There are so many pronouns. Pronoun categories. Emphasizing polysemantic words

1. Pronoun- an independent part of speech that indicates objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them.

For pronouns, you can ask questions about nouns (who? what?), adjectives (which? whose?), numerals (how many?), adverbs (how? when? where?).

Basic features of pronouns

2. Classes of pronouns in relation to other parts of speech:

1. Pronouns-nouns - I, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, no one, yourself and etc.:

• point to objects;
• answer questions about nouns (who? what?);
• change by case;
• are associated with other words in a sentence, like nouns;

2. Pronouns-adjectives - my, yours, ours, yours, which, some, this, that and etc.:

• indicate the characteristics of objects;
• answer questions about adjectives (which? whose?);
• are associated with nouns, like adjectives;
• They change, like adjectives, by number, gender (singular) and case.

  A pronoun that adjoins adjective pronouns (it changes according to gender, number and cases), but, like an ordinal number, indicates the order of objects when counting (cf.: - What time is it now? - Fifth);

3. Numeral pronouns - how many, as many, several:

• indicate the number of items;
• answer the question (how much?);
• are associated with nouns as cardinal numerals;
• usually change by case;

4. Pronouns-adverbs - so, there, because, where, where and etc.:

• indicate signs of action;
• answer questions with adverbs ( How? Where? When? Where? Why? For what?);
• do not change, like adverbs;
• are associated with verbs in the same way as adverbs.

Notes Traditionally, adverb pronouns have been excluded from pronoun composition. In this case, only those words that correlate with nominal parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals) are included in the pronouns. But since the pronominal adverbs there, then, etc., like other pronominal words, do not name, but only indicate (in this case, signs of actions), we consider them within pronouns as a special group.

3. Classes of pronouns by meaning and grammatical features:

1. Personal pronouns: I, you, we, you, he (she, it, they) - indicate the persons who participate in the speech:

• These are noun pronouns;
• the constant morphological feature for all personal pronouns is the person (I, we - 1st p.; you, you - 2nd p.; he (she, it, they) - 3rd p.);
• a constant morphological feature of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd liters. is a number (I, you - singular; we, you - plural);
• all personal pronouns are changed by case, and not only the ending is changed, but also the whole word ( I - me, you - you, he - him);
• The 3rd person pronoun he changes in number and gender (singular) - he, she, it, they.

2. Reflexive pronoun oneself - means that an action performed by someone is aimed at the actor himself:

• it is a noun pronoun;
• the reflexive pronoun has no gender, person, number or nominative case form;
• The reflexive pronoun changes according to cases ( yourself, yourself, yourself).

3. Possessive pronouns: my, yours, ours, yours, yours- indicate the attribute of an object according to its affiliation:

• These are adjective pronouns;
• possessive pronouns change according to number, gender (singular), case ( my, my, mine, mine, mine etc.).

When indicating ownership of a third party, the frozen forms of the genitive case of personal pronouns are used - his, her, theirs.

4. Interrogative pronouns: Who? What? Which? whose? which? How many? Where? When? Where? where? For what? etc. - used in interrogative sentences:

• Who? What? - pronouns-nouns; have no gender, person, number; change by case ( who, whom, what, what etc.);
• Which? whose? which? which, which, which, which, which etc.);
• How many? - numeral pronoun; changes by case ( how many, how many, how many etc.);
• Where? When? Where? where? For what?

5. Relative pronouns coincide with interrogatives - who, what, which, whose, which, how many, where, when, where, from, why etc., but are used not as question words, but as allied words in subordinate clauses:

I know who is to blame for our failure; I know how much effort he put into completing this task; I know where the money is hidden.

The morphological and syntactic characteristics of relative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns.

6. Indefinite pronouns: someone, something, some, some, someone's, some, several, any, somewhere, sometime, somewhere, from somewhere, for some reason etc. - indicate vague, unknown objects, signs, quantity.

Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes non-, co- and postfixes -this, -either, -something:

who → someone, someone, someone, anyone, anyone, someone; how much → several, how much, how much; where → somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere.

The morphological and syntactic characteristics of indefinite pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which indefinite pronouns are derived.

7. Negative pronouns: no one, nothing, none, no one's, not at all, nowhere, never, nowhere, no need etc. - indicate the absence of objects, signs, quantity.

Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, ni-:

who → no one, how many → not at all, where → nowhere, when → never.

The morphological and syntactic characteristics of negative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which negative pronouns are derived.

8. Demonstrative pronouns: that, this, this, that, such, so much, there, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then etc. - are a means of indicating certain objects, characteristics, quantity (distinguishing one from the other):

• that, this, this, that, such- pronouns are adjectives and change according to numbers, gender (singular), cases ( that, that, that, those; such, such, such, such etc.);
• so much is a numeral pronoun; changes by case ( so many, so many, so many etc.);
• there, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then etc. - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

9. Determinative pronouns: himself, most, all, every, each, other, other, any, everywhere, everywhere, always etc. - serve as a means of clarifying the subject or feature in question:

• himself, most, all, every, each, other, other, any- pronouns are adjectives and change according to numbers, gender (singular), cases ( every, every, every, every, every etc.);
• everywhere, everywhere, always- pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

Note!

1) The pronouns that, himself, the pronouns this, all in the singular form, neuter (this, everything) and some others in certain contexts can act as pronouns-nouns, like substantivized adjectives ( That no longer dangerous to us; Myself will come; This book ; All ended well).

2) Some pronouns have homonyms among functional parts of speech ( this is what, how, when): This book(pronoun). - Moscow is the capital of Russia(indicative particle); I know what to tell him(pronoun). - I know he's here(union).

3. Morphological analysis of pronouns:

Pronoun analysis plan

I	Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
II	Initial form. Morphological characteristics:
	A	Constant morphological characteristics:
		1	category in relation to another part of speech (pronoun-noun, pronoun-adjective, pronoun-numeral, pronoun-adverb);
		2	category by meaning (personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive);
		3	person (for personal pronouns);
		4	number (for personal pronouns of the 1st person and 2nd person).
	B	Variable morphological characteristics:
		1	case;
		2	number (if any);
		3	gender (if any).
III	Role in sentence(which part of the sentence is the pronoun in this sentence).

Samples of pronoun parsing

Imagine the joy of some botanist who suddenly finds himself on a desert island, where no human has ever set foot before and where he can enrich his collection with all sorts of outlandish representatives of the flora(N.S. Valgina).

(Imagine) to myself

1. to whom?
2. N. f. - myself. Morphological characteristics:
   
   2) returnable;
   B) Variable morphological features: used in the dative case.
3. There is an addition in the sentence.

some (botany)

1. A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question which one?
2. N. f. - some. Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   2) uncertain;
   B) Variable morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, genitive form.

which

1. A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the questions which? Which? Who?
2. N. f. - which. Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   1) pronoun-adjective;
   2) relative;
   
3. In a sentence - the subject.

Where

1. A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question Where?
2. N. f. - Where. Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   1) pronoun-adverb;
   2) relative;
   B) Unchangeable form.
3. In a sentence there is a circumstance of place.

(before) these (por)

1. A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question which ones?
2. N. f. - this. Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   1) pronoun-adjective;
   2) index;
   B) Variable morphological features: used in the plural form, genitive case.
3. In a sentence - part of the adverbial time.

draw (leg)

1. A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question whose?
2. N. f. - nobody's. Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   1) pronoun-adjective;
   2) negative;
   B) Variable morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, nominative case.
3. The sentence contains an agreed definition.

He

1. A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question Who?
2. N. f. - He. Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   1) pronoun-noun;
   2) personal;
   3) 3rd person;
   B) Variable morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, nominative case.
3. In a sentence - the subject.

my (collection)

1. A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question whose?
2. N. f. - mine. Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   1) pronoun-adjective;
   2) possessive;
   B) Variable morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, accusative case.
3. The sentence contains an agreed definition.

all sorts of (representatives)

1. A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question what?
2. N. f. - any. Morphological characteristics:
   A) Constant morphological characteristics:
   1) pronoun-adjective;
   2) definitive;
   B) Variable morphological features: used in the plural form, instrumental case.
3. The sentence contains an agreed definition.

Exercise for the topic “3.6.1. The concept of a pronoun. Pronoun categories. Morphological analysis of pronouns"

The book presents in a concise and accessible form the necessary reference material for all types of analysis in Russian language lessons for the primary school course, and presents many diagrams and examples of grammatical analysis.

