, but his efforts led to nothing: the meat soon disappeared. There was only a piece of bread left. It’s not tasty to eat bread alone, but there was nothing to do. Pashka thought and ate the bread.
Then Pashka sat down on the bed and began to wait for the doctor so that he could go with him to catch siskins or go to the fair. But the doctor did not come. While waiting for the doctor, Pashka examined his old neighbor. The old man couldn't stop coughing ; His cough was protracted and raspy.
The windows turned blue, the lights came on in the wards, but the doctor did not show up. It was already too late to go to the fair and catch siskins.
A rustling sound woke him up. In the next room, in the dim light of a night lamp, Pashka saw three figures carrying someone by the arms and legs. Whistling and discordant singing were heard in the chest of the sleeping old man. Pashka became scared, and he rushed, without opening the doors, into the neighboring rooms, from there into the corridor, from the corridor he ran downstairs. A cold wind blew, and Pashka, stumbling, ran out into the yard. He ran straight ahead from the porch, went around the barn and came across some bushes; After standing for a while, Pashka rushed back to the hospital, ran around it and again stopped in indecision: behind the hospital building there were white grave crosses.
Pashka, distraught with fear, saw one illuminated window, and next to the window a porch. Pashka ran up the steps, and a sharp, exciting joy suddenly took possession of him. Through the window Pashka saw a cheerful, flexible doctor. Laughing with happiness, he extended his hands to the familiar face and wanted to shout, but an unknown force squeezed his breath and hit his legs; the boy swayed and fell unconscious on the steps.
When Pashka came to his senses, it was already light, and a very familiar voice, which had promised a fair and a fox yesterday, said next to him: “What a fool, Pashka! There would be no one to beat you.”
(402 words)
After the first reading, we analyze the text question by question.
1. Prove that the doctor was a good person. (All his words are not true, but the main thing for him is to persuade the child to stay without his mother for the first time in his life, in the hospital. An affectionate tone of conversation and harmless abuse.)
2. Why didn't the mother bring her son to the hospital on time?(From her own darkness, lack of education; mother has no time to go to hospitals.) Prove that the journey to the hospital was very long.(We went out at night, walked until dawn, across the field, then through the forest; we stood in the dark hallway for two hours.)
3. Why was Pashka so scared in the hospital?(The dead man - he had never seen them; the terrible, unusual sounds that the old neighbor made; later, grave crosses.)
. After writing a statement, they complete one of the tasks (optional or optional).
1. Prove that Pashka had a hard time at home. (There is such a need at home that Pashka liked the bed - at home he slept on the sheets? The floor? - and the rough blanket and pillow: at home even this was not the case.
At home, Pashka ate very poorly. He never ate enough even of bread; he was delighted by cabbage soup with meat. He had never been to a fair, rarely felt love and affection, otherwise why did Pashka like the good doctor so much?)
2. Prove that A.P. Chekhov perfectly understands the psychology of a little boy. (Pashka, like any child, is gullible, so he believes the doctor’s words, especially since he really liked this doctor. Everything that Pashka sees in the hospital seems unusual to him, since there was nothing of this at home. Pashka was madly afraid of the dead man, unusual sounds in the ward, and on the street - grave crosses. The child's experiences are so strong that the horror he has just suffered and the sharp, exciting joy of a new meeting with a good doctor led him into a state of shock (loss of consciousness). An adult is not so keen on everything reacts.)
(Instead of presentation, the teacher can use any part of the text as a control dictation.)
2. GOT LOST
(Exposition with elements of an essay based on the story by A.P. Chekhov “Kashtanka”)
Before reading the text, based on the children’s knowledge, explain the meaning of the words: carpenter, workbench, stretch out, customers, (grab by) calves, dachshund, rubber, horse-drawn horse, make a visor, galoshes.
A young red dog ran back and forth along the sidewalk and looked around restlessly. From time to time she stopped and, crying, raised first one chilled paw, then the other, trying to understand: how could it happen that she got lost? The day began with her owner, the carpenter Luka Alexandrovich, taking some kind of wooden thing wrapped in a red scarf under his arm and calling Kashtanka to go with him. Luka Alexandrych’s customers lived terribly far away. Kashtanka remembered that on the way she behaved terribly indecently. Out of joy that she was taken for a walk, she jumped, threw herself barking under the wheels of the horse-drawn horse, and chased the dogs.
