Leonardo da Vinci rightfully occupies one of the first places among the inventors of all ages and peoples. He was able to predict and predetermine the course of many inventions and thought in such a way that it was at odds with the then generally accepted norms and approaches. In this article, you will learn what Leonardo da Vinci invented. We will try to give the entire list of Leonardo's inventions and reveal the principles and essence of his mechanisms as much as possible.
Read also:
- Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci - part 1
Leonardo da Vinci gained fame during his lifetime, but world fame and fame came to him centuries later, when his notes and records were found in the 19th century. His papers contained sketches and sketches of amazing inventions and mechanisms. He divided many of his works into special "codes", and the total volume of his works is about 13 thousand pages. The main obstacle to the implementation of his ideas was the low technological and scientific level of the Middle Ages. In the 20th century, many of his inventions were repeated, if not in real size, then in the form of mock-ups and reduced copies, although there were often daredevils and enthusiasts who were ready to repeat everything exactly as described by the great inventor Leonardo da Vinci.
AIRCRAFTS
Leonardo da Vinci was practically obsessed with dreams of aircraft and the possibility of flight, because no machine is able to cause that quivering admiration and surprise, like a machine that can soar in the air like a bird.
In his notes, one could come across such an idea: “Watch how a fish swims, and you will learn the secret of flight.” Leonardo managed to make an intellectual breakthrough. He realized that water behaves like air, so he gained applied knowledge of how to create lift and showed an extraordinary understanding of the subject, which amazes specialists to this day.
One of the interesting concepts found in the work of a genius is the prototype of a helicopter or propeller-driven vertical aircraft.
Around the sketch there is also a description of the da Vinci propeller (helicon). The coating of the screw was supposed to be iron as thick as a thread. The height should be approximately 5 meters, and the radius of the screw should be about 2 meters. The apparatus was supposed to be set in motion with the help of the muscular strength of four people.
In the video below, four enthusiastic engineers, a historian and a light aircraft specialist tried to develop the idea of Leonardo's helicopter and try to make it fly, although they were allowed to use a number of modern technologies and materials. As a result, it turned out that such a design had a number of serious drawbacks, the main of which was the lack of thrust necessary for flight, so the enthusiasts made significant modifications, but find out from the video whether they succeeded or not.
Leonardo da Vinci plane
The inventor did not sit long with the idea of a helicopter and decided to go further, trying to create a prototype aircraft. Birds are the source of knowledge here.
Below in the picture are drawings of the wings, as well as sketches of a hang glider, which, after being built in our time, turned out to be quite workable.
Although his invention cannot be fully called an airplane, the name of a flywheel or ornithopter is best suited to him, that is, an air apparatus lifted into the air due to the reaction of air with its planes (wings), to which, by means of muscular effort, a flapping movement is transmitted, like in birds
Leonardo carefully began to make calculations and he began with ducks. He measured the length of a duck's wing, after which it turned out that the length of the wing is equal to the square root of its weight. Based on these premises, Leonardo decided that in order to lift his flywheel with a person on board (which reached about 136 kilograms), it would be necessary to create bird-like wings 12 meters long.
An interesting fact about the hang glider. In Assassin's Creed 2, the protagonist uses da Vinci's flying machine (hang glider) to fly from one side of the city of Venice to the other.
And if you're a fan of the Bruce Willis movies, you might remember that the movie The Hudson Hawk mentions a hang glider and a da Vinci parachute. And on a da Vinci hang glider, the main character even flew.
Parachute Leonardo da Vinci
Of course, Leonardo did not invent his parachute in order to escape in the event of an aircraft crash, it was also an aircraft that would allow you to smoothly descend from a great height. Below is a sketch of the parachute, its calculations and design.
The inventor's parachute has the shape of a pyramid, covered with dense fabric. The base of the pyramid was about 7 meters 20 cm long.
Interestingly, it is in Russia that the inventor Kotelnikov will bring to mind the da Vinci parachute, making the first ever backpack parachute that can be mounted on the back of the pilot and used during ejection.
In 2000, Andrian Nicholas, a skydiver from England, decided to test Leonardo's invention in the form in which he invented it, replacing only the material in it, realizing that linen would not withstand such a load. The first attempt was a failure, so he had to use a reserve parachute. True, in 2008, already the Swiss Olivier Tepp managed to achieve success. He abandoned the rigid design of the parachute and jumped from a height of 650 meters. The naturalist claims that the descent itself turned out to be safe, but it is impossible to control such a parachute.
INVENTIONS FROM THE FIELD OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION
In the field of architecture and construction, Leonardo also achieved impressive knowledge. He studied the strength and resistance of materials, discovered a number of fundamental principles, and was able to understand how best to move various objects.
Leonardo explored the force that is needed to lift bodies of various masses. In order to lift a heavy object down an inclined plane, the idea of using a system of screws, winches and capstans was considered.
Crane for lifting long objects
The base of the beam or pole rests on a special platform with a pair of wheels, which is pulled up by a horizontal rope from below. The force that must be applied to pull the horizontal rope always remains constant, and the movement of the column occurs in a straight line.
Leonardo invented a system of wheels and hammers for lifting loads. The operation of the system is similar to the work of hammer blows during minting, only it all happens on a special gear wheel. Three hammers with a special wedge included between the pins hit the wheel, rotating it and the drum where the load is attached.
Mobile crane and screw hoist
The high crane is shown in the sketch on the right. As you might guess, it was intended for the construction of tall buildings and structures (towers, domes, bell towers, and so on). The crane was placed on a special trolley, which moved along the guide rope, which was stretched over the crane.
The screw lift is shown in the sketch on the left and was intended for the installation of columns and lifting other heavy objects. The design is a huge screw, which is set in motion by the force of four people. It is clear that in this case the height and overall design of such a lift limits the possibilities of its application.
Sketch of a crane on a trolley and a screw hoist
Ring platform crane
This crane is very similar to modern cranes in its functionality and was used by builders at the end of the 14th century. This lift allows you to move heavy objects around you. For his work, it was necessary to involve two workers. The first was on the lower platform and lifted heavy objects with the help of a drum, and the second worker was on the upper platform and rotated the lift around its axis with the help of a steering wheel. Also, the crane had wheels that allowed it to be moved. Such cranes were used in the time of Leonardo for the installation of pillars and columns, the construction of high walls, church domes, roofs of houses and more. Since the cars were wooden, they were usually burned after use.