TO pronouns include words that, without naming objects or signs, indicate them: I, he, this, who, who . The specific lexical meaning of a pronoun is obtained only in context. For example, the pronoun any can mean "every": My “The Seagull” is being shown in Moscow for the 8th time, theaterany times full(Ch.). The same pronoun can mean “different, most varied, varied”: ThereI sat him down at the table,all sorts of treated me to a meal...(P.), as well as in the meaning of “any, whatever”: That is the strength, so that withoutall sorts of things greatva take away the estate(P.).

Grammatical grades of pronouns

Based on semantic correlation with other parts of speech and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into three categories:

1. Subject-personal pronouns (pronominal nouns ): who, what, I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they, themselves, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, anyone, someone, anyone, something, anything, anything, someone, and All (All will pass), everything, this, this- in part-speech meaning they are close to nouns, since they indicate objectivity. In a sentence, these pronouns perform the same functions as nouns - they are subjects or objects: I'll I loved... (P.)

2. Significant pronouns (pronominal adjectives ): my, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs, yours, this, that, such, such, such, such, this, that, which, whose, which, which, which, himself, most, all, everyone, every, every, any, other, other, some, some, some, any, any, whose, whichever etc. - grammatically they are not opposed to adjectives. They have a partial meaning of the attribute of an object, without directly naming this attribute, but pointing to it (answering the question “which one?”); agree with nouns in gender, number, case and animate/inanimate ( my house,my a country,my fatherland;such city,such cities; I seethis table, butthis horse); in a sentence they are a definition or a nominal part of a compound predicate ( This letter -Yours ).

3. Quantitative pronouns (pronominal numerals ): how much, as much, several, how much, in terms of grammatical properties they are not opposed to numerals.

In addition, pronominal words are established within such parts of speech as adverbs (cf. pronominal adverbs where, where, how, why and so on.), impersonal predicative words (cf.: What's it like him now?) and even verb. Many scientists (in particular, M.V. Panov) believe that the interrogative phrases used in the practice of grammatical analysis " what to do?" And " what to do?» [ Peter(what is he doing?) draws] are nothing more than pronominal verbs.

Places of pronouns by meaning

According to their meaning, as well as according to their syntactic role, all pronouns are divided into the following categories:

1. Personal pronouns me, we (1 face); you you (2nd person); He (she, it), they (3rd person) are demonstrative pronouns in origin.

Pronoun I indicates the person speaking, and the pronoun You - either on the person to whom the speech is addressed, or on a person in general (acquires a generalized personal meaning).

These pronouns do not have grammatical gender or plural forms (pronouns We And You have the meaning: “me and someone else”, “you and someone else”).

Gender of pronouns I And You determined by correlation with the real gender of the person they indicate. For example, in the sentence “No,” Lisa laughed, “I I went to the farm with Lyuba..."(Close) pronoun I indicates a female person, therefore the verb is used in the feminine form.

In scientific, business, journalistic speech and in the language of fiction, the pronoun We sometimes used as a pronoun I, for example, as the author's "I": At the station, in the housetritelya, whom we have already mentioned, was sitting in the corner of a passer-by(P.).

Previously there was a use We instead of I to give speech special solemnity (for example, in royal manifestos).

Pronoun We It is also used when addressing a second person, for example, in colloquial speech: “Well, howWe How are you feeling today?”- asked the doctor. Sometimes this pronoun is used to give the speech an ironic connotation: How,We Have you already started discussing it?

Pronoun You as a form of politeness it is also used when referring to one person: She looked at the flowers... “To whom are you a flower?”"Did they pick something up, Gleb Ivanovich?"(Closed).

When declension of personal pronouns I And We there is a change in stems in indirect cases (subpletiveness): I - me, me etc.; We- us, us etc. There are two forms in the instrumental case: me And by me. The first one is more common. However, in poetic speech the use of both forms is observed.

The third person pronoun has a gender category (he she it) and numbers (They), since it is demonstrative in origin (sometimes called personal-indicative).

With declension, there is also a change in the stem in indirect cases: He - him (him), him (him) etc.; she - her (her, her) 1 , her (her) etc.

Form her in genus p. is colloquial in modern language. In the language of the 19th century. it was used along with the form her: The cap was jumping on her head(T.); What kind ofher eyes!(T.).

