It is believed that the eyes are the mirror of the human soul. But the mouth and lips are no less eloquent than the eyes. Their shape, thickness, mouth size and skin brightness openly reveal the perseverance and weakness, sensuality and hardness, stupidity and vanity of a person.
An ancient Chinese proverb says: people with narrow mouths are ruled by their heads, while people with wide mouths are ruled by their hearts. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle pointed out the relationship between the shape of the lips and the internal energy of a person. Many grandmothers can tell at first glance whether the groom is suitable for their granddaughter or whether it is better not to bring such a person into the family.
People inherit facial features from their parents, as well as many character traits. By learning to “read” people’s faces, you can make your life safer and your communication more enjoyable. Restraint in emotions sometimes masks kindness and devotion, and behind a sweet smile anger and meanness can be hidden. Before getting to know a person, it is useful to look at him from the outside, when he is relaxed and does not think that he is being looked at. The mouth and lips can reveal a lot.
The main thing that people pay attention to is the clarity of the lines and the tension of the mouth muscles. A slightly open mouth and relaxed lips often indicate weakness of character, but this is also characteristic of many creative people, romantic people and trusting good-natured people. A clear pattern of the lip line, compressed corners, and tension in the paralabial muscles are characteristic of people with a strong character, capable of taking responsibility, but sometimes showing excessive rigidity and intolerance in relationships.
Mouth size and character
Mouths vary in size. Regardless of the shape, the mouth can be small, large or medium. Differences also depend on belonging to a particular nation.
A large mouth is a sign of a rash person, prone to rash actions. But they are also independent and courageous, generous, open in communication and capable of going against everyone, defending their principles or defending the weak. People with big mouths tend to be very talkative and like to talk without listening to others. They often have poor relationships with parents and older people because they do not like to follow directions and do not tolerate teaching.
A small mouth is more often found in reserved people, who are inclined to first think and consult with everyone, and then make a decision. Sometimes they are stingy, but often this is ordinary prudence, which does not allow them to waste money recklessly. Men with small mouths are often talkative, emotional, annoying, but behind this masquerade they hide a sober mind and logic, their real actions are in no way connected with what they show to the public. Women with tiny mouths seem naive and helpless, weak-willed and submissive. Some, indeed, are like that in reality, but most are able to firmly grab unwary prey with their beaks.
A medium-sized mouth indicates a harmonious relationship between character traits and the absence of extremes.
Lip thickness and character properties
Ideal lips are when the upper and lower lips are approximately the same size, not too thick and not too thin. The color is even, light red. The thickest (swollen) lips are characteristic of the equatorial (Negro-Australoid) race. The thinnest lips are found among some peoples in Northern Europe and Asia. National characteristics should be taken into account when determining personality type.
Physiognomy teaches that full, round lips mean that a person is caring and sensitive. The thicker the lips, the more passionate the person. Full, convex lips with a beautiful, clear shape are found in successful, lucky people, full of energy and optimism. Thick lips of an indeterminate shape occur in good-natured, sensitive and sympathetic, but weak-willed people.
People with thin lips are more careful in their feelings and relationships. They are distinguished by perseverance, determination, and are not so easily deceived by flattery. They do not like to be teased and ridiculed, and can hold a grudge for a long time. People with thin lips are more serious, hardworking and responsible. However, people with very thin lips can be emotionally cold and have difficulty finding a mate. Sometimes excessive scrupulousness and prudence prevent them from building harmonious relationships.
According to ancient Chinese ideas about the correspondence of facial features and character, the upper lip represents the “feminine” side (yin) while the lower lip represents the “masculine” side (yang). A person's upper lip can show his sensuality and ability to love, while his lower lip indicates how much love he needs to receive from other people.
A thick lower lip combined with a thin upper lip is a sign of greed and selfishness. Such people love pleasure, but only their own; what their partners feel and desire does not interest them at all. But they can be witty and funny, bursting with energy, entertaining and captivating. They know how to get joy from life and this is worth learning from them.
If the upper lip is full and the lower lip is narrow, then such people are often indecisive, unable to stand up for themselves. They willingly take care of someone, help and save. At the same time, they often like to manipulate others, are vain, strive to set the tone, make plans and captivate others with their ideas. Surprisingly, they usually succeed.
Where are the corners of the lips directed?
People with raised corners of their lips are considered optimistic and cheerful, they are sociable and greet every day with a smile. People with downturned lips are often pessimistic, very shy and tend to be alone. However, you can count on them to be honest and fair.