Excavators by Leonardo da Vinci
Today, hardly anyone can be surprised by an excavator, but few people think about how they were invented. There is a point of view that the prototypes of excavators were used in ancient Egypt in the construction of canals and the deepening of river beds, but the truly conceptual model of the excavator was invented, of course, by the great Leonardo da Vinci.
The Renaissance excavators, of course, were not particularly automatic and needed the manual labor of workers, but they greatly facilitated it, because now it was easier for workers to move the excavated soil. Sketches of excavators give us a rough idea of how huge these machines were at that time. The excavator used the principle of monorail movement, that is, it moved along one rail, while blocking the entire width of the channel, and the booms of its cranes could turn 180 °.
Fortress tower and double spiral staircase
In the picture you can see a sketch of a part of the fortress. To the left of the fortress tower, a sketch of a spiral staircase was made, which is an important component of the tower. The design of the stairs is similar to the well-known screw of Archimedes. If you take a closer look at the stairs, you will notice that it is double and its parts do not intersect, that is, you and your friend can go up or down different spirals of the stairs and not know about each other. Thus, you can go down on one side and go up on the other. without interfering with each other. This is an extremely useful property during the military fuss. Each part, respectively, has its own input and output. There are no steps added in the sketch, but the actual stairs have them.
The staircase, invented by Leonardo, was built after his death in 1519 in France inside the castle of Chambord, which served as a royal residence. There are 77 staircases in Chambord, there are spiral staircases, but only the double spiral staircase, made according to da Vinci's sketches, has become an interesting attraction.
Labyrinth building with many stairs, entrances and exits
Leonardo also thought about more sophisticated architectural concepts from stairs. In this case, this is a real maze! This structure has 4 entrances and 4 staircases that spiral one above the other, wrapping around the central column in the form of a square pillar. the buildings.
Sliding (swivel) bridge
Sketch of Leonardo da Vinci's swing bridge
Another bridge, which, unfortunately, remained only a project, is a bridge capable of passing ships sailing along the river. Its main difference from modern bridges, working on the principle of breeding, is the ability to turn like a door. This effect is achieved through a system of capstans, hinges, winches and counterweights, where one end of the bridge is fixed on a special rotating mechanism, and the other end is slightly raised to turn.
Self-supporting ("mobile") bridge
This bridge is the answer to the question: "how can you quickly build a full-fledged crossing from improvised means?" And the answer is extremely beautiful and original.
Sketch of a self-supporting bridge by Leonardo da Vinci
This bridge forms an arch, that is, it is arched, and the assembly itself does not need nails or ropes. The distribution of the load in the bridge structure occurs due to the mutual expansion and pressure of the elements on each other. You can assemble such a bridge anywhere where trees grow, and they grow almost everywhere.
The purpose of the bridge was military and was necessary for the mobile and covert movement of troops. Leonardo assumed that such a bridge could be built by a small group of soldiers using trees growing nearby. Leonardo himself called his bridge "Reliability".
Suspension bridge
This type of bridge was another example of a mobile collapsible bridge that soldiers could assemble using ropes and winches. Such a bridge was quickly assembled and dismantled after itself during the offensives and retreats of the troops.
As in many other projects by Leonardo da Vinci, the principles of tension, statics and resistance of materials are used here. The device of this bridge is similar to the device of suspension bridges, where, in the same way, the main bearing elements are made of winches and ropes and do not need additional supports.
This bridge, created 500 years ago, could serve as a good military device during the Second World War. Later, engineers of subsequent centuries came to the conclusion that this bridge design was optimal, and the principles used in the suspension bridge are also applied in many modern bridges.
Bridge for the Turkish Sultan
In 1502-1503, Sultan Bayezid II began looking for projects to build a bridge across the Golden Horn Bay. Leonardo proposed to the Sultan an interesting project for a bridge, which was to build a bridge 240 meters long and 24 meters wide, which at the time looked like something grandiose. It is also interesting to note that another project was proposed by Michelangelo. True, none of the projects managed to be implemented in practice.
500 years have passed and the concept of the bridge became interesting in Norway. In 2001, a small copy of the Da Vinci Bridge was built near Oslo in the small town of As. Architects and builders tried not to deviate from the master's drawings, but in some places they used modern materials and technologies.
City of the Future by Leonardo da Vinci
In 1484-1485, a plague broke out in Milan, from which about 50 thousand people died. Leonardo da Vinci suggested that the cause of the plague was unsanitary conditions, dirt and overcrowding, so he proposed to Duke Ludovico Sforza to build a new city devoid of all these problems. Leonardo's project would now remind us of various attempts by science fiction writers to portray a utopian city in which there are no problems, where technology is the solution to everything.
Sketches of the streets of Leonardo da Vinci's ideal city of the future
According to the plan of the great genius, the city consisted of 10 districts, where 30,000 people were supposed to live, while each district and house in it were provided with individual water supply, and the width of the streets had to be at least equal to the average height of a horse (much later, the State Council of London reported that the data proportions are ideal and all the streets in London should be brought in accordance with them). At the same time, the city was multi-tiered. The tiers were connected by means of stairs and passages. The uppermost tier was occupied by influential and wealthy representatives of society, while the lower tier of the city remained for merchants and the provision of various kinds of services.
The city could become the greatest achievement of the architectural thought of its time and could realize many of the technical achievements of the great inventor. one should not really think that the city was a continuous mechanism, first of all, Leonardo focused on convenience, practicality and hygiene. Squares and streets were conceived as extremely spacious, which did not correspond to the then medieval ideas.
An important point was the system of water channels connecting the entire city. Through a complex system of hydraulics, water came to every city building. Da Vinci believed that this would help to eliminate the unsanitary lifestyle and reduce the appearance of plague and other diseases to a minimum.
Ludovico Sforza considered this project adventurous and refused to implement it. At the very end of his life, Leonardo tried to present this project to the King of France, Francis I, but the project, unfortunately, did not interest anyone and remained unrealized.
WATER MECHANISMS AND DEVICES
Leonardo created many sketches of water devices, water manipulation devices, various plumbing and fountains, and irrigation machines. Leonardo loved water so much that he did everything that somehow came into contact with water.
Improved Archimedean screw
The ancient Greeks, in the person of Archimedes, invented a device long ago that allows you to raise water due to mechanics, and not manual labor. He invented such a mechanism around 287-222 BC. Leonardo da Vinci perfected the mechanism of Archimedes. He carefully considered the various relationships between the angle of inclination of the axis and the required number of spirals in order to select the optimal parameters. Thanks to improvements, the propeller mechanism began to deliver a larger volume of water with less loss.