Note. As a result of the historical development of language, forms of pronouns appeared with n at the core. Preformative prepositions in, with, to originally ended in a nasal consonant and looked like vn, sn, kn (thank him, thank him etc.). Later, as a result of the process of re-expansion, the final consonant of the preposition began to be perceived as the initial n pronouns. By analogy with primitive prepositions in, with, to initial n appeared after prepositions at, near, around etc. However, after the pretext of later education (thanks, despite, towards etc.) and is not used in pronouns: near him, But towards him.

2. Reflexive pronounmyself indicates the attitude towards the actor (i.e. the producer of the action). Morphologically it is characterized by the fact that it does not have gender and number forms. It is declined according to the type of pronoun You , however, it does not have a nominative case form, which is due to its syntactic role: in a sentence, this pronoun always acts as a complement, and therefore can only be used in indirect cases. For example: Oleg tookto myself what's his nickname[stepfather] surname, becausethat his first heroic ideas about the party were associated with herZan wrestling(Fad.). In the dative form (to himself) this pronoun in colloquial speech is used as a particle, for example: Smothree, you’re already wheezing, and heto myself goes forward and your bark is not at allnotes(Kr.).

3. Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours, yours; his, her, theirs (the last three words are inflexible: Herehis house, I seehis home, rejoicehis home). Pronouns my, yours, ours, yours form a group of personal possessives; pronoun mine is reflexive possessive; my, our indicate belonging to the first person, pronouns yours, yours - to belong to the second person, pronoun mine - to belong to all three persons.

Personal possessive pronouns sometimes almost lose the meaning of belonging to 1 person and acquire a meaning not related to the concept of belonging: Not even two months have passed tsev, and my Alexey was already madly in love (P.); We will follow every step our reviewer(P.) (where my - in question; our - dealing with us).

Morphologically, possessive pronouns are characterized by having gender and number forms.

To indicate belonging to a third party, R.p. is used as possessive pronouns. 3rd person personal pronouns: his, her, their (form theirs is colloquial). For example: His the face was treuempty(Cat.); Ulya knew thather mother and father are too attached to theirhome and are too old and sick to decide to leave home(Fad.); How liberty is cheerfultheir overnight stay(P.).

Possessive pronouns mine, yours, mine inflected like an adjective blue, and pronouns ours, yours according to the model senior.

In Vin. p.m. numbers (and for masculine gender and singular) all possessive pronouns have two forms: one to indicate nouns denoting animate objects (mine, yours, theirs, ours, yours), others to indicate nouns denoting inanimate objects (mine, yours, ours, ours, yours): He mettheir relativescove on the street.- He sawtheir books in a store window.

4. Demonstrative pronounsthis, that, such, that cove, so much and outdated this, this, this, this have a general meaning of indicating one object from a number of homogeneous ones. Colloquial pronouns what a And kind of have options what, what And kind of, used with an exclamatory connotation. For example: Ekoy you, brother!..(L.); Sort of you're stupid!

Semantically pronouns That And this differ in that That indicates a more distant object, already mentioned in speech, and this one- on a very close subject: INthose days when all the impressions of existence were new to me... (P.); This man always makes me feel terribledisorders(Gr.).

The morphological features of demonstrative pronouns include the presence of gender forms (this, this, this; that, that, that) and numbers (these, those).

When declension in the accusative case of the plural (for the masculine and singular), two forms are used: this, that, these, those - to indicate nouns denoting animate objects, and this, that, these, those - to indicate inanimate objects. For example: This path is Gavrik aloneran in fifteen minutes(Cat.); She[Ulya] knew everyonethese of people(Fad.).

Pronoun such (and book such ) has the general meaning of indicating “an object similar to that which has already been mentioned earlier”: In such a night I feel sorry for people deprived of shelter(Bl.); Such the beginning is notdidn't bode well for me(P.).

Sometimes a pronoun such takes on the meaning of a word indicating a greater degree of quality or condition: He's so unhappy.

Pronoun such has forms of the genus (such, such, such) and numbers (such). It is inflected like adjectives with a base on the back consonant (Tver).

Pronoun that's how it is is used relatively rarely and only as a predicate. For example: That's how and you, poet! (P.). It has been preserved in the stable phrase and was like that(disappeared, disappeared): Cheese youfell - with himwas cheatthat's how it is (Kr.).