With age, the facial muscles weaken and the corners of the lips droop in almost all people. However, for some they form a rigid line, while for others they give the face an unhappy expression of bitter disappointment.
Which lip protrudes more?
If you look at a person in profile, you will notice that one lip almost always protrudes more forward than the other.
The upper lip protruding above the lower lip indicates the owner’s indecisiveness. Such people are kind, understand others well, and are sincere and honest. They do not like confrontation, it is difficult for them to prove that they are right and defend their desires, they are prone to compromise. It’s easier for them to give in than to offend someone.
If the lower lip protrudes forward, then the owner of such a mouth has a tenacious and decisive character. They are assertive and fast-moving. People with a protruding lower lip can fight for their interests and prove that they are right, even if they have already realized that they are wrong. They have their own ideas about honor and pride, and sometimes they are too demanding of themselves and others.
How to check the accuracy of a lip characteristic?
The answer is very simple: take a closer look and observe people with whom you are familiar and whose character is no secret to you. Start with yourself and those people who clearly have certain structural features of the mouth and lips.
It's not always convenient to look at a person closely, so start with photographs. Choose those where your friends and relatives are not posing, but accidentally got into the frame. Characterize a person based on his lips and check whether your personal opinion matches what the lips indicate. And don’t forget to look at photographs of your elderly relatives in which they were taken in their youth. Old photographs will reveal a lot to you.
P.S. The character of men is easier to determine; for girls it changes depending on their makeup.
Based on site materials http://bezsekretov.net
The diversity of Russia's climate in its different parts is explained by the vast spaces occupied by our country. We have everything - cold arctic zones, hot deserts, impassable forest jungles, endless plains, high mountains, deep lakes and mighty rivers. That is why the climatic diversity of our vast Motherland is so great.
- The warmest winter on record was recorded in Moscow in 2014-2015. It was so warm that mushrooms and grass began to grow, and buds began to bloom on the trees.
- Judging by archival data, over the past 100 years the average temperature in Russia has increased by one degree.
- One of the most unpleasant things about the Russian climate is freezing rain. So, in 2010, it deprived more than 400 thousand capital residents of power supply, caused the fall of thousands of trees and caused a lot of other damage.
- In St. Petersburg, floods occur on average once a year. Over the past three centuries there have been a little more than 300.
- The Russian climate is not particularly dangerous. For example, we almost never have destructive tornadoes or tornadoes, like those that devastate the southern United States. But in 1904, a powerful tornado hit Moscow, destroying many houses.
- In the south of Russia the climate is quite mild. However, sometimes (on average three times every hundred years) there are such cold winters that the Black Sea freezes for a short time (see).
- The windiest place in Russia is Cape Taigonos in the Magadan region. Wind gusts here reach 200 km/h, which according to the standard classification corresponds to a destructive hurricane.
- The climate of Russia is also unique in that our country is the only one in the world through which eight climatic zones pass at once.
- The harsh climate does not frighten Russians. Thus, Murmansk is the largest city in the world beyond the Arctic Circle.
- The sunniest cities in Russia are Ulan-Ude and Khabarovsk.
- The city of Verkhoyansk (Yakutia) is a settlement with the least rainfall in Russia. But the winter here is long, and the snow always lasts for more than six months (see).
- The climate of Russia in the northwestern part of the country is often called rainy. However, in St. Petersburg, on average, there is not much rainfall each year. In Severo-Kurilsk, for example, there are about 3 times more of them.
- The hottest region of Russia is Kalmykia. Once a temperature record of +45.6 degrees Celsius was recorded here.
- Mount Ai-Petri in Crimea is the foggiest part of Russia; fog can be observed on it approximately 260 days a year.
- In Karelia, the monthly average temperatures are completely identical to those in Finland (see).
- The climate on the Black Sea coast is practically indistinguishable from the climate of the Greek or Bulgarian coast.
- The village of Oymyakon in northern Russia is the coldest populated area in the world. The record negative temperature here is -71.2 degrees.
- The climate of Russia is characterized by significant seasonal changes; the difference between the average daily temperature in winter and summer reaches 36 degrees. According to this parameter, Russia ranks third among all countries in the world, second only to Mongolia and Kazakhstan.
We know little about the climate of Russia. We are sure that St. Petersburg is the rainiest city, and the driest city is in the south. But it's not like that at all. 1. The difference between the average annual summer and winter temperatures in Russia is 36°C. In Canada the difference is only 28.75°C.