In the sketch, the screw is shown on the left. It is a tightly wrapped tube. Water rises through the tube and gets from a special bath upstairs. By turning the handle, the water will flow continuously.
The Archimedes screw is still used today to irrigate farmland, and the principles of the screw underlie many industrial pumping stations and pumps.
Water wheel
Leonardo tried to find the most optimal way to use the power and energy of water with the help of various systems of wheels. He studied fluid dynamics and eventually invented the water wheel, which is shown in the sketch below. Special bowls were made in the wheel, which scooped up water from the lower container and poured it into the upper one.
This wheel was used to clear channels and deepen the bottom. Located on a raft and having four blades, the water wheel was set in motion by hand and collected silt. The silt was laid on a raft, which was fixed between two boats. The wheel also moved along the vertical axis, which made it possible to adjust the depth of scooping of the wheel.
Water wheel with buckets
Leonardo proposed an interesting way to deliver water in the city. For this, a system of buckets and chains was used, on which the buckets were attached. Interestingly, the mechanism did not require a person to operate, since all the work was carried out by the river through the water wheel.
Gate for gateway
The inventor has improved the sluice gate system. Now it was possible to control the amount of water in such a way as to equalize the pressure on both sides of the sluice gates, which made it easier to work with them. To do this, in the large gates, Leonardo made a small gate with a deadbolt.
Leonardo also invented a canal with a system of locks, allowing ships to continue navigation even on slopes. The gate system made it possible to control the water level so that ships could pass through the water without difficulty.
breathing apparatus underwater
Leonardo loved the water so much that he came up with instructions for diving, designed and described a diving suit.
According to Leonardo's logic, divers should have participated in anchoring the vessel. Divers in such a suit could breathe with the help of air, which they found in an underwater bell. The suits also had glass masks that allowed them to see underwater. Also, the suit had an improved breathing tube, which was used by divers in more ancient times. The hose is made of reed, and the joints are fastened with waterproof material. The hose itself has a spring insert that allows the hose to increase its strength (after all, there is a lot of water pressure at the bottom), and also makes it more flexible.
In 2002, professional diver Jacques Cozens experimented and made a diving suit according to Leonardo's drawings, made of pigskin and with bamboo tubes, as well as an air dome. Experience has shown that the design is not ideal and the experiment was only partially successful.
invention of flippers
The webbed glove that Leonardo invented would now be called flippers. It allowed to stay afloat and increased the distance a person could swim in the sea.
Five long sticks of wood continued the structure of the human skeleton along the phalanges of the fingers and were interconnected by membranes, like in waterfowl. Modern fins are based on exactly the same principle.
The invention of water skiing
The inventor tried to solve the problem of overcoming a long shallow water by soldiers and came to the conclusion that it was possible to use a skin previously filled with air (leather bags) by attaching this skin to the legs of people.
If the volume of the bag is sufficient, then it will be able to support the weight of a person. Leonardo also suggested using a wooden beam, which had increased buoyancy. Soldiers must take two special processions into their hands. to control balance and move forward.
Leonardo's idea was unsuccessful, but a similar principle formed the basis of water skiing.
Lifebuoy
If you translate the inscription, which is located at the bottom of the picture, you can read "How to save a life in the event of a storm or shipwreck." This simple invention is nothing more than a lifeline that allows a person to stay above the water level and not drown. It was assumed that the circle would be made of light oak bark, which could be found everywhere in the Mediterranean.
wheeled boat
In the Middle Ages, the seas and rivers remained convenient and optimal transport routes. Milan or Florence were vitally dependent on maritime navigation and the availability of fast and safe water transportation.
Leonardo created a sketch of a boat with a paddle wheel. The four blades are similar in shape to the fins of waterfowl. The man twisted the pedals with both feet, thereby rotating the wheel. The principle of reciprocating movements made the wheel spin counterclockwise, so the boat began to move forward.
Boat model Leonardo
In the video below you can see in more detail the device of a boat with wheels:
Leonardo da Vinci Italian painter, scientist, technician, inventor, mathematician and anatomist. His scientific research in the field of aircraft is also interesting in our age of astronautics. Leonardo's manuscripts cover all areas of knowledge, testifying to the universality of his genius.
Leonardo da Vinci was born in the village of Anchiano near the town of Vinci between Florence and Pisa in 1452. He was the illegitimate son of the notary Piero da Vinci. Little is known about his mother Katherine, she died early. The twenty-five-year-old father married Albiera Amadori the year his son was born. Leonardo spent his childhood years with his grandmother Lucia and uncle Francesco.
From 1466 to 1472 Leonardo studied with the famous Florentine painter and sculptor Andrea Verrocchio. During these years, the creative method of the future master was developed, based on a careful study of nature, a bold experiment and serious knowledge in the field of exact sciences.
In 1517, Leonardo da Vinci went to France at the invitation of King Francis I. There he lives in the royal castle of Cloux, not far from the city of Aleboise. At this time, he pays special attention to mechanics and drawing. Leonardo da Vinci died on May 2, 1519
"Mona Lisa" portrait of a young woman, painted by the Talian painter Leonardo da Vinci around 1503. The painting is one of the most famous and famous works of art in the world. It refers to the era of the Renaissance. Exhibited in the Louvre (Paris, France). Full title of the painting and tal. Ritratto di Monna Lisa del Giocondo Portrait of Mrs. Lisa Giocondo. Briefly about the main
On the sitter The personality depicted in the portrait is also difficult to identify. Until today, many controversial and sometimes absurd opinions have been expressed about this issue: A young man in a woman's garb Self-portrait of Leonardo The mystery that surrounds the stranger to this day attracts millions of visitors to the Louvre every year.
The ambiguous nature of the "Mona Lisa", on the creation of which he spent many years, became a beautiful, but at the same time inaccessible and insensitive image. She seems both voluptuous and cold at the same time. Despite the fact that the Gioconda's gaze is directed at us, a visual barrier is created between us and her, the handle from the chair, which acts as a partition.
The detective and story of Mona Lisa Since the beginning of the 16th century, the painting, acquired by Francis I after the death of Leonardo, remained in the royal collection. Since 1793 it has been placed in the Central Museum of Art in the Louvre. On August 21, 1911, the painting was stolen by an employee of the Louvre. The purpose of this kidnapping is not clear. The painting was found only two years later in Italy. Moreover, the thief himself was to blame for this, responding to an ad in a newspaper and offering to sell the Gioconda. It is assumed that he was going to make copies and pass off as the original. In the end, on January 1, 1914, the painting returned to France.