Pronouns this, this, that kind are almost never used in modern Russian. At the beginning of the 19th century. they were still widespread in book speech. Wed. from A. S. Pushkin: I lovethis dark gardenwith its coolness and colors. They are preserved in separate stable phrases: duringit , beforethese since thenthis minute and etc.

5. Interrogative relative pronounswho, what, which, what (obsolete which ), which, whose, how many are characterized by semantic and grammatical diversity, since they can act both as question words and as relative (conjunctive) words. In the first case, they do not indicate an object, person or sign, but only contain a question about them: Who jumps,Who rushing under the coldhaze?(Bug.).

As relative words, these pronouns attach subordinate clauses to the main ones: Here's a gift for youWhat promised for a long time(Ring.).

On the morphological features of pronouns Who And What refers to the absence of gender and number forms. Pronoun Who indicates animate objects, What- on inanimate objects.

When agreeing verbs with an interrogative pronoun Who The masculine singular is used: Who of you girlswas at the theater? To coordinate with the feminine gender, an additional pronoun is used like this:Who like this have you arrived?

With an interrogative pronoun What The predicate verb in the past tense is used in the neuter gender: What fell there? Or: What happened to you? And etc. The gender of this pronoun, acting as a relative word, is determined by the gender of the noun to which it refers: An old oak,What planted by father(N.).

Pronoun Who declines according to the type of pronouns this that. Pronoun What inflected according to pronoun type all.

Pronoun which , acting as an interrogative, it differs from a pronoun Which semantics of the intended answer: it must contain either an indication of the order of counting ( Which hour? - First), or an indication of one of several items ( Which from braidsTyumov is more suitable?). To the question with a pronoun Which the answer should be tinged with an indication of the quality of the item ( Which color moredo you like it? - Lilac). By pronoun declension which, which similar to adjectives like old, steel.

Pronoun whose in the role of relative it is used mainly in book language (in poetic speech): O you, with whose memory the bloody world will long, long be full! (P.). As an interrogative, it denotes a question of belonging: Whose this is a tireless horse runningin the boundless steppe?(P.). Declined pronoun whose like a possessive adjective fox The only difference is that the vowel at the base of the pronoun is e, whereas in an adjective - And .

Pronoun How many in an exclamatory sentence it is most often used in book speech: Uhow many poets lightness of hand! (M.) As an interrogative, this pronoun suggests a question about the number of objects: How many wait? Day? Two? (Already).

Pronoun How many declines like adjectives with a base on a soft consonant. The peculiarities of declension include the fact that in the nominative and accusative cases it, like numerals, controls the case, i.e. requires a certain case after itself, namely gender. p.m. h., for example: How many windows are there in the house. When used in other cases, this pronoun, like adjectives, agrees with the noun: how many people, how many people etc.

6. Determinative pronounshimself, most, all, everyone, everyone, everyone, every, any other, other differ from each other.

Pronoun myself means “on your own, without anyone’s help”: Hemyself I drew all this. Sometimes it takes on the meaning of an intensifying word: Here he ismyself standing with a rifle...(Tward.). This pronoun is most often used with nouns denoting animate objects, or with personal pronouns. It has gender and number forms. When declension in the accusative case of the plural (for the masculine and singular) it has two forms: themselves, themselves when pointing to animate objects and yourself, yourself when pointing to inanimate objects. A feature of this pronoun is also the presence of feminine hesitating forms in the accusative case: most, most of which the second is more often used.

Pronoun most usually used for clarification with demonstrative pronouns. In thisthe most a minute there is a strong gust of winddoubled the cloud(Grigorovich). It can also be used with nouns denoting time or measure, meaning “exactly”, “just that”: INmost the hour you were born, thunder struck in the sky(ACT.). It is also used with the meaning of indicating the limit of manifestation of quality or time limit: The game is already inmost strength...(L.); Beforethe most I'm leavingwent to say goodbye to her(New.-Pr.), or is part of the complex form of the superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs: I picked forherthe most poetic words that I only knew(New.-Pr.).

The peculiarity of the declension of this pronoun is the presence of constant stress on the base in all cases, the presence of double forms in the accusative case to indicate animate objects (most,himself) and inanimate (most, most), double endings in the feminine instrumental case (by myself).