2. The coldest place in Russia where people live is the village of Oymyakon in Yakutia. The average January temperature is minus 50°C, and the absolute minimum recorded in 1926 reached -71.2°C.
3. The hottest place in Russia is in Kalmykia. At the Utta weather station on July 12, 2010, a record air temperature was recorded - plus 45.4°C.
4. In Moscow in 1940, the absolute minimum temperature was recorded. Thermometers dropped to -40.1°C. The capital updated its absolute maximum relatively recently. 38.2°C was recorded in July 2010.
5. The southern coast of Crimea is dominated by a Mediterranean climate, comparable to Greece and Bulgaria. The air in the region warms up to 30°C in summer, and the water to 21-22°C.
6. The climate of Karelia and Finland is almost identical. The average temperature in July is about 17°C.
7. Ai-Petri is one of the most foggy places in Crimea and Russia. In 1970, 215 foggy days were recorded here. The island of Newfoundland is considered the foggiest place in the world.
8. The village of Sheregesh in the Kemerovo region is a good alternative to European ski resorts. The average winter temperature is minus 17°C. The snow thickness can reach 4 meters.
9. St. Petersburg is not the rainiest and most foggy city in Russia. It receives only 661 mm of precipitation per year. The first place in terms of precipitation is occupied by Severo-Kurilsk. It receives 1844 mm of precipitation per year.
10. The city of Verkhoyansk (Yakutia) receives the least amount of rain – only 178 mm per year. But snow stays here for more than 200 days a year.
11. In the same Verkhoyansk in 1911, only 45 mm of precipitation fell. At the same time, a record annual minimum precipitation was recorded for Russia.
12. The sunniest city in Russia is Ulan-Ude (Buryatia), the average annual sunlight there is 2797 hours. In second place is Khabarovsk - there are 2449 hours of sunshine. 13. Russia is the only country in the world through which 8 climatic zones pass. For comparison, only 5 pass through the United States.
14. Cape Taigonos in the Magadan region is the windiest place in Russia. Wind gusts here can reach 58 m/s or 208 km/h. On the Botfort scale, this corresponds to hurricane-force winds.
15. In 1908, the largest flood occurred in Moscow. The Moscow River rose by 9 meters, water flooded about 16 km² of the city.
16. Tornadoes happen not only in America. In 1904, Moscow and its suburbs were hit by a tornado. Lyublino, Karacharovo, Annenhofskaya Grove, buildings in Lefortovo, Basmannaya part, and Sokolniki were destroyed. 800 people were injured.
17. More than 300 floods have been recorded in St. Petersburg since 1703. During the strongest, in November 1824, the Neva rose 4.21 meters above the ordinary.
18. Freezing rain is not typical for Russia, but in 2010 in Moscow it left 400,000 people without power, cut off power at Domodedovo airport and knocked down 4.6 thousand trees.
19. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, over the past 100 years the average annual temperature in Russia has increased by 1°C. Over the last 20 years of the 20th century, the temperature increased by 0.4°C.
20. The winter of 2014-2015 was the warmest on record. The seasonal temperature anomaly was 4-7°C, which is 0.5°C higher than the 1962 record.
22. Alexey Maloletko, a professor at Tomsk State University, claims that in the winter of 1778 in the Lower Volga region, winter temperatures were so low that birds froze in flight and fell dead.
23. The winter of 1759-1760 in St. Petersburg was so cold that mercury froze in thermometers. This allowed scientists to make a unique discovery and record the solidification temperature of mercury - minus 38.8°C. Until this point, it was believed that mercury was not a metal.
24. In 2012, the Black Sea froze. The last time such a climate anomaly was observed was in 1977, when the Black Sea froze off the coast of Odessa “from shore to horizon.”
25. The hottest summer on record was the summer of 2010. In Moscow, the average monthly temperature in July rose above the previous record by 7.7 degrees. The heat caused forest fires, and the movement of ships on large rivers was suspended due to their shallowing.
26. In 2012, abnormally high heat lasted from April to September.
27. One of the most severe droughts was observed in 1370. According to chroniclers, the heat caused a massive death of animals and birds.
28. There is a myth that the Germans were unable to take Moscow during the Great Patriotic War because of the cold. In fact, the temperature in December 1941 did not exceed minus 20°C (in contrast to the abnormally cold 1940 - in January the temperature reached -42.1°C).