Suddenly the music started playing. Kashtanka looked back and saw that a regiment of soldiers was walking down the street straight towards her. Unable to bear the music, which upset her nerves, she began to thrash about and howl. To her great surprise, the carpenter, instead of being frightened, squealing and barking, smiled broadly, stood tall and raised his visor with all his fingers. Kashtanka howled even louder and, not remembering herself, rushed across the road to another sidewalk. When she came to her senses, the carpenter was no longer there. Kashtanka rushed forward, then back, ran across the road again, but the carpenter seemed to fall through the ground. She began sniffing the sidewalk, hoping to find the owner by the smell of his footprints, but earlier some scoundrel had walked by in new rubber galoshes, and now all the subtle smells were mixed with the pungent rubber stench, so that nothing could be made out.
Lanterns came on on both sides of the street, and lights appeared in the windows of the houses. Unknown customers walked past Kashtanka, pushing her with their feet, non-stop back and forth. (Kashtanka divided all humanity into very unequal parts: into owners and into customers; there was a significant difference between both: the first had the right to beat her, and she herself had the right to grab the second by the calves.) The customers were in a hurry somewhere and did not pay attention to no attention to her.
Kashtanka was overcome by despair and horror. She pressed herself against some entrance and began to cry bitterly. The day's journey had tired her, her ears and paws were cold, and besides, she was terribly hungry.
When the soft, fluffy snow completely clung to her back and head, she fell into a heavy slumber from exhaustion.
(457 words)
Questions after the first reading.
1. What suggests that the events took place a long time ago, at the end of the 19th century?(Horse horse - a railway carriage drawn by a horse, running on rails, the predecessor of the tram; cab drivers; craftsmen carried finished products to customers’ homes.)
2. Why did the owner and the dog have such different attitudes towards music?(Dogs have very fine hearing; humans have much worse hearing. Luka Alexandritch has pleasant memories associated with music.)
3. At what moments does Chekhov describe life from the point of view not of a person, but of a dog?(Kashtanka divides all humanity into owners and customers, confusing these concepts; a man in rubber galoshes for her is a “scoundrel”; the owner, upon hearing the music, “was not afraid, did not squeal and did not bark.”) Why does the author do this?(The technique of humanizing animals - more on this later; an element of humor.)
5.Explain the spelling of the middle name. Aleksandrovich– literary, correct; Alexandrych– colloquial, like Chekhov’s, incorrect. Why does the author do this?
, and after writing it they answer the questions in writing:
What actions, thoughts and feelings of a person A.P. Chekhov attributes to the dog? For what?
(Kashtanka looked around uneasily; cried; I tried to give myself an account; behaved indecently; the music upset her nerves; she was surprised; Kashtanka was overcome by despair and horror; traveling with her owner tired her; she fell into a slumber in exhaustion.
This is a technique of humanizing an animal (a technique of anthropomorphism), a desire to show all the sensations and experiences of a dog, to convey its state as if “from the inside”, in order to evoke warm feelings in the reader for the animal, to make the reader kinder, more humane.)
3. EVENT
(Based on the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov)
Before reading the story, explain the words: stamped paper(paper with a coat of arms, usually texts of national importance are printed on it).
Morning. Vanya, a boy of about six, and his sister Nina, a four-year-old girl, wake up and look angrily at each other through the bars of their cribs.
They woke up in a bad mood. At this time, my mother’s voice comes from the living room:
– Don’t forget to give the cat milk, she has kittens now!
Vanya and Nina jump up at once, jump from their cribs and, filling the air with a piercing squeal, run barefoot, wearing only their shirts, into the kitchen.
- The cat has given birth! - they shout.
In the kitchen, a cat peeks out of a box. The children squat down and, without moving, holding their breath, look at the cat... The most sincere joy shines in the eyes of both. Nina, bursting into cheerful laughter, notices how small the kittens are and how they look like “mice.” Vanya, having counted three kittens, decides that one kitten will stay at home with the old cat to console his mother, the other will go to the dacha, the third will live in the cellar, where there are a lot of rats. Then the children put the kittens in the hem of their shirts and run into the rooms. The mother is sitting in the living room with some unfamiliar gentleman. Seeing the children, unwashed, undressed, with their hemlines pulled up, she becomes embarrassed and makes stern eyes. Children do not notice either their mother’s angry look or the presence of a stranger. When, a little later, the children are dragged into the nursery, dressed and given tea, they are filled with a passionate desire to quickly get rid of prosaic duties and run back to the kitchen.