Pronoun all has a collective meaning, it indicates the totality of phenomena or the completeness of coverage of something. For example: Idid not sleepall night(P.); When...I appeared in the world again, there was talk ofall strength (P.).

Pronouns everyone, everyone indicate any one object, taken separately from among several, many. For example: Each language has its ownturns, their agreed upon rhetorical figures, their learned expressionsnia(P.).

Pronouns everyone, everyone decline according to the type of adjectives red, loud.

7. Negative pronounsnobody, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing have a general negative meaning. They are formed from interrogative relative pronouns using negative particles Not And neither .

The declension of negative pronouns is similar to the declension of the pronouns from which they are derived. Pronouns no one, nothing th do not have a nominative case form; when they are declined, the stress in all cases falls on the negative particle. In pronouns neither who, nothing the accent always falls on the ending.

If negative pronouns are used with prepositions, then the preposition is always placed between the negative particle and the pronoun: not from anyone, not for anything, with anyone, for nothing etc.

Pronouns nobody, nothing, none are used only in negative sentences: Nobody I didn’t know where it came fromto the county...(T.).

Pronoun nobody's usually means “not owned by anyone”: These booksdraws. Sometimes it is used in the meaning of “someone’s”, i.e. in an indefinite meaning (in negative sentences); Don't reject advicenobody's (Kr.). Somewhat more often the pronoun nobody's used in the sense of “whoever’s”: Morenobody's to his abodethe gaze has penetrated until now(P.).

8. Indefinite pronounssomeone, something, some, some, several 1 , someone, something, some, someone's, some, some that, some, anyone, anything, any, anyone's, anyone, anything, any, somebody's have the meaning of an approximate indication of an object or sign. For example: Some bullet provisionssting over my head(L.); Among the mourners there were many teenagers,girls, young women, andsomebody of them, seeing off a sister or brother,I accidentally got behind the cordon and could no longer get out(Fad.) etc.

Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative-relative pronouns using a prefix particle Not- and undefined postfix particles ( -either, -that, -something ) and prefix particles ( some ).

The morphological features of indefinite pronouns include the following: 1) the presence of forms of gender, number and category of animation in pronouns some, some, some, any, some, some and under.; 2) double forms of the pronoun some in oblique cases (some, some; some, some etc.), and the forms some, some etc. are outdated; 3) pronoun someone can only be used in the nominative case: And it seemsin that solitude he hidsomeone unearthly(P.); 4) pronoun something has only nominative-accusative forms: In his heartcalledsomething similar to remorse, and fell silent again. - He sangsadness and sadness andsomething, and the foggy distance and romantic roses(P.).

1 Similar words also perform the functions of indefinite-quantitative names

Transition of pronouns to other parts of speech

Some pronouns, under certain conditions, may lose their demonstrative functions and acquire characteristics of other parts of speech. Yes, pronouns mine, ours, myself, nobody's, that, that and others can act as nouns: They're leaving todaymy to the village(P.); On shi here they forgot their language, they forgot our native custom(P.). Or: That got married - managed to, butThat missed the mark(Gr.); The players agreedworked hard ondraw and etc.

Pronouns several, so many in modern Russian they are used in the meaning of indefinite quantitative names 1: Wandered along the streetsome chickens (P.); Nobody hasso many strength,how much do we have(Fad.).

1 Conventionally, they can be classified as numerals (the unifying value is quantity).

Using other parts of speech as pronouns

The use of different parts of speech as pronouns is called pronominalization(lat. rgopotep - pronoun).

The following words functionally pass into the category of pronouns: nouns(For example, sister, brother, matter, thing and etc.), adjlaateliers and participles(For example, known, whole, last, given, next and etc.), numerals (one ). All these words, under certain conditions, lose their lexical meaning and perform a demonstrative function, acquiring the features of pronouns, most often demonstrative or indefinite: “This,” he said, “is necessary for ourbrother serviceman(P.); We went hunting.Case it was in September(in both cases the noun is used as a demonstrative pronoun); They are not afraid of the plague, relying on fate andfamous preprecautions(P.) - the adjective is used in the meaning of an indefinite pronoun some, some; In the newspaper there weremintedfollowing students- adjective in the meaning of a demonstrative pronoun such etc.