29. The same myth exists about the War of 1812. In fact, winter in 1812 came later than usual, the temperature before the battle of Krasnoye was about -5°C, and in the next 10 days it became warmer. The real cold (-20°C) hit in early December, when Napoleon had already crossed the Berezina River.
30. But the terrible cold during the Northern War is a historical fact. The winter of 1708 was the coldest winter in Europe in the last 500 years, and Swedish troops were left without supplies.
31. During the Great Fire of 1812, a rare and dangerous atmospheric phenomenon occurred in Moscow - a fire tornado. It occurs when several large fires combine into one. The temperature inside such a tornado can reach 1000°C.
32. The largest hail fell in Russia in 1904, during the Moscow tornado. The weight of individual hailstones reached 400-600 grams. According to eyewitnesses, they even cut down thick tree branches.
33. In Sochi, on average, 50 thunderstorms occur per year. The same number of thunderstorms occur per year in Lake Charles, Louisiana (USA).
34. On December 31, 1968, in Siberia, in the town of Agata, the highest atmospheric pressure was recorded - 813 mm Hg.
35. In 1940, over the village of Meshchery in the Nizhny Novgorod region, it rained coins from the times of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich.
36. In April 1944, the largest snowflakes in Russian history fell in Moscow - they were the size of a palm.
37. There are dust storms in Russia. Most often they occur in the Astrakhan region, in the east of the Volgograd region, in Kalmykia, in Tyva, in the Altai Territory and in the Trans-Baikal Territory. 38. The first mention of a tornado in Russia was in the chronicle of 1406. The Trinity Chronicle reports that a whirlwind lifted a harnessed cart into the air in the Nizhny Novgorod region and carried it to the other side of the Volga.
39. In Russia, the largest snow cover was recorded on the Kamchatka Peninsula - 2.89 meters. For comparison, snow cover in Moscow does not exceed 78 cm during the winter.
40. In Russia you can see waterspouts. Unlike ordinary ones, waterspouts are not necessarily accompanied by a hurricane and “dissolve” after 15-30 minutes. Waterspouts can be seen on the Black Sea, and during the 2010 heat wave the phenomenon was seen on the Volga.
Climate change is one of the most discussed and pressing issues in the modern world. But few people think that climate change has actually affected people throughout history.
1. Climate change and evolution
Numerous studies show that major changes in human evolution coincided with radical changes in climate. For example, three million years ago, the first modern species of Homo appeared. It was during this time that previously forested Africa began to become as arid as it is today. As the flora of Africa began to change, human ancestors had to adapt from climbing trees to walking on their feet over large areas. Another consequence of Africa's drought was a change in diet. Previously, you didn't have to go far to find any kind of food. But the drought significantly adjusted the tastes.2. Climate change and Stone Age innovation
There are two different schools of thought regarding the impact of climate change on the ancestors of Stone Age people. One theory, which has become widely popular since it emerged in 2013, is that climate change made such radical changes to the lives of our ancestors that they were forced to innovate to have a chance of surviving in new natural conditions. Another theory, which has emerged just recently, argues that the impetus for innovation was not sudden changes in the environment, but experimentation in good times. Evidence for the first theory is found in Africa, where 30,000 - 280,000 years ago Homo Sapiens began to develop symbolism, tools and jewelry during wildly changing climatic conditions.
The results of a 2016 study suggest that the period with the most innovation was also the period with the most chaotic climate change.
3. Climate change and early human migrations
The earliest ancestors of humans originated in sub-Saharan Africa, and for most of the time thereafter there was no way for them to move anywhere. 70,000 years ago there was a desert in northeast Africa, which prevented migration further to the Middle East, Asia and Europe. However, the time when humans first left Africa coincided with a dramatic change in climate, which led to more vegetation and food, allowing for migration to other areas. Elsewhere, glaciers previously blocked migration routes, but after climate change began, many glaciers began to melt, opening up new passages. 4. Climate change and Mesopotamia
12,000 years ago, Mesopotamia effectively became the cradle of civilization, as the vast majority of early cultures emerged from there. After people's ancestors migrated to the area, they found that it had very fertile land due to its favorable climatic conditions. Although much of the area is arid today, it was ideal for settlement at the time.However, around 6,000 years ago, several civilizations in the previously fertile region suddenly disappeared, most likely due to a sudden drought in the region. During the first half of the Holocene era, which continues to this day, Mesopotamia was the center of civilization, but conditions changed dramatically again, causing the cradle of civilization to disappear.