Nina and Vanya spend a long time deciding who will be the father of the kittens. Their choice falls on a large dark red horse with a torn off tail. The joy of children has no limits, but they also have to endure difficult, painful moments.
Just before lunch, Vanya is sitting in his father’s office, and a kitten is tossing and turning on stamped paper near the lamp. Suddenly the father appears as if out of the ground. To Vanya’s great surprise, instead of being delighted and happy, he pulls his son’s ear and demands that this disgusting thing be removed.
There was also a scandal at dinner. They find a kitten under Nina's apron and demand that she throw it in the trash. The children begin to cry and beg to spare the kittens. The father agrees, but on the condition that the children do not dare touch the kittens. The ban on going to the kitchen left the children despondent. They refuse sweets, are capricious and are rude to their mother.
In the evening Uncle Petya comes, not alone, but with Nero, a big black dog. Everyone sits down at the table to drink tea, but at that moment Stepan, the footman in the house, announces with a laugh that Nera ate the kittens. Nina and Vanya turn pale and look at Stepan with horror. The children think that all the people in the house will become alarmed and attack the villain Nero. But they sit quietly in their seats and laugh. Only the cat is worried. Stretching out her tail, she looks suspiciously at the children and meows pitifully.
Vanya and Nina go to bed, cry and think for a long time about the offended cat and the cruel, arrogant Nero.
(420 words)
After the second reading, students write a summary . Strong students write an essay on one of the topics:
1. Why did A.P. write his story? Chekhov called "Event"? Or: What lesson of cruelty did adults teach children in A.P.’s story? Chekhov's "Event"?
Sample student essays
(The most important event in the minds of children occurred in the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov. Kittens were born! Little living creatures were born that you can play with, feed, take care of! They are so different from boring inanimate toys: small, blind and only crawling.The children are thinking about the future of the kittens (one - to go to the country, another - to the mother's cat, and the third - to catch rats), even find a father for the kittens.
Therefore, it is difficult for children to understand the displeasure of parents who call kittens disgusting and send them to the kitchen. (It’s good that it’s not in the trash!) Children, left without kittens, suffer, cry, refuse sweets and even become rude. Parents do not understand what is happening to their children.
The news that the kittens were eaten by a dog shocked the kids. They are terrified! Children do not understand adults who are so calm and even laugh. Kids hate this cruel and impudent dog, and when they go to bed, they cry and cannot fall asleep.
The children have already received their first lesson in cruelty. It is unlikely that after this they will be kinder, will love and have pity on animals. The attitude of children towards adults, even parents, will also not become warmer until this event is forgotten.)
2. Humor in the story by A.P. Chekhov "Event". Or: The image of children in the story by A.P. Chekhov.
Sample student essays
(Little children are naive and funny; they perceive all events differently from adults. A.P. Chekhov knew this very well. The humor of the story lies in the description of the unusual behavior of children, their reaction to everything and in the language.
The birth of kittens is a great event for six-year-old Vanya and four-year-old Nina. They instantly forget about their bad mood, jump out of their beds, squeal shrilly, completely forgetting that they are barefoot, wearing only shirts.
At the same time, the children do not hear or see anyone: neither the angry look of the mother, nor the presence of a stranger.
Children's games with kittens are funny and sometimes cruel. Children do not disdain these small, blind and helpless creatures: they put them in their hem, put them on the carpet, hide them in their clothes, put them on the table where their father’s important papers lie. Children take kittens away from the cat, not understanding that this should not be done. Children not only behave funny, but even think childishly, naively: they don’t know who the kittens’ father is, but they can’t live without a father; then let the father be a dark red horse with a torn off tail. Vanya is considering the future of the kittens: the children will take one kitten with them to the dacha. Another will catch rats, and the third will stay with his mother. And as the children say! Their cat “grew whelps”, and the kittens look like “mice”. As always, any story by A.P. Chekhov is a combination of humor and serious, deep thought.)