Leonardo, apparently, did not leave a single self-portrait that could be unambiguously attributed to him. Scholars have doubted that Leonardo's famous sanguine self-portrait (traditionally dated in years), depicting him in old age, is such. It is believed that perhaps this is just a study of the head of the apostle for the Last Supper Interesting Facts
He wrote backwards, so the easiest way to read his notes was to hold them in front of a mirror. It is not clear why he did this, but all 6,000 pages of his notes that have survived to this day contain drawings and this mirror text. Interesting Facts
There is reason to believe that Leonardo was a homosexual. When the artist studied in Verrocchio's workshop, he was accused of harassing a boy who posed for him in his work. The court acquitted him. Leonardo loved the water: he developed instructions for scuba diving, invented and described the diving apparatus, the breathing apparatus for scuba diving. All the inventions of Leonardo formed the basis of modern underwater equipment Interesting facts
Vitruvian Man. The drawing reveals Leonardo's talents in art and science and is an illustration of the proportions in the body of an adult, for example: the width of the palm is 4 fingers, the height of the human foot is 1/6 of its width, the length of outstretched arms is equal to the height of a person
He was more of an inventor than an artist. Although he rarely made prototypes of what he invented, some of the things he invented in the 1990s are still in use today, such as helicopters and parachutes. Da Vinci was obsessed with the idea of war and made a sketch of an armored car that could carry 8 people and shoot through holes in the armor (a kind of prototype of an armored personnel carrier). For the first time, what we today call tanks was used only in the First World War, that is, after half a thousand years from their description by Leonardo. Interesting Facts
Leonardo was ambidexterous - he was equally good at right and left hands. He was dyslexic 
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The purpose of the project: To tell about the greatest scientist of his time, Leonardo da Vinci, who enriched almost all areas of knowledge with insightful observations and conjectures. Present inventions that characterize him as an outstanding engineer of his time. Project objectives: To get acquainted with the greatest scientist Leonardo da Vinci; Learn about the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci; Collect material on the topic; Analyze the collected information; Create an educational presentation "Leonardo da Vinci is an inventor" for school students; Arrange material; Participate in the lesson using the presentation.
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Medicine At the end of the Middle Ages, a star rose in Italy, illuminating the entire subsequent development of European civilization. A painter, an engineer, a mechanic, a carpenter, a musician, a mathematician, a pathologist, an inventor - this is not a complete list of the facets of a universal genius. Archaeologist, meteorologist, astronomer, architect... All this is Leonardo da Vinci. He was called a sorcerer, servant of the devil, Italian Faust and divine spirit. He was ahead of his time by several centuries. Surrounded by legends during his lifetime, the great Leonardo is a symbol of the boundless aspirations of the human mind. Leonardo da Vinci
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Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in the picturesque Tuscan town of Vinci. The town of Vinci near Florence The house where Leonardo lived as a child. Tomb of Leonardo da Vinci in the Chapel of St. Hubert Leonardo did not have a surname in the modern sense; "da Vinci" simply means "(hailed from) the town of Vinci." His full name is Italian. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, that is, "Leonardo, son of Mr. Piero of Vinci."
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Leonardo had many friends and students. He had his own workshop in Florence. In 1481, da Vinci completed the first large order in his life - the altarpiece "The Adoration of the Magi" for a monastery located near Florence. In 1482, Leonardo, being, according to Vasari, a very talented musician, created a silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head. Workshop of Verrochio "The Adoration of the Magi"
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Milan, La Scala Square Monument to Leonardo da Vinci On La Scala Square in 1872, a monument to Leonardo da Vinci was erected The work of the sculptor Pietro Magni. The monument is a pedestal on which stands Leonardo da Vinci. Below Leonardo da Vinci are four of his students.
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Da Vinci was a famous figure of his time, but the real glory came many centuries after his death. Only at the end of the 19th century were the theoretical notes of the scientist published for the first time. It was they who contained descriptions of strange and mysterious devices for their time. Leonardo da Vinci left behind about 13,000 pages of various manuscripts - notes, diaries, drawings, treatises, canons, "codes". In the Renaissance, da Vinci could hardly count on the speedy implementation of all his inventions. The main obstacle to their implementation was the insufficient technical level. But in the 20th century, almost all the devices described in his writings became a reality. This suggests that the "Italian Faust" was not only a talented inventor, but also a person who was able to anticipate technological progress. Of course, Leonardo's deep knowledge contributed to this.
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The scientist systematized his developments, creating the so-called "codes" - books containing records about certain aspects of science and technology. Leonardo da Vinci was left-handed and wrote "mirror" - that is, from right to left, although sometimes, for example, for correspondence with officials, he used the usual style of writing. Rumors circulated around such an oddity of the master. One of the researchers of his work stated that Leonardo deliberately wrote “on the contrary” so that his notes would not be available to the ignorant .. His notes contained everything - from medicine, history and biology to mechanics, drawings, careful calculations of structures, drawings and poems . Autograph of Leonardo
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The Last Supper. 1495-1497 years. Painting on the wall. Santa Maria della Grazie, Milan. La Gioconda (Mona Lisa, 1503 Louvre, Paris) Leonardo is primarily known to our contemporaries as an artist. However, da Vinci himself at different periods of his life considered himself primarily an engineer or scientist. He did not devote much time to the fine arts and worked rather slowly. Therefore, the artistic heritage of Leonardo is not quantitatively large, and a number of his works have been lost or badly damaged. However, his contribution to world artistic culture is extremely important even against the background of the cohort of geniuses that the Italian Renaissance gave. Portrait of a musician
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"I want to create miracles" Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most versatile personalities in the history of the Italian Renaissance. He was able to glorify himself as a great artist and soothsayer, but his amazing inventions are most striking. Leonardo was fond of the development of military equipment. One of the truly ingenious ideas was the development of an iron chariot in the form of inverted saucers armed with cannons. He was the first to propose installing batteries of firearms on armored ships, he invented a helicopter, a bicycle, a glider, a parachute, a tank, a machine gun, poison gases, a smoke screen for troops, a magnifying glass (100 years before Galileo!). Da Vinci invented textile machines, powerful cranes, systems for draining marshes through pipes, and arched bridges. Inventions Inventions
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Bridge in the Norwegian city of As, built according to the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. "I know how to build very light and strong bridges, suitable for transportation during attack and retreat, protected from fire and projectiles," wrote Leonardo da Vinci. The Leonardo da Vinci Revolving Bridge is a portable, lightweight bridge that was designed to allow an army to cross a river and then quickly tow it. The bridge consists of a single span and is attached to the shore with a vertical hinge, which allows it to rotate.