A pronoun should be called an independent non-nominal part of speech that indicates objects, quantities and characteristics, but does not name them. The grammatical features of pronouns are quite different, and their diversity depends on what part of speech the pronoun should replace in the text.

Pronouns by meaning

• Personal pronouns - I, he, you, she, we, they, you. Personal pronouns are a kind of pointer to the participants in the dialogue themselves (I, we, you, you). Personal pronouns also indicate persons who are not involved in the conversation itself and objects (he, it, they, she).
• The reflexive pronoun is oneself. This is a pronoun indicating the identity of a person or thing, which is considered to be the subject of the person or thing that is named by the word itself. For example, “his hopes were not justified” or “he will not offend himself.”
• Possessive pronouns - my, yours, yours, ours, his, yours, theirs, hers. Pronouns of this type show that an object belongs to a person or another object. For example, here are the pronouns of this category in the sentence: “This is my book. Its contents are very interesting.”
• Demonstrative pronouns. These include this, that, such, such, so much, this, that. These pronouns indicate directly the attribute or quantity of the object or objects itself.
• Determinative pronouns. Let's list which pronouns are attributive - himself, most, all, everyone, each, any. Determinative pronouns are needed to indicate the attribute of an object. Also, attributive pronouns include - other, different, everyone and every kind.
• Interrogative pronouns - who, what, which, which, how many, whose. These pronouns are some kind of interrogative words indicating persons, objects, quantity and characteristics.
• Relative pronouns - they are the same as interrogative pronouns; they are connectives for parts of complex sentences.
• Pronouns are negative. These include no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one. These pronouns indicate the absence of a sign or object.
• Pronouns are indefinite. These include someone, something, some, some, several. Also, indefinite pronouns include all pronouns that are formed from interrogative pronouns thanks to the prefix some or suffixes -to, -or, -something.

Pronouns based on grammatical features

Pronouns, by their grammatical characteristics, correlate with other parts of speech, such as nouns, adjectives or numerals. Therefore, they can be divided into several types:

• Pronominal nouns. They point to an object or person. These include all personal pronouns, reflexive (oneself), interrogative-relative (who or what), or indefinite and negative ones formed from them. Such pronouns include no one, no one, nothing, no one, someone and others.
• Pronominal adjectives. They indicate specifically the attribute of an object. These include all the possessive pronouns that exist, as well as attributive and demonstrative pronouns, for example, “this”, “that”, “such”, “this”. These also include interrogative relative pronouns, such as “which”, “which”, “whose”. As well as indefinite and negative pronouns formed from them, for example, “no one”, “nobody”, etc.
• Pronominal numerals. They indicate quantity. These are the pronouns “so much”, “how many”, as well as those derived from them “somewhat”, “several” and others.

Now you know everything about what pronouns are, even if you forgot the Russian language school curriculum. This will allow you to better explain the material to your children or apply the information in your life.

The name of this part of speech speaks for itself. Place of the name, that is, instead of the name. It is immediately clear that those parts that are called nominal can be replaced by a pronoun. The proposal will not suffer from this replacement, but will only benefit. Nouns and adjectives, and other parts with them, may not be repeated; a synonymous pronoun will handle this.

Specific conversation about each

There are not many types of pronouns, they are easy to remember. Each category name is bright and telling. For clarity, you can analyze each of them.

• personal, indicate persons (I, he, you), they most often replace nouns.
• reflexive, return to themselves (themselves), it cannot have any grammatical category other than case.
• possessive, they attract to a specific person, it becomes mine, yours, his, theirs. They successfully replace the adjective.
• interrogatives, contain a question (who?, which?, how many?), are used in interrogative sentences.
• relative,
• demonstratives, give direction to a specific object (that, this, there).
• definitive,
• negative, they deny the object and its existence (no one, no need).
• Indefinite, they cannot decide who they are talking about in general (something, someone), they are formed from pronouns containing a question, in a prefix way.

Features of pronouns

Some pronouns are unusual and do not seem to be inflected. For example, the third person personal pronouns he, she, they in the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have an additional letter N to the word: to him, about her, with them.

In negative pronouns, the presence of the prefixes ne- and ni- completely depends on the stress of the syllable. In a stressed strong position the letter E is inserted, in an unstressed position the letter I is inserted. For example, SOMEONE, but NOBODY.