4. WOLF Cubs
It was already dawn, and when the wolf made her way to her place through the dense aspen forest, every aspen tree was clearly visible and the black grouse were already waking up and beautiful roosters often fluttered up, disturbed by the careless jumps and barking of the puppy.
“Why is he running after me? - the wolf thought with annoyance. “He must want me to eat him.”
She lived with the wolf cubs in a shallow hole. Now at the bottom there were old leaves and moss, and there were bones and bull horns with which the wolf cubs played. They had already woken up(,) and all three, very similar to each other, stood side by side on the edge of their hole and, looking at the returning mother, wagged their tails. Seeing them, White-fronted stopped at a distance and looked at them for a long time; noticing that they were also looking at him attentively, he began to bark angrily at them, as if they were strangers.
The wolf cubs suckled their mother, pushing her with their paws into her skinny belly, and at that time she was gnawing on a horse bone, white and dry; she was tormented by hunger, her head ached from the dog’s barking, and she wanted to rush at the uninvited guest and tear him apart.
Finally the puppy became tired and hoarse; Seeing that they were not afraid of him and did not even pay attention to him, he began to timidly, now crouching, now jumping, approach the wolf cubs. The wolf cubs waved their tails. Then the puppy hit one of the wolf cubs on the big head with his paw. The wolf cub also hit him on the head with his paw. The puppy stood sideways to him and looked at him sideways, wagging his tail, then suddenly rushed away and made several circles on the crust. The wolf cubs chased him, he fell on his back and lifted his legs up, and the three of them attacked him and, squealing with delight, began to bite him, but not painfully, but as a joke. It became noisy and fun. The sun was already hot like spring; and the roosters, constantly flying over the pine tree fallen by the storm, seemed emerald in the brilliance of the sun.
Usually she-wolves accustom their children to hunting by letting them play with prey; and now, watching how the wolf cubs chased the puppy along the crust and fought with it, the wolf thought: “Let them get used to it.”
Having played enough, the cubs went into the hole and went to bed. The white-fronted one howled a little with hunger, then also stretched out in the sun. And when they woke up, they began to play again.
(384 words)
Questions after the first reading:
1. Why did the puppy and the wolf cubs run through the snow without falling through? What is crust?
2. Prove that the events take place in the deepest part of the forest(description of the lair of a she-wolf, black grouse). What kind of roosters are we talking about then?(Male black grouse.) What color are they?(They seemed emerald, i.e. dark green in color.)
After re-reading, students write a summary , at the end they answer the questions:
How does the behavior of a wolf, wolf cubs and a puppy touch us? Why does the author do this?
(The wolf experiences all the sensations of a person: she is annoyed, thinks, she has a headache. And the puppy and wolf cubs behave like children: they play, they have fun, they are naive and trusting. Such descriptions help us understand the “experiences” of animals, and therefore sympathize relate to them.Such stories make us kinder, more humane.
5. RETURNING HOME
(Based on the story “White-fronted” by A.P. Chekhov)
Remember why the puppy named White-fronted ended up in the forest, in the wolf’s den.
Before reading to city children, explain the meaning of the words:
winter hut - winter housing for humans and animals;
barn - a room for livestock;
slightly - a thick pole.
All day and evening the wolf remembered how last night a lamb bleated in the stable and how it smelled of sheep's milk, and from appetite she kept clicking her teeth and did not stop gnawing greedily on an old bone, imagining to herself that it was a lamb. The wolf cubs suckled their mother. And the puppy, who also wanted to eat, ran around and sniffed the snow.
“I’ll eat it,” the wolf decided. She walked up to him and he licked her face and whined, thinking she wanted to play with him. In the past, she ate dogs, but this puppy smelled strongly of dog, and(,) due to poor health(,) she no longer tolerated this smell; she felt disgusted and walked away.
By night it got colder. White-faced got bored and went home.
When the wolf cubs were fast asleep, the wolf went hunting again. She ran away from the road along the crust. Suddenly something dark flashed on the road far ahead. She strained her eyes and ears: was it a badger? She carefully, barely breathing, overtook the dark spot, looked back at it and recognized it. It was a puppy with a white forehead who was slowly walking back to his winter quarters. The wolf quickly ran forward.