5. Climate Change and Native Southwest American Culture
The Anasazi tribe was the most advanced Native American culture that has been discovered so far. The Anasazi inhabited southwestern America, which today is an arid region. But at that time (about 3,000 years ago) it was a real oasis with a much cooler climate. The Anasazi flourished for centuries, but a sudden climate change around 300 AD. led to their disappearance. The same can be said of the Pueblo Indians, who are best known today for their cliff dwellings. Around 700 AD The Southwest became inhabited again (during the heyday of the Pueblos), but 650-450 years ago the climate changed again and the Pueblos left. After this, the region was never inhabited by another tribe.
6. Droughts and the fall of empires
Several powerful empires have collapsed due to climate change. Today Egypt is mostly a desert, but in the past the lands near the Nile River were very fertile, allowing Egypt to become the world's greatest empire. However, in 1250-1100 BC. severe drought led to the collapse of the empire. The same can be said about Ancient Greece, which lost its power due to a 300-year drought (1200-850 BC). Beginning in 250 AD, drought throughout the Roman Empire also brought it to its knees. 7. Climate change and Genghis Khan
After the fall of Rome, the infamous Genghis Khan began to strike terror into many countries. However, if there had not been a favorable climate at that time, he would not have been able to create his huge empire. In the late 1100s, an intense drought devastated Mongolia shortly before the reign of Genghis Khan, but between 1211 and 1225 unusually heavy rains and a favorable climate made the Mongol lands fertile, allowing thousands of horses to be raised and the Mongol population to expand. On the other hand, the favorable climate also encouraged the Mongols to rapidly expand westward, away from China, as the Chinese during the Southern Song Dynasty also prospered due to the warm climate and had enough resources to keep Genghis Khan at bay.
8. Climate and black plague
The Black Plague devastated the populations of Asia and Europe, killing 25 million people during 1347-1353. Rats were blamed for its spread, but research now suggests that black rats were simply not present in some areas affected by the plague. At that time there was the so-called medieval warming period, and rodent populations decrease in warmer times, 9. Climate change and the conquest of America by the Spanish conquistadors
Unbeknownst to the Spanish conquistadors, who were just beginning their conquests in the Western Hemisphere, the climate of the Americas allowed them to conquer new lands without much resistance. The Spanish arrived in America at a great time, as local civilizations were in decline due to severe drought. The Mayans reached their peak in 440-660. BC. - a period of favorable humid climate. And in the years 660-1000, the Mayans faced a drought that ruined their empire. By the time the conquistadors arrived, the Mayans were unable to defend themselves. The Aztecs also suffered a decline due to a mega-drought that hit them in the 16th century. When they were conquered in 1519, there were 25 million people living in what is now Mexico. A century later there were only 1.2 million.
10. Climate change and Islam
The early history of Islam in the 7th century coincides with a time when much of the Middle East was suffering from climate change. The various nomadic tribes that inhabited Arabia were severely affected by drought. The only way to survive was to join tribes, and exile meant certain death. In 615 AD, when Muhammad was spreading Islam in Mecca, many of his followers were driven out of their tribes, leaving them to fend for themselves in harsh climates. They would have died if Muhammad and his aides had not formed their own tribe in 622 AD. As climate conditions worsened, the Islamists spread north, creating a massive empire. How climate is studied: interesting facts about climatology
What climatology does, what is the difference between weather and climate and why it is so important today - all this is in our selection of facts about the young science.
Climate is a complex, complex phenomenon, so studying it requires knowledge from different fields of science.
When studying climate, scientists consider different interconnected systems: the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere (snow and ice, also one of the Earth’s shells) and the biosphere. To competently analyze the interactions of all the forces that influence the climate of our planet, climate scientists must be strong in physics, mathematics, chemistry, geology, biology and other scientific disciplines. Most often, climate scientists work in interdisciplinary groups, where each is responsible for a specific area, but at the same time is well versed in the specifics and intricacies of the scientific field of their colleagues. Just 20 years ago, climate science was studied by scientists from other fields of science: meteorologists, oceanographers, ecologists, geologists, biologists and chemists. But over time it became clear that all this is closely connected. Processes in the ocean cannot be independent of what happens to forests and how this all affects the weather.