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MARINE MILITARY EQUIPMENT The double skin of the ship's hull was proposed to ensure greater unsinkability and invulnerability of ships in naval battles. UNDERWATER MINE To destroy enemy ships, an underwater mine is screwed into the bottom of the ship by a submarine crew or a diver. For the first time, such a mine was used during the war in the United States (1860s), and saboteur divers appeared only during World War II. SUBMARINE "I know many means suitable for offensive and defensive maneuvers at sea and protecting ships ..."
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WATER MECHANISMS AND DEVICES Flippers The scientist developed a scheme of webbed gloves, which eventually turned into well-known flippers. These were gloves made of fabric in the form of a spreading bird's paw. These webbed gloves greatly increased swimming speed. The most necessary item when saving a drowning person is a lifebuoy. This invention of Leonardo has come down to our time almost unchanged. Leonardo da Vinci was engaged in everything that at least somehow concerned water.
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Water wheel DRAG Leonardo has many options for sketches of devices for raising water. Their purpose could be different. . These are fountains and water pipes and irrigation devices. With the help of such a water wheel with bowls, water was scooped up from the lower container and poured into the upper one. To clean the canals and deepen the bottom, Leonardo invented a dredge, which was installed on a raft fixed between two boats. The scoop plant was equipped with four blades. The blades were driven by a handle. The silt collected from the bottom was to be laid on a raft, fortified between two boats. By moving the axis of rotation of the drum vertically, it was possible to adjust the depth of the work performed. When the wheel was turned, the cable tied to the shore was wound around the drum, and the dredge moved.
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Leonardo loved the water: he developed diving instructions, invented and described a breathing apparatus for scuba diving. A soft suit - a diving suit was invented by Leonardo for underwater work, or rather, for anchoring a ship. According to Leonardo's plan, divers were to descend under the water for these purposes. Da Vinci divers could breathe with the help of an underwater air bell, put on masks with glass holes through which one could see underwater.
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Throughout his life, Leonardo da Vinci was literally obsessed with the idea of flight. No technical invention causes such awe and admiration as a flying machine. That is why special attention has been riveted to da Vinci's aircraft at all times. The inventor always dreamed of the idea of aeronautics. One of the very first (and most famous) sketches on this topic is a diagram of the device, which in our time is considered to be the prototype of a helicopter. AIRCRAFT VERTICAL AIRCRAFT
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Soon Leonardo lost interest in propeller-driven aircraft and turned his attention to the mechanism of flight. Birds became a source of inspiration for the scientist. Leonardo tried to create a wing for an aircraft in the image and likeness of feathered wings. To begin with, calculations were made that showed that the length of a duck's wing (in yards) is numerically equal to the square root of its weight. Based on this, Leonardo established that to lift a flying machine with a person (136 kg) into the air, wings similar to those of a bird and having a length of 12 meters are needed. The wing, which, according to Leonardo's calculations, with a quick pressure on the lever, could lift its heavy stand from the ground with a wave.
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The world's first drawing of an airship with a controlled tail and a streamlined fuselage. 1486-1490 years. In the process of working on the aircraft, Leonardo made a very interesting drawing from the point of view of modern aviation. It depicts a flying ship - a ship, with seats for passengers, as well as a system of levers that control the wings and tail. Hang-glider of the great Leonardo da Vinci... One of the inventions of the great Leonardo came to life in Great Britain...
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The hang glider, conceived by Leonardo da Vinci over 500 years ago, is capable of flight. While da Vinci's parachute would have allowed a man to jump off a cliff and stay alive, an ornithopter would have allowed him to hover in the air above the earth.
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Attempts to reproduce the wing created by nature did not lead to success - and Leonardo turned to gliding flight, i.e. began to develop another flying machine, which was somewhat similar to a modern parachute. He developed the design of a glider that was attached to the back of a person so that the latter could balance in flight. The main, widest part of the wings was fixed, but their ends could be bent with cables and change the direction of flight. The drawing of the device turned out to be prophetic, which Leonardo himself described as follows: “If you have enough linen fabric sewn into a pyramid with a base of 12 yards (about 7 m 20 cm), then you can jump from any height without any harm to your body” . The master made this entry between 1483 and 1486. Only a few hundred years later this drawing was transformed and such a device was called a "parachute" (from the Greek para - "against" and the French "chute" - fall). It is interesting that the idea of creating a parachute by Leonardo da Vinci was brought to its logical end only by the Russian inventor Kotelnikov, who in 1911 created the first backpack rescue parachute attached to the pilot's back.
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SIEGE AND DEFENSE MILITARY EQUIPMENT Leonardo da Vinci developed many simple, but at the same time effective military devices for the defense and siege of fortresses. ASSAULT LADDERS LADDER PUSHING DEVICE CUTTING ROTATING BLADES TO HIT ATTACKERS BOMB-THROWING MACHINE CATAPULT Tower for storming a castle
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Mounted chariot for offensive fighting with scythes. Leonardo made this illustration of a war machine for Treatise on War. These are war chariots equipped with scythes for cutting the leg tendons of enemy horses and soldiers, since the scythes were at the top and bottom, then literally, they mowed down everyone. It is a kind of chariot with spinning scythes to destroy the enemy in battle.
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FIREARMS Cannon QUICK-FIRE CROSSBOW GIANT CROSSBOW Leonardo da Vinci designs catapults and fortress crossbows that operate by the elasticity of wooden or steel springs. At the same time, he creates guns that are loaded not from the muzzle, but from the breech, multi-barreled salvo fire artillery, explosive bombs filled with buckshot, elongated projectiles equipped with a stabilizer and a powder booster. Leonardo paid great attention to the design of automatic firearms. MACHINE GUN KEELED CANNELLS
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MULTIPLE-CHARGED FIGHTING VEHICLES One of the scientist's most exciting ideas was... a tank. This design had a rounded shape and outwardly resembled a turtle, bristling with tools on all sides. The inventor hoped to solve the problem of movement with the help of horses. True, this idea was quickly abandoned: in a confined space, animals could become uncontrollable. Instead, the “engine” of such a tank was to be eight people who would turn the levers connected to the wheels, and thus move the combat vehicle forward. Another crew member was supposed to be at the top of the apparatus and indicate the direction of movement. Interestingly, the design of the armored vehicle only allowed it to move forward.