But the winter hut was already close. She again climbed up the snowdrift into the barn. Yesterday's hole had already been filled with straw, and two new strips stretched across the roof. The wolf began to quickly work with her legs and muzzle, looking around to see if the puppy was coming, but as soon as the warm steam and the smell of manure hit her, a joyful, loud bark was heard from behind. It was a puppy. He jumped onto the roof of the wolf, then into the hole, and, feeling at home, in the warmth, recognizing his sheep, he barked even louder. Arapka, White-fronted's mother, woke up under the barn and, sensing a wolf, howled, the chickens clucked, and when the watchman Ignat appeared on the porch with his single-barreled gun, the frightened wolf was already far from the winter hut.
The watchman pulled the trigger - the gun misfired. And only for the third time a huge sheaf of fire flew out of the trunk. Taking a gun in one hand and an ax in the other, Ignat went to see what was causing the noise.
A little later he returned to the hut and explained that White-fronted had gotten into the habit of sleeping with the sheep(,) in the warmth, and tried to go out not through the door, but through the roof.
In the morning, Ignat called the puppy over to him, tore him painfully by the ears and then, punishing him with a twig, kept saying:
- Go through the door! Walk through the door! Walk through the door!
(391 words)
Write the words on the board: climbed up, flogged.
Additional tasks after re-reading(optional or optional).
1. Why is the behavior of the wolf and the puppy so touching to us?(See answer earlier.)
2. How did Chekhov's skill manifest itself in this story?(Managed to accurately depict the behavior of animals; the technique of anthropomorphism; humor; an accurate and at the same time artistic description of nature.)
(This text can also be used as a dictation.)
6. ICE DRIVE
(Exposition with elements of an essay based on a story by A.P. Chekhov. An essay on the same topic.)
Before presenting, give the task to observe the ice drift. You can give an outline (see below) for students to write an oral narrative.
Bull– intermediate bridge support.
Cassock- long outer clothing with wide sleeves for the Orthodox clergy.
- The ice has broken! - sounds are heard on a clear spring day.
- Guys, the ice is falling.
The ice moves carefully every spring, but nevertheless, ice drift is always an event and the topic of the day. Hearing screams, if you live in a city, you run to the bridge, and you have such a serious expression on your face, as if a murder or robbery was being committed on the bridge. The boys who run past you, the cab drivers, and the merchant women have the same expression.
An audience had already gathered on the bridge. There are high school students with backpacks, two or three cassocks, a dark-skinned boy holding freshly sewn boots by the ears, and soldiers’ girls. Everyone, hanging over the railing, is silent, does not move and looks questioningly down at the river. You also look at the river and - what a disappointment! - you expected a crash and rumble, but you hear nothing except a dull, monotonous noise, similar to very distant thunder. Instead of monstrous breaking, collisions and friendly onslaught, you see serenely lying motionless piles of broken ice, filling the entire river from bank to bank. The surface of the river is pitted and disturbed, as if a giant plowman had walked along it and touched it with his huge plow.
Not a drop of water is visible, just ice, ice and ice. The icy hills stand motionless, but your head is spinning, and it seems that the bridge is going somewhere with you. The heavy bridge rushes along the river along with the banks and cuts through piles of ice with its bulls. Here is one large ice floe, resting against a bull, for a long time does not allow the bridge to run away from it, but suddenly, as if alive, it begins to crawl up the bull, right to your face, as if it wants to say goodbye to you, but, unable to bear its weight, it breaks in two piece and falls powerlessly. The ice floes look sad and dejected. They seem to realize that they are being driven from their homes somewhere far away, to the terrible Volga, where, having seen enough horrors, they will die and turn into nothing.
Soon the hills begin to thin out, and dark, rapidly running water appears between the ice floes. Now the deception disappears and you begin to see that it is not the bridge that is moving, but the river.
By evening the river is almost completely clear of ice; Occasionally you come across stray ice floes, but there are so few of them that they do not prevent the lanterns from looking into the water as if into a mirror.
(342 words)
Analysis of text by questions
1. Have you ever seen such ice drift in Moscow? Why?
(Water hardly freezes: chemical emissions.)