Climate and weather are not the same thing. If the weather on Deribasovskaya is unseasonably good, they often say “the climate is changing,” but these are still not climate changes, but weather changes. But if we are talking about systematic changes in the weather that have been observed for many years, then we are really talking about climate. So, for climatologists, it is important how average temperatures and other indicators change over decades, whether this is a global trend or characteristic only of a particular region. But air temperature is just a drop in the sea of climatology. How will warming oceans in the tropics affect ice in the Arctic? How quickly is methane released into the atmosphere due to thawing permafrost? How are droughts and hurricanes related to climate change? Climate reveals the interconnection of a wide variety of processes on Earth, which makes climatology a multifaceted, complex, very interesting and important science.
Climate change. The climate system is in a state of continuous change - this is normal. The ice age was followed by an interglacial period, during which the Earth warmed again over thousands of years. However, today the Earth is experiencing a unique climatic stage. Thanks to human efforts, the level of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has broken all records over the past 800 thousand years, and the rate of warming since the last century is 10 times higher than in all previous interglacial periods. Yes, scientists know: increased levels of greenhouse gas concentrations lead to global changes. But no one has ever experienced the unprecedented rate at which greenhouse gases are now being released into the atmosphere. And the main question for today: what and how quickly should change on Earth?
Oceans CO2. At least a quarter of the carbon dioxide released by burning fossil fuels dissolves in the ocean. On the one hand, this smoothes out fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 concentration. On the other hand, it leads to ocean acidification, which affects its inhabitants. The process of ocean acidification (again, due to abnormally large emissions of carbon dioxide) affects the ecosystem of the underwater world so rapidly that many living organisms die before they have time to evolve.
Field work: risk and romance. Of course, climate scientists spend most of their working time in front of their computer monitors, studying data, communicating with colleagues and writing regular research grant applications. But the situation changes dramatically when it’s time for field research. The climatologist's "office" is transferred aboard a tiny ship that storms stormy seas and oceans, or into a tent besieged by mosquitoes in a sultry tropical forest. A seconded climatologist must be able to handle a snowmobile and be prepared to fly on a “corner” and ride on a mule. The romance of field work includes polar bears and poisonous snakes, sandstorms and treacherously thin ice. They say that strong family alliances are born among climate scientists: of course, having survived at least one joint research trip, you can confidently rely on a person and consider that you have gone through fire, water and copper pipes together.
Climate modeling is one of the most important areas of climatology, in which supercomputers play a major role. Using mathematical equations, taking into account the laws of physics and chemistry, scientists use computer technology to process huge amounts of data. The result is a model that sheds light on the interactions of earth systems and their influence on climate. You are likely underestimating the scale of information required to build a climate model. In this matter, absolutely everything is important: how sunlight is reflected from the ice, and at what speed a cloud forms under certain conditions, and how water passes through the leaves. A climate model can predict a lot - how certain external forces will affect temperature changes or other natural phenomena. But don’t forget: the real world is still more complicated than even the most cunning model.
Greenhouse effect. Emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere greatly influence climate change, lead to the greenhouse effect and, ultimately, to the ice age - so much is said about this today that it seems that it has always been known. However, the greenhouse effect itself was discovered at the end of the 19th century, and data that the concentration of CO2 in the Earth’s atmosphere is constantly increasing was obtained only in the second half of the 20th century. It turns out that the greenhouse effect as a scientific object is only a little over a hundred years old.
A look into the past: paleoclimatology. High-tech instruments such as satellites and sensors track information about the Earth's climate for only a few decades, while climate science as a science is not interested in data going back hundreds or even thousands of years, but rather how the climate has changed over millions of years. This issue is dealt with by paleoclimatology, which reveals the secrets of the past from nature itself, studying corals, tree rings, and fossils. The main tool of a paleoclimatologist is the bottom sediments of lakes and oceans. They contain particles that can tell us about air temperature, winds and the chemical composition of water at different points in geological time. Ice is a similar “archive” for paleoclimatologists.
Science at the end of the world. Paleoclimatology consists entirely of field work. It's funny, but climate scientists themselves are incredibly dependent on weather conditions - being in the Arctic Circle, in extreme conditions, it is impossible to plan anything. When studying the elements, you have to be completely in its power.
Climate scientists think about time differently: in order to succeed in their profession, they need to operate not with some observable periods of time, but with tens of thousands of years. When studying global phenomena, you have to go beyond short-term thinking. It’s good, of course, to live “here and now,” but a climate scientist must consider any situation in the context of hundreds and hundreds of thousands of years. 
Loading...