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Bearings For the first time the idea, as many believe, was born in the time of the Roman Empire, but historians believe that it was in da Vinci's notebooks that the first sketches of the bearing appeared.
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The car While digitizing the "car", Leonardo's invented brake was discovered - experts in the automotive industry believe that the invention of the brake for auto progress turned out to be almost more important than the creation of the internal combustion engine. Among all the "earthly" discoveries of Leonardo, one should name ... a car. The master paid the main attention to the engine and chassis, so the design of the "body" did not reach us. The self-propelled wagon had three wheels and was driven by a clockwork spring mechanism. The two rear wheels were independent of each other, and their rotation was carried out by a complex system of gears. In addition to the front wheel, there was one more - a small, swivel, which was placed on a wooden lever. It is assumed that this idea was born by Leonardo back in 1478. But only in 1752, the Russian self-taught mechanic, peasant Leonty Shamshurenkov was able to assemble a “self-running carriage”, set in motion by the power of two people.
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The first bicycle in history The first technical drawings of a bicycle belong to Leonardo da Vinci. The Meiningen chronicle of 1447 tells of a moving device set in motion by a driver.
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Rolling mill The figure shows a machine for the production of tin sheets by rolling metal between the main rollers.
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Watch mechanisms Medicine Leonardo created variants of watches, improved their design: for example, watches with weights are the forerunners of watches wound by a spring. However, they needed too much vertical space to pull the weights. The scientist came up with a system of blocks that regulates the lowering of weights and reduces the required vertical space. Leonardo also solved the problem of compensating for energy losses that occur when the spring is untwisted: first, with the help of a lead screw - a spindle that slowly winds the spring; then he created unusual mechanisms, stronger and more stable than the spindle.
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Glasses Projector The study of binocular vision led Leonardo da Vinci to create around 1500. stereoscope, he invented a number of lighting devices, including lamp glass, he dreamed of creating a telescope from spectacle lenses. Leonardo da Vinci made many discoveries in optics.
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Leonardo approached the study of anatomy like a real naturalist - this is how we evaluate him today. However, the work of this man of genius, who could have received many of the laurels that Vesalius inherited, remained unfinished and resembled a giant skeleton. Nevertheless, Leonardo, who paved the way for modern science, deserves a place of honor also among anatomists - researchers of the human body.
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The first drawing of a humanoid robot was made by Leonardo da Vinci in 1495 and was based on anatomical studies recorded in the Vitruvian Man. The Vitruvian Man is a drawing made by Leonardo Da Vinci around 1490-1492 as an illustration for a book dedicated to the writings of Vitruvius. It depicts the figure of a naked man in two superimposed positions: with arms outstretched to the sides, describing a circle and a square. Drawing and text are sometimes referred to as canonical proportions. When examining the drawing, it can be seen that the combination of arms and legs actually amounts to four different postures. A pose with arms spread apart and legs not spread apart fits into a square (“Square of the Ancients”). On the other hand, a pose with arms and legs spread out to the sides fits into a circle. And, although the center of the figure seems to move when changing positions, in fact, the navel of the figure, which is its real center, remains motionless. If we tie a human figure - the most perfect creation of the universe - with a belt and then measure the distance from the belt to the feet, then this value will refer to the distance from the same belt to the top of the head, as the entire height of a person relates to the length from the belt to the feet ... ". Indeed, in nature and the human body there are many proportional relationships close to what Leonardo da Vinci called the "golden section". In any work of art, several unequal, but close to the golden section, parts give the impression of the development of forms, their dynamics, proportional complement to each other.
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It is believed that in 1495 Leonardo da Vinci first formulated the idea of a "mechanical man", in other words, a robot. As conceived by the master, this device was supposed to be a mannequin dressed in knightly armor and capable of reproducing several human movements. Leonardo da Vinci's notes found in the 1950s contained detailed drawings of a mechanical knight able to sit, spread his arms, move his head, and open his visor. The da Vinci robot has not survived, and no one knows exactly what it was capable of. .
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Leonardo da Vinci is an Italian artist (painter, sculptor, architect) and scientist (anatomist, naturalist), inventor, writer, one of the largest representatives of the art of the High Renaissance, a vivid example of the "universal man". He literally turned the idea of people in all aspects of life. He truly deserves to be called a GENIUS. The greatest figure of his era! Leonardo da Vinci
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So who was Leonardo da Vinci really? Perhaps this is the biggest mystery. Although Leonardo da Vinci is considered to be one of the geniuses of the Renaissance, this is not even remotely true. He is unique! Neither before nor after him in history did there exist such a person who was a genius in all areas! Some researchers tend to consider him a time traveler who arrived in the Renaissance from a distant future. Others consider Leonardo a messenger of a developed extraterrestrial civilization, and still others consider him a resident of a parallel world that is more developed than ours. In any case, Leonardo da Vinci knew too well worldly affairs and the future that awaits humanity to be an ordinary person. "Born to Fly" left us drawings and superbly calculated drawings that are still relevant today! Hundreds of years passed before people could bring the ideas of Leonardo da Vinci to life.
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"Glory in the hands of labor" Leonardo da Vinci is a genius whose inventions belong undividedly to both the past, present and future of mankind. He lived ahead of his time, and if at least a small part of what he invented was brought to life, then the history of Europe, and possibly the world, would be different: already in the 15th century we would have been driving cars and crossing the seas on submarines. Leonardo da Vinci enriched almost all areas of knowledge with insightful observations and conjectures. But how surprised a genius would be if he knew that many of his inventions are used even centuries after his birth.
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http://vinci.ru/ http://abitura.com/not_only/hystorical_physics/Vinchi.htm http://www.terredelrinascimento.it/immagini/gallery/vinci/aerea.jpg http://gizmod.ru/ 2007/05/24/izobretenija_velikogo_leonardo_da_vinchi/ http://www.zitata.com/da_vinci.shtml http://nauka03.ru/istoriya-anatomii/leonardo-da-vinchi.html References
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Leonardo da Vinci was convinced that "a person who overcomes air resistance with the help of large artificial wings can take to the air." Convinced that he was right, he began to develop an apparatus driven only by human muscle power, and allowing him to soar in the air like a bird.