2. Still, ice drift is an exciting event. Why?(It’s a natural phenomenon, it happens rarely, I want to watch it, “participate.”)
3. Why does Chekhov describe the participants in this spectacle in such detail?(This phenomenon is interesting for everyone - schoolchildren, church ministers, apprentice boys, soldiers. Everyone is serious, attentive; the ice drift took them by surprise.)
4. With what senses does a person perceive ice drift?(Hearing - noise like thunder; vision - motionless piles of ice, individual pieces of ice.)
5. What unusual sensation does A.P. describe? Chekhov?
(My head is spinning; the bridge is rushing along with the banks.)
7. From what person is the text written?(Impersonal form, although the pronoun is used You, which has no specific meaning.)
Why doesn't Chekhov use the personal pronoun form? I? (A more accepted form of authorial modesty is: we you or he, they, especially since anyone can be a participant in such an event.)
Student assignment
1st option. Describe the ice drift using the text and your own observations. Or:
2nd option. Describe the ice drift based on your own impressions.
Plan
1. Ice drift as an event.
2. Participants in this spectacle.
3. Behavior of individual ice floes.
4. Description of water.
5. Personal feelings and sensations.
How to learn to compress text? To begin with, let us recall that concise presentation is a test of text processing skills. A condensed presentation is a brief, generalized presentation of the content of the source text.
The student needs to reflect the content of the original text as much as possible, using minimal verbal means. Let’s define the tasks facing us and choose a certain course of action.
According to the criteria for assessing a concise presentation, it is necessary to complete a number of tasks.
Tasks:
1) Convey the main content of the listened text, without missing a single micro-topic.
2) Apply at least one text compression method.
3) Write a paper without logical errors and violations of paragraph division of the text (approximate volume 90-110 words).
Listening to the text
The original text is reproduced twice. Between the first and second reading you will have 10 minutes to comprehend the text.
When reading for the first time, try to understand the essence of the text, its main problem. Follow the development of micro-topics, remember their location and sequence.
If you don’t have time, don’t try to write down the entire text. Write down key words and phrases that form the semantic basis of this text. Leave gaps between entries: this will give you the opportunity to insert words, phrases and even sentences during the second reading and editing. Try to make a plan, formulating each micro-topic in the form of a thesis.
On the second reading, check whether you correctly remember the sequence of the topic and the author’s reasoning. Complete your entries.
In the process of listening to the text, you need to mentally divide it into its component parts - microthemes.
A microtheme is the content of several sentences united by one thought. A microtheme is part of the overall theme of the text and, as a rule, is a separate paragraph (or several). In the text of the condensed presentation, all micro-topics of the source text should be noted, otherwise the grade will be reduced.
Reading text 1
Having carefully read this text, we will highlight the following micro-topics in it:
1st paragraph: The algorithm of black ingratitude is the response to good with evil.
Paragraph 2 - Morality is a guide to life.
Paragraph 3 - The happiness of doing good is given only to sublime natures.
Methods for compressing text
The point of compressing text is to leave the main information while reducing the secondary information. There are three language methods for text compression: exclusion, generalization and replacement.
When using an exception, it is necessary to determine the main information and secondary details (introductory constructions, repetitions, homogeneous members, synonyms, unimportant fragments and whole sentences). By excluding these details, you will form a condensed text.
When generalizing, we isolate individual facts, select means of briefly conveying them, and compose a new text. Using this method, we can replace homogeneous members with a generalized name, direct speech with indirect speech, several simple sentences with complex ones.
Simplification (replacement) is a text compression technique based on simplifying syntactic structures:
- replacing part of a complex sentence with a participial or adverbial phrase;
- merging several sentences into one;
- replacing part of the text with one sentence;
- reducing the number of parts of a complex sentence;
- replacing a sentence fragment with a synonymous expression;
- replacing a sentence or part of it with a demonstrative pronoun.
Editing 1 paragraph:
One person was told that an acquaintance of his spoke about him in unflattering terms: “It can’t be! - the man exclaimed. “I didn’t do anything good for him...” Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is answered with evil. In life, one must assume, this man has more than once met people who have mixed up the guidelines on the moral compass.