Indefinite pronouns have their own spelling rules. The prefix COME- and the suffixes -TO, -OR, -ANYTHING involved in the formation have a hyphen: someone.

In language there is such a thing as pronouns by reciprocity. There are a great many of them, which appeared due to the abundance of prepositions and the meaning of the relationship to several, and most often, to two objects or individuals. An example of this is the following expressions beloved by Russian people: from case to case, from time to time, from each other.

The pronoun always indicates, but does not specifically name anything. This feature does not allow the pronoun to be given complete freedom. This part of speech often performs a substitute function.

Which indicates objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them.

Encyclopedic YouTube

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✪ Pronoun

✪ Russian language 67. Pronouns in Russian - Shishkina school

✪ Pronoun as part of speech

✪ What is a PRONOUN in Russian? CLASSES OF PRONOUNS

✪ Pronouns in English (pronoun)

Subtitles

general characteristics

The European grammatical tradition, dating back to antiquity, considers the pronoun as one of parts of speech; this interpretation of the pronoun is preserved in academic grammars (for example, Latin and Greek). In modern linguistics, the pronoun is defined more complexly as “ lexical-semantic class of significant words, the meaning of which includes either a reference to a given speech act (to its participants, a speech situation or to the utterance itself), or an indication of the type of speech correlation of a word with extra-linguistic reality (its referential status).”

You can ask questions about the pronoun: Who? What? (I, he, we); Which? whose? (this, our); How? Where? When? (so, there, then) etc. Pronouns are used instead of nouns, adjectives or numerals, therefore some of the pronouns correlate with nouns ( me, you, he, who, what etc.), part - with adjectives ( this, yours, mine, ours, yours, every etc.), part - with numerals ( how many, as many, several). Most pronouns in the Russian language change according to cases, many pronouns change according to gender and number. Pronouns acquire a specific lexical meaning only in context, acting in the meaning of the word in place of which they are used.

Pronouns that answer questions How? Where? When? Where? where? For what? Why? how? are close in their syntactic and semantic properties to adverbs, and sometimes they are separated into a special class of pronominal adverbs.

Pronoun grades

In Russian and other Indo-European languages, there are various types (“categories”) of pronouns, including

Personal pronouns

face	units h., Cases - im. (rd., dt., int., tv., etc.)
1 l.	(me, me, me, me/me, about to me)
2 l.	you (you, you, you, you/you, O you)
3 l.	he (his/him, him/him, his, him/him, O him) she (her/her, her/her, her, her/her/her/her, O her) it (his/him, him/him, his, him/him, O him).

Relative pronouns

In Russian - who, what, which, what, whose, which, how many.

Demonstrative pronouns

Determinative pronouns

Negative pronouns

Comment. In negative pronouns neither is always unstressed, and Not is under stress.

Indefinite pronouns

someone something
some some	change by gender, number, case.
some	does not change, is used with the plural of the described part of speech
indefinite pronouns with prefix some or postfixes -That, -or, someday	are written through Reciprocal pronouns are a part of speech, a type of pronoun that expresses an attitude towards two or more persons or objects. For example: “They have known each other for a long time.” (referring to two people), “They see each other often.” (meaning several people). Reciprocal pronouns in Russian are extensive due to various prepositions: each other; friend (about, in) friend; one (at, for, on, from, from under, for) another; friend (at, behind, in front of) friend; friend (at, for, on, from, from under, for) friend; friend (with, behind, above, under, in front of) friend; friend (about, in) friend; one (at, for, on, from, for) another; one (in, for, on) one; one to one (other); one (in, for, on) one; friend (with, behind, under, in front of) friend; friend (from, from, from under) friend; on each other; time after (on) time[om]; from time to time; time after time; from time to time; each (at, for, on, from, for) each; each behind (above, under, in front of) each. each in each; that (at, in, for, on, from, from under, for) [this]; from this to [that]; in the end; from beginning to beginning; from first to second; from the opposite to the opposite; In English there are only two reciprocal pronouns: "each other" (referring to two persons or things) and "one another" (referring to more than two persons or things), which can refer to two or more persons or objects, but the distinction between these pronouns is often not respected - the preposition referring to “each other” or “one another” is placed before “each” or “one”: “about each other”, “for each other" (for each other). Examples: * "We rarely write to each other." (We rarely write to each other.); * "We know everything about each other." (We know everything about each other.)