There are many drawings of such "ornitotteri" invented by Leonardo. Some of them depict a man lying down, who is about to take off with the help of mechanisms attached to the wings; others move forward with a more advanced system of screws and a pulley. There are also drawings of a man standing upright in a flying ship, on the pedals of which he pressed his hands and feet.
To design the wings of the "ornitotteri", Leonardo studied the anatomy of the bird's wing, considering the function and distribution of its feathers. Observing the flight of a bird, the scientist noticed that it flaps its wings differently when it hovering in the air, flying forward or landing. He was also interested in the membranous wings of bats. Based on these observations, Leonardo designed huge wings designed not only to lift a person into the air, but also to keep him in flight, thanks to the ailerons and hinges. He was going to imitate the aerial acrobatics of birds, their ability to conserve energy in flight and land accurately. Until the end of the 15th century, Leonardo was convinced that he could carry out the project of mechanical flight. However, he was worried about the fact that the capabilities of human muscles are limited. So he was going to use the mechanism of the bow instead of the energy of the muscles, which would ensure the movement forward. However, the bow did not solve the problems of autonomy in flight, arising from the rapid unwinding of the spring.
From 1503 to 1506 Leonardo was busy with research in Tuscany. Atmospheric conditions, the presence or absence of wind, the corresponding meteorological and aerodynamic phenomena forced him to abandon his old idea of a "tool" based on the flapping of wings and to recognize "flight without wing movement".
Observing how large birds allow air currents to pick them up and carry them in the air, Leonardo thought about equipping a person with large compound wings that would enable him to enter a suitable air current with simple body movements and not expend much effort on it. A person will float freely until he falls to the ground like a “dry leaf”.
Systematic studies undertaken by Leonardo at the beginning of the 16th century led him to the need to study the “quality and density of air”. For this purpose, he designed hydroscopic instruments. Leonardo emphasized that the laws of aerodynamics are similar to the laws of hydrostatics, i.e. the science of water is a mirror image of the science of the wind, “which (the science of the wind) we will show through the movement of water and this important science will be a step forward in understanding the flight of a bird in the air” .
Leonardo da Vinci helicopter
This drawing is an image of the "ancestor" of the modern helicopter. The radius of the screw is 4.8 m. It had a metal edging and a linen coating. The propeller was driven by people walking around the axle and pushing the levers. There was another way to start the screw - it was necessary to quickly unwind the cable under the axle. “I think that if this screw mechanism is soundly made, that is, made of starched linen (to avoid tears) and quickly spun, then it will find support in the air and fly high into the air.”
Hydroscope
The hydroscope is an instrument invented by Alberti. It was a simple set of scales with a hygroscopic substance (cotton wool, sponge, etc.) and wax that did not absorb water. According to Leonardo, the device was used in order "to find out the quality and density of the air and when it will rain."
INCLINE METER
This device is a pendulum placed inside a glass vessel (bell-shaped), serving to "direct the apparatus (flying) straight or at an angle, as you prefer, i.e. when you want to fly straight, set the ball in the middle of the circle" .
BALANCING STUDY
The movements of the glider in flight were controlled by the movable wings and the balancing of the pilot: “a person must be free from top to bottom from the waist so that he can balance himself, although he is in the boat, and so that his center of gravity coincides with the center of gravity of the entire structure and is balanced with him".
BALANCE STUDY
The scientist conducted a study of the balance of the glider in order to determine the center of gravity of the bird. Drawings of this glider do not exist, but it is known that it must have been built from lightweight materials: bamboo and fabric with fasteners and guy wires made of raw silk or special leather. A high reed structure in the form of a cylinder or parallelepiped, apparently, was stretched on straps from the very wide (about 10 m wide) wings of this glider. In this design, the pilot was located much lower than the wings, which created the balance of the apparatus.
LYING "ORNITOTTERO"
This drawing is one of Leonardo's most famous drawings: "A rotates the wing, B turns it with a lever, C lowers it, D raises it." A person lies stretched out on the platform: "This is where the heart is located." The legs are threaded into the stirrups in such a way that one leg raises the wing, the other lowers it. This is an aircraft in which a prostrate man pedals, raising and lowering the wings, bending and rotating them with the help of ropes and levers, i.e. this apparatus, as it were, “rows” through the air.
LYING "ORNITOTTERO" WITH FOUR WINGS
In another version of the "Ornitottero", the four wings were driven by the hands and feet of the pilot. The hands raised the wings with the help of a drum, and the legs lowered one pair of wings in turn. Thus, the rhythm of flapping wings accelerated. The apparatus on the back of the pilot was controlled by winding the ropes on the drums and unwinding them.
orchitopter
The picture is not a glider controlled by a pilot, but an interesting "hybrid". The pilot hangs vertically in the center of the vehicle, the wingtips have connections that control the vehicle, and the rigid structure supports it.
SPRING DRIVE ORCHITOPTER
Convinced that it was impossible to operate such an apparatus with human muscle power alone, Leonardo provided alternative solutions. For example, he designed an apparatus with a starting spring device that transfers its energy to the wings of the “ornitottero” (in this case, vertical) at the moment the spring is straightened. In the detail on the left, Leonardo depicted a device similar to those he used in his "car" and in some clockwork. This system was theoretically so ahead of its time that it was even called the Leonardo Airplane. In practice, it proved to be imperfect due to the need to quickly unwind the spring and the difficulty in rewinding it during flight.
If a man has an awning made of dense fabric, each side of which is 12 arm lengths, and the height is 12, then he can jump without breaking from any significant height.
FLIGHT OF BIRD
Through systematic studies of bird flight, Leonardo decided to replace flapping flight with gliding flight. Around 1505, his book Codice sul Volo degli Uccelli was completed (at present it is in Turin, in the former Royal Library). These drawings are from this book.
INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING WIND SPEED
There was another type of anemometer. It was made of cone-shaped tubes and was used to determine whether the wind turning the wheel was proportional to the air intake in the cone, given identical wind intensity.
LEVER AND COUPLING SYSTEM
Leonardo believed that the wings could be raised and lowered by a system of ropes and blocks, set in motion by the pilot's legs, threaded into the stirrups, and his hands operating the handles. Rising and falling, the wings were also bent and straightened with the help of an automatic system of braces, levers and joints.