We exclude direct speech, introductory phrases, and simplify the last 2 sentences of the paragraph:
The algorithm of black ingratitude is evil in response to good. This is what people do who have mixed up the guidelines on the moral compass.
Editing paragraph 2:
Morality is a guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a windfall, thorny bushes, or even drown. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave the same towards you.
We use the method of replacement in sentence 2 and exclusion in sentence 3:
Morality is a guide to life, and if you deviate from the road, you can get lost or even die. If you behave ungratefully towards others, you may get the same in return.
Editing paragraph 3:
How should we approach this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will receive pleasure from doing good. That is, you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: sublime natures do good.
We exclude the interrogative sentence, use the simplification method, making up one complex sentence from several sentences with the first complicated part (homogeneous members, an isolated circumstance, expressed by an adverbial phrase):
One must approach the phenomenon of ingratitude philosophically: to do good, receiving pleasure from it, and therefore a feeling of happiness, which is the goal of life for an exalted nature. (71 words)
Reading text 2
We highlight microthemes:
1 paragraph - Cruel school of war.
Paragraph 2 - “Mental experience” of wartime childhood.
Paragraph 3 - The memory of the war must live on.
Editing 1 paragraph:
The war was a cruel and rough school for children. They sat not at desks, but in frozen trenches, and in front of them were not notebooks, but armor-piercing shells and machine gun belts. They did not yet have life experience and therefore did not understand the true value of simple things that you do not attach importance to in everyday peaceful life.
We exclude one of the adjectives in sentence 1. We exclude one of the homogeneous adverbs of place in the second sentence and generalize the homogeneous subjects. We simplify the third sentence and get:
Children went through the cruel school of war in frozen trenches with weapons in their hands instead of notebooks. They did not yet have life experience to truly appreciate what you do not attach importance to in peaceful life.
Editing paragraph 2:
The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. They could cry not from grief, but from hatred, they could childishly rejoice at the spring crane wedge, as they had never rejoiced either before or after the war, with tenderness they could keep in their souls the warmth of bygone youth. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve within themselves a pure, radiant peace, faith and hope, becoming more uncompromising to injustice, kinder to goodness.
Let’s simplify: out of three sentences we make one, complicated by a separate circumstance, expressed by an adverbial phrase. “Radiant and pure world” was replaced with “purity of the world”:
The war filled their spiritual experience, forcing them not only to cry with hatred, but also to rejoice at the crane’s wedge, to tenderly preserve the warmth of their passing youth, to preserve the purity of the world, faith and hope, to become kinder and at the same time more uncompromising to injustice.
Editing paragraph 3:
Although the war has already become history, the memory of it must live, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget Time means not to forget People, not to forget People means not to forget Time.
We exclude the last sentence of the paragraph as repeating the idea of the first:
The war has become history, but we must remember it, because the main participants in history are People and Time. (87 words)
Reading text 3
I was betrayed by a loved one, I was betrayed by my best friend. Unfortunately, we hear such statements quite often. Most often, those in whom we have invested our souls betray. The pattern here is this: the greater the benefit, the stronger the betrayal. In such situations, I remember Hugo’s statement: “I am indifferent to the knife blows of an enemy, but the pin prick of a friend is painful to me.”
Many endure bullying, hoping that the traitor’s conscience will awaken. But something that is not there cannot wake up. Conscience is a function of the soul, but a traitor does not have it. A traitor usually explains his action by the interests of the case, but in order to justify the first betrayal, he commits a second, third, and so on ad infinitum.
Betrayal completely destroys a person’s dignity, and as a result, traitors behave differently. Someone defends their behavior, trying to justify what they did, someone falls into a feeling of guilt and fear of impending retribution, and someone simply tries to forget everything, without burdening themselves with emotions or thoughts. In any case, the life of a traitor becomes empty, worthless and meaningless.
Exercise 1:
Identify the micro-topics of this text yourself and write them down in your notebook.
Task 2:
Read the text of the condensed presentation and indicate compression methods:
The pattern is that most often those close to us betray - those in whom we have invested our souls. In such situations, how can one not remember Victor Hugo’s statement that the enemy’s blows are endured more easily than the pin pricks of a friend.
The traitor explains his act by the interests of the cause, but in reality his mockery of others is explained by the absence of a soul, and therefore of conscience.
Betrayal destroys a person’s dignity, and then he tries to justify what he did, or falls into despair before inevitable retribution, or tries to forget everything, and his life becomes worthless. (84 words)
Task 3:
Edit the text, highlighting micro-topics and using compression methods you know:
The essence of the concept of “power” lies in the ability of one person to force another to do something that he would not do of his own free will. A tree, if not disturbed, grows straight up. But even if it does not manage to grow evenly, then it, bending under obstacles, tries to get out from under them and stretch upward again. So is man. Sooner or later he will want to disobey. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they have managed to throw off their “burden,” they often turn into tyrants themselves.
If you command everywhere and everyone, then loneliness awaits a person as the end of life. Such a person will always be lonely. After all, he does not know how to communicate on equal terms. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people unquestioningly carry out his orders. The commanders themselves are unhappy people, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results.
Commanding and managing people are two different things. The one who manages knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.
Presentation with compression techniques..
I am often asked about the origin of my pseudonym.
Indeed, why suddenly “Taffy”? What's a dog's name? It is not for nothing that in Russia many of the readers of the Russian Word gave this name to their foxes and Italian greyhounds.
Why does a Russian woman sign her works with some anglicized word?
Even if she wanted to take a pseudonym, she could have chosen something more sonorous or, at least, with a touch of ideology, like Maxim Gorky, Demyan Bedny, Skitalets. These are all hints of some kind of poetic suffering and attract the reader.
In addition, female writers often choose a male pseudonym. This is very smart and careful. It is customary to treat ladies with a slight grin and even distrust.
- And where did she pick it up?
“It’s probably her husband writing for her.”
There was the writer Marko Vovchok, a talented novelist and public figure signed “Vergezhsky”, a talented poetess signed her critical articles “Anton Krainy”. All this, I repeat, has its own raison d'etre. Smart and beautiful. But - "Taffy" - what kind of nonsense?
So, I want to honestly explain how it all happened.
The origin of this wild name dates back to the first steps of my literary activity. At that time I had just published two or three poems signed with my real name, and wrote a one-act play, but I had absolutely no idea what to do to get this play on stage. Everyone around said that this is absolutely impossible, that you need to have connections in the theater world and you need to have a major literary name, otherwise the play will not only not be staged, but will never be read.
- Well, which theater director wants to read all sorts of rubbish when “Hamlet” and “The Inspector General” have already been written? And especially ladies' cooking!
This is where I started thinking.
I didn’t want to hide behind a male pseudonym. Cowardly and cowardly. It’s better to choose something incomprehensible, neither this nor that.
But what?
We need a name that would bring happiness. The best name of some fool is - fools are always happy.
Of course, it was not a matter of fools. I knew a lot of them. But if you have to choose, then something excellent. And then I remembered one fool, truly excellent and, in addition, one who was lucky, which means that fate itself recognized him as an ideal fool.
His name was Stepan, and his family called him Steffy. Out of delicacy, discarding the first letter (so that the fool would not become arrogant), I decided to sign my play “Taffy” and, come what may, sent it directly to the management of the Suvorinsky Theater. I didn’t tell anyone about anything because I was sure that my enterprise would fail.
Two months have passed. I almost forgot about my play and from everything I then drew only an edifying conclusion that fools do not always bring happiness.
And then I read “New Time” one day and saw something.
“Teffi’s one-act play “The Women’s Question” has been accepted for production at the Maly Theater.
The first thing I experienced was insane fear.
The second is boundless despair.
I immediately suddenly realized that my play was impenetrable nonsense, that it was stupid, boring, that you couldn’t hide under a pseudonym for long, that the play, of course, would fail miserably and cover me with shame for the rest of my life.
The play was a success. The next day, for the first time in my life, I talked with a journalist who visited me. I was interviewed.
— What are you working on now?
— I'm sewing shoes for my niece's doll...
- Hm... that's how it is! What does your nickname mean?
- This is... the name of one fool... that is, a surname.
“And they told me it was from Kipling.”
I'm saved! I'm saved! I'm saved! Indeed, Kipling has such a name. I immediately remembered everything.
- Well, yes, of course, from Kipling!
My portrait appeared in the newspapers with the caption “Taffy”.
Of course, there was no introduction.
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