DESCENT TO THE GROUND "DRY LEAF"
A person will turn to the right if he bends his right arm and extends his left; by changing these movements, he will turn from right to left.”
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Chelyabinsk region, Kusinsky district, Medvedevka village, MOU Medvedevskaya secondary school "Technical projects of Leonardo da Vinci". The work was done by a student of the 11th grade Bezrukov Alexey Teacher: Panferova Tamara Nikolaevna.slide 2
As a scientist and engineer, Leonardo da Vinci enriched almost all areas of knowledge of that time with insightful observations and conjectures. Leonardo paid special attention to mechanics, calling it "the paradise of mathematical sciences" and seeing in it the key to the secrets of the universe; he tried to determine the coefficients of sliding friction, studied the resistance of materials, and was enthusiastically engaged in hydraulics.
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PARACHUTE If a person has a tent of dense fabric, each side of which is 12 arm lengths, and the height is 12, then he can jump without breaking from any significant height. Aircrafts *
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HELICOPTER This figure is an image of the "ancestor" of the modern helicopter. The radius of the screw is 4.8 m. It had a metal edging and a linen coating. The propeller was driven by people walking around the axle and pushing the levers. "I think that if this screw mechanism is soundly made, that is, made of starched linen and quickly spun, then it will find support in the air and fly high into the air." *
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SPRING-DRIVEN ORCHITOPTER Convinced that it would be impossible to control such an apparatus with human muscle power alone, Leonardo provided alternative solutions. For example, he designed an apparatus with a starting spring device that transfers its energy to the wings at the moment the spring is straightened. This system was theoretically so ahead of its time that it was even called the Leonardo Airplane. In practice, it proved to be imperfect due to the need to quickly unwind the spring and the difficulty in rewinding it during flight. *
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A DEVICE FOR MEASURING WIND SPEED There was another type of anemometer. It was made of cone-shaped tubes and was used to determine whether the wind turning the wheel was proportional to the air intake in the cone, given identical wind intensity. *
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Combat vehicles and mechanisms AUTOMATIC This picture shows another automatic weapon with several weapon racks and a lift, invented by Leonardo. *
Slide 8
ARMORED WAN The idea of a covered wagon-platform, attacking the enemy lines at the head of the advancing troops, originated in the Middle Ages and was enthusiastically taken up in the 14th century. Leonardo da Vinci designed a heavy wagon in the shape of a turtle, armed on all sides with cannons and armored. The problem of moving this platform was hoped to be solved with the help of sailing ships, but instead, Leonardo proposed placing 8 people inside the car, setting it in motion using a gearbox connected to the wheels. *
Slide 9
WINCHED CATAPULT The catapult is one of the most ancient traditional weapons. A catapult with a winch had a flexible shoulder, as well as a bucket, where a stone was placed along the ladder for throwing. The winch bolt opened, freeing the flexible shoulder. It, in turn, hit the ladle, which threw the stone a considerable distance. A group of such catapults, hitting the enemy at the same time, could provide excellent protection. *
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MODEL OF THE MACHINE GUN This design was called by the scientist "the musket in the form of an organ pipe". Three racks with barrels (11 barrels each) with a capacity of 33 charges were installed on the cart. The unit rotated. When one rack fired, the second reloaded, and the third cooled down, the power of the fire increased and a continuous shelling was created. The gun was equipped with a screw mechanism that regulates the lift *
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GIANT CROSSBOW The size of the crossbow shown in this picture is much larger than the size of a conventional hand-held one. It can be seen from Leonardo's description that the opening of the crossbow's shoulder is 42 handle lengths, in the open form the length of the crossbow is 24 m. The arrow for this crossbow was made from flat sections in order to increase its strength and flexibility. The bowstring was stretched using a special fastener shown in the lower right corner of the picture. The trigger mechanism is shown on the left. *
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STEAM-FIRED GUN - "ARCHITRONITO" Leonardo tried to create an alternative to gunpowder. The most interesting was the cannon he copied from Archimedes, firing with the help of steam. This is a copper cannon, the chimney of which was strongly heated by a blowtorch. Then water was poured into the red-hot chimney, which “immediately turned into such a huge amount of steam and smoke that a miracle seemed to happen; for the eyes it is rage and anger, for the ears it is a fierce roar. "The pressure of the steam instantly increased so that it was enough to shoot the iron ball in the barrel. *
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A QUICK-FIRE CROSSBOW The crossbow is a traditional fighting weapon that Leonardo da Vinci tried to modernize by increasing the "strength" and speed of fire. The shooter, sitting in the middle of the huge wheel, had only to carefully aim and release the arrow. The reloading of four crossbows occurred automatically as a result of the rotation of the wheel to which they were attached. The wheel was set in motion by hand by a group of people covered for safety by a wooden shield. *
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SPRINGS This picture shows a set of different kinds of springs that Leonardo wanted to make. Various devices *
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CLOCK MECHANISM In northern Italy, there were traditional watchmaking workshops. In Leonardo's time, there were quite a few city clocks. Leonardo created several watch devices. One of them is shown in the figure. This is a conical leveling device connected to the main spring (inside the box) by means of a device that lifts the conical gear *
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THE CAR This famous drawing is a prototype of the modern car. A self-propelled cart moves with the help of a complex crossbow mechanism, which transfers energy to drives connected to the steering wheel. The rear wheels can move independently. The fourth wheel is connected to the steering wheel, with which you can steer the cart. Initially, this vehicle was intended for the amusement of the royal court and belonged to the range of self-propelled vehicles that were created by other engineers of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. *
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PERPETUAL MOBILE Leonardo demonstrated this proof with the help of drawings and comments. The instrument depicted here is made of sticks, at the ends of which weights are suspended: "whatever weight is applied to the wheel, the center of such a weight will undoubtedly stop at the center of its own pole; and there is no such tool that the genius of man could invent, which, being rotated about its own axis, could avoid such an effect. *
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MACHINE FOR LIFTING LONG OBJECTS The movement of any load occurs in a straight line. *
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FAN One of the applications of hydrodynamics proposed by Leonardo is the creation of a device capable of compressing air and driving it through pipes. Such a device has a wide range of applications: from ventilation of rooms to ignition of stoves. Cylindrical drum, covered on the outside with blades that set it in motion, and on the inside divided into four sections with open flaps to release compressed air to the outside. A certain amount of water circulates inside it, flowing from one section to another, compressing the air and pushing it out through a pipe located in the middle. Hydraulic mechanisms *
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